Grand River Assessment 10 Miles 0 2.5 5 Group A Sand and Clay Group Group B Sand and Clay Group C Sand and Clay Group D Sand and Clay ater Figure 53.–Distribution of hydrologic soil groups in the mouth segment. Adapted from Hamilton et al. 2008. Figure 53.–Distribution of hydrologic soil groups in the mouth segment.
174 Grand River Assessment 10 Miles 0 2.5 5 Beech Sugar Maple orests Beech Sugar Maple Hemlock orests Mi ed Hardwood Swamps Barrens and Savanna Conifer Swamps E posed Bedrock Grasslands hite Pine Red Pine Hemlock orests Lakes Rivers Mi ed ak orests on orested etlands Sand Dunes Figure 54.–Distribution of land cover types in the mouth segment circa 1800. Data from Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan of Natural Department from Michigan 1800. Data circa mouth segment in the types of land cover 54.–Distribution Figure Resource Information System, 1978. 175 Grand River Assessment 10 Miles 0 2.5 5 Agricultural Land Barren orest Land Rangeland Ur an and Built Up ater etlands Figure 55.–Distribution of land cover and land use in the mouth segment of the Grand River watershed. Data from Michigan Department of Natural Department of the Grand River watershed. Data from Michigan of land cover and use in the mouth segment Figure 55.–Distribution Resources, Michigan Resource Information System, 1978. 176 Grand River Assessment Mason Jackson Lansing St Johns Eaton Rapids Potterville Portland Miles Hastings 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 Greenville Rockford Grand Rapids Coopersville
Grand Haven LAKE MICHIGAN LAKE Figure 56.–Road-stream crossings in the Grand River watershed. Data from Michigan Geographic Framework 2009.
177 Grand River Assessment 250 Headwaters Lake Le Ann 200 Portage River Red Cedar River Upper Perry Creek 150 Looking Glass River Middle Maple River River miles from mouth 100 hornapple River lat River Grand Rapids 50 Lower River Rogue Creek Crockery Mouth 0 950 850 750 650 550
1,050 Elevation above sea level (feet) level sea above Elevation Figure 57.–Grand River main stem elevation changes from Lake Michigan to headwaters. Source: Michigan Department of Natural Resources, changes from Lake Michigan to headwaters. Source: Department stem elevation Figure 57.–Grand River main unpublished data. 178 Grand River Assessment Goose Lake Lake Le Ann Headwaters Eaton Rapids
Upper
Middle River mile Portland
Grand Rapids Lower
Mouth
0 13 21 39 43 51 62 70 90 94 112 120 138 153 172 179 201 212 228 231 243 251 254 256 5 0
30 25 20 15 10 Gradient (feet per mile) per (feet Gradient change in feet per mile) of the Grand River main stem from Lake Michigan to headwaters. Source: Figure 58.–Gradient (elevation Department of Natural Resources, unpublished data. 179 Grand River Assessment
10.3 (excellent) 10.0 - 69.9
3.7 (good) 5.0 - 9.9 Gradient class (ft/mi)
41.4 (fair) 3.0 - 4.9
200.7 (low) 0 - 2.9 0
50
250 200 150 100 River miles River Figure 59.–River miles within each gradient class (expressed as feet per mile) of the Grand River main stem. Source: Michigan Department of Department Michigan Source: stem. main River Grand the of mile) per feet (expressed as class gradient each within miles 59.–River Figure Natural Resources, unpublished data. 180 Grand River Assessment
Figure 60.–Relation of mean current velocity (cm/sec) water to particle size (mm) that can be eroded and transported in suspension. Sediment deposition occurs at lower current velocities required for erosion of a particle of a given size (Adapted from Morisawa, 1968; reprinted by permission by TOMWC 2007.)
181 Grand River Assessment Mason Jackson Lansing St Johns Eaton Rapids Potterville Portland Miles Hastings 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 Greenville Rockford Grand Rapids Coopersville
Grand Haven LAKE MICHIGAN LAKE Figure 61.–Approximate location of the 228 registered dams in the Grand River watershed. Source: Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Quality, Department of Environmental dams in the Grand River watershed. Source: Michigan of the 228 registered location Figure 61.–Approximate unpublished data. 182 Grand River Assessment Mason Jackson Lansing St Johns Eaton Rapids Potterville Portland Miles 2.5 0 5 10 15 20 Hastings Greenville Rockford Grand Rapids Coopersville Cold small river Cold stream Cold transitional large river Cold transitional small river Cold transitional stream large river Warm small river Warm stream Warm transitional large river Warm transitional small river Warm transitional stream Warm
Grand Haven LAKE MICHIGAN LAKE Figure 62.–Thermal classification of the Grand River main stem and tributaries. Data from Zorn et al. 2008.
183