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Maine and Practices Field Guide for Contractors

Maine Department of Environmental Protection

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Production 2014 Revision: Marianne Hubert, Senior Environmental Engineer, Division of Watershed Management, Bureau of Land and Water Quality, Department of Environmental Protection (DEP).

Illustrations: Photos obtained from SJR Engineering Inc., Shaw Brothers Construction Inc., Bar Mills Ecological, Maine Department of Transportation (MaineDOT), Maine Land Use Planning Commission (LUPC) and Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). TECHNICAL REVIEW COMMITTEE: The following people participated in the revision of this manual:

Steve Roberge, SJR Engineering, Inc., Augusta

Ross Cudlitz, Engineering Assistance & Design, Inc., Yarmouth

Susan Shaller, Bar Mills Ecological, Buxton

David Roque, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry

Peter Newkirk, MaineDOT

Bob Berry, Main- Consultants

Daniel Shaw, Shaw Brothers Construction

Peter Hanrahan, E.J. Prescott

William Noble, William Laflamme, David Waddell, Kenneth Libbey, Ben Viola, Jared Woolston, and Marianne Hubert of the Maine DEP

Revision (2003): The manual was revised and reorganized with illustrations (original manual, Salix, Applied Earthcare and Ross Cudlitz, Engineering Assistance & Design, Inc.).

Original Manual (1991): The original document was funded from a US Environmental Protection Agency Federal Clean Water Act grant to the Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Non- Point Source Pollution Program and developed under contract by the Cumberland County and Water Conservation District. Table of Contents Introduction i The Erosion and Sediment Control Plan iii A - SITE DEVELOPMENT 1 CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE / EXIT 2 DUST CONTROL 4 OVERWINTER CONSTRUCTION 5 WATER DIVERSION 8 EXCAVATION DEWATERING 11 WASHOUTS 13 STOCKPILES 14

B - SEDIMENT CONTROLS 15 FENCE 17 MIX BERM 19 FILTER SOCKS 20 STONE CHECK DAMS 22 STORMDRAIN INLET PROTECTION 24 HAY BALES 26

C – SEDIMENT CONTAINMENT 27 SEDIMENT TRAPS 28 SEDIMENT BASINS 29 FILTER BAG 32 FLOCCULANTS (POLYMERS) 34

D - MULCHING 35 HAY/STRAW MULCH 37 EROSION CONTROL BLANKETS 39 EROSION CONTROL MIX 41 HYDRAULIC MULCH 43

E - VEGETATION 44 46 SEEDBED PREPARATION 47 VEGETATION APPLICATION 48 SODDING 50 HYDROSEEDING 50

F - SLOPES 51 CUTS AND FILLS 53 55 56 61 TURF-REINFORCED MATTING (TRM) 63 SYSTEMS 64 SLOPE DRAINS 65 G - SWALES AND DITCHES 67 VEGETATED CHANNELS 69 RIPRAP CHANNEL 72 TURF REINFORCEMENT MAT 74 LEVEL SPREADERS 75

H - CROSS-CULVERTS 78 PIPE INLET PROTECTION 81 OUTLET PROTECTION 82

I - 85 ROADS 86 DITCH TURNOUTS 89 FRENCH DRAINS AND SANDWICHES 92

J - STREAM CROSSINGS 94 CULVERT CROSSINGS 95 TEMPORARY STREAM DIVERSION 99 IN-WATER WORK 101 TEMPORARY STREAM CROSSINGS 103

APPENDIX A: Erosion and Sediment Control Laws in Maine 106 APPENDIX B: MaineDOT Standard Specifications 109 Introduction Contaminants, sediments or nutrients such as phosphorus, attach to the soil particles and contribute to “non-point source pollution”. The environmental impact of erosion and sedimentation can be irreparable; and planning for and preventing the erosion in the first place can be less costly than labor intensive repairs later. The purpose of this handbook is to help land developers, consultants, and contractors use the appropriate erosion and sedimentation control Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the site and conditions whenever disturbing soil or removing a natural ground cover. Large-scale development areas exposed to erosion during construction have the greatest potential for significant sedimentation of a resource. But, a small discharge of turbid water from a simple residential lot development can also have damaging effects.

WHAT ARE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION? Soil erosion is the detachment of soil particles and loss of surficial soil by the actions of water, ice, gravity, or wind. Water-generated erosion causes the most severe damage to a site under development. Sedimentation is the consequence of erosion when the eroded soil particles are deposited in a new location.

HOW DOES EROSION OCCUR? Because the rate of erosion compounds exponentially, it is vital to control its initial stages. • Raindrop erosion occurs when raindrops falls and dislodges individual soil particles from an unprotected soil surface. These particles are easily picked up and transported great distances by runoff.

i • Sheet erosion occurs when the runoff removes a whole layer of an unprotected soil surface. • Rill and gully erosion occurs as the runoff concentrates in rivulets and cuts into the soil surface. When not repaired, the rills develop into larger gullies. • Stream and channel erosion occurs as the increased volume and velocity of the runoff reaches a stream or waterway and cuts away at the banks of the channel.

OTHER FACTORS LINKED TO EROSION Erosion potential is directly related to the soil’s capacity to hold and transfer water such as: • with good structure are less prone to erosion; but like soil disturbance may destroy the soil structure, and increase erosion and runoff potential. A soil with high amounts of silt or very fine is more erodible than a soil with a higher percentage of or organic matter. -drained and well-graded with little or no silt are the least erodible soils. • A ground surface that is well vegetated is shielded from the impact of falling rain and will resist the velocity of runoff. Also, the root systems hold the soil particles and aid in absorbing water. Pavement or a gravel base is also considered a proper cover. • A slope length and gradient will determine the velocity of the runoff and the extent of erosion. Steep and/or long slopes are the most subject to erosion. • The intensity and duration of a rainfall event determines the volume and velocity of runoff and therefore its energy. Long duration rainfall events cause the most severe erosion.

ii The Erosion and Sediment Control Plan All projects permitted through the DEP need an erosion and sediment control (ESC) plan; but proper planning is also important for all other projects, and especially if located in an area at risk of eroding and causing sedimentation. The ESC plan should be prepared during the design phase and before construction begins; and the contractor should understand the plan, implement it in a timely manner, and adjust the measures as site or weather conditions change. The ESC plan only establishes the minimum required measures. The plan consists of three parts:

1. A description: • Existing conditions and the proposed activities, site conditions (soils, topography, vegetation, property lines, buildings, etc.), and adjacent protected natural resources (streams, wetlands, slopes, bare or highly erodible soils, significant wildlife habitats, etc.). • Areas that are subject to serious erosion problems. • Measures that will be used to control erosion and sedimentation, where they will be installed and when needed. • Construction schedule and planned inspections with frequency and required maintenance. 2. Site Plans • Topographic land contours and drainage before and after construction. • The limits of vegetation clearing and . • Any vegetated buffers that should be protected. • Sensitive areas within 100 feet of the site (streams, lakes, wetlands or areas sensitive to erosion.

iii • Drainage swales, ditches, roads, and stormwater control structures. • The location and types of ESC measures. 3. Construction Details • Plans and standards of ESC structures. • Amount, type and installation details for seeding, mulching and other vegetative specifications. • All pertinent maintenance instructions. • Schedule for stabilization and revegetation including overwinter stabilization measures if the work extends into the winter construction period (see Overwinter Construction).

IMPORTANT NOTE: Consider and plan for unforeseen conditions, weather and delays that may affect the construction schedule and BMP performance. Will grading be completed before winter? Will all measures be effective during each phase of the project?

iv The SIMPLE Erosion and Sediment Control Plan Use this simple ESC plan for small sites (houselots) S = Stabilize disturbed soils before moving on! I = Install sediment barriers before construction! M = Mulch daily! P = Protect natural buffers! L = Limit the area of soil disturbance! Evaluate and repair all erosion controls and E = sediment measures!

v SMART DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME! Plan the Unnecessary • Develop the least critical areas of development grading should the site and protect the sensitive to fit the site be avoided resources. • Build a large development Minimize project in small phases. Exposed soils the area of Immediately stabilize the are sources of exposed soil and roadside ditches. erosion at one time Immediately seed and mulch areas ready for revegetation. • Divert clean runoff to a stable Disturbed area. Stabilize slopes are and fill vulnerable to • Anchor mulch over seeded slopes unchecked area, or use structural materials runoff. (riprap, gabions, or retaining walls, etc.) • Use precautions when adjacent to a protected natural resource or on steep and long slopes. Sedimentation Be mindful • Immediately stabilize all of sensitive of sensitive channels or constructed slopes resources natural greater than 8%. should be resources avoided. • Use overwinter practices from Oct. 15 to April 15. • Mulch any soils that will be exposed for longer than 15 days. Mud makes • Install gravel pads at the Avoid mud roads slippery construction site entrance/ and dust and is a exit(s). in public nuisance when • Use water as dust suppression. roadways it is dry (dust). • Sweep public roads.

vi SMART DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME! • Install culverts quickly and during low stream flow (late summer). Construction • Minimize soil disturbance Use special projects in or adjacent to streams. measures adjacent to at stream streams can • Consult with the Maine crossings harm aquatic Department of Inland Fisheries life. and Wildlife (MDIFW) regarding in-stream activities between July 14 and Oct. 2. • Avoid channelizing runoff Prevent Runoff should • Install filter barriers around catch sediments not discharge basin inlets and culverts. from off site or to • Protect larger culverts with stone reaching a protected check dams and sediment traps. stormwater natural discharge • Use temporary sediment basins resource points during construction.

ESC measure • Prescribe frequency of should be inspections (once a week, before Inspect ESC inspected and after every storm). measures regularly by • Inspect regularly and maintain all and adjust, a designated ESC measures. maintain or and repair • Follow-up with an inspection knowledgeable report to owner, design engineer, person and town. Temporary • ESC measures need to be Remove ESC removed when the site is stable. temporary measures are ESC unnecessary measures when the site is stable.

vii save bothtimeandmoney! vulnerability touncontrollederosionandsedimentation.Itwill phasing theconstructionanddevelopmentwillreducesite Considerations oftheexistingsiteconditions,and A -SITEDEVELOPMENT

clayey soils. Sites inloamysoilsaremoreerodiblethansandyor groundwater makespermanentstabilizationdifficult. slopes, erodiblesoilsorwheresurfacewater Appropriate ESCprotectionisnecessaryforsteep concentrated flowsorforlargevolumeofwater. to providestructuralsedimentationmeasuresin will belesscostlyandsimplertomanagethanhaving installing effective passiveerosioncontrolmeasures Beware ofsitedevelopmenthiddencosts!Phasingand IMPORTANT NOTES: 1 length andsteepness. water andtheslope’s of soil,thepresence is relatedtothetype The potentialforerosion

Site Development 2 washed prior to exiting the site. Washing should be should Washing washed prior to exiting the site. to a performed in an area that drains or basin. provided to intercept runoff. directed to a should be any exposed soil, and runoff sediment trap. angular aggregate (2-3 inch diameter). Appropriate angular aggregate (2-3 inch diameter). be used. reclaimed concrete material may pushing into the filter to prevent the stones from native soil. 50 feet or more and a 12-foot minimum width and a 12-foot minimum width 50 feet or more of to contain the wheel base (or as appropriate on either side). construction vehicles plus 3 feet The wheels of construction equipment may be The wheels of construction equipment At the bottom of slopes, a diversion ridge should be At the bottom of slopes, a diversion water around Berms may be necessary to divert The pad should be 6 inches or more thick with The pad should be 6 inches or over a geotextile The aggregate should be placed The entrance/exit pad should have a length of pad should have a length The entrance/exit

• • • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION COMPANION BMPs: Sediment Trapping and and BMPs: Sediment Trapping COMPANION Sediment Barriers CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE / EXIT / EXIT ENTRANCE CONSTRUCTION A pad of coarse aggregate at the construction entrance/exit construction entrance/exit at the of coarse aggregate pad A onto traffic of soil from construction the tracking will reduce treads are knocked from the tire street. Sediments a public voids trapped in the and are the angular stones loose by the stones. between

Site Development necessary. Street sweepingmaybe become filledwithsediment. have tobereplacedifthevoids after astorm. The padmay weekly aswellbeforeand The padshouldbeinspected 3

Site Development paved

Vacuum

Chloride

and

Calcium Sweep all laydown areas Stabilize all laydown areas surfaces with and all unpaved coarse gravel a base gravel or Use as soon as possible. restrict speed traffic control to and route. road surface when dry. Sweep road surface when dry. from the center line to the Do not edge of the travel way. sweep into a waterbody or The public roadway wetland. may also require sweeping. 4 with may require pre-wetting, a 24-hour curing Application

Binders Water

frequent reapplication during dust. The distribution of water dust. warm sunny days will mitigate warm sunny days will mitigate should not cause turbid runoff. should not cause turbid runoff. DUST CONTROL DUST applications are more cost-effective on larger sites (30% on applications are more cost-effective for most gravel surfaces or calcium chloride is recommended follow the supplier’s guidance). time and minimum temperatures for use. Asphalt or oil-based or Asphalt use. for temperatures minimum and time binders are not allowed. Soil Dusty conditions occur when a disturbed site or road surface site or road when a disturbed occur Dusty conditions an becomes from wind erosion out; and dust has dried surface that a gravel concern. Note or public environmental wash-boarding. fines results in without

Site Development Vegetation sectionformoreinformation. otherwise, overwintermulchingisnecessary. Seethe first killingfrost(different datesfordifferent Mainelocations); Ideally, permanent seedingshouldoccur45daysbeforethe erosion controlmulch,orriprap. pavement, a gravel road base, 95% mature vegetation cover, if aconstructionsiteisnotpermanentlystabilizedwith provided byNovember1stforwinterandspringsnowmelt May 1st. Additional stabilizationmeasuresshouldbe The winterconstructionperiodrunsfromOctober15through OVERWINTER CONSTRUCTION Trapping, Vegetation andSlopes COMPANION BMPs:Mulching,Sediment Impervious Stabilization Vegetated Swales Hydroseeding Erosion ControlBlankets Sedimentation Basins Runoff Diversion Vegetative GroundCover Overwinter ConstructionDifficulties installed in winter. areas. Pavement cannotbe Base gravelondriving/parking of growingseason. Cannot beestablished outside cold temperatures. Stabilizers areineffective in ground. Cannot beanchoredonfrozen melt. ground. Oftenfailsduring Difficult toinstallonfrozen overwhelmed byspringflows. the groundisfrozen.Canbe Should beinstalledbefore diversion structures. Snow oricingmayclog of growingseason. Cannot beestablishedoutside 5

Site Development should be applied at should be applied should be used on slopes 6 Mulch should be applied at double the at double be applied should should be applied by October should be applied

is the best overwinter cover, but is is the best overwinter cover, and

Blankets Mulch mix

Hay vegetation

Seeding

Control control

should be properly sized and installed to ensure should be properly sized and

long-term stability. In the winter, newly constructed ditches In the winter, long-term stability. with riprap. Widening of and channels should be stabilized to accommodate the placement the channel may be required preferred to round stone Angular riprap is of stones. (). Riprap Erosion Erosion Temporary Dormant Overwinter normal rate (150 pounds per 1000 square feet or 3 tons/ feet or 3 per 1000 square rate (150 pounds normal twine) (peg and with netting should be anchored acre) and freezing before mulch displacement to prevent or a tackifier Hay the mulch. be visible through No soil should conditions. over snow. be applied mulch cannot where hay would be disturbed by wind or water. The matting by wind or water. where hay would be disturbed with accordance in stapled and anchored installed, be should the manufacturer’s Full contact between recommendations. erosion for an effective the blanket and the soil is critical control cover. not recommended for slopes steeper than 1:1 or in areas not recommended for slopes with flowing water. 1st with winter rye at 3 pounds per 1000 square feet, and rye at 3 pounds per 1000 square 1st with winter 1000 square hay at 75 pounds per mulched with anchored If the rye fails to grow at feet or with erosion control blankets. 1st, November by coverage 75% have and inches three least for overwinter protection. the area should be stabilized 3 times the specified amount after the first killing frost. All killing frost. amount after the first 3 times the specified overwinter beds should be covered with dormant seeding anchored erosion control blanket. hay mulch or an

Site Development instructions. or inareaswithgroundwaterseeps.Followthesupplier’s 1st), butitisnotrecommendedforslopessteeperthan3:1 Sod maybeusedforlate-seasonstabilization(afterOctober immediately. discharges shouldberepaired is active. Any erosionor are importantiftheconstruction Daily inspectionsinthewinter stone. erosion controlblankets,and mulching, erosioncontrolmix, construction periodmayinclude Stabilization duringthewinter areas shouldbestabilizeddaily. November 1st,alldisturbed If constructionoccursafter 7

Site Development 8 sediment and debris. always be kept clear of revegetated and stable. Upon final stabilization, a is most important during a The water diversion should storm event until the area is temporary diversion should be restored to the intended . A temporary diversion structure A COMPANION BMPs: Riprap, Mulching, Sediment BMPs: Riprap, Mulching, COMPANION and Vegetation Trapping A water diversion consists of a channel constructed across constructed of a channel diversion consists water A a disturbed away from direct runoff a work site to or above It can unlikely to erode. point that is stable discharge area to groundwater ditch that intercepts an excavated either be runoff. diverts surface or a berm that water, and surface a wetland or be required for dewatering permit may A Resource with Maine Natural waterbody in accordance please For additional information (NRPA). Act Protection regional office. DEP contact your nearest WATER DIVERSION DIVERSION WATER

Site Development CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • • • • • •

On longslopes,multiple diversionswillmanage Any gulliesordepressionscrossedbythediversion A diversionbermshouldbewide and thedikedeep All diversiondikesandbermsshouldbecompacted Exposed soilsshouldbeshaped,graded,and Diversions shouldnotbeusedbelowhighsediment- Diversions designedtoprotectbuildingsandroads The diversionshouldbeangledawayfromthe The conditionofthesitetopography, landuse, smaller volumesofrunoff andbelesslikelyto fail. should befilled,compacted,andstabilized. contain thevolumeofrunoff. enough toallowformaintenanceaccessas well as blankets, gravelorriprap). the slopeandexpectedrunoff (erosioncontrol and stabilizedwithmaterialthatisappropriate for sedimentation structure. be providedtodirectanyrunoff toatemporary stabilized immediatelyunlessadiversionwill daily. producing areasunlessmaintainedandmonitored a largestormevent. should havethecapacitytomanagerunoff from level spreaderorenergydissipater). drainage toastabledischargepoint(plungepool, slope (witha2-3%downwardgradient)forpositive location ofadiversion. soil typeandlengthofslopeshoulddeterminethe 9

Site Development 10 A permanent A before winter. early during the vegetated diversion full vegetative cover to September 1st) for growing season (prior needs to be stabilized

Site Development point. basin ortrap,bag,etc.);andprovidingastabledischarge providing settlementfromthecollectedwater(sediment siphoning orusingthebucketofconstructionequipment); the excavationarea(gravitydrain,mechanicalpumping, Dewatering occursin3phases:removingthewaterfrom EXCAVATION DEWATERING Vegetation, andSlopes COMPANION BMPs:SedimentTrapping, 11 immediately. discharge andrepair flows orsediment of erosion,concentrated receiving areaforsigns frequently inspectthe During dewatering, treatment structure. to abuffer areaortoa discharged assheetflow area shouldeitherbe from theexcavation The waterremoved

Site Development 12 intense, heavy rain. grease, or other petroleum products, filtering grease, or other petroleum products, or a filtration through an oil/water separator be should The DEP mechanism is recommended. known spill or unknown contacted for any significant source of contaminant. stabilized with ditch lining (riprap, geotextile fabric, stabilized with ditch lining (riprap, plastic sheeting, etc.). material should be at any one time (the excavated placed upgradient of the ). and the distance of the discharge hose will greatly of the discharge hose will greatly and the distance its pumping capacity. affect vegetated or within 100 feet of a natural resource. 100 feet of a natural resource. vegetated or within is necessary and the water contains when pumping a lot of sediment. should never exceed its capacity. capacity. never exceed its should area. excavated If the collected runoff is contaminated with oil, is contaminated If the collected runoff Any channel dug for discharging water should be Any channel dug for discharging to 500 feet Limit the length of a trench excavation The elevation of the pump above the water intake the pump above the water intake The elevation of Avoid discharging to an unstable area, newly discharging to an Avoid pump is recommended positive displacement A The discharge to the sediment treatment area treatment to the sediment The discharge away from an runoff clean Divert upgradient

• • • • • • • • Avoid working in periods of Avoid CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Site Development concrete andevaporationofexcessliquids. washouts aredesignedtopromotethehardeningof before itcanclogadrainagechannelorstructure.Concrete should beprovidedtoretain,collect,andsolidifyconcrete groundwater orsurfacewater. A containmentstructure Concrete washwaterisalkalineandcancontaminate CONCRETE WASHOUTS CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • •

A washoutfacilityshouldnotbeplaced within50 Access tothewashoutpitshouldbestableand A below-gradewashoutshouldbesizedtocontain A concretewashoutstationshouldbesizedto 10-mil thickness)andisnotallowedtooverflow. pit islinedwithanchoredplasticsheeting(minimum feet ofastormdrainordischargepointunless the secure (i.e.baseofgravelorcrushedrock). all liquidwasteswitha4-inchfreeboard. the hopperofaconcretetruck. required tocleanatruckchuteand50gallonsfor without overflowing. Typically, 7gallonsofwaterare handle allthewashwater, solidsandrainfall 13 solids appropriately. breaches. Disposeof the and identifyleaks daily basistoassessusage Inspect thestructureona

Site Development 14 nitrogen and phosphorus. Special care should be nitrogen and phosphorus. Special upslope from taken with a secure cover if stockpiled a sensitive resource. of the pile. On the windy side, additional anchors of the pile. On the windy side, soil coverage and to should be provided to maintain prevent ballooning or blowouts. protruding rocks and debris to prevent punctures of and debris to prevent punctures protruding rocks a fabric cover. overlaps in the direction of runoff. Topsoil from an agricultural source may be high in from an agricultural Topsoil Anchoring should be continuous along each side Anchoring should be continuous The soil surface should be smooth and free of should be smooth and free The soil surface to 24-inch should be provided with 12 fabric cover A Inspect regularly and Repair as necessary. Repair as necessary. any major rain event.

• • • • before, during and after CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION Stockpiled soils should be covered with an erosion control an erosion be covered with soils should Stockpiled along be installed barrier should and a sediment cover, sediments. In and to collect runoff edge their downgradient as material such sheeting or other plastic some situations, to cover may be used fabric non-woven geotextile woven or with a sheeting should be polyethylene stockpiles. Plastic of 4 mils. minimum thickness STOCKPILES STOCKPILES

Site Development properly. barriers providedtheyareinstalled,used,andmaintained disturbed soils. There are manyavailabletypesofsediment Sediment barriersshouldbeinstalleddowngradientofall B -SEDIMENTCONTROLS Riprap, SlopesandRoads COMPANION BMPs:Mulching,Vegetation, Two rowsofsedimentbarriers before, during,andafter each fail. Water velocityisacriticalelementoferosion. and gainvelocity, mostsedimentcontrolbarrierswill soil settlement.Ifwaterhasachancetoconcentrate Sediment barriersreducerunoff velocityandallowfor IMPORTANT NOTE: of erosioncontrolmix)may sediment dischargeneara be preferredforcontrolling be inspectedandrepaired natural resource,forlarge (i.e. siltfenceandaberm Sediment barriersshould slopes ofwetloosesoils. disturbances oronsteep rain event. 15

Sediment Controls Damaged or otherwise sediment ineffective barriers should be replaced with new material or a barrier measure. different Collected sediments should sediments Collected be removed when one-half the height of the barrier is filled. 16 gradient of the barrier should be provided for barrier should be provided for gradient of the and absorption. and each end curved uphill to prevent bypass (to an uphill to prevent bypass and each end curved than the top of the barrier). elevation higher of the barrier; or mid-slope exceed the capacity drainage flow The necessary. barriers may be no longer than 100 feet. length should be disturbance. Where possible, a level area immediately up- Where possible, All barriers should be installed on the land contour on the should be installed All barriers area should not from the contributing The runoff Sediment barriers should be installed prior to soil be installed barriers should Sediment

• • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Sediment Controls posts isusedinmostsituations. field season.Pre-manufacturedsiltfencingwithattached due tosunexposureanditslifespanisapproximatelyone settlement ofsediments. The geotextilefabricwilldegrade overland runoff, reduces flowvelocity, andpromotesthe Silt fenceisapermeablegeotextilefabricwhichintercepts SILT FENCE CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • •

In areaswheretheflapcannotbekeyedproperly When jointsarenecessary, filterclothshouldbe A 6-inchwideanddeeptrenchshouldbe The fenceshouldbeanchoredtoresistpull-out, erosion controlmix,orothermaterial. should beanchoredwithaggregate,, near aprotectednaturalresource,etc.),the silt fence (due tofrozenground,,stonysoil,roots, spliced bywrappingendstakestogether. compacted. “flap” ofthefabric. Thetrenchisbackfilledand excavated upgradientofthefencelinetokey sagging. and bestretchedtightlybetweenstakestoprevent 17 recommended. a waterresourceisnot added disturbancenear as frozenground. The or forestedsoilsaswell shallow-to-ledge, stony, to installproperlyin Silt fencecanbedifficult

Sediment Controls 18 mulched. Silt fence should be leveled, seeded and sediments should be stabilized. The collected stabilized. removed when the area is

Sediment Controls control measuresarenotpracticable. areas, orwhenothertemporaryerosionandsediment ground, outcropsofbedrock,andheavilyrootedforested Berms oferosioncontrolmix(ECM)areeffective onfrozen EROSION CONTROL MIXBERM placed byhand,machinery, or CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS Depending uponthetype of material specifications. media. SeetheErosionControlMixMulchsectionfor removed beforegrindingasitaddsstructuretothe grindings. The soilwithintherootballshouldnotbe A greatsourceoferosioncontrolmixisstump IMPORTANT NOTE: material, thebermmay be • • •

Berms composedofECMcanbereshaped when The ECMbermshouldbeaminimumof12” high It maybenecessarytocut,packdownorremove necessary. steeper slopes,thewillneedtobewiderand higher. and aminimumoftwofeetwide.Onlongeror fine soilparticles. voids andbridgesthatallowthewashingawayof tall grasses,brushorwoodyvegetationtoavoid pneumatic blower. 19

Sediment Controls 20 and the material spread out onto the ground. The the ground. and the material spread out onto mesh material should be removed. short circuiting under the tube and the ground short circuiting under the tube level. In wooded surface should be smooth and may need to be areas, protruding roots and debris the grass needs to removed; and in grassed areas, down. be either mowed or compressed disturbed areas, as a perimeter protection around disturbed areas, as a perimeter barrier in low flow a soil stockpile, or a sediment outlets and drainage swales or around drainage catchbasins. Upon final stabilization, the tube can be cut open Upon final stabilization, the tube Staking may be necessary on steep slopes. Staking may be necessary on Full contact with the ground is critical to prevent Full contact with the ground is A filter sock’s most effective use is for small most effective filter sock’s A

• • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS Seeds may be added to the filler material for a permanent added to the filler material for Seeds may be are manufactured products Various vegetation cover. should follow the manufacturer’savailable and installation and type of media. specifications A continuous contained berm or filter sock is a manufactured sock is a berm or filter contained continuous A mix, or erosion control that is filled with netting tube synthetic fiber or (i.e. coconut organic material shredded other finely and loss of the displacement prevents the The netting other). work well berms Continuous contained filter material. organic feasible such trenching for a silt fence is not in areas where filter sock can be A or over pavement. as on frozen ground drives over it). reshaped (if a vehicle FILTER SOCKS FILTER

Sediment Controls 21 by apneumaticblower. sock maybefilledon-site hand, machineryorthe berms maybeplacedby Continuous contained

Sediment Controls 22 stabilized with vegetation (95% coverage). be 2 feet with a 6-inch depression at its center for be 2 feet with a 6-inch depression The edges of the dam should be keyed overflow. side erosion. onto the embankments to prevent tight mass within the will be necessary to achieve a channel and to ensure that the center of the dam is lower than the edges. graded crushed rock with a maximum size of 6 graded crushed rock with a maximum size of 1 inch. Larger inches and a minimum stone slopes. stones may be used on steep directed to the swale. debris. The check dams may be removed when the swale is The maximum height of a stone check dam should The maximum height of a stone by hand placement Mechanical placement followed A stone check dam should be comprised of well- A Check dams should be installed before runoff is before runoff Check dams should be installed dam should be free of The area around each check

• • • • • • Check dams are intended for the settlement of intended for the settlement Check dams are A ditch lining will flow velocity reduction. sediments and erosion control. be necessary for IMPORTANT NOTE: NOTE: IMPORTANT CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS Stone check dams are constructed across a swale or a swale constructed across dams are Stone check forces and erosive the flow velocity ditch to reduce drainage dams Stone check of sediments. the deposit and to promote than 6%. slope greater with a important in channels are most proprietary clays. Other for and not effective They are installed per and should be used and products are available the manufacturer’s guidelines. STONE CHECK DAMS DAMS CHECK STONE

Sediment Controls should becorrectedimmediately. the edgesofstonecheck dams Any erosiondowngradient oraround 23

Sediment Controls

WITH

FENCE

SILT may GRAVEL be placed around the perimeter of a catchbasin and surrounded with gravel. Various types of off- Various are the-shelf devices acceptable if installed, used, and maintained the as specified by manufacturer. 24 butted together around the

BAGS

SAND-FILLED perimeter of a may be used if the bags are perimeter of a storm drain may The berm should have staggered to make a stable barrier. a minimum height of 12 inches. STORMDRAIN INLET PROTECTION INLET STORMDRAIN inlet or curb inlet) drain drop protection (storm An inlet It is not enters a catchbasin. runoff sediment before captures and clays. for silts effective

Sediment Controls project. of theconstruction cleaned at the end the catchbasin be removedand The insertshould large stormflows. in overflowfor and haveabuilt- below thegrate are suspended guidelines. They manufacturer’s should followthe are reusable.Use woven geotextile sacks madeof INSERTS or filter CATCHBASIN and clean). (1-2 inchdiameter crushed stone surrounded with fabric shouldbe in geotextile and wrapped around theinlet on theirside BLOCKS placed CONCRETE

25

Sediment Controls Bales should be limited to small sites or short slopes. But, in an a row of emergency, hay bales may provide a rapid line of defense. 26 excavated soil should be backfilled and packed excavated soil should be backfilled level on the against the barrier to the ground the uphill side. downhill side and 4 inches up the ground for anchoring. The first stake is driven The first stake the ground for anchoring. them together. toward the previous bale to force of 4 inches. The gaps between bales should be The gaps between of 4 inches. hay to prevent the chinked (filled by wedging) with For small areas flow of water between the bales. trenching may not be or near a protected resource, necessary. are oriented parallel to the ground to delay their to the ground to delay their are oriented parallel a bales will not last through deterioration (hay and will need to be replaced). construction season After the bales are staked and chinked, the After the bales are staked and At least two stakes per bale should be driven into At least two stakes per bale should The barrier should be entrenched a minimum depth be entrenched a minimum The barrier should Hay bales should be installed so that the bindings be installed so that the bindings Hay bales should

• • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION HAY BALES BALES HAY as a sediment only be used straw) bales should Hay (or Their limited watershed. with a a small disturbance barrier for measure emergency and effective also be a simple use may sedimentation. unexpected for controlling

Sediment Controls Barrier, RoadDitchTurnouts andLevelSpreaders COMPANION BMPs: ConstructionDewatering,Sediment silt requires24hoursormore;andclaysmayneversettle. is stable. As ageneralrule,sandsandgravelssettlerapidly, site disturbanceandshouldalwaysdischargetoanareathat runoff forsettlement;butitshouldbeinstalledpriortoany A temporarysedimenttraporbasininterceptsandpools C –SEDIMENTCONTAINMENT may benecessarytodirectrunoff tothebasin. area forsoilerosionorsedimentation.Diversionditches short-circuiting andovertopping.Inspectthereceiving the areaisfullystabilized.Regularlycheckforleakage, The containmentareashouldnotberemovedbefore IMPORTANT NOTE: 27 trap. point depthofthe reaches themid- accumulation sediments when Remove

Sediment Containment may be an TRAPS

28 SEDIMENT

or excavated basins may be adapted or excavated basins may be adapted

GROUND

enclosed perimeter of enclosed perimeter hay bales or concrete non- barriers lined with or woven geotextile, a silt-fence enclosure buttressed by The area sandbags. should be cleared of woody vegetation that may damage the fabric and cause leakage. to detain runoff. A low point in a natural depression could low point in a A to detain runoff. be blocked off by a temporary (berm or sand bags) to increase The its capacity. be should embankment high enough to detain the expected volume wide enough of water, to resist collapse; and be appropriately stabilized. NATURAL DEPRESSIONS ABOVE A sediment trap can be above ground with a perimeter with a perimeter be above ground trap can sediment A in an excavated depression, or a natural berm, within be small, to a trap should drainage area The depression. to a stable, moderately be directed discharge should and the of healthy vegetation. least 25 feet area with at flat (<5%) a drainage are not designed to work within Sediment traps volumes or velocities. way with high flow SEDIMENT TRAPS SEDIMENT

Sediment Containment construction. be usedasastormwaterdetentionimpoundmentduring design,apermanentsedimentbasinmay Per theengineer’s SEDIMENT BASINS CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • •

Basins shouldhaveaminimumdepthof2feet,with An overflowoutletorspillwayshouldbeconstructed The nativesoilshouldbescarifiedandhave The embankmentfoundationareashouldbecleared mix, ripraporsandbags). embankments thatarestabilized(erosioncontrol velocity dissipation. outer edges. A rockoutletmaybenecessaryfor spillway shouldbeatleast6incheslowerthanits geotextile fabricandriprap. The centerofthe within theembankment,andbeprotectedwith sufficient moistureforthefirstlayeroffill. good contact. of stumps,roots,brush,boulders,etc.toprovide 29 embankment. the overtopping flows without pass allpeak outlet can unless apiped necessary spillway is An emergency

Sediment Containment 30 gaskets, caulking, or welding. thick concrete block or ¼-inch thick steel plate) and thick concrete block or ¼-inch gravel to prevent flotation. overflow spillway. The capacity of the outlet should overflow spillway. flows. be adequate to discharge anticipated top six (6) inches of perforated or slotted up to the with The outlet should be surrounded the barrel. to filter the fine geotextile and a cone of gravel sediment particles. adequate for compaction. the crest of the riser. 18-inches above to 95% anti- collars should be compacted Fill adjacent to poured in-place Standard Proctor. be compacted until concrete structures should not to support the the concrete has gained the strength load. and stones. Fill should be placed in 6-inch lifts be placed in 6-inch Fill should and stones. between a good bond to insure before compaction streaks or uncompacted pockets, layers. Lenses, are not acceptable. If materials layers of material should be used, the more of varying texture center should be placed in the impervious material the embankment. or upstream of All pipe joints should be watertight using couplings, The riser should be weighted by a base (i.e. 12- inch The riser should be weighted A piped outlet can be fitted to a basin instead of an A have its top 2/3rd The perforated riser pipe should The moisture content of the fill material should be of the fill material should The moisture content embankment should be at least The top of the conduits, and Fill adjacent to structures, pipe The fill material should be free of roots, frozen soil be free of roots, material should The fill

• • • • • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Sediment Containment 31 before arainfallevent. the siteandstabilize structure beforedisturbing sediment containment stabilizea Construct and

Sediment Containment Filter bags have a finite capacity for sediment collection and may be prone to Avoid plugging. over-pressurizing the bag or it may burst. 32 vegetation or newly vegetated. Any sign of erosion vegetation or newly vegetated. water or channelization from the discharged requires immediate correction. (with less than 5% slope). A pad of crushed gravel A (with less than 5% slope). may be provided. which will require dewatering. which will require for be trapped (i.e. a woven material soil particles to material for finer coarse particles and a nonwoven particles). Avoid discharging to an area that is bare of discharging to an area that is bare Avoid A filter bag should be located in an area mostly level A Set-up the filter bag prior to initiating any activities bag prior to initiating any activities Set-up the filter of should be based on the size The type of fabric

• • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION GEOTEXTILE FILTER BAG FILTER GEOTEXTILE is used sack that bag is a prefabricated filter geotextile A A filter bag dewatering activities. sediments from to filter manufacturer’s with the be used in accordance should the structure if DEP Consult the guidelines. recommended or if secondary feet of a sensitive resource will be within 75 required. containment is

Sediment Containment

tears orother malfunctions. If asediment discharge is filter bagfor inspect the observed, 33

Sediment Containment 34 ensure mixing and contact time with a gel block to promote the settlement of soil particulates. for dust control or for stabilization before vegetation for dust control or for stabilization not be necessary if can establish. Reapplication will as the polymers will the site is seeded and mulched fertilizer. reduce the loss of seeds and trap or basin. Any remaining particulates in a treated trap or basin. discharge require immediate correction. resource. directly into a protected natural Pools and riffles within a drainage channel will As a liquid or in a powder, flocculants can be used As a liquid or in a powder, Flocculants should be applied above a sediment Flocculants should be applied enter is to if the treated runoff Consult with the DEP

• • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS The supplier’s important to follow recommendations are testing is critical to select for success, and soil and water dosing rate, and dosing the correct flocculants, additives, are many available flocculants method. Be aware that there approval for toxicity to aquatic that may not have third-party life. Flocculants are available in four types of media (powder, (powder, available in four types of media Flocculants are and liquid, The powder, or gel block). liquid, emulsion can be applied directly for immediate emulsion media of blocks are used for the settlement stabilization. Gel particles in flowing water. suspended soil Flocculants (polymer or anionic polyacrylamide) produce produce anionic polyacrylamide) (polymer or Flocculants soil that binds substance charged non-toxic a chemically is resistant to a soil With flocculants, to each other. particles the soil’s and in water is decreased, the settling time erosion, increased. and are permeability, soil pore volume, on silt and clays. particularly effective Flocculants are FLOCCULANTS (POLYMERS) FLOCCULANTS

Sediment Containment remain untilthesiteispermanentlystabilizedorrevegetated. permeability and moisture for vegetation uptake. Mulch must to reducethepotentialforerosion,andmaintainsoil soil toprotectitsstructurefromtheimpactofraindrops, Mulching istheapplicationofanorganiccoveroverexposed D -MULCHING Ditches COMPANION BMPs:Vegetation, Swalesand CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • •

A sitewillbeconsideredpermanentlystabilized Hay, hydraulicmulch orerosioncontrolblankets spread out. vegetation growth(asinthespringtime),itcan be If themulchneedstoberemovedforbetter when supportingagroundcoverof95%vegetation. winter. also recommendedbeforeanyexpectedrain,inthe bed, orifnearasensitiveresource.Mulchingis should beinstalledimmediatelyoveranewseeded 35 occur. and beforewashouts becomes exposed be appliedifthesoil New mulchshould full vegetationuptake. any stormeventuntil to, duringandafter cover weeklyandprior Inspect themulch

Mulching LIMITATIONS Anchoring or Anchoring is needed tackifier slopes or on steep areas, or in windy should be crimped Hay imports weed seeds Will not revegetate Will not revegetate very quickly. Elongated and fibrous woody parts May be too expensive for a small or remote site and more protection needed on steep slopes Should dry at least 24 hours before rainfall May be expensive for large sites Needs good soil contact Will wash away revegetate Will very slowly BENEFITS Available and Available inexpensive It can be applied via blower on larger sites Low cost if available on Effective up to 45% slopes 36 Easily and rapidly applied with sprayer equipment. Effective for grassed ditches or steep slopes. Great for overwinter stabilization Available from Available construction site Low cost

RATE APPLICATION APPLICATION 2 inches for slopes 2 inches for slopes flatter than 3:1 or 4 inches for slopes greater than 3:1 The mix should contain some soil 2 bales (70-90 2 bales (70-90 sq.ft for lbs)/1000 coverage over 75% that rate Twice for overwinter stabilization Paper mulch: 5 lbs/1000 sq. ft Cellulose fiber: 40 lbs/1000 sq. ft Can include seeds, fertilizer or soil binders Staple per manufacturer’s specifications 3 inches or more for flat areas or on short 4:1 slopes Mix Hay Wood Wood Chips Mulch Control Control binders Erosion Erosion and soil Straw or mulches Blankets and Bark MULCH Hydraulic

Mulching in channelswithconcentratedflows. effective inwindyareas,areasofgroundwaterseepageor maintains moistureduringgermination.Loosemulchisnot erosion, protectsnewseedingfromsunexposure,and Hay (strawwillnotimportweeds)mulchpreventsraindrop HAY/STRAW MULCH 37 stabilized. to bepermanently if thesiteisready for springgrowth dormant seeding the mulchandwith rate withdouble mulched atthewinter before wintermustbe be revegetated Areas whichcannot inadequate. if grassgrowthis need tobereapplied months andmay It willlastonly2-3 should beanchored. resist disturbanceor be heavyenoughto A mulchcovershould

Mulching 38 flows. grass uptake. per the manufacturer’s recommendations. Non- should be removed biodegradable plastic netting after the site is revegetated. crimping the mulch into the soil or tracking with a crimping the mulch into the soil and Walking punch-roller or a knife blade roller. may be practicable punching with a spade or shovel on very small sites. wind or on slopes greater than 5%. wind or on slopes (less than 10 feet), and in non- 2:1 unless short be used Another measure should seepage areas. potential. runoff on steeper slopes with a high per 1000 square feet or 1.5 to 2 tons (90-100 bales) feet or 1.5 to 2 tons (90-100 per 1000 square be evenly distributed. per acre and must will not be actively worked for more than 14 days (7 14 days (7 for more than be actively worked will not sensitive areas). days in Apply additional mulch if not revegetated with 95% Apply additional mulch if not revegetated Peg and twine or netting should be installed Peg and twine or netting should Anchoring can be accomplished by punching, Anchoring can be accomplished Anchoring should be provided in areas with strong be provided in areas with Anchoring should than be limited to slopes flatter Hay mulch should Application rate should be 2 bales (70-90 pounds) be 2 bales (70-90 rate should Application cover to soil stockpiles. Provide a mulch Temporary mulch should be applied to areas that to areas should be applied mulch Temporary

Loose hay mulch is not • • • • • • • • seepage or concentrated recommended in areas of CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Mulching control blanketcouldbeusedinthefollowingconditions: disturbance orwhenthesiteistooverwinter. An erosion they aremostusefulwherehaycannotsustainwindorwater maintain aconstanttemperatureforseedgermination;and Blankets aredesignedtoretainthesoilmoistureand fiber, straw, andothers. mats areavailableasjute,excelsiorwoodfiber, coconut geo-web cellularstructureformorereinforcement).Organic blanket oforganicfiber, sewnintoabiodegradablemesh(or An erosioncontrolblanket(ormat)isamachine-produced EROSION CONTROL BLANKETS • • • • •

For overwinterstabilization(November1- April 15) On areasthatmaybeslowtorevegetate In protectednaturalareas Steep slopes(15%orgreaterandupto2:1) Vegetated waterwaysandditches;butnotinareasof groundwater seepage per the manufacturer’s per themanufacturer’s The mattingshouldbe anchored andstapled recommendations. 39 may fail. is critical,otherwisethemat between thematandsoil A continuouscontact

Mulching 40 and anchor the upslope edge in a 12 inch deep upslope edge in a 12 inch deep and anchor the and tamped. trench that is backfilled at the edges of parallel top of each row and 4 inches Anchor along the overlap with a maximum rows. by the manufacturer. spacing of 3 feet or as required control blanket. for the blanket to have direct contact with the soil direct contact to have for the blanket control blankets Erosion undermining. and to prevent be used loamy soils and should not perform best on shallow soils. on rocky sites or Always unroll the blanket downhill without stretching blanket downhill without stretching Always unroll the at the style a minimum of 12 inches Overlap shingle Seed should be sown before installing the erosion sown before installing the erosion Seed should be The soil surface should be finely graded and smooth and smooth be finely graded surface should The soil

• • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Mulching control mixwillpreventerosiononaslopeupto1:1. stabilize asiteimmediatelywithoutvegetation.Erosion intertwining shreddedwoodfragmentsandgritthatwill Erosion controlmixisadense,processedmixtureof EROSION CONTROL MIX construction debrisorreprocessedwoodproducts). plant growthorunsuitablematerial(barkchips,ground The mixshouldbefreeofrefuse,materialtoxicto root ballandshouldnotberemovedbeforegrinding. stump grinding,themineralsoiloriginatesfrom (>4”) orlargeamountsoffines(siltsandclays).In naturally includedintheproductwithnolargerrocks fragments. The mineralportionofthemixshouldbe weight, andthatiscomposedoffibrouselongated component thatisbetween50and100%ofdry The mixmustbewell-gradedwithanorganic IMPORTANT NOTE: 41 products. composted wood grindings, orpartially shredded bark,stump and mayinclude: off theprojectsite manufactured onor organic material consists primarilyof Erosion controlmix

Mulching 42 are used. are used. bucket, pneumatic blower, or by hand. bucket, pneumatic blower, seepage, within used on slopes with groundwater or in gullies. drainage channels and their outlets, material is recommended; and if greater than 60 material is recommended; and feet long, 5 inches is needed. steeper than 1:1. forested areas, on slopes, and on forested areas, on cut and fill roadside embankments. per 20 feet of slope and add an additional 1/2 inch slope. or up to 4 inches for a 100 foot The mix must be distributed evenly with a hydraulic The mix must be distributed evenly riprap) should be Other reinforcement BMPs (i.e. On slopes greater than 3:1, 4 inches or more of On slopes greater than 3:1, 4 for slopes Erosion control mix is not recommended Erosion control mix can be used on frozen ground, Erosion control mix can be used on 3:1 slopes or less Apply a thickness of 2 inches

• • • • • • legumes, such as legumes, such erosion control mix erosion plant growth unless plant growth While it decomposes, While it the soil of will deprive DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS clover or crown vetch, clover or crown nitrogen necessary for necessary nitrogen

Mulching use andapplicationofeachspecificproduct. the manufacturerorapplicatorformoreinformationon tosecurehaymulchinwindyareas.Consult as a‘tackifier’ seeds andfertilizertostabilizeasoilsurface.Itmaybeused wood fiber),binder, andwaterthatissprayedwithorwithout Hydraulic mulchisamixtureof(paper, celluloseand HYDRAULIC MULCH CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • •

Apply acellulosefibermulchmixtureatrate ofno Apply apaperhydraulicmulchatrateof5 Apply whennorainispredictedforafewdaysas Hydraulic mulchshouldbeappliedwithinoneweek the manufacturer. less than40lbs./1000squarefeetorasdirected by manufacturer. lbs./1000 squarefeetorasdirectedbythe curing time. hours. Lowtemperatureswillalsoslowdownthe the mulchbinderhasacuringtimeofabout24 subject towind. Higher ratesofmulchingshouldbeusedonareas of finalgrading. Avoid applyingonwindydays. 43 conditions. exposure towind) site (soiltype,slope, based onweatherand mixture shouldbe An appropriatemulch

Mulching 44 prevent impact to surface water or groundwater. prevent impact to surface water anchored. a variety of at stabilizing slopes. Incorporate native to Maine plants, shrubs, or trees that are and require little maintenance. vegetation unless the soil has good structure the soil has good structure vegetation unless and no upgradient watershed. Apply limestone and fertilizer only if necessary to necessary if only fertilizer and limestone Apply All newly seeded areas should be mulched and All newly seeded areas should effective Deeply rooted plants will be more Long slopes steeper than 2:1 cannot support than 2:1 cannot support Long slopes steeper

• • • • IMPORTANT NOTES: IMPORTANT Seed and mulch should be applied within 7 days of final grading. If construction extends into the fall and winter months, all erosion control measures should meet winter construction standards. E - VEGETATION E stabilization simple and inexpensive permanent, The most Vegetation a disturbance. is by re-vegetating measure the soil surface, and will protect regenerating; is natural, and Seeding velocity. reduces flow infiltration and promotes upon final be applied as soon as possible mulching should will not occur temporary cover if final grading grading or as a will vary with effectiveness The vegetation’s before 14 days. volume and velocity. soils, slope, and runoff the underlying

Vegetation erosion. areas toreduce disperse toundisturbed immediate areaand away fromthe Divert cleanwater seeding andmulching. also bestabilizedwith A createdbuffer should removed bymowing. (grass leaf)shouldbe than 1/3oftheshoot and 3inches.Nomore maintained between2 height shouldbe For lawns,grass and mulching. may needreseeding vegetated orthearea soil surfaceshouldbe stabilized, 95%ofthe To beconsidered the re-vegetatedarea. Inspect periodically 45

Vegetation 46 firm seedbed (excessive compaction will increase and prevent seed rooting). runoff, distributed uniformly. Rototilling for a deeper rooting distributed uniformly. (sloping wet sites or zone on poor quality with sand and gravels) is recommended. an extremely wet . depth of at least 2 be loosened or scarified to a inches to ensure bonding. Lightly compact the topsoil to ensure a uniform and Lightly compact the topsoil to The topsoil should be 4 inches deep and be The topsoil should be 4 inches Topsoil should not be placed on frozen, muddy, or on frozen, muddy, should not be placed Topsoil the subgrade should Prior to spreading the topsoil,

• • • • Laboratory testing for nutrient and content of organic for nutrient and content of Laboratory testing Soil (University of Maine matter is recommended have 3-5% should Topsoil or other). Laboratory Testing no more than 500 ppm soluble salts of organic matter, 6.0 and 7.5 (if less than and a pH range that is between with the test 6.0, lime should be added in accordance results and seed requirements). IMPORTANT NOTE: IMPORTANT CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS Topsoil provides a loose medium for root development, and a and development, root for medium loose a provides Topsoil matter organic contain decomposed will good quality-topsoil The plant growth. and water for nutrients which retains of debris, be free loamy and should be friable, topsoil should that is any substance weeds or rocks, roots, trash, stumps, topsoil can also Properly manufactured toxic to plant growth. material. effective be used as a cost TOPSOIL

Vegetation slopes flatterthan3:1. and lessthan6inchesdeep.Groovingshould belimitedto be lessthan15inchesapart small ridges. The groovesshould harrow acrosstheslope,leaving as atiller(plow, chisel)ordisc using agriculturalequipmentsuch GROOVING istheprocessof under alayerofhaymulch. be doneoveror Tracking may rut orerode. over-compact, soils whichmay for soft-wet recommended It isnot to thecontours. marks parallel of aseedbedwilllooselyroughentheareaandleavecleat TRACKING byequipmenttravelingupanddowntheslope saturated. and seedingduringadryperiodwhenthesoilisnot or erosion,thesurfaceshouldbepreparedfortopsoil retains waterforinfiltration. To preventcompaction,rutting traps moistureforthere-establishmentofvegetation,and is addedtoprovideadeeperrootingdepthforvegetation, The seedbedshouldbescarifiedorroughenedaftertopsoil SEEDBED PREPARATION SCARIFICATION slopes that donothaveashallow groundwatertable. roughening ismostappropriate onflattogentleorshort is donewithadiscchisel, York rakeorrototiller. Surface

OR

SURFACE 47

ROUGHENING

Vegetation should be established on 48

VEGETATION should

SEEDING

an area that will not be worked for 30 days and until it can an area that will not be worked Annual grasses and legumes be permanently stabilized. as temporary vegetation; but they will not are most effective legume all Inoculate season. growing second a for reproduce seeds with the correct type and amount of inoculant. TEMPORARY DORMANT VEGETATION PERMANENT with be established that a seed mixture the is appropriate for soil type, moisture site’s use content, sun exposure, (frequency of mowing), The application should etc. follow the supplier’s guidelines for the seed or Soil type. MaineDOT Conservation and Water Districts seed mixtures are recommended. VEGETATION APPLICATION VEGETATION later than 45 days occur no seeding should If possible, are likely to frost or the seeds first killing before the have Maine areas Different but not survive. germinate for the final following map refer to the frost dates; different your area. seeding date of should be applied at double the rate of normal seeding should be applied at double the and before snowfall because of between the first killing frost germination, cover the improve To their poor survival rate. anchored and fully covering seedbed with mulch that is well the ground surface.

Vegetation SEED Winter Rye Oats Grass Annual Rye Sudangrass Rye Grass Perennial TEMPORARY SEED APPLICATION GUIDELINES Acre Lb / 112 80 40 40 40 SF 1,000 Lb / 2.6 1.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 49 possible. should berepaired assoon sign ofrillorgullyerosion be inspectedregularly. Any Newly seededbedsshould Dates Seeding 10/1 8/15 - 9/15 8/15 - 4/1 -7/1 4/1 -7/1 8/15 5/15 – 9/15 8/15 – Notes Aroostook Rye species suchas Select hardy over thewinter. seeding willdie seeding. Fall Best forspring growing season. throughout may bedone mulch, seeding duration. With but isofshort Grows quickly hot weather. during periodsof Good growth growing season. throughout will allowseeding grass. Mulching than annualrye longer lasting Good cover,

Vegetation 50 HYDROSEEDING When hydroseeding, apply the seeds uniformly and per applicator’s guidance (10% increase in seeding rate is recommended). directed to an area handling concentrated flows. directed to an area handling concentrated plant growth. to maintain areas immediately and as necessary moisture below the root zone. the direction of flow). Wedge the edges of each strip Wedge the edges the direction of flow). together and tamp. dampened and amended with lime and fertilizer if amended with lime and fertilizer dampened and necessary. Installation should be completed before runoff is before runoff Installation should be completed Anchor on slopes to hold the sod until secured by Anchor on slopes to hold the soil. Irrigate sodded Sod should not be laid on dry Follow the supplier’s guidelines for installation. strips perpendicular to Lay sod in staggered rows (in The soil should be loosened to 1-inch depth, be loosened to 1-inch depth, The soil should

• • • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION SODDING provides an Sodding cover of instantaneous particularly turf. Locations to sod are well suited areas waterways, the in around drop inlets or where grassed swales, results immediate aesthetic are needed.

Vegetation BARRIERS AND VEGETATION COMPANION BMPs: RIPRAP, MULCHING,SEDIMENT the topofbank. with groundwaterseeps,orwhereastructureislocatednear are oversixfeet,steeperthan1.5:1grade,onunstablesoils, Consultation withacivilengineerisadvisedforslopesthat presence ofsurfaceorgroundwater, depthtobedrock,etc. be adaptedtothesoiltype,angleandlengthofslope, To beeffective, slopestabilizationandreinforcementshould F -SLOPES days andseedmulch exposed forlongerthan7 Percent Rill orgullyerosionmust be repairedimmediately. if readyforrevegetation. 100% Slope 10% 25% 33% 50% construction isstopped Use winterstabilization for thewinter months. Approximate slope conversions MULCH anysoil Slope practices ifthe 10:1 ratio 4:1 3:1 2:1 1:1 Degrees 12° 16° 27° 45° 5° 51 larger mowingequipment). than 3:1(4:1ispreferredfor slope shouldbenosteeper slope istobemowed,the steeper than2:1.Wherethe revegetated shouldbeno Slopes thatwillbe

Slopes

SLOPES

SLOPES

ROCK

SLOUGHING are caused by freeze/ thaw cycles in silty and clayey soils, or from groundwater seeps in a loamy soil found over a shallow hard pan. On short slopes, the bank should be over-excavated and filled with 6 inches of gravel and provided with an appropriate surface On steep slopes, a cover. structural measure will be necessary. are found at cuts that are found the groundwater intercept riprap over table. Often, of drainage gravel a layer is the only appropriate stabilization measure. SOFT (SEDIMENTARY) SLOPES can be modified for to create a surface vegetation growth when the rock is rippable and The can be shelved. shelves will hold moisture, seed, and mulch. SEEPING 52

Slopes reduce erosion. and promoteinfiltration. Thebenchesredirecttherunoff and Terraces arebenchesacrossaslopethatinterruptrunoff establishment byretainingmoisture. Terracing preventssurfacerunoff andpromotesvegetation area, gravelfillispreferred;butatriskofbeingunstable. disturbed oriflackingfinesforpropercompaction.Inawet Fill slopesaremoreunstablethancutfrombeing the fill,steepness,watershedsizeandpresenceofwater. Erosion potentialsonfillslopesdependuponthedepthof CUTS AND FILLS minimized topreventsoil The timebetweeninitial stabilization shouldbe exposure andfinal loss.

53

Slopes 54 stabilized within 7 days or intermediate stabilization stabilized within 7 days or intermediate measures should be taken. 20 feet), benches (or terraces) should be provided 20 feet), benches (or terraces) slope. away from the face of the to direct runoff be based upon the The number of benches should of the slope, and erodibility of the soil, steepness presence of groundwater seeps. roots, and should not include frozen, soft or mucky not include frozen, soft or roots, and should material. soil. lifts to reduce lenses of loose grubbed, and scarified to a 3-inch depth. When to a 3-inch depth. When grubbed, and scarified temperatures, the working in below fill. immediately before adding should be scarified and disperse to an undisturbed buffer or swale. buffer to an undisturbed and disperse Any slope disturbance should be permanently Any slope disturbance should When filling or cutting into a long slope (greater than When filling or cutting into a long The fill material should be free of brush, rocks, or should be free of brush, rocks, The fill material 8-inch be placed and compacted in The fill should For a fill slope, the native area should be cleared, the native area should be cleared, For a fill slope, Divert clean water away from the construction area from the construction water away Divert clean

• • • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Slopes bearing capacityandlinearstrengthoverasoft . woven filterfabricisusuallyusedinaroad base toprovide if thefabric’s openingsaresmallerthanthesoilgradation. A than 10feetthick.Itmaybeusedforseepage management dropped morethan5feet;andwherethecover willbemore reinforcement beneathsharp,angularaggregates if along theplanesofcontact. rough surfacethatwill bondsoillayersandresistssliding seepage withoutclogging. Nonwovengeotextileshavea particles thanwovengeotextiles;andmayallow water damaged cloth. area. Avoid using and bottomofthe inches atthetop and keyed6to12 12 inchoverlaps be placedwith Geotextiles should intended use. material forthe selecting a the manufacturerorvendorshouldbeconsultedbefore water topass. There aremanytypesofgeotextilesand soils orrocklayerswhileretainingthesoilandallowing is usedasaseparationorreinforcementbetweendifferent Geotextile filterfabricisapermeable,syntheticmaterialthat GEOTEXTILES NONWOVEN WOVEN

GEOTEXTILES

GEOTEXTILES aremostlyusedforsoil 55 willretainmorefine

Slopes 56 prevents movement of the riprap. It is usually prevents movement of the riprap. of the slope. anchored in a trench at the toe geotextile fabric) that may also support the stones that may also support the stones geotextile fabric) allows groundwater to drain against settlement, and prevents the soil beneath through the structure, layer. from being washed through the The toe protection that reinforce the slope and The toe protection that reinforce The surface armor layer of rough, angular rocks. layer of rough, angular rocks. The surface armor a (a sand and gravel layer and/or The filter layer

• • • The riprap should be well graded with an average stone The riprap should be well graded refers to the diameter size described as the D50 which will be smaller and of stone for which 50% of rocks This allows for a mixture composed 50% will be larger. but with a sufficient primarily of the larger stone sizes; The fill the voids. number of the small rocks that size in such a mixture diameter of the largest stone Refer to MaineDOT should be 1.5 times the D50 size. on standard types specifications for more information At times, it may be difficult to obtain a rock of riprap. mix with a specific D50 gradation. In these cases, use stones large enough so water or gravity won’t move them and fill the voids with smaller rocks. IMPORTANT NOTE: IMPORTANT A riprap stabilization project is composed of three sections: project is composed riprap stabilization A Riprap is used for structural support when a slope cannot a slope cannot support when used for structural Riprap is of the slope, or steepness due to length be vegetated poor soil conditions, water seepage, or surface groundwater are used larger stones On a long slope, etc. water, flowing and gradually of the embankment at the bottom and placed smaller stones toward the top grading down to RIPRAP

Slopes access thearea. that hasnoconcentratedwaterflow, andpeoplewillnot situations wheretheslopeisshallowerthan3:1,inachannel per cubicfoot.Roundriverrocksmaybeappropriatein be usedprovidedithasadensityofatleast150pounds weathering orexposuretowater. Rubbleconcretemay unhewn quarrystoneswhichwillnotdisintegrateby chemically stable,hard,angularfieldstonesorrough fabric andpreventslippageoftheoverlayingrocks. with 3inchesofgravelshouldbeprovidedtoprotectthe STONE DRAINAGE FILTER should containlarge,angularstoneswithavarietyof To beapermanent,erosion-resistantgroundcover, riprap pressure. of theslopeanditsriprapcoverisatriskfrompore soil surfaceforthedrainageofgroundwaterifstability should beplacedbetweenthegeotextileandunderlying (MaineDOT Type Cunderdrain),cleangravel orpeastone

QUALITY: BLANKET:

LAYER: The stonesinriprapmustbe A nonwovengeotextilefabriccovered A 6-inchlayerofcleandrainagesand 57 placing. selective hand obtained by stones maybe distribution of desired voids. The with minimum blended cover strong andwell a cohesive, will provide sizes that

Slopes A proper permit A and design may be required for an embankment repair near a waterbody Slopes steeper than 1.5:1 or longer than 6 feet should be engineered. 58

Slopes median rocksizeinthe riprap CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS least 6inchesortwice the • • • • •

riprap layershouldbe at minimum thicknessof a The riprapshouldneverbeplacedinlayers nor When largestonesareusedforsurfacearmoring If adrainagelayerisnecessarytocontrol Entrench thetoeofriprapforstructuralsupport Any fillmaterialshouldbewellgradedand required grades. hand placementmaybenecessarytoachieve the and maydisturbtheunderlyingmaterial.Final dumped, asitsegregatesthevariousstone sizes interfacial contact. protect thefabricfromdegradationandtoprovide gravel (¾inchwashedstone)todistributetheload, (12 inchesorgreater),providea3-4-inchlayerof the seepagetopassfreely. fabric shouldbehigherthanthenativematerialfor and thegeotextile. The permeabilityofthefilter more protection,provideboththedrainagelayer situations wheregroundwaterisnotanissue.For may beplaceddirectlyonthepreparedslopein native soils. A nonwovengeotextilefilterfabric granular fillshouldbespreaduniformlyoverthe groundwater seepage,approximately6inchesof and uselargerrocks. Proctor Density. undisturbed materialnearbyorto95%Standard be compactedtoadensityapproximatingthatofthe As ageneralrule,the whichever is greater. 59

Slopes 60 Include inter-planting Include a water when near allow for body or Willows revegetation. work and dogwoods best Regularly inspect the slope and after severe storms for slumping, sliding, or seepage The sides of problems. the riprapped area may be prone to instability or erosion. Correct any problem immediately. Groundwater drains, Groundwater drains, or soil reinforcement wall even a retaining may be necessary where the slope is failing due to groundwater seepage or soil instability.

Slopes making handlingeasier. of gabionsoverriprapisthatsmallerstonesmaybeused with loosesoilsorgroundwaterseeps. A majoradvantage retaining wallthatwillprovidestructuralstrengthtoaslope filled withrockstoformahomogeneousrevetmentor A gabionwallismadeofstackedflexiblewoven-wirebaskets GABIONS

CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • •

To ensurelong-termeffectiveness, periodic After filling,thelidshouldbesecuredtoall sides Care shouldbetakenwhenplacingaggregates to The rockusedtofillthegabionsshouldbelarger A granularfilterandgeotextilefabricshouldbe should becarriedoutpromptly. erosion atalltransition areasisessential.Repairs inspection forsignsof undercuttingorexcessive with connectingwire. not brokenordamaged. ensure thatthesheathingonPVCcoatedgabions is than thegabionmeshopening. groundwater seepage. provided behindthegabionbasketstoprovidefor 61 specifications. to themanufacturer’s be designedaccording A gabionwallshould

Slopes 62

Slopes manufacturer’s. designed, specifiedandinstalledundertheguidanceof and providingstructuralsupport;buttheyshouldbe products canreplaceriprapwhileallowingforrevegetation erosive slopesorchannelswithhighwaterflows). These supports vegetationwhereitmaynotthrive(steepand product thatpermanentlystrengthensthesoilsurface, synthetic, three-dimensionalrigidorflexiblegeotextile Turf reinforcedmattingisareinforcementofpermeable, TURF-REINFORCED MATTING (TRM)

CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • •

Seeding andmulchis usually requiredoverthemat. Anchoring andfillingwithagoodquality-topsoil is Turf-reinforced mattingisdesignedtowork key fortheperformance ofthesemats. maintained toinsurestabilityofthematting. with vegetation,butneedstobeinspectedand 63 (95%). full catchofgrass vegetation hasa immediately until erosion andrepair Inspect theareafor

Slopes 64 Planting or incorporation of vegetation should be considered for the water depth and velocity on the channel. mat unless it is used as reinforcement for a gravel mat unless it is used as reinforcement , surface (boat launch, gravel parking, etc.). engineered design and slope stability assessment is engineered design and slope recommended. Geo-webs may be used in a stream or channel flow. Geo-webs may be used in a stream or channel flow. Seeding and mulch is usually required over the Seeding and mulch is usually Use on slopes with a 1:1 grade or less. An or less. Use on slopes with a 1:1 grade

• • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS Cellular confinement systems (geo-webs) are made of a are made systems (geo-webs) confinement Cellular or soil, aggregate structured to retain material geo-synthetic confinement The cellular shape. within its cellular concrete which provides volume of soil retains a large structure interlocked matrix from its shear resistance weight and It growth on steep slopes. while allowing vegetation slope provides immediate stabilization through its three dimensional structure for abutment protection, containment slopes. dikes and steep should The geo-web layer have a solid soil base for fastening, or it may be unsuitable on rocky slopes. Once anchored topsoil, the system replaces to the slope and backfilled with The manufacturer cover. riprap and will sustain a vegetative design and installation should be consulted for the selection, of this product. CELLULAR CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS CONFINEMENT CELLULAR

Slopes permanent structure. erosion overanembankment.Itcanbeatemporaryor slope draincanredirectstormwaterandpreventrillgully point. Whenusedinconjunctionwithadiversiondike, runoff downthefaceofaslopeandtostabledischarge A slopedrainisastabilizedconduitorchannelthatcontains SLOPE DRAINS CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • •

All connectionsshouldbesecuredtotheslope A waterdiversionshoulddirecttherunoff tothe As atemporarymeasure,theslopedrain (anchored orbermed)andwatertight. needed forastabledischarge. the diversion,aplungepoolorlevelspreaderare drain atthetopofslope;andoutlet or riprapped. A permanentstructureshouldbeeitherrevegetated be atleast12inchesifusedformorethanoneday. constructed channellinedwithplastic. A pipeshould may consistofaheavy-dutyflexiblepipeor 65 sediment anddebris. should bekeptclearof event. The structure and duringeverystorm should beinspecteddaily The slopedrainstructure

Slopes 66 removed. compacted fill. compacted on undisturbed soil or well- soil or on undisturbed Upon stabilization of the slope, Upon stabilization a temporary slope drain can be a temporary slope The slope drain should be located drain should The slope

Slopes manufacturer shouldbeconsultedforguidance. structural stabilityonmarginalsitesforvegetation;butthe options suchasturfreinforcementmatscanprovide soils wherevegetationisnotpossible.Newstabilization should beusedforhighflows,steepgradesoronpoor stabilized withvegetation.Ripraporotherstructuralmethod shape (asaUandnotV),begradedpreferably condition, thechannelshouldhaveaparabolicortrapezoidal and withoutovertoppingthechannel’s banks.Inastable appropriate dischargepointwiththewaterflowingsmoothly Swales andditchesconcentratedirectrunoff toan G -SWALES AND DITCHES Sediment Barriers,Vegetation COMPANION BMPs:Streams,Roads,Mulching, table *If thebottomofchannelisabovegroundwater Channel Grade 0.5 -3% 8 -20% 3 -5% 5 -8% Line with2.25times <5 Acre Watershed Channel Stabilization Seed &erosion* Seed &erosion* Seed &mulch* control blanket control blanket D 50 riprap 67 Line with2.25times engineered design Seed &erosion* Seed &mulch* control blanket Site specific Watershed 5-10 Acre D 50 riprap

Swales and Ditches 68 During construction inspect the inspect During construction storm daily and during channel Repair to check for erosion. events channel is After the as needed. a channel that is stabilized, maintain of debris. stable and free

groundwater, a filter fabric or a bed of gravel should groundwater, be provided to prevent the migration of fines from the subbase. smooth and uniform surface. Any required fill should smooth and uniform surface. the surrounding soils be compacted to the density of by Standard or to a 95% compaction as determined Proctor. over-excavated to allow for the thickness of the over-excavated to allow for the A inches for riprap). stabilization measure (up to 18 broad interior cross-section should have a channel’s with a 2:1 maximum side slopes. construction. it should be shaped, graded and stabilized it should be shaped, graded and Construct a channel in sections from immediately. the bottom up. In areas of high flows, poor soil conditions or high In areas of high flows, poor soil The channel should be shaped and compacted for a The channel should be shaped To maintain its capacity, the channel should be maintain its capacity, To Any water in the channel should be diverted during Any water in the channel should Once the soil within the channel is exposed, the channel is exposed, Once the soil within

• • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Swales and Ditches prevent downcuttingandchannelmigration. cross-section andstabilizedwithhealthyvegetationto should beshapedorgradedwithaparabolictrapezoidal A vegetatedwaterway(roadsideditch,drainageswale,etc.) VEGETATED CHANNELS CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • •

The bottomofavegetatedditchwithcontinuous Upon finalgrading,thedisturbedareasshouldbe Unless structuralsupportisneeded,mixloaminto reinforcement. be protectedwithstones(2-3inchesthick)orother flow, ahighwatertable,orseepageproblemscan specifications forstapling. vegetation isestablished.Followthemanufacturer’s the baseofswalecanprotectstructureuntil high flowsorastripoferosioncontrolblanketat in steepchannels(greaterthan5%grade)with seeded andmulched.Haymulchisnotappropriate the swalebottomandsides. 69 or riprap. erosion controlblanket protected withan September 15)or growing season(by early duringthe need tobestabilized Vegetated swales

Swales and Ditches 70 and in the spring channel regularly during construction and fall afterwards. Inspect a vegetated

Swales and Ditches 71 Remove debrisandrepair. inches. minimum heightof4 killing frostandtoa days priortothefirst no laterthan30 ditches andswales Mow vegetated

Swales and Ditches 24” 6-12” 12-18” 18-24” 10-20%

4-6” 6-12” 12-18” 18-24” 5-10% 4” 6” The riprap should extend across the bottom and up both banks of the channel to the maximum height of flow or to a point where vegetation can be established. 6-12” 6-18” 2-5% 72 3” 3” 4-6” 6-12” 1-2% 1.0 2.0 >3.0 <0.5 RIPRAP SIZING (D50) FOR CHANNEL SLOPE FOR CHANNEL SIZING (D50) RIPRAP MAXIMUM DEPTH OF FLOW (feet) RIPRAP CHANNEL CHANNEL RIPRAP grade, is on a steep or ditch that protect a swale Riprap will will high flows that continuous soils or has is on erodible ditches can stabilize growth. Riprap for vegetation not allow flow. the velocity of and it will slow problems with seepage flow depth for the maximum anticipated It should be sized as follows: within the channel

Swales and Ditches CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • •

To provideadequatecoverage,theminimum The riprapshouldbeplacedsothatitproducesa A filterofgeotextilefabric(anchoredperthe Over-excavating theswaletoaccommodate 6 inchesortwicetheD thickness oftheripraplayershouldbenolessthan stones. riprap shouldconsistofhardsub-angularlarge dense massofstonewithaminimumvoids. The loss into,orthroughtheriprapisaconcern. between theriprapandnaturalsoilsurfaceif guidelines)shouldbeplaced manufacturer’s full capacityoftheswale. riprap surfaceattheswalesurface,andtomaintain depth oftheripraplayerisnecessary, tohavethe 73 50 stonediameter.

Swales and Ditches 74 fabric may rip and destroy the matting. fabric may rip and destroy the staple! and mulch. interlocking of the material. Seed rocks and debris which may prevent good contact which may prevent good contact rocks and debris and the soil surface. between the mat Mowing over an area with any apparent netting or Mowing over an area with any Staple per manufacturer’s guideline - Do not under- to insure TRM the Rake topsoil (4” minimum) over is showing through. Add more topsoil if the fabric Scarify and roughen the prepared surface. Remove the prepared surface. Remove Scarify and roughen

• • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION Turf reinforcement mat (TRM) is a mesh-like product is a mesh-like mat (TRM) reinforcement Turf fibers, filaments, synthetic of non-degradable composed and structural provide reinforcement wire mesh that nets, or be revegetated. that will to slopes or channels support available also replace riprap when not TRM mats may for transport. Consult with an engineer or too costly to and follow the manufacturer’sdesign specifics guidance for installation. TURF REINFORCEMENT MAT MAT REINFORCEMENT TURF

Swales and Ditches rocks willsheetflowoutofthespreader. level asanywaterflowingthroughthevoidsbetween advantage thatthetopofspreaderdoesnotneedtobe Stone canbeusedtocreatealevelspreaderwiththe adjoining property. 25 feetfromastream,orifthedischargecrossesintoan area isgreaterthan10acres;wherethedischargewithin practice shouldnotbeusedwhereanupgradientdrainage blend smoothlyintothedownstreamreceivingarea. This possible toensureauniformdistributionofflowandshould The lipofthelevelspreadershouldbeinstalledas a buffer topromoteinfiltrationandpreventchannelization. runoff flowsthinly(assheetflow)acrosstheslopeandover A levelspreaderisadischargeoutlettodisperseorspread LEVEL SPREADERS 75 receiving buffer. volume andslopeofthe on theexpectedrunoff spreader shouldbebased The lengthofalevel construction equipment. remain uncompactedfrom the spreadershould buffer andareabelow undisturbed soil. The be constructedon Level spreadersshould

Swales and Ditches Typically, a level spreader level a Typically, be no smaller should feet. than 12 76

Swales and Ditches CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • •

The lipofthelevelspreadershouldbeinstalled If revegetationofthereceivingareaisnecessary, When dischargingtoaforestedbuffer, thereceiving Construction ofaspreadershouldoccurfrom the The entryanglefromthechanneltolevel level liptopromotesheetflowandreducevelocity. recommended) placedontheundisturbedpartof flows orshouldconsistofcrushedrock(1”-3”are on thecontourtoensureauniformdistributionof be needed. coverage andatemporarystormwaterdiversionmay to thespreaderbeforevegetationhasreached95% (before September1st).Nowatershouldbedirected construction shouldbelimitedtothegrowingseason wetland. spreader shouldbelocatedawayfromastreamor channelization thatcouldconcentraterunoff. A layer, andhaveanuneventopographybutwithout area shouldremainundisturbed,haveaduff uphill side. prevent scourandshortcircuiting. spreader shouldbenogreaterthan30degreesto 77

Swales and Ditches A culvert to be replaced culvert to be replaced A 78 Many variables affect a new cross- Many variables affect CULVERTS:

CULVERTS:

culvert (size of drainage area, depth and width of channel, culvert (size of drainage area, of culvert, etc.) and will soil types, elevation of road, length channel is well established need consideration. Unless the and embedment of the and the size, slope, alignment with a professional is culvert straight forward, consulting recommended. should be assessed for its current performance and capacity should be assessed for its current Proper field determinations before considering a new pipe. to ensure stability and and measurements are necessary channel width and cross- capacity (i.e. watershed size, elevation and width of the section, alignment, length of pipe, that depend upon detention, road, downgradient structures channel restrictions, etc.). REPLACEMENT NEW COMPANION BMPs: Materials, Swales and BMPs: Materials, Swales COMPANION Sediment Roads, Mulching, Ditches, Streams, Rock Sandwiches Barriers, and H - CROSS-CULVERTS H - installed be sized and crossing should for a road culvert A guidance is only This or flooding. to prevent erosion correctly culverts of small and stabilization for the installation intended with small road crossings), and someone (driveways and of a stream or be consulted for the crossing expertise should pipe The installation of any than 36 inches. for a pipe larger also meet aluminum, steel, etc.) should (plastic, concrete, specified by the manufacturer. the requirements

Cross Culverts CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • • •

Culvert jointsshouldbefreeofanysoilordebris Multiple culvertsshouldbeseparatedbyatleast12 The culvertshouldextendbeyondthefillbyat A culvertinstalledoverbedrockshouldhave The gradeofthepipeshouldbe2%orlessand If thedrainagechannelisoffset froma more stability. The firstpipecanbepartiallybackfilledto provide a backhoe(protecttheendsfrombeingcrushed). together withastrapandcome-alongorpush with excavating). Align thetwopipesand eitherpull (the pipeconnectioncanbekeptcleanbyover inches ofcompactedfill. provided. thick asonepipediameteroraheadwallshouldbe least onepipediameterandbecoveredwithfillas footings maybenecessary. appropriate bedding;oranovalarchculvertwith should beprovided. below. Otherwise,aplungepoolorriprapapron daylight atthebottomofchannelorpreferably other. A longerculvertwillbenecessary. should extendfromonesideofthechannelto be longerthanadirectlineacrosstheroadand perpendicular lineacrossaroad,theculvertshould Check theweather daily. not startifanyrainevent ispredicted. a sedimentdischarge and itshould a periodoflowornoflow tominimize The constructionshould betimedwith 79

Cross Culverts 80 storm events. severe storms for slumping, sliding, seepage, severe storms for slumping, sliding, needed and remove erosion or scouring. Repair as block or constrict debris or other material that could the opening. in gravelly or clayey backfills should be flatter than backfills should be flatter in gravelly or clayey or silts. 2:1; and 2.5:1 in the surrounding should be regraded to blend with final stabilization land features and should receive (seed and mulch or riprap). undermining. support pipe to provide and around the beneath Compacted lifts should and prevent frost-heaving. The native material the road base. continue up to stones as backfill if free of large may be appropriate of silt, clay and organic materials. or high amounts Inspect a culvert in the spring and fall, and after Inspect a culvert in the spring To be revegetated, the side slopes of culvert aprons the side slopes of be revegetated, To to grade, all disturbed areas Once brought back Anti-seep collars should be provided to prevent be provided collars should Anti-seep 6-inch lifts compacted in should be The backfill

of the culvert is above the • • • • • A ‘hanging’ culvert (bottom culvert ‘hanging’ A deeper and wider channel. erosion from the increased water velocity during severe short will cause downgradient short will cause downgradient CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION receiving channel) will create a A culvert that is too small or too or small too is that culvert A

Cross Culverts direction, turbulence,orsuctionwhenwaterentersthepipe. scour anddeteriorationcausedbyflowvelocity, changeof channel banks. The protectionatthepipeinletprevents pool, catchbasin,etc.)withoutovertoppingorerodingthe The inletisthegradualtransitionfromditchtopipe(small PIPE INLETPROTECTION CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • •

Any otherrigidretainingstructures(headwall) The inletprotectionshouldcambertowardthe Riprap shouldbeinstalledassoonpossibleupon Inlet protectionwithvegetationmaybeappropriate The inletprotectionshouldextendatleastonepipe structures. or failing.Useindustry standardsforconcrete heaving, oranyother loading withoutcracking should bereinforcedtowithstandsettling,frost swale’s sidebanks. the backfillmaterial. underlain withageotextiletopreventpiping through to withstandthevelocityofflowandshould be than 3:1. The rocksshouldbeangularandsized completion ofapipeinletwithbackslopesteeper final installation.Fullstabilizationis95%vegetation. control blanket)shouldbeappliedwithin7daysof less). Seedingandmulching(hayorstaplederosion embankment thathasashallowsideslope(3:1or for smallpipesthatreceiveflowsandwithan diameter aboveandbeyondtheconduit. 81

Cross Culverts An apron protects An apron protects and stabilizes the culvert outlet the full width of the bottom and one foot above the maximum outflow elevation. 82 If the drainage pipe discharge to sheet flow may be necessary for the without eroding a channel. a channel, a level spreader and vegetated area and not discharges to a naturally flat OUTLET PROTECTION PROTECTION OUTLET at the is the armor and/or protection Pipe outlet and or turbulence, prevents scour a culvert that outlet of pipe to the channel. energy from the the flow will dissipate should the culvert flow, with a continuous For channels prevent a quarter (1/4) its diameter to be imbedded one outlet to channel). condition (drop from the ‘hanging’

Cross Culverts CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • •

In achannelthatcanberevegetated,seedand A geotextileorappropriategravelfiltershouldbe The plungepoolsizingandthemediansizedriprap The sideslopesofthechannelshouldbenosteeper If thepipedischargesontoaflatarea,apron construction. mulch shouldbeappliedwithin7daysfromfinal beneath therock. used toprotectagainstpipingofsoilfinesfrom rock D thickness ofriprapshouldbelessthan2timesthe can bedeterminedfromthefollowingtable. The should extendtothetopofchannel. than 2:1.Ripraponthesidesofaplungepool provided. of causingagully, alevelspreadershouldbe pipe’s diameter. Ifthepipeflowshavepotential should haveawidththatisthreetimestheoutlet 50 . 83 specifications. per themanufacturer’s from washouts.Install protect newseeds recommended to control blanketis An erosion

Cross Culverts

8-10’ head) 12-18’ 18-22’ 22-28’ 28-32’ For high For high LENGTH LENGTH pressure pressure flows (with flows (with 4-6’ 6-8’ 8-10’ head) 12-14’ 14-16’ LENGTH LENGTH For slow pressure pressure flows (no flows (no . 50 84 and the smallest one about and the smallest 3-4’ 6-8’ 4-6’ 50 pipe 8-10’ 10-12’ At the end of WIDTH WIDTH narrow narrow PLUNGE POOL SIZING POOL PLUNGE 5” 8” 10” 12” 14” (D50) SIZING SIZING RIPRAP RIPRAP 12” 24” 30” 36” 18” SIZE The diameter of the largest stone size in the mix should the largest stone size in the The diameter of the D be about 1.5 times one half the size. The thickness of riprap should never be The thickness of riprap one half the size. less than 2 times the rock D CULVERT CULVERT

Cross Culverts road willrequiremorefrequentandcostlymaintenance. washouts andpotholes. Also, withoutproperdrainage,a surface orintheroadbasewillcausepavementcollapse, dependent upongooddrainageasanywaterontheroad constructed one);andthelongevitystabilityis Any roadwillalternaturaldrainage(evenaproperly I -ROADS 85 drain downgradient. in geotextilefabrictolet water of coarserocksandwrapped a permeableroadbaseifbuilt A rocksandwichcanprovide strength anddrainage. sand inthesubbaseprovide and afewfines.Gravel material containsgravel,sand, Good roadsurfaceandbase sites. along thecontourofsloping norm forroadsconstructed Cuts andfillsaremoreofthe elevation forpositivedrainage. is abovenaturalground The preferredroadconstruction

Roads 86 without becoming muddy when wet and cause dust muddy when wet and cause without becoming dry. problems when to turnouts or natural drainage areas, and that do not drainage areas, and that to turnouts or natural groundwater table. intercept the seasonal material for good drainage and support (i.e., sand and (i.e., sand and and support for good drainage material fines). gravel with few A road surface with enough fines to bind the particles with enough fines to bind road surface A Stable ditches that direct runoff from the road surface from the road surface that direct runoff Stable ditches A well-constructed road base of coarse base of coarse road foundation well-constructed A

• • • GRAVEL ROADS ROADS GRAVEL gravel road: ensure a long-lived measures The following GRADING restores the road crown and levels out wheel ruts, potholes and wash-boarding (light soil particles blown away by The fast moving cars). crown of gravel roads should be ¼ inch of crown per foot of road width (6” for a 25 foot road). Grading and crowning should occur when the road is moist (to loosen the gravel). Scrape the material that has been pushed to the sides (false berms) into the center and grade the full depth of potholes. Bulldozers are not recommended for grading.

Roads with atleast12-15inches ofroadgravel. beyond theareatobe bridgedoverandshouldbecovered The geotextileshould span theroadwidth,extend10-15feet 87 year-round roads. more appropriateon than waterbarsandare dips haveawiderbase elevated. Broad-based the roadmaybesuper- needs shedtooneside, or wheresurfacerunoff a 20%grade.Inbends 30-40 feetforroadswith on a2%roadandevery spaced every250feet Waterbars shouldbe dissipation totheside. the travelwayandfor and directrunoff outof degree angletointercept constructed ata30-45 WATERBARS are weight overabroadarea. distributing thevehicle linear strengthby geotextile willprovide tire rutting. A woven soils thatareproneto poorly drainedunderlying constructed oversoftor the roadwhen FABRIC GEOTEXTILE willstrengthen

Roads 88 protection. with crowning, super-elevation and road bends. with crowning, super-elevation side ditches need to be appropriately However, stable area. Use located and should outlet to a ditches turnouts on frequent cross-culverts and/or long slopes. The surface material needs to pack well, be durable, needs to pack well, be The surface material and shed water. with a The surface should have gravel of fines. (for a smooth maximum particle size of 2 inches well and shed water) ride) and 7-12% fines (to pack of on a gravel road is the results - Washboarding traffic. Reclaimed too few fines and high speed resistant to erosion (ground up) pavement is more Ground- as a binder. with the residual asphalt acting with a roller to up pavement should be compacted make a 3-4 inch surface layer. 18-inches of coarse gravel. Soft roads are generally gravel. Soft roads are generally 18-inches of coarse many fines in the base material, indicative of too groundwater table or a base persistent elevated thin to support the road. layer that is too gradient or less and with cross culverts for water cross culverts or less and with gradient ditches. need riprapped roads may relief. Steeper Stabilize all bare soils with seed and mulch or other Stabilize all bare soils with seed Drainage from the road surface is controlled Drainage from the road surface The surface layer should be about 4-6 inches thick. should be about 4-6 inches The surface layer indicates a lack Loose surface material generally The road base layer should consist of no less than layer should consist of no less The road base If possible, a road should be constructed with an 8% with an 8% be constructed a road should If possible,

• • • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Roads information intheChannelSectionforadditionaldetails. any sharpdropsorirregularities.SeetheLevelSpreader should blendsmoothlywiththecontourelevationwithout vegetated andprotectedfromdisturbance). The ditchturnout downgradient stablearea(abuffer thatisstable,level,well A ditchturnoutwilltransferroadrunoff assheetflowintoa DITCH TURNOUTS 89 buffer. or preferablyawooded be stableandwellvegetated The receivingareashould flows. recommended forlarger Stone bermsare to promotedispersion. velocity reductionnecessary brush mayprovidethe control mixorabermof temporary situation,erosion channelization. Ina be levelandprevent The spreadershould

Roads The entry angle from the channel to the level spreader should be no greater than 30 degrees to prevent scour and short circuiting. 90

Roads

CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • • • • •

Regularly inspecttheditch turnoutforchannelization Remove sedimentfromtheditchturnoutwhen the Once constructed,theturnoutandlevellipspreader The dimensions(lengthanddepth)ofeachditch Ditch turnoutsshouldbeconstructedinundisturbed The spacingofditchturnoutsisafunctionthe Turnouts shouldbeplacedasfarawayfroma Each ditchturnoutshoulddischargetherunoff as or erosionandrepairas soonaspossible. structure isnolongerfunctioningproperly. swale ishalfwayfullofsedimentanddebris or the necessary forlevelareasthatareforested). flow areas).or4-6inchesofcleanstone(not always mulch –preferablyerosioncontrolblanketin the may needtobestabilizedwithvegetation(seed and stabilized. and thesideslopesshouldbelessthan2:1 The lipshouldbeconstructedalongthecontour to allowpoolingoftherunoff beforeitsdischarge. turnout dependupontheexpectedamountofrunoff 95% ofstandardproctor. soil. Iffillisused,compactionoftheshouldmeet than 10%. with a2%gradeand30-40feetforroadssteeper turnout shouldbeprovidedevery200feetforaroad road gradeandvolumeofrunoff. As aguide,one stream aspossibleandonthecontour. flows thatwillcrossintoanadjoiningproperty. sheet flow. Aneasementmaybenecessaryfor 91

Roads 92 work like a narrow rock sandwich as work like a narrow rock sandwich DRAINS

they are a narrow drainage trench placed parallel to the they are a narrow drainage trench toe of road cuts with drainage material wrapped in fabric The drain should be 6 and surrounding a perforated pipe. inches in diameter or larger and should daylight to a stable downgradient discharge point. FRENCH A rock sandwich, unlike rock sandwich, A not a culvert, does to a concentrate water exit point single entry and but can spread the water over a distance as wide as the width of a wetland. FRENCH DRAINS AND ROCK SANDWICHES SANDWICHES ROCK AND DRAINS FRENCH for the very effective sandwiches are drains and rock French the groundwater in road cuts where of wetlands or crossing hydrology, the natural They reconnect intercepted. table is groundwater soils, and prevent a road on soft strengthen used in They can be the road fill material. from wicking into needs to runoff a culvert if a large volume of conjunction with periods of high during high rain events or for be discharged groundwater.

Roads CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • • • • • •

Regularly checktheupslope oftherocksandwich If therocksandwichisinacrossingthathas a Prevent pluggingofthedrainagelayerbyplacing a When morethan2-3feetoffillisneededtobring Place 6inchesormoreofsub-baseroadfill, Cover therocklayerwithanotherfilterfabricleaving The corematerialoftherocksandwichshouldbe Place awovengeotextilefabricoverthewidthof In anewwetlandlocation,donotstumpandgrub litter toprevent thecloggingof structure. and clearanyeroded soil, roadsand,debrisorleaf above thebottomof rocksandwichforrelief. large flows,aculvert should beinstalledslightly defined drainagewaythatexperienceoccasional of seepstostabilizeanyseepagearea. layer of3”-6”stoneonthecutfaceupto height to thedrainagelayer. prevent thefinesinroadsubbasefrom moving fabric shouldbeaddedforstructuralstrength andto the roadtofinishedgrade,athirdlayeroffilter compact, andcoverwithsurfacematerial. layer exposedtoallowthefreemovementofwater. the upgradientanddowngradientendsofrock stones placedonthefullwidthofroadway. a layerthatis12”ormoreofclean3-6”diameter roadway withoverlappingjointsofatleast24”. excavating ditches! minimize theareaofgrounddisturbanceandavoid decompose underwater. Inacutandfilllocation, structural supporttothenewroadasitwillnot the ground,leavingstumpsandbrushtoprovide the surfaceunderroadfootprint.Cuttreesclose 93

Roads 94 assembly, equipment and materials storage assembly, area, and for the disposal of construction debris. such as by-pass, pumping, cofferdams, etc. such as by-pass, pumping, cofferdams, conditions. stream will be restored to its natural traffic, loads, and patterns of crossing. traffic, loads, and patterns of Identify an appropriate staging area for pipe Determine all necessary stream water controls Determine all necessary stream the how and measures stabilization all Determine Select the right place to cross a stream. Select the right place to cross public use, Determine the construction schedule,

• • • • • Construction of Stream-Smart road crossings is Construction of Stream-Smart proper planning: recommended and begins with IMPORTANT NOTE: IMPORTANT COMPANION BMPs: Vegetation, Riprap, Slopes, BMPs: Vegetation, COMPANION Roads, Cross Culverts Any structure or work within the waterway of a stream is work within the waterway of Any structure or Army Corps and regulations of the U.S. subject to the rules permits), in-stream modifications (404 of Engineers for Commission (LUPC) in unorganized Land Use Planning under the Natural Resources the Maine DEP territory and of Fisheries and Wildlife Department The Inland Act. Protection passage issues. for fish spawning and should be consulted from the and guidance may be available Other information Maine Forest Service. J - STREAM CROSSINGS CROSSINGS STREAM J - flow conditions, under all volume the stream’s Understanding within or adjacent soil in the area and of the flow velocity; of the risk necessary to minimize channel is to a stream sediments. discharging

Stream Crossings stream flows. wildlife passageandhigh the channel,allowroomfor to preventerosiveforcesin the streamchannelwidth It shouldifpossibleexceed “constricting” thechannel. by avoiding“pinching”or a naturalstreamcondition A crossingshouldmaintain CULVERT CROSSINGS culvert thatshouldbelarger: engineer whensizinganewculvert,orreplacement Follow thefollowing‘Stream-Smart’ principlesorhirean IMPORTANT NOTE: • • • •

Add substratewithinthe crossingtoprovide Skew theculvertwith angleofthestream Slope theculverttopreventahanging Span thestreamwithcorrectculvertsize. riffles and pools forfishpassage. and nottheroad, organisms. bed toprovideanaturalsubstrateforaquatic condition andsettheinvertbelowstream bankfull width. The crossingshouldbeatleastaswidethe 95

Stream Crossings Inspect the structure Inspect the structure events after major rain immediately. repair and Remove any debris that may block or constrict the culvert opening. After installation, the After installation, should be streambed to its original restored slope. shape and 96

Stream Crossings CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • • • • • • • • •

Rock sandwichescan be usedinconjunctionwith For vegetation,stapled erosioncontrolblanketsover Any riprapattheoutletorinletneedsbeunderlain by Multiple culvertsshouldbeseparatedbyatleast 12 Backfill shouldbeinstalledin6-inchliftswith Connect twolengthsofculvertfromdownstreamto Culverts shouldbeplacedoncompactedsoiland Roadside ditchesshouldterminatetoalevelspreader The angleofthecrossingshouldbewithin15%from Construction equipmentshouldbekeptoutofstreams. Locate thecrossingwherewillminimize Delay theconstructionifanymajorraineventis floodplain characteristics. a culverttohandleflood flowsandmaintainthe seeding willbemoreeffective thanhaymulch. filter fabric. Therocksshouldbeangularanddurable. inches ofcompactedfill. the subbase. used ifgranular. Liftcompaction shouldcontinueupto frost heavesandwashouts.Nativematerial may be compaction beneathandaroundthepipeto minimize joints shouldbecleanandfreeofsoilordebris. upstream andprotecttheendsfromcrushing. The stabilized withstoneorgravelbeddingmaterial. and buffer ifpossible,andnotatthestream. culvert. the alignmentofstream. This willrequirealonger support equipmentorthatcanbereinforced. road runoff. Lookforsoilsandembankmentsthatwill soil disturbanceandwillreceivetheleastamountof predicted. Checktheweatherdaily. 97

Stream Crossings 36 42 48 54 60 66 66 72 78 78 84 90 90 96 24” 36 42 48 54 60 60 66 72 72 78 78 84 84 90 22” 30 42 48 48 54 60 66 66 72 72 78 78 84 84 20” 30 36 42 48 54 54 60 66 66 72 72 78 78 84 18” 30 42 48 54 66 36 48 54 60 66 72 72 78 66 16” 30 36 48 54 60 36 42 48 54 66 72 66 72 60 14” 98 Measure the depth (2-3 Measure the depth 24 36 42 48 54 30 42 48 54 60 60 66 60 66 12” 21 30 42 48 48 30 36 42 48 54 54 60 60 60 Average Stream Depth (Inches) Average 10” 8” 21 30 36 42 48 24 30 36 42 48 48 54 54 54 CULVERT SIZING BY THE 3X RULE THE BY SIZING CULVERT 6” 18 24 30 36 42 21 30 36 36 42 42 48 42 48 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 Feet Width Average Stream Depth: Average Measure the stream (2-3 the stream (2-3 Measure Width: Channel Average on rocks, (water stains at bankfull width locations) along the bank) or a debris line in vegetation, change their and divide by measurements (add the and average number). size for the width and Use the table to find the culvert in-between measurements). depth (upsize for locations) from the bottom to bankfull elevation and the bottom to bankfull elevation locations) from by their measurements and divide average (add the number). Stream Average Average

Stream Crossings an engineerfordesignandconstructionguidance. prepare theprojectforanticipatedstormevents.Work with 3 months).Weather reportsneedtobemonitoreddaily large streamorforalongconstructionperiod(greaterthan engineered structurewillbeneededforcrossingsover while maintainingthestreamflow. A morepermanentand construction projectprovidesadryworkingenvironment A temporarystreamdiversionforashortduration TEMPORARY STREAMDIVERSION 99

Stream Crossings 100 may be needed to prevent damage. diversions should be removed and all areas stabilized and restored. to ensure that the structure is not obstructed, that to ensure that the structure is the stream, or blocking sediment is not discharging to All damages should be repaired. fish passage. scouring. A created apron of geotextile fabric and created apron A scouring. provided unless the riprap or equivalent should be stream bed). discharge location is stable (rocky to reduce entrainment of fish and amphibians to a to reduce entrainment of fish pump. across the road. from crushing may be placed should be pumped to a dewatering basin before to a dewatering basin before should be pumped reaching the stream. all stream flows. A large project would benefit from a A large project would all stream flows. diversion. as well as a cofferdam The diversion all anticipated flows. capacity to handle and be under dry conditions should be constructed (sandbags or riprap) before use. fully stabilized from downstream and work upstream. work upstream. and from downstream If a major storm is predicted, emergency measures If a major storm is predicted, emergency At the end of construction, all temporary stream A stream diversion should be regularly inspected A Clean water should re-enter the stream without Clean water should re-enter the be securely anchored. The discharge hose(s) should A block net should be provided upstream of the intake A temporary by-pass pipe or culvert that is protected A Water from within the excavation/construction area from within the excavation/construction Water The diversion structure should be sized to contain should be sized structure The diversion pump should have the hydraulic The conduit and The construction of a channel diversion should begin should begin diversion of a channel The construction

• • • • • • • • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Stream Crossings settling ofsediments. after thecompletionofdisturbanceactivitiestoallowfor The cofferdam shouldbeleftinplaceforatleast24hours prevents back-flushingintotheconstructionsite. piling, cementwasteblocks,etc. The downstreamcofferdam such as:commercialsizesandbags(cubicyardsize),sheet but inlargerstreams,severaloptionscanbeimplemented small streams,severallayersofsandbagsmaybesufficient; 15’) upstreamanddownstreamoftheconstructionarea.On COFFERDAMS areusuallyinstalledashortdistance(10’- damages downstream. may contributetofloodingoftheupgradientareaorcause the channelorcauseflowbackupsduringhighflowsasthey use fortheshortestperiodoftimeandshouldneverconstrict engineer isrecommended. These structuresshouldbein area inadditiontoastreamdiversion.Working withan may requireacofferdam anddewateringoftheworking A largeconstructionprojectwithinoradjacenttoawaterbody IN-WATER WORK 101

Stream Crossings Regularly inspect a sheet piling and cofferdam repair immediately. 102 installed on the upstream side of the structure to installed on the upstream side reduce leakage. etc.) develops discharge, blockage to fish passage, Repairs should be due to pumping or discharging. made immediately. objects, debris, brush or tree roots, or anything else brush or tree roots, or anything objects, debris, the structure. that may snag dewatering. Muddy water will require continued within the dammed area should that accumulates to a “mudsucker” pump designed be removed with The discharge should be directed handle dirty water. stream and filtered to remove away from the to Do not allow the outflow suspended sediments. channelize and cause erosion. manufacturer’s recommendations. An impermeable plastic sheeting barrier should be An impermeable plastic sheeting obstruction, sediment Ensure that no problem (flow The staging area should be cleared of sharp be cleared of area should The staging watertight and are rarely completely Cofferdams Install a cofferdam in accordance with in accordance cofferdam Install a

• • • • • CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS CONSTRUCTION

Stream Crossings whether anNRPA permitisrequired. during periodsofhighflows.ConsultwiththeDEP on the channelandshouldnotcauseflowbackupsorwashouts that will be used for less than one year. It should not constrict A temporarycrossingcanbeabridge,ford,orculvert TEMPORARY STREAMCROSSINGS TEMPORARY bridge flotationduringhighwaterflows. one endtoprevent be anchoredat The bridgeshould for additionalsafety. should beprovided curbs orfenders wheel loads;and span todistribute for thelengthof should befastened butt tightlytobothbankspreventerosion.Runplanks The crossingshouldspanthechannelentirelyand other materialswhichwillleastdisturbthestreamchannel.

BRIDGES canbemadeofwood,metal,or 103

Stream Crossings 104

TEMPORARY FORDS consist of the reinforcement of the streambed for traffic while maintaining adequate fish passage but should not be used for streams with soft mucky bottom A minimum of 6 inches plain. or streams with a large required for fish passage and of flow depth over the ford is temporary A of the ford only. should be provided on one side mats or blasting mats. water ford may be made of timber cause the equal cause the of amount as a disturbance permanent culvert and should be constructed with The the same care. be culvert should sized to provide of for the passage high stream flows. TEMPORARY CULVERTS

Stream Crossings CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS • • • • • • • • •

The removalofexcessmaterialsfromthewaterway Periodically inspectthecrossingtoensurethat A waterbarshoulddivertroadrunoff toalevel The crossingshouldnotcauseahydraulicjump in Washed coarseaggregate(3/4”to4”)isthe The entirefordapproachareashouldbeprotected Locate thecrossingforleaststreambed Temporary crossingsshouldbeminimized(onelane A temporarystreamcrossingthatwillhaveto permanently stabilized butnotbackfilled. road approachesthrough thebanksshouldbe needed atthecompletion oftheproject. The and re-stabilizationof side banksisusually or blockingfishpassage. debris orsedimentarenotdischargingtothe stream spreader andbuffer within50feetfromthecrossing. the stream. should notbeusedwithinthewaterway. preferred aggregateforfords.Sands,silts,orclays the aggregatewithstreambottom. distribute theload,retainfinesorreducemixingof fabric (wovenornonwovenplastic)maybeusedto with 4-12inchesofcoarseaggregate.Geotextile should beprovided. strength tosupportvehicleaccessorreinforcement Site thestructurewherestreambankshave the streamandstrongerbanksarebest). disturbance andforbankstability(thenarrower of traffic). overwinter shouldbesizedforhighflows. 105

Stream Crossings

106

NRPA regulates activities such as disturbing soil, placing fill, regulates activities such NRPA soil, sand or vegetation, dredging, removing or displacing permanent structures draining or dewatering and building streams, and adjacent to lakes, , river, in, on, over, tidal areas in organized brooks, freshwater wetlands and has authority to take enforcement The DEP territories. permit, monetary penalties, actions such as: an after-the-fact The Land Use Planning action. consent agreements, or court for authority under NRPA Commission has permit granting unorganized or de-organized regulated activities located in areas of Maine. Natural Resources Protection Act - NRPA (38 M.R.S.A. Act - NRPA Natural Resources Protection A-Z) 480 The Erosion and Sedimentation Control Law (Erosion Sedimentation Control Law The Erosion and in organized to all construction projects Control Law) applies or exposure cause the filling, displacement territories that will The Erosion Control Law requires of all earthen materials. unreasonable measures be taken to prevent that appropriate or into a sedimentation beyond the site soil erosion and stream, brook, resource (such as a river, protected natural control measures must lake, , or wetland). Erosion kept in place and activity, be installed before construction site is permanently stabilized. maintained functional until the Erosion and Sediment Control Law (M.R.S.A. 420-C) Control Law (M.R.S.A. Erosion and Sediment Control Laws in Maine Laws Control APPENDIX A: Erosion and Sediment Sediment and Erosion A: APPENDIX

Appendix A project isbuilt. management mustbe reviewedbytheDEP before anew territories ofMaine.Proposed plansforstormwater projects thatdisturbmore thanoneacreoflandinorganized Department ofEnvironmentalProtection(DEP) forall The lawrequiresthatapermitbeobtainedfrom the Stormwater ManagementLaw(38M.R.S.A. 420-D) (horizontal distance)of: shoreland zoneiscomprisedofalllandareaswithin250feet regulate landuseactivitiesintheshorelandzone. The to adopt,administer, andenforcelocalordinancesthat Shoreland Zoning Act (MSZA)requiresmunicipalities Shoreland Zoning(38M.R.S.A.SECTION438-A(4)) acre ormoreofdisturbedarea. permit willbeneedediftheconstructionresultinone management andfarming,areexemptfromthelaw;buta areas ofMaine.Certainactivities,suchasforest construction activitiesinbothorganizedandunorganized required bytheEPA CleanWater Act. MCGP appliesto require aMaineConstructionGeneralPermit(MCGP)as Since March10,2003,constructionactivitiesinMaine Maine ConstructionGeneralPermit(W008157-5Y-A-N) • • • •

All landareaswithin75feetofthenormalhigh-water The uplandedgeofdefinedfreshwaterwetlands; and The uplandedgeofacoastalwetland,includingall The normalhigh-waterlineofanygreatpondorriver; line ofcertainstreams. areas affected bytidalaction, 107

Appendix A 108 wetlands alteration. the project is proposed. building in or near wetlands and waterways. building in or near wetlands and Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) for Department of Environmental Code Enforcement Officer for the locality within which Etc. US Army Corps of Engineers for dredging, filling or US

• • • • Many construction activities will require other local, state Many construction activities will construction. Contact or federal permits prior to beginning to determine what your local, state and federal agencies regulations apply to your project: OTHER PERMITS The Land Use Planning Commission (LUPC) of the Maine (LUPC) of the Commission Use Planning The Land has and Forestry Conservation Agriculture, of Department in the regulate land use activities located the authority to that require a de-organized areas of Maine unorganized and to standards without a permit subject permit, or are allowed 10 rules. http://www.maine.gov/dacf/ Chapter under LUPC’s standards Sections containing lupc/laws_rules/ch10.html. not limited to: control include, but are applicable to erosion 10.25,M. Erosion Quality, Surface Water Sections 10.25,K. Alterations, Wetland Control, 10.25,P. and Sedimentation Appendix B. Guidelines Filling and Grading, and 10.27,F. Stabilization. In the case of large scale for Vegetative is the DEP Law, Site developments triggering the DEP’s LUPC certifies to the DEP primary permitting authority and not covered under Site that any of its Chapter 10 standards Law have been met. Maine Land Use Planning Commission (12 M.R.S.A., § (12 M.R.S.A., Commission Use Planning Land Maine M.R.S.A. (12 Approval and Review Development and 681) and B-1) and §§ 685-B,1-A,B § 685-B

Appendix A APPENDIX B: MaineDOT Standard Specifications SPECIFICATIONS MATERIALS Mulch 619 – Mulch 717.061 - Erosion Control Blanket 613 – Erosion Control Blankets Erosion Control Mix Berms and Mulch 717.04(d) - Erosion Control Mix Vegetation 615 – 616 - Sodding 109 618 – Seeding 621 - Landscaping (non-grass)

Slopes, Cut and Fill 203 - Excavation and Embankment Geotextiles 620 - Geotextiles 722- Geotextiles Riprap 610 - Stone Fill, Riprap, Stone 703.26 – Plain and Hand Laid Blanket, and Stone Ditch Riprap Protection 703.27 – Plain and Hand Laid 620 - Geotextiles Riprap 703.28 – Heavy Riprap

Appendix B

511 - Cofferdams - 511 Cofferdams

510 - Special Detours Special - 510 Stream Crossing Stream

711.03 - Stone for Gabions for Stone - 711.03

711.02 - Gabions - 711.02

601 – Gabions – 601 Gabions

703.24 - Stone for French Drains Drains French for Stone - 703.24 512 - French Drain French - 512 French Drain, Inlet Protection Inlet Drain, French

703.20 - Gravel Borrow Borrow Gravel - 703.20

Surface Stone

110 703.12 - Aggregate for Crushed Crushed for Aggregate - 703.12

703.06(b) - Aggregate for Subbase Subbase for Aggregate - 703.06(b)

Course

Surface Course Surface Surface Course and Leveling Leveling and Course Surface

Gravel Roads Roads Gravel 411 - Untreated Aggregate Aggregate Untreated - 411 703.10 - Aggregate for Untreated Untreated for Aggregate - 703.10

Check Dams Check Protection

703.29 - Stone Ditch Protection Protection Ditch Stone - 703.29

Spreaders, Riprap Channels, Channels, Riprap Spreaders, Blanket, and Stone Ditch Ditch Stone and Blanket,

Culverts, Ditch Turnouts, Level Level Turnouts, Ditch Culverts, 610 - Stone Fill, Riprap, Stone Stone Riprap, Fill, Stone - 610 722.03 – Erosion Control Geotextile Control Erosion – 722.03

SPECIFICATIONS MATERIALS

Appendix B 111 Maine Department of Environmental Protection 17 State House Station 28 Tyson Drive Augusta, Maine 04333 www.maine.gov/dep

March 2015