Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences
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Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology in the Caucasus
-.! r. d, J,,f ssaud Artsus^rNn Mlib scoIuswVC ffiLffi pac,^^€C erplJ pue lr{o) '-I dlllqd ,iq pa11pa ,(8oyoe er4lre Jo ecr] JeJd eq] pue 'sct1t1od 'tustleuolleN 6rl Se]tlJlljd 18q1 uueul lOu soop sltll'slstSo[ocPqJJu ul?lsl?JneJ leool '{uetuJO ezrsuqdtue ol qsl'\\ c'tl'laslno aql 1V cqtJo lr?JttrrJ Suteq e:u e,\\ 3llLl,\\'ieqt 'teqlout? ,{g eldoed .uorsso.rciclns euoJo .:etqSnr:1s louJr crleuols,{s eql ul llnseJ {eru leql tsr:d snolJes uoJl uPlseJnPJ lerll JO suoluolstp :o ..sSutpucJsltu,' "(rolsrqerd '..r8u,pn"r.. roJ EtlotlJr qsllqulso ol ]duralltl 3o elqetclecctl Surqsrn8urlstp o.1". 'speecorcl ll sV 'JB ,(rnluec qlxls-pltu eql ut SutuutSeq'et3:oe9 11^ly 'porred uralse,t\ ut uotJl?ztuolol {eer{) o1 saleleJ I se '{1:clncrlled lBJlsselc uP qil'\\ Alluclrol eq] roJ eJueptlc 1r:crSoloaeqcJe uuts11311l?J Jo uollRnlele -ouoJt-loueqlpue-snseon€JuJequoueqlpuE'l?luoulJv'er8rocg'uelteq -JaZVulpJosejotrolsrqerdsqtJoSuouE}erdlelutSutreptsuoc.,{11euor8ar lsrgSurpeeco:cl'lceistqlsulleJlsnlpselduexalere^esButlele;"{qsnsecne3 reded stql cql ur .{SoloeeqJlu Jo olnlpu lecrllod eql elBltsuotuop [lt,\\ .paluroclduslp lou st euo 'scrlr1od ,(:erodueluoJ o1 polelsJUtr '1tns:nd JturcpeJe olpl ue aq or ,{Soloeuqole 3o ecrlcu'rd eq} lcedxa lou plno'{\ 'SIJIUUOC aAISOldxe ouo 3Jor{,t\ PoJe uP sl 1t 'suolllpuoJ aseql IIe UsAtD sluqle pur: ,{poolq ,{11euor1dacxo lulo^es pue salndstp lelrollrrel snor0tunu qlr,n elalder uot,3e; elllBlo^ ,(re,r. e st 1l 'uolun lel^os JeuIJoJ aql io esdelloc eqt ue,tr.3 'snsBsnBJ aql jo seldoed peu'{u oql lle ro3 ln3Sutueau 'l?Iuusllllu -
Хдфисдаис Йрдажки Book of Abstracts
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÌÀÈÄÌÀÔÉÊÏÓÈÀ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÉÓ III ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÊÏÍ×ÄÒÄÍÝÉÀ III INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE GEORGIAN MATHEMATICAL UNION ÈÄÆÉÓÄÁÉÓ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ BOOK OF ABSTRACTS ÁÀÈÖÌÉ, 2 – 9 ÓÄØÔÄÌÁÄÒÉ Batumi, September 2 – 9 2012 Organizing Committee: Baladze Vladimer (Vice Chairman), Beridze Anzor (Vice Chairman), Davitashvili Tinatin (Scientific Secretary), Duduchava Roland (Chairman), Kadeishvili Tornike, Kvaratskhe- lia Vakhtang, Makharadze Shota, Meladze Hamlet (Vice Chairman), Natroshvili David, Tarieladze Vaja (Chairman of Program Committee) ÓÀÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÏ ÊÏÌÉÔÄÔÉ: ÁÀËÀÞÄ ÅËÀÃÉÌÄÒ (ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÉÓ ÌÏÀÃÂÉËÄ), ÁÄÒÉÞÄ ÀÍÆÏÒ (ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÉÓ ÌÏÀÃÂÉËÄ), ÃÀÅÉÈÀÛÅÉËÉ ÈÉÍÀÈÉÍ (ÓßÀÅËÖËÉ ÌÃÉÅÀÍÉ), ÃÖÃÖÜÀÅÀ ÒÏËÀÍà (ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÄ), ÊÅÀÒÀ- ÝáÄËÉÀ ÅÀáÔÀÍÂ, ÌÀáÀÒÀÞÄ ÛÏÈÀ, ÌÄËÀÞÄ äÀÌËÄÔ (ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÉÓ ÌÏÀÃÂÉËÄ), ÍÀÔÒÏ- ÛÅÉËÉ ÃÀÅÉÈ, ÔÀÒÉÄËÀÞÄ ÅÀÑÀ (ÓÀÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÏ ÊÏÌÉÔÄÔÉÓ ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÄ), ØÀÃÄÉÛÅÉËÉ ÈÏÒÍÉÊÄ Programm Committee: Baladze V., Chilachava T., Duduchava R., Goginava Z., Gogishvili G., Gvazava J., Jangve- ladze T., Japaridze G., Jibladze M., Kadeishvili T., Kharazishvili A., Khimshiashvili G., Kvinikadze M., Kvinikhidze A., Mania M., Meladze H., Nadaraia E., Natroshvili D., Omanadze R., Oniani G., Oturanc G., Pkhakadze K., Rabinovich V., Rukhaia Kh., Sokhadze G., Giorgashvili L., Tarieladze V. (Chairman), Vakhania N. ÓÀÐÒÏÂÒÀÌÏ ÊÏÌÉÔÄÔÉ: ÁÀËÀÞÄ Å., ÜÉËÀÜÀÅÀ È., ÃÖÃÖÜÀÅÀ Ò., ÂÏÂÉÍÀÅÀ Æ., ÂÏÂÉÛÅÉËÉ Â., ÂÅÀÆÀÅÀ ã., ãÀÍÂÅÄËÀÞÄ È., ãÀ×ÀÒÉÞÄ Â., ãÉÁËÀÞÄ Ì., ØÀÃÄÉÛÅÉËÉ È., áÀÒÀÆÉÛÅÉËÉ À., áÉÌÛÉÀÛÅÉËÉ Â., ÊÅÉÍÉÊÀÞÄ Ì., ÊÅÉÍÉáÉÞÄ À., ÌÀÍÉÀ Ì., ÌÄËÀÞÄ ä., ÍÀÃÀÒÀÉÀ Ä., ÍÀÔÒÏÛÅÉËÉ Ã., ÏÌÀÍÀÞÄ Ò., ÏÍÉÀÍÉ Â., ÏÈÖÒÀÍ Â., ×áÀÊÀÞÄ Ê., ÒÀÁÉÍÏÅÉÜÉ Å., ÒÖáÀÉÀ á., ÓÏáÀÞÄ Â., ÂÉÏÒÂÀÛÅÉ- ËÉ Ë., ÔÀÒÉÄËÀÞÄ Å. (ÈÀÅÌãÃÏÌÀÒÄ), ÅÀáÀÍÉÀ Í. Contents Our Calendar - ÜÅÄÍÉ ÊÀËÄÍÃÀÒÉ 21 Stefan Banach in Tbilisi (On the occasion of his 120-th Birthday Anniversary) . 21 ÐÒÏ×ÄÓÏÒÉ ÀËÄØÓÉ ÂÏÒÂÉÞÄ (ÃÀÁÀÃÄÁÉÃÀÍ 105 ßËÉÓÈÀÅÉÓÀÃÌÉ) ........ 27 Prefessor Alexi Gorgidze (To the 105-th Birthday Anniversary) . 29 Professor George Lomadze (To the 100-th Birthday Anniversary) . -
Section II: Summary of the Periodic Report on the State of Conservation, 2006
State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe SECTION II giving vast valuable data for the study of the written GEORGIA language in general and making it possible to deal with the origin of Georgian written language anew. Historical Monuments of Mtskheta As provided in ICOMOS evaluation Brief description The nomination dossier submitted by the Republic of Georgia was accompanied by a number of books The historic churches of Mtskheta, former capital of and other documents. Most of these are written in Georgia, are outstanding examples of medieval Russian or Georgian, neither of which is a working religious architecture in the Caucasus. They show language of the World Heritage Convention. The the high artistic and cultural level attained by this most useful book, Georgien: Wehrbauten und ancient kingdom. Kirchen, is in German, another non-working language. More importantly, the only map provided 1. Introduction showing the “Protective Zones of Mtskheta”, was a very small-scale photographic print of a much larger Year(s) of Inscription 1994 map; the barely decipherable legends were, in any case, all in Georgian. However, new maps showing Agency responsible for site management the areas proposed for inscription on the World • World Heritage National Committee, Ministry of Heritage List, together with buffer zones, were Culture supplied to the mission, together with a summary of 4, Sanapiros St., 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia the Georgian protection legislation, as required by E-mail: [email protected] the Operational Guidelines. Website: www.mc.gov.ge Recommendation: That this property be inscribed on the World Heritage List on the basis of criteria iii • Mtskheta Museum-Reserve and iv: 54, Agmashenebeli St., Mtskheta, Georgia Phone +995 93 35 18 14 Criterion iii: The group of churches at Mtskheta bear testimony to the high level and art and culture of the vanished Kingdom of Georgia, which played 2. -
Tour Half Day Tours in Georgia
Mtskheta half day tour Half day tours in Georgia Overview Mtskheta half day tour Starts from: Tbilisi Available: All year Type: Private Half day trip Duration: 4 hours Total Distance: 50 km A half-day trip to Mtskheta, tthe capital town of the former kingdom of Eastern Georgian includes visiting two UNESCO monuments: the Jvari Monastery of 6th c and the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral of 11th c. Walk along the narrow streets of the town and feel the spirit of medieval Georgia. Have a wonderful day! Tour details Code: TB-PT-HDM-01 Starts from: Tbilisi Max. Group Size: 15 Adults Duration: Half Day Prices Group size Price per adult Solo € 183 2 people € 99 3-5 people € 76 6-15 people € 49 *Online booking deposit: € 5 1 person from the group will be FREE of charge if 10 and more adults are traveling together Child Policy 0-1 years - Free 2-6 years - 25 € 7 years and over - Adult * Online booking deposit will be deducted from the total tour price. The balance can be done by: Bank transfer - in Euro/USD/GBP currency, no later than two weeks before the tour starts VISA/Master card - in GEL (local currency) in Tbilisi only, before the tour starts, directly to your guide via POS terminal. Card service fee +3% Cash – GEL only, directly to the nearest TBC Bank office or TBC Bank Cash terminal no later than the beginning of the tour. For a larger group or custom itinerary please contact us at tours[at]georgianholidays.com Tips for booking procedure: How to know which “Operator” to select? You only need to select the Operator name if you have previously communicated with one of our sales agents via phone or email, otherwise please leave it at default. -
Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N. -
Ethnobiology of Georgia
SHOTA TUSTAVELI ZAAL KIKVIDZE NATIONAL SCIENCE FUNDATION ILIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS ETHNOBIOLOGY OF GEORGIA ISBN 978-9941-18-350-8 Tbilisi 2020 Ethnobiology of Georgia 2020 Zaal Kikvidze Preface My full-time dedication to ethnobiology started in 2012, since when it has never failed to fascinate me. Ethnobiology is a relatively young science with many blank areas still in its landscape, which is, perhaps, good motivation to write a synthetic text aimed at bridging the existing gaps. At this stage, however, an exhaustive representation of materials relevant to the ethnobiology of Georgia would be an insurmountable task for one author. My goal, rather, is to provide students and researchers with an introduction to my country’s ethnobiology. This book, therefore, is about the key traditions that have developed over a long history of interactions between humans and nature in Georgia, as documented by modern ethnobiologists. Acknowledgements: I am grateful to my colleagues – Rainer Bussmann, Narel Paniagua Zambrana, David Kikodze and Shalva Sikharulidze for the exciting and fruitful discussions about ethnobiology, and their encouragement for pushing forth this project. Rainer Bussmann read the early draft of this text and I am grateful for his valuable comments. Special thanks are due to Jana Ekhvaia, for her crucial contribution as project coordinator and I greatly appreciate the constant support from the staff and administration of Ilia State University. Finally, I am indebted to my fairy wordmother, Kate Hughes whose help was indispensable at the later stages of preparation of this manuscript. 2 Table of contents Preface.......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1. A brief introduction to ethnobiology...................................................................................... -
Gruzie, Země Rozkládající Se Na Jih Od Hřbetu Velkého Kavkazu, Na
FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ MASARYKOVY UNIVERZITY Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Příčiny politické, bezpečnostní a hospodářské krize Gruzie od nabytí nezávislosti v roce 1991 do příchodu současné administrativy Rigorózní práce Zpracoval: Ivan Jestřáb, 2010 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji tímto, ţe jsem rigorózní práci na téma „Příčiny politické, bezpečnostní a hospodářské krize Gruzie od nabytí nezávislosti v roce 1991 do příchodu současné administrativy― zpracoval sám pouze s vyuţitím pramenů v práci uvedených. Ivan Jestřáb 2 Autor by rád ocenil pomoc, které se mu dostalo od pracovníků katedry mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií FSS MU, zejména od doc. PhDr. Zdenka Kříţe, Ph.D., bez jehoţ obětavého vedení, rad a doporučení by bylo zpracování této práce mnohem obtíţnější. Poděkování patří také vedoucímu katedry PhDr. Petru Suchého Ph.D. za jeho cenné rady a podporu. 3 Obsah Úvod 6 Stručná historie Gruzie 11 Území Gruzie v předfeudálním období 12 Přijetí křesťanství jako státního náboţenství 13 Nástup rodu Bagrationovců 14 Další útoky cizích nájezdníků, oslabování státu 17 Georgievský traktát, podřízení Gruzie Rusku 18 Tři roky samostatné gruzínské republiky a přičlenění k Sovětskému Rusku 20 Obnovení samostatnosti, budování nového státu 20 Otázka autonomie Jiţní Osetie ve 20. létech 25 Konec sovětské Gruzie; dosaţení nezávislosti, první problémy nového státu 30 Nástup vedení Zviada Gamsachurdii 30 Boj o moc v Tbilisi 36 Ekonomická situace v Gruzii 40 Počátky ekonomické reformy a přechod od příkazové ekonomiky na počáteční stádium ekonomiky trţní 40 Reformy jednotlivých sektorů hospodářství v 90. létech 47 Ekonomické ukazatele a tendence vývoje v hodnoceném období 52 Působení mezinárodních finančních institucí v Gruzii 55 Mafianizace ekonomiky 61 Ozbrojený konflikt v Jiţní Osetii v 90. -
Peter Nasmyth's Georgia
PICTURE STORY Peter Nasmyth’s Georgia January 2009 Peter Nasmyth’s Georgia Today's Georgia can only be understood if it is seen in the light of the events of the past two decades. The very difficult transformation the country went through after it declared its independence in 1991, and the conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia which plagued the country since then, still largely shape its present day policies. And nowhere is this better described than in Nasmyth's "Georgia" which is a collection of personal stories of the author and author's friends in Georgia over the years. In his words: I collected stories of people, very specific ones, through which I tell the bigger story of Georgia over time… I never wanted to write about the political forces here, rather the forces that make the politics. This will always give a book a longer life. [Interview with Peter Nasmyth, Tbilisi, October 2008] In the next few pages you will get a guided tour of this excellent book. It is written and it reads like a novel, yet it is full of facts that give a complete account of Georgia's modern day history. The descriptions are so colourful that reading this book is the next best thing to visiting Georgia yourself. What makes the book special is also that the author has updated the book and added new chapters two times after it was first published in 1998. Here we discuss the 2006 edition which covers the modern history of Georgia up to the events of the Rose Revolution. -
Annexation of Georgia in Russian Empire
1 George Anchabadze HISTORY OF GEORGIA SHORT SKETCH Caucasian House TBILISI 2005 2 George Anchabadze. History of Georgia. Short sketch Above-mentioned work is a research-popular sketch. There are key moments of the history of country since ancient times until the present moment. While working on the sketch the author based on the historical sources of Georgia and the research works of Georgian scientists (including himself). The work is focused on a wide circle of the readers. გიორგი ანჩაბაძე. საქართველოს ისტორია. მოკლე ნარკვევი წინამდებარე ნაშრომი წარმოადგენს საქართველოს ისტორიის სამეცნიერ-პოპულარულ ნარკვევს. მასში მოკლედაა გადმოცემული ქვეყნის ისტორიის ძირითადი მომენტები უძველესი ხანიდან ჩვენს დრომდე. ნარკვევზე მუშაობისას ავტორი ეყრდნობოდა საქართველოს ისტორიის წყაროებსა და ქართველ მეცნიერთა (მათ შორის საკუთარ) გამოკვლევებს. ნაშრომი განკუთვნილია მკითხველთა ფართო წრისათვის. ISBN99928-71-59-8 © George Anchabadze, 2005 © გიორგი ანჩაბაძე, 2005 3 Early Ancient Georgia (till the end of the IV cen. B.C.) Existence of ancient human being on Georgian territory is confirmed from the early stages of anthropogenesis. Nearby Dmanisi valley (80 km south-west of Tbilisi) the remnants of homo erectus are found, age of them is about 1,8 million years old. At present it is the oldest trace in Euro-Asia. Later on the Stone Age a man took the whole territory of Georgia. Former settlements of Ashel period (400–100 thousand years ago) are discovered as on the coast of the Black Sea as in the regions within highland Georgia. Approximately 6–7 thousands years ago people on the territory of Georgia began to use as the instruments not only the stone but the metals as well. -
Scaling-Up Multi-Hazard Early Warning System and the Use of Climate Information in Georgia
Annex VI (b) – Environmental and Social Assessment Report Green Climate Fund Funding Proposal I Scaling-up Multi-Hazard Early Warning System and the Use of Climate Information in Georgia Environmental and Social Assessment Report FP-UNDP-5846-Annex-VIb-ENG 1 Annex VI (b) – Environmental and Social Assessment Report Green Climate Fund Funding Proposal I CONTENTS Contents ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Description of the Project ............................................................................................................ 10 1.2.1 Summary of Activities .......................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Project Alternatives ..................................................................................................................... 27 1.3.1 Do Nothing Alternative ........................................................................................................ 27 1.3.2 Alternative Locations .......................................................................................................... -
Prehistoric Metallurgy in Mountainous Colchis (Lechkhumi)
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis moambe, t. 12, #1, 2018 BULLETIN OF THE GEORGIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, vol. 12, no. 1, 2018 Archaeology Prehistoric Metallurgy in Mountainous Colchis (Lechkhumi) Nana Rezesidze*, Nino Sulava*, Brian Gilmour**, Tamar Beridze§, Rusudan Chagelishvili* *Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia **School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Great Britain § Al. Janelidze Institute of Geology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia (Presented by Academy Member David Lordkipanidze) ABSTRACT. The present paper is an introduction to our new archaeometallurgical research project and gives a brief overview and context to the recent results of exploratory fieldwork and some excavation conducted in the Lechkhumi region of mountainous Colchis (in particular the Tsageri Municipally of this part of West Georgia,) and their place in an already established archaeological context. Lechkhumi is one of the historic provinces of West Georgia and because of archaeological metalwork finds here forms a significant part of the known Colchian bronze culture and is now considered to be an important centre of prehistoric copper and bronze metallurgy. However, Lechkhumi has been archaeologically perhaps the least studied region in Georgia so far. Current interdisciplinary investigations of the late Bronze Age copper sites of Lechkhumi region is an attempt to establish and assess the significance of the region and its place in the contemporary metallurgical production and culture of this part of ancient Colchis. The results of recent archaeometallurgical investigations conducted in mountainous Colchis and in particular in Lechkhumi are introduced in the paper. Thirteen unknown archaeometallurgical sites are defined in the study area. Fragments of metallurgical production: metallurgical furnace, tuyeres and abundant slags have been obtained as a result of archaeological excavations conducted since 2016 on the site Dogurashi-I on the left bank of the river Tskhenistskali. -
Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily re ect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scienti c institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the rst time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.