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HUNT (Ceet-L IO): NEW PERSPECTIVES in HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY (1850-1900)

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HUNT (Ceet-L IO): NEW PERSPECTIVES in HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY (1850-1900) ALLISON BAIN ARCHAEOENTOMOLOGICAL Am ARCHAEOPARASITOLOCICAL RECONSTRUCTIONSAT LOT HUNT (CeEt-l IO): NEW PERSPECTIVES IN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY (1850-1900) Thèse présentée a la Faculté des études supérieures de l'université Laval pour l'obtention du erade de Philosphiae Doctor (Ph.D.) Département d'histoire FACULTÉ DES LETTRES ~IVERSITÉLAVAL QUÉBEC DECEMBRE 1999 G .4llison Bain, 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Weilington Street 395. na Wdligton Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OüawaON K1AW Canada CaMda The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Résumé La deuxième moitié du XlXe siècle en Amérique du Nord fût une période de transformation pour les habitants des milieux urbains car de sévères ordonnances sanitaires furent créées et des réseaux d'égouts et d'aqueducs construits. Ces changements liés aux progrès de la médecine auraient dû améliorer la situation sanitaire des citoyens. Pourtant, les sources écrites indiquent que les villes nord-américaines sont encore malsaines et insalubres. Pour mieux comprendre ce paradoxe, une approche contextuelle multidisciplinaire a été appliquée au site de l'îlot Hunt à Québec (CeEt-110). Les sources écrites et la culture matérielle ont hé étudiées ainsi que les données environnementales représentées par les restes préservés d'insectes et d'oeufs de parasites. Cette étude est l'une des premières en archéologie historique nord-américaine qui combine l'analyse de textes et d'artefacts à des approches environnementales d'uchéoentomologie (insectes) et d'archéoparasitologie (parasites). Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que sur ce site, entre 1850 et 1900, les gens ont maintenu un espace relativement salubre en conformité avec les ordonnances sanitaires de la ville bien que leur approche aux traitements médicaux n'a pas changé. La preuve que seul le recours à de telles approches multidisciplinaires permet d'accéder à une vision plus réaliste du passé. Abstract The latter half of the nineteenth century in North Arnerica was a period of transformation for urban residents. as vigorous sanitary by-laws were created and sewer systems and watenvorks were constnicted. These changes were coupled with advances in the field of medicine, should have resulted in an improved situation for city-dwellers. However. docurnentary sources indicate that Nonh American cities continued to be squalid and un healt hy To better understand this disparity, a contextual multidisciplinary approach is applied to the îlot Hunt site (CeEt- 1 10) of Québec City. Documents and material culture were studied, as well as environmental data, represented by preserved insect and parasite remains. This one of the first studies in North American histoncal archaeology to combine the analysis of texts and artifacts with the environmental approaches of archaeoentomolop ( insect s) and archaeoparasitology (parasites). The results of this study indicated that, on the îlot Hunt site, from 1850-1900, people maintained a relatively sanitary environment, conforming to the city's sanitary regulations, though their approach to medical treatments did not change, proving that only through the use of such multi-method approaches may we access a more realistic view of the past. Résumé La deuxième moitié du XlXe siècle nit une période de grands changements dans les milieux urbains d'Amérique du Nord: des ordonnances sanitaires furent créées, des égouts et aqueducs construits et des bureaux de santé permanents implantés dans plusieurs villes. En médecine, le progrès des études bactériologiques a permis aux médecins de mieux comprendre la prévention et le traitement des épidémies qui continuaient alors de ravager les villes nord-américaines. De plus, des mouvements hygiéniques incitaient les citoyens à améliorer leurs pratiques sanitaires domestiques. Pourtant, les sources écrites de l'époque indiquent que ces milieux urbains étaient encore malsains et insalubres. La réalité sanitaire urbaine de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle est donc incertaine puisque les sources sont contradictoires Une approche contextuelle multidisciplinaire examinant les traits sociaux et biologiques est utilisée afin d'accéder à une vision plus réaliste du passé. Au site de l'Îlot Hunt à Québec (CeEt- 1 1 O) un mélange d'établissements domestiques et commerciaux à proximité du port, de sources écrites et de culture matérielle sous forme de structures sanitaires et d 'artefacts est confronté aux données biologiques provenant de restes préservés d'insectes (archéoentomologie) et de parasites (archéoparasitologie). Les échantillons archéoentornologiques prélevés dans deux fosses d'aisance, un drain et un puits abandonné ou citerne ont pennis. à travers les 48 couches archéologiques, l'identification de 6755 insectes- Par contre. I'analyse archéoparasitologique de ces mêmes éc hant il Ions n'a livré que très peu de données. Cette situation résulte soit de la destruction post-dépositionnelle des oeufs ou de l'absence de matière fécale dans les structures étudiées. Les résultats de l'analyse environnementale, combinés aux restes de la culture matérielle. démontrent que les habitants du site de l'hot Hunt se sont adaptés aux défis économiques auxquels ils étaient confiontés et ont su maintenir une certaine salubrité dans leur cour Alors qu'ils suivaient les ordonnances sanitaires de la ville et qu'ils étaient reliés aux réseaux d'égouts et d'aqueducs, les habitants, indifférents aux nouvelles approches promues par les réformes de la santé de l'époque, n'ont pas modifié leurs pratiques médicales. Par cette analyse contextuelle multidsciplinaire. une nouvelle vision de la ville de Québec au dix-neuvième siècle a été obtenue, montrant ainsi la valeur d'une telle approche en archéologie historique. Abstract The latter half of the nineteenth century was a tirne of great change in urban North America as sanitary by-laws were passed, permanent boards of healt h created, and sewer systems and waterworks installed in many cities. Advances in medicine, resulting in the development of germ theory and bacteriology, allowed doctors to better understand the prevention and treatment of the epidernic illnesses that continued to ravage North American cities. Local hygienic movernents also encouraged citizens to improve their domestic sanitary practices. However, in contrast, documentary sources tiom this time period imply that urban settings in North America continued to be squalid and unliveable. It is therefore unclear, due to these conflicting sources, whether North American cities were healthier places to live in the latter half of the nineteenth century. A multidisciphary contextual approach. examining both social and biological variables. is used to access a more accurate or realistic view of the past. At the îlot Hunt site in Québec City (CeEt-110). a mixture of domestic and commercial establishments in the port area. documentary sources and material culture, in the form of sanitary structures and mifacts. were combined with biological data derived fiorn preserved insect and parasite egg remains or archaeoentomology and archaeoparasitology respect ive1y. Archaeoentomological sarnples from two latrines, a drain, and an abandoned well or cistem structure at the site, resulted in the identification of 6755 insects fiom 48 levels However, the archaeoparasitological analysis of a parallel set of samples, yielded very linle data. which is either the result of post-depositional factors or the lack of faecal remains within the structures investigated. The outcome of the environmental analysis, in combinat ion with the material culture data, indicate ihat the inhabitants of the hot Hunt site, adapted to the economic challenges facing them, and maintained a relatively clean yard environment. While it appean they heeded the city's sanitary by-laws, and were probably anached to the city's water and sewer networks. t heir medical pract ices went unchanged throughout t his time period, regardless of the new approaches promoted by health reformers of the late ninetenth century. Through this rnultidisciplinary contextual analysis, a new view of a late nineteenth-century Québec City has been accessed, indicating the value of this approach in hiaorical archaeology Acknowledgements Many people assiaed me in this endeavour and 1 would first like to thank my advisor Réginald Auger and CO-advisorMarcel Moussette for their guidance, advice and support. Marie-Claude Boileau, Pierre Bouchard, Paul Buckland, Lise Jodoin, and Ale5 Smetana also aided me with many, many tasks throughout my doctoral program, and this was greatly appreciated. Funding was provided by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Ontario-Québec
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