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Microfilms International 300 N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. 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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Universify Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD„ ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 8129392 A m o s , B o n n ie Betih REPRODUCTIVE STUDIES IN THE GENUS CALLIRHOE (MALVACEAE) The University of Oklahoma PuD. 1981 University Microfilms internstionsl3% N. Zeeb Rœ d. Ann Arbor. MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3., Photographs with dark background ______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy ______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ______ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine ______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s) ____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) ____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered ____________ . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled p ag es ______ 15. Other_____________________________________________ _________ ______ __________ University Microfilms International THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE REPRODUCTIVE STUDIES IN THE GENUS CALLIRHOE (MALVACEAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY BONNIE B. AMOS Norman, Oklahoma 1981 REPRODUCTIVE STUDIES IN THE GENUS CALLIRHOE (MALVACEAE) APPROVED BY XlUZVYyM DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PREFACE This dissertation is prepared as three separate manuscripts with indepen­ dent table and figure numeration in accordance with the format of refereed journals. The first article, "The Breeding System of CaRirhoe involuerata (Malvaceae)", is in the format of Science, the other two are in that of American Journal of Botany. Citations to Amos (1981) refer to this dissertation. There are several people I wish to thank; Dr. Harley Brown, John Skvarla, Paul Risser, and James Estes for their constructive review of the manuscript, Rahmona Thompson, M. H. Cole, and Ross Sherwood for their assistance in data collection, and Ray Phillips for his help with data analyses. My special thanks are given to James Estes for the many invaluable suggestions and theoretical discussions and to Paul Risser for his unfailing support and encouragement. I am especially indebted to Ace and Hoise Amos and Floyd and Allene Napier for always believing in me. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF T A B L E S .................................................................................................................. v i LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................v l i Breeding System of Callirhce involuerata (Malvaceae) ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... 2 TEXT ............................................................................................................................ 3 REFERENCES AND NO TES ....................................................................................... 9 TABLES........................................................................................................................ 10 Pollination Ecology of Callirhoe involuerata (Malvaceae) ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION........................................ 13 BREEDING SYSTEM OF CALLIRHOE INVOLUCRATA .............................. 13 METHODS AND M A T E R IA L S............................................................................. 14 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS......................................................................... 16 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................... 24 LITERATURE CITED .............................................................................................. 29 TABLES........................................................................................................................ 32 FIGURES ....................................................... 37 Reproductive Biology of Callirhoe scabriuscula (Malvaceae) ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... 42 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 43 IV MATERIALS AND M ETHODS...................................................................................... 43 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS.................................................................................. 45 D ISCUSSION............................................................................ 51 LITERATURE CITED . ...................................................................................... 54 TABLES ......................... 56 FIGURES.................................................. 61 APPENDICES............................. 65 LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE Breeding System of Callirhoe involuerata (Malvaceae) 1. Comparison of Fruit Set of Autogamous and Geitonogamous C rosses ........................................................................ iq Pollination Ecolo^ of Callirhoe involuerata (Malvaceae) 1. Comparisons of Floral Phenologies ...................................................................32 2. Distribution of Sexual P h ases ........................................................................... 33 3. Floral V is ito rs ........................................................................................................34 Reproductive Biology of Callirhoe scabriuscula (Malvaceae) 1. Fruit Set in Experimental Pollination ...............................................................56 2. Community Composition ....................................................................... 57 3. Floral V is ito rs ........................................................................................................58 VI LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE Pollination Ecology of Callirhoe involuerata (Malvaceae) 1. Bee Colors of Claret Flowers ......................................................... 38 2. Bee Colors of White F l o w e r s ...................................................................... 40 Reproductive Biology of Callirhoe scabriuscula (Malvaceae) 1. Bee Colors of F lo w e r s ................................................................................... 62 2. Pollen-0vule R atios ....................................................................................... 64 v i i THE BREEDING SYSTEM OF CALLIRHOE INVOLUCRATA (MALVACEAE) Bonnie B. Amos Robert Bebb Herbarium Department of Botany and Microbiology University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019 ABSTRACT. Callirhoe involuerata (Torr.) Gray (Malvaceae) is protandrous; however, the temporal separation of the sexual phases is incomplete and the occurrence of a self pollination is possible. Unexpected results were obtained during a series of interplant and intraplant pollinations to determine the reproductive mode of this species: Cross pollinations between flowers on the same plant (geitonogamous crosses) resulted in fruit set while crosses involving the transfer of pollen within a flower (autogamous
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