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Cooperative Recovery Initiative: FY16 Proposal Cover Sheet

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Cooperative Recovery Initiative: FY16 Proposal Cover Sheet Cooperative Recovery Initiative: FY16 Proposal Cover Sheet Project title: Preventing the Extinction of the Endangered Plants of the ‘Ewa Plains through Restoration and Reintroduction at the Kalaeloa Unit of the Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge, Hawai’i Project summary (100 words or less): The Kalaeloa Unit of the Pearl Harbor NWR was established to protect and enhance the habitat for the endangered coastal dryland plants ‘Ewa round-leaved chaff-flower and ‘Ewa Plains ‘akoko. Due to intense industrial, military, and agricultural development of these coastal areas since the 19th century, only about 10% of the species habitat remains in Hawai’i. This proposal requests funding to prevent the extinction of these endemic species by establishing reproducing populations on the 37.4 acre Kalaeloa Unit of Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) complex. Total amount requested:$539,500 Lead region: Region 1 Other participating Regions: none National Wildlife Refuge(s) involved (please list): O‘ahu/Maui National Wildlife Refuge Complex (NWRC) Are private lands involved? y/n: no All FWS programs involved: O‘ahu/Maui National Wildlife Refuge Complex staff, PIFWO ES staff, NWR Invasive Species Strike Team staff, NWR Inventory and Monitoring staff, PIFWO and NWR Diversity Change Agent Additional comments: Project Contacts: Project Biologist, Ecological Services (name, title, station, phone, email) Aaron Nadig, Assistant Field Supervisor, PIFWO, [email protected]. 808 792-9424 Project Biologist, NWRS (name, title, station, phone, email) Joseph Schwagerl, Project Leader, O‘ahu/Maui National Wildlife Refuge Complex (NWRC) [email protected], 808 637-6330 Other Contacts, if necessary Vickie Caraway, Botanist, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (PIFWO), Ecological Services, [email protected]. 808 792-9424 Signatures Ecological Services Field Supervisor - Pacific Islands FWO Project Leader Date Mary~~ 4#~~~ / Refuge Manager - Oahu/Maui NWRC Project Leader Date Approyal of Assistant Regional Dfrcctors Assistant Regional Director, Ecological Services Date ~Rai>oc ~ { {2A Regional Chief, Refuges Date Acting 1. Title: Preventing the Extinction of the Endangered Plants of the ‘Ewa Plains through Restoration and Reintroduction at the Kalaeloa Unit of the Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge, Hawai’i Project Partners/Qualifications: • Joseph Schwagerl, Project Leader, O‘ahu/Maui National Wildlife Refuge Complex (NWRC) [email protected]. Joe has over 25 years managing tropical and subtropical National Wildlife Refuges, implementing endangered plant recovery actions including outplanting and maintaining native plants. • Jackson Letchworth, Biological Science Technician, O‘ahu NWRC [email protected]. Jackson holds a MS in Environmental Policy and Management and has several years of experience in Hawai’i in invasive plant removal, outplanting, and monitoring Hawai’i’s rare plants. • Vickie Caraway, Botanist, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (PIFWO), Ecological Services, [email protected]. Vickie holds a BS in Horticulture, MS in Botany and has 20 years of experience in rare plant restoration in Hawai’i. • Aaron Nadig, Assistant Field Supervisor, PIFWO, [email protected]. Aaron was a Refuge Biologist for Pearl Harbor NWR for 5 years before transferring to PIFWO, where he now addresses imperiled ’Ewa Plains species via ESA regulatory processes. • Jason Hanley, Invasive Species Strike Team, Hawai’i and Pacific Islands NWR, [email protected]. Jason has been the Strike Team task force leader in the Pacific since 2007 and is highly experienced in techniques and implementation of invasive plant removal. • Lorena Wada, Diversity Change Agent, PIFWO, [email protected]. Lorena has been working with community leaders and students on restoration projects at the Kalaeloa Unit of the O’ahu NWR since 2008. • Pauline Sato, Executive and Program Director, Malama Learning Center, [email protected]. Pauline has dedicated the past 25+ years to environmental preservation at The Nature Conservancy, Bishop Museum, and Moanalua Gardens Foundation. 2. Statement of Need: Two hundred years ago, the natural habitat of the ‘Ewa round-leaved chaff-flower (Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata) and ‘Ewa Plains ‘akoko (Euphorbia skottsbergii var. skottsbergii) most likely was the entire ‘Ewa karst habitat on the Island of O’ahu, approximately 14,000 acres. Today, these rare plants have been reduced to small pockets of existence, generally 1 to 10 acres or less. This proposal requests funding to prevent the extinction of these species by establishing reproducing populations on the 37.4 acre Kalaeloa Unit of Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) complex. Actions proposed by this proposal are the primary focus of the 2011-2016 PIFWO Strategic Plan; this proposal addresses 3 of 4 Strategic Conservation Themes that are the framework of the strategy. The Kalaeloa Unit, formerly part of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station, was established to protect and enhance the habitat for the endangered coastal dryland plants ‘Ewa round-leaved chaff-flower and ‘Ewa Plains ‘akoko. The ‘Ewa round-leaved chaff-flower (hereafter chaff-flower) is endemic to Hawai’i with an existing distribution limited to coastal areas or dry cliffs on O‘ahu. The ‘Ewa Plains ‘akoko (hereafter referred to as ‘akoko) is an endangered plant found only on karst outcrops of the ‘Ewa Plains with approximately 200 naturally occurring individual plants remaining. Due to intense industrial, military, and agricultural development of these coastal areas since the 19th century, only about 10% of the low elevation native shrubland remains in Hawai’i. The Kalaeloa Unit represents a small subset of this shrubland and the only example of a karst habitat still in existence in Hawai’i. Originally the unit was heavily dominated by woody and shrubby invasive species, but considerable effort has been expended at Kalaeloa by NWR staff since 2000 to clear areas of mature exotic kiawe trees (Prosopis pallida). Out of the original 37.4 acres, 7 acres are still dominated by mature kiawe forest. The other predominant exotic species on the unit include koa haole (Leucana leucocephala), marsh fleabane (Pluchea sp.), and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). These exotic invasive plants increasingly out-compete native plant species and degrade both current and future restoration work. In 2000, NWR staff began restoration efforts by outplanting a variety of native plants including these two listed species. Work units for outplanting and invasive plant control are established within the Kalaeloa Unit (see map); but efforts have been irregular due to limited funding/refuge staff turnover and currently are dependent upon volunteer groups lead by PIFWO staff. This proposal seeks to replace alien plant species with native species, increase natural recruitment of the target plant species, continue aggressive control of invasive plants, and reduce management levels for the future. When the chaff-flower was listed in 1986, the populations on the islands of Molokai and Lanai were considered extinct and just two populations remained on O‘ahu. Only one naturally occurring population remains on O‘ahu, but not at viable numbers to prevent extinction (HPPRCC 2011). Otherwise, only a few individual plants remain scattered across the ’Ewa Plains (USFWS 2007). The reintroduced population of chaff-flower at Kalaeloa, which currently consists of 250 to 300 individual plants, is the only population with documented recruitment. The ‘akoko is a subshrub with deciduous stems, often dying back during the summer drought. Currently the ‘akoko has been reduced to a single population of approximately 200 wild individuals located on U. S. Navy property. This naval property is at risk of transfer to the State of Hawai’i Community Development Authority. Should this occur, the Navy’s draft management plan for ‘akoko on that property may not be funded or implemented as intended. At this time, the Service cannot rely on this population playing a long-term role in the recovery of this species. To bolster the single, at-risk population of ‘akoko on Navy property, the USFWS has established ‘akoko out plantings of 20 to 30 individuals at the Kalaeloa Unit of Pearl Harbor NWR, where recruitment is naturally occurring. Current threats to chaff-flower and ‘akoko include: • Development: Development is one of two major causes of decline. Ongoing development, resulting in habitat loss in the ‘Ewa Plains area, is restricting the range of these species. As the need for urban area increases, the demand for land in the area is also increasing, reducing the recovery options for both species (USFWS 2007a, USFWS 2007b). Demand for further development of the ‘Ewa Plains underscores the need for the USFWS to establish secure and managed populations on permanently protected refuge lands. • Invasive Species: The second major threat is encroachment of the habitat by aggressive, non-native woody species, such as kiawe, haole koa, and marsh fleabane, plus introduced grasses, which alter the natural habitat and compete with slow-growing native species for water, space, and light. The rapid growth of these weeds inhibits germination of native seeds. Kiawe trees are particularly detrimental to the ‘akoko, as they form a closed canopy forest, limiting the amount of light to low growing shrubs. • Wildfire: Fire is also considered a high threat for chaff-flower and ‘akoko because of the close proximity to urban and industrial areas that
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