The Intendant's Palace Archaeological Site in Québec City. Over 35 Years
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Camille Lapointe Allison Bain Réginald Auger THE INTENDANT’S PALACE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN QUÉBEC CITY Over 35 years of discoveries Students and professors of the first field school held by Université Laval in 1982, Université Laval photo; top row: Maurice Binette, Marcel Moussette, Paul-Gaston L’Anglais, Luc Coudé, Isabelle Robert, Robert Bilo- deau, Jean-Louis Roy, Michel Beaumont, Marie-Claire Robitaille, Philippe Slater, Daniel Arseneault, Danielle Fournier, Daniel Gendron, Michel Fortin; bottom row: Danielle Lefebvre, Esther Laforte, Louise Pothier, Fabienne Savard, Michelle Perron, Francine Boulet, Marie Légaré, Katherine Tremblay. THE INTENDANT’S PALACE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN QUÉBEC CITY Camille Lapointe Allison Bain Réginald Auger THE INTENDANT’S PALACE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN QUÉBEC CITY Over 35 years of discoveries Septentrion To do a search by keyword in this book, visit our website at www.septentrion.qc.ca Les éditions du Septentrion would like to thank the Canada Council for the Arts and the Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec (SODEC) for their support for its publishing program, as well as the Gouvernement du Québec for its book publishing tax credit program. Funded by the Government of Canada Cover page illustrations: Detail of an engraving by Richard Short, A View of the Intendants Palace, September 1, 1761, Library and Archives Canada/ Richard Short Collection/c000360k; Four-sols coin bearing the likeness of Louis XIV, button of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, bone button, Boswell beer cap, Université Laval photos; Allison Bain and Frédéric Dussault excavating the flagstone pavement in front of the Intendant’s palace, Université Laval photo. Back cover illustration: Detail of Intersection de la côte du Palais et de la rue De Saint-Vallier, 1941, Archives de la Ville de Québec, N001590. Illustration on page 2: Jean-Baptiste Franquelin, presumptive cartographer, detail of L’entrée de la Rivière du St Laurent, et la ville de Québec dans le Canada, 1668-17?, photograph of the map taken by Neuville Bazin, 1968, BnF and BAnQ, E6, S7, SS1, P6810021. Illustration on page 4: Inset by Fonville/J.-B.-Louis Franquelin, detail of Québec vue de la Canardière, 1699, BAnQ, NC89-11-62, original conserved at Service historique de la Marine in Vincennes. Editor: Hélène Dionne Linguistic revision: Solange Deschênes and Ghislaine Fiset Cartography: Andrée Héroux Page layout and cover design: Pierre-Louis Cauchon Translation: Alison McGain and Donald Kellough For the latest information on ÉDITIONS DU SEPTENTRION publications, please contact us by regular mail or by email at [email protected], or consult our online catalogue: www.septentrion.qc.ca A French version of the book is also published by Les Édtions du Septentrion: Le site archéologique du palais de l'intendant à Québec. 35 années de découvertes. © Les éditions du Septentrion Distribution in Canada: 835, avenue Turnbull Diffusion Dimedia Québec (Québec) 539, boul. Lebeau G1R 2X4 Saint-Laurent (Québec) H4N 1S2 Legal deposit: Bibliothèque et Archives Sales in Europe: nationales du Québec, 2019 Distribution du Nouveau Monde ISBN Paper: 978-2-89791-086-0 30, rue Gay-Lussac ISBN PDF: 978-2-89791-087-7 75005 Paris er iv R e c n e Québec and Northeastern r w a L . t North America S Québec Lake Superior Montréal Ottawa Lake Huron Toronto Lake Boston Ontario Lake Michigan Lake Detroit Erie New York Chicago City Capital Interprovincial border 0 200 km Washington International border The Québec City area was explored during the Paleoindian period and frequented during the Archaic. It was also one of the preferred stopping places for Indigenous peoples during the Woodland period, as well as the site of the Iroquoian village of Stadacona, mentioned by Jacques Cartier in the accounts of his voyages. Québec City, which is inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List, bears witness to some 400 years of Euro-Canadian history. Former capital of New France, it is the place from which French civilization spread throughout North America as of the 17th century, and it remains a symbol of French culture. After the Conquest, in 1760, Québec continued to hold the title of capital city and was considered one of the chief ports in British North America. During the British Regime, Québec was the seat of the government of the Province of Québec and its main military post. The Constitutional Act, passed in 1791, created Lower Canada and Upper Canada. Québec became the capital of Lower Canada and continued to be the place of residence of the governor, the representative of the British Crown. The two Canadas were united by the Act of Union in 1840. The Parliament of United Canada was originally located in Kingston, but it later moved to Montréal. After 1849, Toronto and Québec alternately played the role of capital. In 1867, with Confederation, Québec was designated the capital of the Province of Québec, while Ottawa became the seat of the Government of Canada. The history of Québec City is reflected in its urban fabric, now fully integrated into the spectacular natural surroundings, as well as in its cadastral plan, public squares, parks, architecture and many archaeological sites. Its military installations illustrate the layout of fortified colonial towns and are the most complete preserved example of this type of military infrastructure in North America. 13 4e Rue Limoilou Autoroute Dufferin-Montmorency N 14 Rue des Commissaires Est 15 Saint-Charles River Boulevard Langelier Lower Town Rue Saint-Joseph Est Boulevard Charest Est 12 08 Rue de Saint-Vallier Est 06 09 07 Côte de la Potasse 10 11 Côte de la Canoterie Rue Saint-Jean 03 01 Upper Town Rue Saint-Jean Boulevard René-Lévesque Est Old Québec 05 Grande Allée Est Rue Saint-Louis 04 02 St. Lawrence River Boulevard Champlain 04 Archaeological site Limits of the Old Québec heritage site Rue Champlain (UNESCO) 01 New Barracks and Artillery Park 06 Place Jean-Pelletier 12 Jardin Jean-Paul-L’Allier 02 Dufferin Terrace Site of the King’s Shipyard, the Saint-Paul Market and Working-class domestic site in the Saint-Roch Saint-Louis Forts and Châteaux site railyards neighbourhood 03 Hôtel-Dieu 07 Intendant’s Palace site 13 Parc du Vieux-Passage 08 Méduse Presumed location of the bridge head built on the 04 Place-Royale Saint-Charles River in 1759 Prehistoric site and Champlain’s Habitation Site of pottery workshops and tanneries 14 Hôpital général 05 Musée de la civilisation 09 Potash works Site of the Guillaume-Estèbe House 10 McCallum brewery 15 Parc du Moulin-de-l’Hôpital Prehistoric and historic site 11 Saint-Roch and Saint-Charles breweries The Intendant’s Palace site and other archaeological sites mentioned in this publication. Preface he authors of this publication provide non-specialists than a publication describing objects a sweeping overview of the archaeological in succession, as in a catalogue? Objects come to life landscape of the Intendant’s Palace site as through the uses and functions that human beings a whole. Their perspective is based first and ascribe to them over time. Therefore, the objects Tforemost on an interpretation of the architectural from the Intendant’s Palace site had to be placed in remains, artifacts and ecofacts discovered on this contexts that, while giving them meaning, would site over nearly five decades by Université Laval, situate them in the flow of time, i.e., in the history the City of Québec and the Ministère de la Culture of the site. This decision played a key role in the et des Communications. When I read this book, it preparation of the text and it was reinforced by an took me right back to the first trench dug on the approach where one distinctive object was chosen site in 1970 by Michel Gaumond, a pioneer in the for each significant phase of events underpinning the professional practice of archaeology in Québec. This site’s history. That object could thus be situated in trench had a determining impact on later research, the urban dynamics of its period of use, not only by for it demonstrated beyond a doubt that deposits referring to the archaeological assemblage to which dating back to the French Regime were present it belonged, but also by factoring in information at this spot. Many archaeological campaigns have from archival documents (hand-written documents, been held since then: 25 for the field school of Uni- plans, paintings, etc.). versité Laval, two intensive campaigns by the City Thus, after first drawing the reader’s attention to of Québec for the purposes of a museum project, a polished stone adze, related to the former presence which failed to go ahead, and several monitoring of Indigenous peoples, the authors shift the focus to operations. Archaeologists have accumulated a rich a four-sols coin dating from the time of Louis XIV, corpus of tangible elements related to the events followed by insect and bird remains, British military and activities that took place on the site. As a result, buttons, dinnerware damaged in the fire in Saint- there has been a veritable resurrection of this place Roch in 1845, and finally 20th-century caps and that once housed the intendants of New France bottles from the Boswell/Dow brewery. One thing and had been reduced until recently to a more literally leads to another, in step with the march of modest, but essential urban role, namely, that of time on this ever-changing site, taking the reader a fire station. through the broader urban history of Québec and Now that the importance of this site has been the way it relates to the country’s general history, clearly demonstrated by numerous studies and dating back almost a thousand years. scientific publications, which are listed in the bibli- This publication is thus an opportunity to truly ography at the end of this book, the time has come connect with a very rich archaeological collection to present the knowledge gathered to the general that has yet to yield up all its secrets – a collection public in a way that is accessible to everyone.