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Apostila Botnica No Inverno 2018.Pdf 1 2 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS BOTÂNICA NO INVERNO 2018 Organizadores Laboratório de Algas Marinhas Laboratório de Fisiologia do Fábio Nauer da Silva Desenvolvimento Vegetal Nuno Tavares Martins Bruno Nobuya Katayama Gobara Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal Frederico Rocha Rodrigues Alves Leyde Nayane Nunes dos Santos Silva Renata Callegari Ferrari Erika Prado Maximo Laboratório de Sistemática, Evolução e Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas Biogeografia de Plantas Vasculares Daniele Silva Pereira Rosado Aline Possamai Della Laboratório de Fitoquímica Andressa Cabral Gislaine das Neves Sacramento Professora responsável Profa. Dra. Cláudia Maria Furlan Autores Aline Possamai Della Luana Jacinta Sauthier Allyson Eduardo Nardelli Luíza Teixeira Costa Andressa Cabral Maria Camila Medina Montes Annelise Frazão Maria Carolina Las-Casas e Novaes Antônio Azeredo Coutinho Neto Mariana Maciel Monteiro Augusto Giaretta Mariana Sousa Melo Bianca Kalinowski Canestraro Matheus Colli-Silva Bruno Lenhaverde Sandy Milena de Godoy Veiga Camila Dellanhese Inácio Natalie do Valle Capelli Carmen Lucia Gattás Nuno Tavares Martins Eduardo Damasceno Lozano Pamela Santana Ellenhise Ribeiro Costa Pâmela Tavares da Silva Emanuelle Lais dos Santos Patrícia Guimarães Araújo Erika Prado Maximo Priscila Pires Bittencourt Fábio Nauer Raquel Paulini Miranda Filipe Christian Pikart Rebeca Laino Gama Gisele Alves Renata Callegari Ferrari Jéssica Nayara Carvalho Francisco Sabrina Gonçalves Raimundo José Hernandes Lopes Filho Sebastião Maciel do Rosário Juan Pablo Narváez-Gómez Tiphane Andrade Figueira Juliana Lovo Valéria Ferrario Bazalar Karoline Magalhães Vanessa Ariati Leyde Nayane Nunes dos Santos Silva Vinícius Daguano Gastaldi Lorena Bueno Valadão Mendes São Paulo 2018 3 Imagem de fundo da capa: Colagem da folha diafanizada de Tetrapterys mucronata Cav., uma das espécies de Malpighiaceae estudadas no projeto de doutorado da discente Leyde Nayane Nunes dos Santos Silva, do programa de Ciências Biológicas (Botânica) da Universidade de São Paulo. VIII Botânica no Inverno 2018 / Org. Aline Possamai Della [et al.]. – São Paulo: Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Botânica, 2018. 275 p. : il. ISBN Versão online: 978-85-85658-77-9 Inclui bibliografia 1. Biodiversidade e Evolução. 2. Estrututa e Desenvolvimento. 3. Recursos Econômicos Vegetais. 4. Ensino em Botânica. VIII Botânica no Inverno 2018. 4 PREFÁCIO Fundado em 1934 pelo professor Felix Kurt Rawitscher, o Departamento de Botânica do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo atualmente é referência em nível internacional de pesquisa e ensino. Possui uma equipe formada por 28 docentes (3 aposentados), os quais estão distribuídos em 8 áreas de conhecimento. Apresenta como infraestrutura 11 laboratórios, um herbário com a coleção de plantas vasculares, algas e madeiras estimado em 300.000 espécimes e, um fitotério, com uma coleção de plantas vivas para uso didático, estufas e casas de vegetação. Somando-se ao grande número de pós-graduando (dentre esses, estrangeiros) e a alta atividade científica dessa comunidade, a Pós-Graduação de Botânica possui conceito CAPES 7, o mais alto entre as botânicas do país. Realizado desde o ano de 2011, o curso de Botânica no Inverno, é uma iniciativa dos pós- graduandos que visa divulgar esse trabalho realizado no Departamento de Botânica, possibilitando o futuro acolhimento de alunos (potenciais) pesquisadores ao seu corpo discente. Na VIII edição, o Curso de Botânica no Inverno pretende, com os alunos de graduação e recém-formados, revisar e atualizar conceitos fundamentais das subáreas Anatomia Vegetal, Educação em Botânica, Ficologia, Fisiologia Vegetal, Fitoquímica, Sistemática e Taxonomia Vegetal, além de proporcionar a experiência de vivenciarem as atividades realizadas em nossos laboratórios, despertando o primeiro interesse dos possíveis futuros acadêmicos em projetos de pesquisa do Departamento. Para a realização do VIII Botânica no Inverno, agradecemos à Universidade de São Paulo, à direção do Instituto de Biociências, à chefia do Departamento de Botânica, à Comissão Coordenadora do Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, as agências de fomento FAPESP, CAPES e CNPq. O conteúdo dos capítulos é de responsabilidade dos respectivos autores. Desejamos a todos um bom curso. Comissão Organizadora do VIII Botânica no Inverno 5 ÍNDICE PREFÁCIO. ........................................................................................................................................................................5 PARTE I: DIVERSIDADE E EVOLUÇÃO Capítulo 1: Origem e evolução do cloroplasto. .....................................................................................................................8 Capítulo 2: Criptofíceas: um pequeno grupo de grande importância. .................................................................................13 Capítulo 3: Macroalgas marinhas: técnicas de cultivo e aplicação. ....................................................................................20 Capítulo 4: Ecologia de costões rochosos: metodologias de amostragem e monitoramento. ..............................................29 Capítulo 5: Mudanças climáticas e os efeitos sobre macroalgas marinhas. ........................................................................46 Capítulo 6: Macroalgas e suas aplicações biotecnológicas. ...............................................................................................51 Capítulo 7: Morfologia e ecologia das briófitas. .................................................................................................................67 Capítulo 8: Tópicos gerais sobre licófitas e samambaias. ...................................................................................................77 Capítulo 9: Herbáceas de sub-bosque. ................................................................................................................................94 Capítulo 10: Inferindo a história evolutiva de organismos: dos fundamentos básicos da obtenção dos dados à reconstrução de uma hipótese filogenética. ...........................................................................................................................................102 Capítulo 11: Fundamentos de taxonomia vegetal. ............................................................................................................125 Capítulo 12: Biogeografia neotropical: história e conceitos. ............................................................................................145 PARTE II: ESTRUTURA E DESENVOLVIMENTO Capítulo 13: Bases de anatomia para compreensão de aspectos funcionais da madeira. ...................................................168 Capítulo 14: Estruturas secretoras.....................................................................................................................................175 Capítulo 15: Interação planta-animal: uma pequena abordagem sobre os mecanismos por detrás dos mutualismos ........193 Capítulo 16: Genômica e elementos de transposição ..............................................................................................200 PARTE III: RECURSOS ECONÔMICOS VEGETAIS Capítulo 17: Fatores que influenciam no desenvolvimento das plantas: Água e Macronutrientes. ...................................211 Capítulo 18: Reações luminosas da fotossíntese: produzindo NADPH e eletricidade. .....................................................226 Capítulo 19: Estresse hídrico em plantas: aspectos morfofisiológicos, adaptações e mecanismos de resposta. ................235 PARTE IV: ENSINO EM BOTÂNICA Capítulo 20: Precisamos falar sobre a Bioinformática. .....................................................................................................246 Capítulo 21: Educomunicação como ferramenta de Educação Ambiental: Projeto Ecossistemas Costeiros. ...................262 6 Parte I DIVERSIDADE E EVOLUÇÃO 7 CAPÍTULO 1 Origem e evolução dos cloroplastos Karoline Magalhães (Universidade de São Paulo) Fábio Nauer (Universidade de São Paulo) A diversidade biológica encontrada atualmente em nosso planeta está classificada em três domínios, Archaea, Bacteria e Eukarya, sendo os dois primeiros procariontes e o último eucarionte. As células de eucariontes são fruto do processo de endossimbiose que ocorreu há mais de 1.4 bilhões de anos. Nesse processo, um endossimbionte foi retido e integrado à célula hospedeira, originando a mitocôndria. Toda a diversidade biológica encontrada dentro de Eukarya descende deste único processo de endossimbiose. Os processos endossimbiose podem impactar dramaticamente a arquitetura celular e genômica das células envolvidas. Ao longo do processo de estabelecimento de endossimbiose, parte do material genético do endossimbionte é transferido para o núcleo principal da célula hospedeira. Tal fato resulta na diminuição dos genomas organelares, assim como reestruturação genética nessas organelas. Consequentemente, mitocôndrias e cloroplastos passam a ser dependentes de proteínas produzidas pelo núcleo, que são marcadas para realizarem funções como expressão, reparo e replicação dentro nessas organelas. A endossimbiose teve uma ampla influência sobre a diversificação das linhagens de eucariontes. Há teorias que defendem que o processo foi fundamental para o surgimento do sistema de endomembranas e da origem do núcleo dos eucariontes. As células procariontes são cerca de 10 vezes menores que os eucariontes e assim
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