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Deposition Patterns and Rates of Mining-Contaminated Sediment Within a Sedimentation Basin System, S.E

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Deposition Patterns and Rates of Mining-Contaminated Sediment Within a Sedimentation Basin System, S.E BearWorks Institutional Repository MSU Graduate Theses Spring 2017 Deposition Patterns and Rates of Mining- Contaminated Sediment within a Sedimentation Basin System, S.E. Missouri Joshua Carl Voss Missouri State University - Springfield, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, and the Hydrology Commons Recommended Citation Voss, Joshua Carl, "Deposition Patterns and Rates of Mining-Contaminated Sediment within a Sedimentation Basin System, S.E. Missouri" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3074. http://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3074 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The orkw contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEPOSITION PATTERNS AND RATES OF MINING-CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT WITHIN A SEDIMENTATION BASIN SYSTEM, BIG RIVER, S.E. MISSOURI A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University ATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Geospatial Sciences in Geography, Geology, and Planning By Josh C. Voss May 2017 Copyright 2017 by Joshua Carl Voss ii DEPOSITION PATTERNS AND RATES OF MINING-CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT WITHIN A SEDIMENTATION BASIN SYSTEM, BIG RIVER, S.E. MISSOURI Geography, Geology, and Planning Missouri State University, May 2017 Master of Science Josh C. Voss ABSTRACT Flooding events exert a dominant control over the deposition and formation of floodplains. The rate at which floodplains form depends on flood magnitude, frequency, and duration, and associated sediment transport capacity and supply. While it is known that sediment in the Big River is contaminated from historical mining, little is known about the patterns and rates of deposition on floodplains, especially those that have been modified for remediation purposes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of flood characteristics and topography on contemporary deposition patterns and rates in a sedimentation basin system located within a floodplain along the Big River. The basin system was constructed in April 2015 with the purpose of trapping contaminated sediment and reducing downstream lead (Pb) loads. The duration the basin was inundated and cumulative flood peak had the strongest influence on the amount of sediment deposited. A majority of the sediment was deposited close to channel margins near the inlet and chute where flow velocities are reduced in the upper basin. Deposition rates in the upper basin averaged 10.3 cm/yr, which is 10 times greater than average pre- construction floodplain deposition rates. Sediment deposited in the basin system is highly contaminated with average concentrations of 1,142 ppm Pb and 1,223 ppm Zn, with both coarse (2-16 mm) and fine (<2 mm) sediment containing high (>1,000 ppm) concentrations of Pb and Zn. KEYWORDS: floods, deposition rates, sedimentation basin, historical mining, Big River This abstract is approved as to form and content _______________________________ Dr. Robert Pavlowsky Chairperson, Advisory Committee Missouri State University iii DEPOSITION PATTERNS AND RATES OF MINING-CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT WITHIN A SEDIMENTATION BASIN SYSTEM, BIG RIVER, S.E. MISSOURI By Josh C. Voss A Masters Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College Of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science, Geospatial Sciences in Geography, Geology, and Planning May 2017 Approved: _______________________________________ Robert Pavlowsky, PhD _______________________________________ Toby Dogwiler, PhD _______________________________________ Matthew Pierson, PhD _______________________________________ Julie Masterson, PhD: Dean, Graduate College iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There were a number of people involved in this research project, and I would like to thank all of them for their help. First, I would like to thank my committee members Drs. Robert Pavlowsky, Matthew Pierson, and Toby Dogwiler for support and guidance on this project. I would like to especially thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Robert Pavlowsky, for his endless mentoring and guidance over the past two years. I would also like to thank Marc Owen for his extensive help, support, inputs, and patience throughout this project. A special thanks to all of the Ozarks Environmental and Water Resources Institute (OEWRI) graduate assistants for helping me complete field work and providing encouragement and support along the way. In addition, this project would not have been possible without funding from United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Region 7 grant number 97751001 entitled “Big River Riffle-Basin Structure Monitoring Project” awarded to Robert Pavlowsky and Matthew Pierson. I would also like to thank Missouri State University Graduate College and OEWRI for partial funding of research and travel to conferences. Finally, a huge thank you to all of my family and friends that have supported me through this process. I could not have completed this project without the support and encouragement of the people closest to me. Without all of these helping hands, this research would never have been possible. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 - Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Floodplain Landforms and Features ..................................................................... 2 Flood Factors ....................................................................................................... 7 Floodplain Formation Processes ........................................................................... 8 Floodplain Deposition Rates .............................................................................. 13 Sediment-Metal Contamination .......................................................................... 16 Contaminated Floodplains from Historical Mining ............................................. 17 Big River Mining Contamination ....................................................................... 19 Purpose and Objectives ...................................................................................... 23 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 24 Benefits.............................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 2 – Study Area .................................................................................................. 26 Regional Location .............................................................................................. 26 Study Site Characteristics .................................................................................. 28 Geology and Soils .............................................................................................. 30 Climate and Hydrology ...................................................................................... 33 Mining History................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3 - Methods ...................................................................................................... 36 Field Sampling ................................................................................................... 36 Laboratory Preparation and Analysis .................................................................. 43 Geospatial and Statistical Analysis ..................................................................... 45 Chapter 4 – Results and Discussion .............................................................................. 52 Sedimentation Basin Form ................................................................................. 52 Flood Analysis ................................................................................................... 57 Repeat Topographic Surveys using RTK ............................................................ 62 Sediment Trap Monitoring using Concrete Blocks ............................................. 68 Sediment Size and Contamination ...................................................................... 73 Flood Influence on Sediment Deposition ............................................................ 92 Longitudinal Basin Trends ................................................................................. 99 Study Period Deposition Rates ......................................................................... 110 Basin Mitigation Effectiveness ......................................................................... 115 Chapter 5 – Summary and Conclusions........................................................................ 117 Key Findings.................................................................................................... 118 Future Work ..................................................................................................... 120 References ................................................................................................................... 122 Appendices ................................................................................................................. 131 vi Appendix
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