GBE CPD Waste-Designtoreduce A02 BRM 011219.Pptx

Design to Reduce Waste 01/12/19

This Presentation on GBE: Design generates waste

• Find this file on GBE website at: • Waste reduction is not a site issue Design to help • https://GreenBuildingEcyclopaedia.uk/?P=412 – It is a Design Issue • Go there for: • It becomes a site issue – the latest update Reduce Waste – versions presented to different audiences – if is was not seen as a Design issue – the whole presentation all of the hidden slides • Join in now or Easy steps to reduce your share – other file formats: of the 120 m tonnes of construction and – D&B takes another % of UK procurement • Handout, Show, PDF, PPTX demolition and excavation waste each year – Links to other related GBE CPD and related GBE content

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Chinese Jigsaw Puzzles British Sugar

• Arup Associates (Multi discipline • Q How do we get into ceiling void practice) • A For us to know and for you to find out • Peterborough Sugar Beet Factory • Fist through the first and rip the rest out • Office Pavilion • Vowed never to commission Arup again • Suspended ceiling: Bespoke – Quite right. • Designed to take out and reinstall like a – And now use Technicians Chinese jigsaw puzzle

SITEwise II Waste Campaign Some easy wins

• Environment Agency (Anglian) • Design to standard sizes • Breakfast meetings • Design to reduce off-cut waste • 200+ Pre-construction Professionals • Design for on and off site reuse • Waste is not a key issue • Design for on and off site recycling • Scored 8th out of 12 issues • Design for maintainability, adaptability & flexibility Facts and Figures • Design for deconstruction and reuse • Design spares storage for maintenance • Design for in use waste management 7 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 8 9

Serendipity? Relearn some waste statistics

• Design for Easy of Assembly • 410m tonnes/year materials to UK CI • Lends itself to • 120m tonnes/year wasted by UK CI • Design for Deconstruction • 30m tonnes is materials off-cuts • But Architects are not very interested in • 24m tonnes/year (24%) is packaging construction nor deconstruction • 23.7m tonnes/year soil & rock • The RIBA curriculum does not address Waste Facts & Figures • 10m is temporary materials it very well • 10m tonnes/year over ordered never • RIBA external course assessors frown needed £1.5bn/annum (EA 2007) at too much technology 10 11 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 12

Materials consumed by UKCI Water Consumption UK CI Re-used materials UK 2007 2015 • 576 Mt Materials • Demolition: 45 tonnes/100m2 • Iron & Steel: 54,000 tonnes • 98 Mt Concrete • Refurb-fit-out: 22 tonnes/100 m2 • Wood: 390,000 tonnes • 9.2 Mt Timber • Mixed: 18 tonnes/100 m2 • Brick: 850,000 tonnes • 6 Mt Bricks • Newbuild: 16 tonnes/100 m2 • Stone: 625,000 tonnes • 3.9 Mt Metals • Civil/Engineering/Groundworks: • Declined 25% compared to 1998 • 1.4 Mt Plastics • 12 tonnes/100 m2 • 1.4 Mt Glass

Legislation improved stats Latest Waste Statistics Waste by UKCI Sector m3/£100k

Use Refurb. & Fit-out New Build • 400m tonnes/year materials to UK CI 2004 • 576m tonnes/year materials to UK CI 2015 • 576m tonnes/year materials to UK CI 2015 • 120m tonnes/year wasted by UK CI 2014 Commercial: 12 22 • 110m tonnes/year wasted by UK CI pre 2004 • =59% of total UK waste Retail: 10 16 • 78m tonnes/year wasted by UK CI at best • =30% construction pre-tax profit Office: 16 14 • With SWMP Regulations in place • <1% 0.75 Mt Hazardous waste Residential: 10 15 • Then legislation dropped: • 54% 65 Mt Inert Excavation waste Education: 7 15 • 120m tonnes/year wasted by UK CI 2014 • 5% 6 Mt non-hazardous to landfill Healthcare: 16 14

• 41% 45 Mt non-hazardous recycled or Leisure: 12 14 recovered (compost or energy from waste) Public Buildings: 11 13

16 17 Industrial: 11 13 18

Over ordered never needed Lost, stolen and reordered Relearn some waste statistics Relearn some waste statistics (not to scale) • Required for the design • QS inaccurate take off +/-10% • UK CI generates hazardous waste: • There is a fly-tipping incident every 35 Requires remeasure by contractor • SMM7 Wastage factor 5-20% • 5m tonnes/year 50% is landfilled seconds in the UK 33% is off-cuts, 3% is damage – (New rules this grows to 7m tonnes/year) • Over-order safety margins x% • 1 m Fly-tipping incidents in 2004 • Minimum order quantities +++ • 21% of all UK Hazardous waste • 6000 20t trucks within M25 in 15 months • Call-off extra % JIC Just in case • Merchant delivers % more than required • Of 240 hazardous waste landfill sites • CI: 30% of fly tipping incidents (2004/5) – in the hope nobody is checking, only 10 (2004) signed up to new rules < 18% > – invoices accordingly • £44m/year clean up costs 25% < > 75% • Lost on site • None in London, Scotland and Wales • £50,000 fines and 5 year prison possible • ……Stolen from site for PJs 20% • Sites in MK, (Swindon), Teeside & Pboro • Reorderd to replace lost or stolen • ……Damage & Poor quality work 3% • 250 material reclassified as hazardous • ……Spares for on going maintenance 19 20 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 21

Relearn some waste statistics Common Waste Causes 1

• Packaging waste can vary between 5% • Offcuts: 33.2% • Reusable and 50% (24% average) of waste stream • Recyclable packaging: 14.4% depending on construction method packaging: 18.7% • Site Office and • Excess deliveries Canteen: 4.1% • 100% Glazed façade = 50% 18% • Damaged through • Domestic Brick & Pitch = 5% • Temporary methods of work: materials: 10.3% 3.2% • Unsuitable storage: 1% Excess Deliveries 18% © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 22 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 23 24 Concrete tiles No Architectural Salvage value but restock able and usable

Demolition reuse and recycling Demolition waste % by volume (BRE limited studies) potential (BRE limited studies) • Concrete: 52.6% • Miscellaneous 1.9% • Reusable 40.6% • Ceramics: 22.5% • Metal 1.4% • Reusable but soiled 1.2% • Furniture 16.6% • Plastic 1.3% • Recycleable 27.3% • Timber 3.4% • Electrical Goods 0.3% • Energy from waste 3.4% • Inert waste to landfill 17% 16mt • Mixed waste to landfill 10.4% 9mt

Damage by methods of work 3.2% 25 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 26 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 27

Specify Cast-in Lifting eyes sockets; require protection, consider repair before condemning

Building Refurbishment Waste BREEAM v Ska

• Previously insulated with High ODP (Ozone Depletion • Different Priorities Potential) insulation boards made until 2004 • Why remove existing insulation? • BREEAM: Business as Usual – To add more room, charge more rent, – To increase fuel bills – K40 reuse • Insulation is damaged and cut into pieces to try to fill • Ska: make a difference skip efficiently • What good does it do in a landfill site? – K40, K41, M10, M40, M50, M51 reuse • Ozone Depletion Potential realised by cutting cells and releasing gases • This is classified as Hazardous waste in a mixed skip

Effort Waste Hierarchy official definition & goal More • Jack Johnson Reduce • 3 its a magic number • 2 x 3 = 6 Reuse • 3 x 6 = 18 • 18th letter in the alphabet is R Waste Hierarchy Recycle • R x 3 • Reduce Reuse Recycle Another GBE CPD file to download Recover • http://www.youtube.com/watch? See http://www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk/shop 33 Less 34 v=uSM2riAEX4U 35

Reduce: Reclaimed repaired Modular design wastes less Ideal Waste Hierarchy Reused and reusable Allows reuse readily • Walter ‘Segal Method’ • Reduce Recycled steel • Whole component used – Reduce demand, reduce waste frames • Reuse full size no cutting – As originally intended Robin Hillier Diggers Self-build Brighton Redundant bolt • Recycle holes – In a new format • Recover Blast clean and – materials or energy from waste prime/paint

Reused wood better than new BedZED Beddington Sutton Architect: Bill Dunster 39 BedZED Beddington Sutton Architect: Dr Bill Dunster, 40 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 41 Reclaim: BioRegional ReCLAIMED © NGS Reclaim: BioRegional ReCLAIMED © NGS

Reclaimed, repaired Recycle: Glass sand for bedding & reused Doors Reusing Doors Visible Patch repairs If you don’t like them French polish or paint them

BedZED Beddington Sutton Architect: Bill Dunster 42 BedZED Beddington Sutton Architect: Bill Dunster 43 44 Reclaim: BioRegional ReCLAIMED © NGS Reclaim: BioRegional ReCLAIMED © Nicole Lazarus

Investing in Opportunities Effort Waste Hierarchy www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Waste Hierarchy new definition The reality Rethink, Re-educate, Resolve, Refocus, Resource, Relate, Research, Refer, Reduce Less Refresh, Rename, Regard, Revalue, Reuse & Recycle Remeasure, Reprogramme, Replan, Reconsider, Refuse, Reject, Return, Redesign, Regularise, Rehearse, Recover Rationalise, Remediate, Reduce, Reject Reserve, ReSpec, Register, Reuse, More Reclaim, Repair, Retain, Remind,

45 Recycle, Recover, Record, Report, 47 54 Reward, Review, Revise, Refine, Restart

Investing in Opportunities Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Geometry in Design This house only uses • Geometry for its own sake reject floor Geometry • I can CAD, Because CAD can, I do boards • Lazy design • Lazy thinking from too Dictates • Creates waste high a spec Everything

Fashionable (Architecture?) 1990s Site Boundaries & Geometry Overlapping grids create cuts & waste create cuts & waste

61 62 63

Circular & radial Geometry Investing in Opportunities

demands bespoke www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk or creates cuts & waste Design Dictates Waste

• Lazy design • Labour intensive construction • Cutting edge blocks generate waste • Embodied energy in wasted materials • Opportunity to object to quality • Condemn materials to skip • Delay programme • Anger the tradesman • Quantity Surveyor: think waste & labour

64 66 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 67

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Design Avoids Waste Construction/Deconsruction

• Setting out not straightforward • Margins hold it all together • Few cut bricks: less waste • To prevent early failure • Labour simplified • Contain sub bases and beddings • Looks expensive but cheap to lay • Prevent sand bedding trickling out • Assumptions made about relative costs • Value Engineering for Quantity Surveyors: • Permits dry sand bedding & jointing • Think resource efficiency and simple • Enables reclaim and reuse of materials construction

68 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 69 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 70

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Defective Design Site Autonomy

• Defective Design No export No • Exposure to worse conditions Reuse of what you from site materials • Ineffective components imported to • Diminished/ing performance find on site site • Leads to early failure: – Refurbishment, removal, rejection, reordering, remanufacture, replacement, removal, relaying 71 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 72 73

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Cut and Fill Cut and Fill Allow for site strip, design fill size to Cut and Fill accommodate excavated materials from: Cut, retaining walls, land drains, foundations, floor Check all your quantities slabs, services and drain trenches and paved first and determine the level areas, allow for bulking Or decide the level and determine the position of the In principle a simple idea - Cut building - Cut - Cut + Fill + Fill + Fill

Cut and Fill Software Application: Outputs

• PDS by Causeway (formerly EXL) • Although it is primarily aimed at • Output is in the usual myriad forms: • utilises existing contour maps to create a highways and large scale developments • traditional profiles, 3D build-up of the landscape it can, no doubt, be adapted for smaller • export values to Excel, etc. • Then the required model of levels/ grades scale use. • AutoCAD can be used to import/export is added • It does require a site survey – plans • It calculates the total volumes in/out. • obviously the more comprehensive the • PDS can be combined with Windes to • This can be varied to give an overall [near] survey the better calculate, and eventually draw, zero outcome. • because the program interpolates drainage systems. • (Depending on planning permission for between levels. height/depth) 78 79 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 80

On-site Best Practice: On-site Best Practice: Rearranging pathways Initial Site Strip: Landscape Waste Reuse of Green waste in Landscape Collect Proposed path in landscape Existing path in landscape Spread Seeds on topsoil to Seeds Use stockpiled topsoil discourage weeds Collect Topsoil Topsoil in landscape Cover topsoil with turf Seeds Stockpile Stockpile Use stockpiled turf in landscape Grass Compost Stockpile Stockpile Site Strip Area Add mature Leaf compost to Green Compost Turf Wearing surface Compost Topsoil Base Mix Green Waste with grass cuttings compost Leaf Leaf Use hardcore in road sub-base Subsoil Sub-base and under floor slabs Compost Compost Turf Add manufactured topsoil to gardens Bush & Tree Add mature compost and Subsoil Trimmings Topsoil to make Topsoil Recycle surface, base & sub-base as sub-base & base Stockpile 82 Turf Sub-soil 83 Sub-soil 84 add new wearing surface Hardcore Hardcore

Topsoil & Subsoil Excavation Arisings Environment Agency Stockpile on site All excavated subsoil materials to be reused on site rather than landfilled • Nick-name: Anti-recycling league Use it in intelligent landscape modelling • Government Agency: Including flood defence (Env. Agency permitting) • Police: Environment , Waterways and Water Bodies, Landfill, Pollution, Leaks and emissions, Fly-tipping, Site Waste, water use and abuse - Cut • Right to close sites if abusing the law + Fill

85 86 87

Roundwood: trees from site Use found materials 88 Rubble Walls 89 No ground contact, anti-splash height & floor, air movement, places for nature90 Boulders, wild turf roof, gravel margin gutter, rubble wall Random sizes, natural look, lime mortar, sheltering roof Layered construction easy deconstruction

Pembrokeshire traditional Hedge Bank

Rubble Soil Turf Rainwater

Back to nature

very rapidly Pembrokeshire hedge bank 91 Random rubble & slate outer leaves, wild turf mortar, subsoil cavity fill, topsoil92 Brown Roofs 93 & wild turf/hedge plants on top, crevices for nature, rain rejuvenates in weeks Creekside Visitors Centre Deptford London: Ballast for waterproof membrane

Brown Roofs Brownfield Landscape

• Derelict Brownfield sites often have more wildlife than Greenfield sites • To maintain or enhance the biodiversity of the site much can be done with a little care • Survey the site and check for wildlife: Insects, birds, animals, and lower forms, wild flowers, grasses, etc.

Greenwich Millennium Village Brownfield Landscape Phase 2b • Reclaimed Polluted Gasworks site • 900 mm. polluted soil removed to landfill • GPM capping 900 mm. down • 900 mm. imported sub and topsoil • Passive ventilation boards at ground level below ground floor

Architect: Proctor Matthews Specification Consultant: Brian Murphy

Brownfield Landscape 97 Wild Flowers & Meadow Grass 98 99 Creekside Visitors Centre Neglected landscape nature takes over Listed Grade I barn

Investing in Opportunities Investing in Opportunities

Oceanwww.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Terminal Leith Edinburgh www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Hollyrood Scottish Parliament

• Intelligent reuse of excavated subsoil • Landscape features: surplus subsoil Resource • Topsoil and grass Efficiency:

• Reclamation of derelict harbour site Foundations • Part of regeneration of area • Polluted landfill capped by building Conran Design Partnership 100 Brian Murphy Specification Consultant 101

Light touch small footprint Light touch small footprint Light touch small footprint

No excavation No excavation Paving slab foundations Paving slab foundations No excavation Add water for ballast against wind uplift (top up in summer) Add living roofs for ballast against wind uplift Paving slab foundations 103 104 +ve wind pressure on roof 105 Thermal Mass, solar protection and evaporation cooling Thermal mass, solar protection and acoustic insulation

Storage of spares for maintenance Light touch bigger footprint EcoConcrete

• Reduced OPC Ordinary Portland Cement content (reduced CO2 production) ready blended with % OPC – GGBS Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag Cement (Slag) – PFA Pulverised Fuel Ash • Reduced Primary or Virgin Aggregates (sand and gravel) – Secondary aggregates (waste or by-product) – Recycled aggregates – Recycled concrete aggregates Space under building for storage – Recycled other materials (glass, plastics, etc.) Space for flood water – Manufactured Aggregate Shallow excavation • (CO2 + H2O + particle = Calcium Carbonate) Carbon8Systems Space for nature Pad foundations • Mains drinking water supply Space for children’s play 106 +ve wind pressure on roof 107 108

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Not so light touch in poor ground Not so light touch in poor ground Driven Piled Foundations Minimise Arisings Driven (ram/piston in preference to hammer) Piles in many forms eco-concrete piles in soft ground Precast eco-concrete No excavation arisings Steel Auger No ground/ring beams 111 Steel Corkscrew 112 No excavation arisings

Investing in Opportunities

Not so light touch in poor ground www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Piles in many forms Existing piles & Transfer slabs Recycled concrete aggregate vibrated pile Dynamic Recycled aggregate Secondary aggregates consolidation improves ground & simplifies Existing piles Transfer slab to transfer loads from columns to piles foundations

113 114

Dynamic Consolidation Dynamic Consolidation Heavy touch in poor ground Dynamic Consolidation of subsoil to improve load bearing capacity Dynamic Consolidation of subsoil to improve load bearing capacity Dynamic Consolidation of subsoil to improve load bearing capacity Heavy touch in poor ground Heavy touch in poor ground Noise and Vibration issues Noise and Vibration issues for neighbours Spaced affects capacity lower down Lowering of site level Lowering of site level Angle depends on soil types Pockets for pad foundation for framed buildings Suited to continuous foundations: strip trench raft Closer centres bring bearing capacity closer to surface Suited to walled construction

117 118 119

Resource Efficiency: Insitu eco-concrete ground floor Light touch small footprint and raft foundation Concrete on thick insulation layer Not for clay or moisture sensitive ground No down-stand beam No cold bridge Ground Floor Slab Topsoil reused on site Minimal excavations arisings Minimal formwork Formwork Minimal formwork off-cuts and waste

Some excavation small eco-concrete foundations Layered Construction Some Structural Engineer’s not happy to do this

Flood zone 120 122 Vulnerable timber in flood zone Simplifies Details Zero Carbon Buildings: insulated airtight & cold-bridge free

Insitu eco-concrete ground floor/ Insitu eco-concrete ground floor Insitu concrete floor slab formwork raft foundation Gas/Damp Proof membrane on thick insulation layer under slab ventilation & Not for clay & moisture sensitive subsoil Thickening of floor at edge no cold bridges thermal insulation board Topsoil reused on site Some excavations arisings Insulation as formwork Down-stand beam complicates formwork Minimal insulation off-cuts & waste Creates off-cuts and waste 2 triangles cut from square DPM to keep insulation dry and effective

Flat floors allows use of extensive use of modular insulation Expanded moulded polystyrene of suitable grade Flat soffit allows use of modular formwork Minimises waste from off cuts Assuming the building grid reflects their size Assuming the building size or grid reflects their size Gasses percolating up from site ventilated to perimeter Some Structural Engineer’s happier to do this 123 or ventilated to above roof 124 125

Investing in Opportunities Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Resource ý Reject & Return Efficiency: Return Protective Defective & Packaging Return Defects & Materials Materials Protection

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Resource Efficiency Resource • Design for Deconstruction Reduce Demand • Consider: Fixings & Fasteners • Avoid: adhesives on materials Efficiency: • Lime based mortar allows reclamation Masonry of the bricks at end of building life

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Resource Efficiency: Masonry at openings Elizabeth Fry Building UEA 133 Was one of the most energy efficient buildings in the UK 134 Also resource efficient co-ordinated design little cutting waste

Openings in walls: Plan View Maximise light penetration Openings in walls: Plan view Minimise glare • Block inner leaf return generates waste • Omit inner leaf returns: close cavity with window box from off-cuts and creates a cold bridge Generates waste off cuts • Install window in window box

• Reduce off-cut waste in blockwork

137 138 139

Maximise light penetration Maximise light penetration Openings in walls: Plan view Minimise glare Minimise glare • Omit inner leaf returns: close cavity with window box Generates waste off cuts Generates waste off cuts • Install window in window box

• Reduce off-cut waste

Reduce off-cut waste in blockwork 140 Reduce off-cut waste in blockwork 141 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 142

No Design: Offcuts 33%+ Modular design: < block h Top Course Off-cut waste 33% considerably less than 33% 1 block h Top Course Same strength Different strength Holes = 1/2 blocks block wall bonded Lintel h x l < blocks block wall unbonded Lintel h x l = blocks Lintel h x l = blocks 150 mm. bearing 225 mm. bearings on whole block Wall thickness not corresponding Opening Opening with block bonding h x w < blocks Opening h x w = blocks Opening position in wall h x w = blocks 2 jamb or Jamb 2 jamb end blocks blocks blocks = 1 block ≠ block = 1 block < block h Base Course 1 block h Base Course 1 block h Base Course © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 144 145 146

Doorsets to fit openings Doorsets to fit openings Doorsets to fit floor heights

Fire regulation dictates overall door width, Services apertures half block size 148 149 No lintels, no cutting no waste 150 Opening: block sizes, Standard Door + half leaf: size to suit

Investing in Opportunities

Blocks cut short in wall www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Change of material: Resource destroys integrity

Efficiency Bricks smaller units Less waste but v or & Energy Create cold bridges Efficiency

Irregular purpend or block alignment 151 153

Investing in Opportunities Cold Bridges: Block www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Block Block

Inconsistent U value Block Block Block

Laid on side block Laid on side blocks Block Block Block

Block Half Block Half Block Bricks smaller units Less waste but Block Block

Create cold bridges Block Half Block Half Block

Block Block

Attempting to reduce waste: creating cold bridges Concrete blocks forming lintel in Cold bridge reducing ties won’t make up for: walls over opening of max 440 mm. 154 brick inner leaf and brick padstones for lintels 155 157 Omitting jamb returns reduces waste and cold bridges No lintel, no cutting, no waste

Lintels in blockwork walls Padstones Minimise Waste Avoid non-block height lintels Generating cut blocks & waste • Co-ordinate block course and lintel heights to Cut Cut block minimise waste block

from cut blocks Non-block size Block module size no Block module size • 215 mm. bearings Pre-stressed concrete Concrete trough lintel causes cutting & cutting & one cut and reuse Galvanized Mild Steel Galvanized Mild Steel • Design openings waste no waste no waste Wide accommodates to be block and frame inaccuracy half block sized Waste 158 Waste 159 Different dense materials: Cold bridge?161

Wind or Stability Posts Lateral Bracing Blockwork / Steel abutment Labour intensive Wasteful Opportunity for rejection

Who can cut a block to a profile this accurately on site? then get it in with mortar in place? and make it airtight? and not make a cold bridge?

Rolled Steel Sections Parallel Flange Sections Wall interruption will create waste: minimise by design Frame bracing will create waste: avoid by design Different dense materials: Cold bridge? Airtightness? 162 Different dense materials: Cold bridge? Airtightness? 163 164

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Roof Pitch! Reduce Demand Resource • Don’t over design structure • Except if long design life demands it • Don’t oversize Efficiency: • Don’t cut section from solid if Timber compound is possible û ü

165 168

Reduce Demand Reduce Demand Joists/Beams & Partitions • Consider use of materials as found: • Don’t cut section from solid if compound is • Round pole structures possible • Or compound sections without waste • Reduce solid sections to compound to reduce weight and materials used • Or use off-cuts in cladding ü ü ü û ? û ü û û û ü Multiple section simplifies design û ü ? û Different section complicates detail Creates off-cuts and waste

169 Roundwood Cut Waste Wood Boarding Cut Reassemble170 StandardChanges size appearance leads to over-design below 172

Joists Joists/Beams & Partitions Joists/Beams & Partitions

? û ? û Multiple section simplifies design Different section complicates detail Standardising size leads to over-design of Creates off-cuts and waste many for the one 173 Changes appearance below 174 175

Floor Strength v U Value Joists/Beams & Partitions Joists/Beams & Partitions in external wall

û û û û ü ü Off-cuts of insulation: waste Multiple section with flitch plate of steel Multiple section simplifies design bolted together Avoid over design of structure around openings Avoid lack of design: adding additional studs for luck Avoid creating wide cold bridges through insulation © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 176 177 Avoid Waste: chopping thermal insulation rolls 179

180 181 182

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk 1 layer or 2? Resource Efficiency: Tolerances? Moisture resistance Plasterboard Nothing gained Robustness? Fire Performance?

183 Acoustic© GBE NGS 2002-2019 performance? DesignToReduceWaste 186

2 layers = 2 x materials & 1 thicker layer of different grade 2 layers = 2 x off-cuts = 1 x off-cuts Designing the Sequence of Assembly Dry-linings board heights & widths

Design dictates Sequence & Structural Floor Suspended ceiling Design details create waste numbers of visits • The details at the abutments dictate the 4 4 • Many heights of partitions and linings sequence of assembly • Creates demand for different height • Whether the designer likes it, admits it or boards not 5 7 1 3 • Construction & Structure: foundations to • 1 maker provide an off-cut take-back roof scheme (BG but not comprehensive) • Consider: wet trades: first, dry: second • Others provide purpose made boards • Consider: working top down to minimise 6 2 cut to height (if the job is big enough) damage of floors by following trades Raised Access Floor Screed • Others cut board to size (F) • Consider: working from the room extremity Structural Floor • How many sizes does your job need? back towards© GBE NGS 2002-2019the exit DesignToReduceWaste door 191 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 192 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 193

Structural Floor

Suspended ceiling

Check board sizes as you design CL Appropriate ’ Set out from centreline Don t assume all board grades are the same 2 x cuts 2 x waste Materials to 2.6 2.4 3.2 3.0 2.5 Set out from one end 1 x cut application 1 x waste

Raised Access Floor Screed Dry-linings and Flood risk

Board layout & Flood Water Board layout & Flood Water EA’s Sacraficial Construction

Reuse of off-cuts

• Lowest board(s) damaged • All boards partly damaged • Lowest board(s) removed and replaced • All boards removed and replaced • Why use plasterboard in flood prone areas? © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 197 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 198 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 199 • Cement Render is better in flood prone places

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Recycle Reuse Off-cuts Materials Segregate waste • Deliver off-cuts with cassette panels on-site local to • Reuse off-cuts as props Reuse spare point of generation • Don’t cut studs to make props materials to enable reuse • Use joist off-cut as strutting in floors on-site & in use on-site or offsite • Use off cuts for local strengthening for And even on-site again sanitaryware and wall furniture

Avoid Late Design Changes Wrong Information

• Late design changes • Late instructions Redesign to • Late instruction • Revised design? • Late changes • NEDO report 1987 reduce waste • Incorrect materials being delivered • Quality On Building Sites • Leads to error • QRE Quality Related Events • Leads to waste • Errors in information or in its delivery • 50%:50% split Design:Construction

Off-cuts 33% • We are familiar with sizing walls to bricks and half brick lengths (but we still don’t do it everywhere) • Internal walls designed to block lengths • Block sized openings • coursing to avoid cut blocks • lintels same size as blocks, no cuts • Bearing to correspond with block size

Late design© GBE NGS change 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste © Laing O’ Rourke image 206 Late design© GBE NGS change 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 207 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 208

Random Sizing: Mad Mad World Mad Mad World generates waste • HHP: Nick the Builder has a business • AJ August 2010 Article • Random taking architects drawings the • Architects permit reuse of off-cut bricks dims constructor can’t understand and in brickwork to avoid waste • Centred redrawing for them • Instead of designing the brickwork to setting out • Lovells: They use external CAD Jockeys brick sizes in the first place • Tile spacing the drawings who did not acknowledge • They might regret their decision • Cut edges brick sizes, when asked to correct it, • Waste told that is extra money.

Suspended ceiling Grid areas and plain boundary Grid areas & small element margin Grid, tiles & Room Services size • Random • Random dim rooms dim rooms Off-cuts Partition • Centred • Centred and CL setting out setting out specials system • Tile spacing • Tile spacing • No cut edges • Smaller tiles Off-cut • Reduced waste • at perimeter Carpet tile Waste • Reduced waste Raised Access Platform Floors Tiled floor © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 213 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 214 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 215 Stone floor

Respond to structure Respond to structure, Bad design ignores edges potentially wasteful perimeter scale change, unless designed minimise/eliminate cutting?

Investing in Opportunities Investing in Opportunities

Mosaicwww.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk infinite adjustment Change scale at perimeters www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Craftsmen can work it out Borders but no change of scale if boarders permit Better if you do first

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Designed whole tiles with margin

Investing in Opportunities

Tiled with margin but tiles cut at edge www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk

Investing in Opportunities Coordination Reduces Waste www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Design Avoids Waste Room Size : Component

• Setting out: Not straight forward • Dimensional • Few cut components: little waste co-ordination • Labour simplified • Room sizes • Looks expensive: cheap to lay match Tile • Assumptions made about relative costs modules • Quality Surveyor: think resource • No waste efficiency & simple construction

But look outside the box: Modular thick walls solve it Add storage: built into walls

© GBEMore NGS 2002-2019 cut DesignToReduceWaste tiles 233 But occupy© GBE space: NGS 2002-2019 Minimise DesignToReduceWaste net:gross ratio 234 © GBEClaim NGS 2002-2019 some DesignToReduceWaste back 235

Coordination of Services Design to minimise waste Covers & Chambers? • Recessed cover of chambers do not • We are familiar with sizing walls to have to follow orientation of chamber bricks and half brick lengths externally • Position of cover to co-ordinate with • And now also blocks internally tiles • What about: • Less cutting • 8 x 4 Panels in modules less waste • Lengths of structural members • Inside and outside

Off-cuts 33% Schools Tartan Grids

• Boards 8 x 4 Panels in modules • Money available based on set room • Dimensional • Timber sections: Off-cuts for noggins sizes co-ordination • Design structural members at size they • Does not allow for size variation to • Panels and are manufactured minimise waste from off cuts Spacer • Make toilet cubicles core board and • Tries to control costs • Column and plastic laminate sheet sizes • but ends up costing more walls • due to high wastage factor • More cutting little waste

Modular designs waste less Partitions from Panels • Walter Segal Method Partitions from Panels Manufactured • Whole component used Manufactured full size no cutting Panel Requires Panel second panel • Inside and out Partition Partition same size as Robin Hillier Diggers same size as Self-build Brighton panel = panel = No waste No waste

waste Partition Partition And more larger Smaller waste than panel © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 242 Than ©panel GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 243 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 244 CAT Centre for Alternative Technology

Investing in Opportunities

Glass Partitions www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Co-ordinated? created from glass panes

6 m x 1 GlassManufactured Partition Requires Size is • Structural Grid

3m x 2 sameGlass size pane aswaste second pane GlassPartitionpane Partition = Everything • Partition layout grid largerSmallerNo waste than And more 600mm x 10 Manufacturedthan pane waste pane • Plat form floors/suspended ceiling grid

500 mm x 12

Design Tools & Calculators Optimum fit Calculators

• Flooring REAP FSP ambition, • Room Size: 2184 x 3567 mm. • Develop Waste Cost ® lite calculator – grant application with WRAP • Flooring product size eg 600 x 600 mm. • Calculator 1 • Size of space • Size of flooring components • Layout rules: centered/one end/angle – Set room size • Design setting out rules • Perimeter condition: skirting detail – Trial floor product sizes • Minimum order quantities • Offcuts: m2, kg, %, £Waste, EE, EC – Trial floor product • Waste %, tonnes, £, EE, EC • Optimise: find best fit product size • Calculator 2 • Alternative materials: better %? – Set floor product sizes • Different setting out rules? • Reduce waste • NGSCALCULATORS© GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 248 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 249 – Trial room© GBE NGS sizes 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 250

Investing in Opportunities Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Lazy Architecture

• Simple repetition without differentiation • No awareness of size • Cut perimeters Demonstration • Wasted materials

file://localhost/Users/BrianSpecMan/Documents/ ASWSDOCS/GREEN/NGSpec/NGSServices/ NGSWasteCostLite/WasteCostLite(R)B.xls © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 252 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 255

Eco Greenwash Architecture I Can CAD, CAD can, So I Do Proactive Architecture

• Need to know the size of stuff • Need to work with them not at odds • Look after the edges the middle looks after itself • Keep it Simple

SMM7 Standard Method of 1000 x 1 or 1 x 1000 Measurement • 1000 bespoke sizes and shapes • All shapes cut for closest rectangle – No large scale production runs • All off-cuts are waste – Every one is handled slightly differently • Accuracy +/-10% • No concern about waste or site – No simple packaging ordering from quantities – Labelling critical • Contractor expected to re-measure – Production assembly and delivery sequence vitally important

• Or 1 size© GBE x NGS1000 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 259 Glass Cutting:© GBE NGS 2002-2019 Almost DesignToReduceWaste Rectangular 260 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 261

Consistent glass triangles within each Glass Cutting SMM level

Different triangles at almost all levels

No vertical columns

Vast amounts of off cuts on the factory floor

If you want a shape you pay for a rectangle, © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 262 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 263 We hope its all© GBE recycled NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 264 if the rectangle is paid for, nobody cares about waste in manufacture

Glass Cutting CADCAM CADCAM Tailoring = Iteration tailoring = Iteration • Maximising the yield from sheets of glass • Many pieces arranged to get more pieces from smallest glass pane • Pieces cut from sheet • Just like a tailor and fabric directionality is important • Potential conflict with ‘Roller Wave Pattern’ • RWP occurs as glass is rolled off zinc float and ‘slumps’ over supporting rollers

Facetted triangles SMM Glass Cutting Glass Cutting CADCAM tailoring consistent on any one level simple parallelograms with simple parallelograms No standard parallelograms

Glass Cutting CADCAM Glass Cutting CADCAM Could lead to No pane is the same less efficient tailoring/iteration irregular roller wave pattern efficient tailoring or iteration & regular installed roller wave pattern when installed efficient resource use Less efficient resource use

Investing in Opportunities Investing in Opportunities Schedule all your requirements before determining the optimum length to minimise cutting waste www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk in the whole project www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk 1 x 12m 2 x 8.0m 3 x 7.0m 5 x 5.0m 12 x 4.0m 25 x 1.0 m 12 m length works But how many pieces? 12 m Natural Materials Resource 8m 4m 7m 5m have Natural Efficiency 4m 4m 4m

1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m Variations Waste not Want Not 12 m length chosen as optimum size for 8m. 7m, 5m, 4m, 1 m lengths Accept them or choose again

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Slate production Slate use Articulation highlights variation

• For every tonne of Welsh slates created • 1 tonne = 100 tonnes of waste at quarry • 100 tonnes of waste • Green Spots: 85% rejection at quarry • Welsh use explosives • More on site: • China and Spain cut • We need to accept from solid block natural variation • Cheap slate competes in natural materials with Welsh unfortunately • Or choose again

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Articulation accepts variation Production waste stock piles Temporary Materials 10.2%

• 6000 m tonnes of waste stockpiled in UK • Timber formwork for concrete is thrown • Welsh Colliery spoil mountains away • Part of the Welsh heritage and landscape • Why not timber frame? • Quarries filled are now being re-mined • Secondary aggregates used in construction and landscape

Investing in Opportunities Locational Assembly + Gravity www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk no dimensional limitations Design for better Assembly Design for no waste no fixings • Locational fixing • M&T joints Construction & • notching instead of nailing Deconstruction • Doweled joints • Screws Pelleted Fixings and Fastenings or Plugged Sequence and Layering

285 286 Construction Resources Showrooms Southwark London CAT Centre for Alternative Technology

Locational Assembly oversized Choice of fastening techniques and compress Methods of • If rafter spacing • Using nuts and bolts, Assembly and and insulation screws size correspond • Instead of adhesive, Fastenings • No waste welding and nails. • Do they? to permit • Using ballast instead deconstruction of adhesive: Green roofs or paving and reuse of components

287 288 289 Hedgehog Self-build Brighton Architect: Robin Hillier Welsh Wild Life Centre, Architect: Niall Phillips: Peter N Roberts

Brickwork Fixings & Methods of Think about Demountability Fastenings • Lime mortar is softer, weaker, flexible Assembly and Reconstruction avoid welding • Cement mortar is hard, stronger, rigid adhesive & nails Fastenings • Lime mortar can be knocked off & Reusability Use screws & bolts to permit • Cement mortar cannot be knocked off or ballast deconstruction • Lime mortared bricks can be reclaimed • Cement mortared bricks make hardcore and reuse of components

290 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 291 292 Greenwich Millennium Village and Oxford Science Park Architect: Proctor Matthews

Greenwich Millennium Village Factory Prefabrication: Layered Construction Phase 2a • Egan initiative implemented: • Conditions ensure no deterioration simplifies details and – Permit time to set, cure, strengthen prefabrication off-site, – Permit time for enhanced performance avoids interfaces • reduction – No mud or cement splashes Don’t puncture DPM, – No rain to spoil of site waste • Use of all the materials supplied GPM and VB or ATL • simple assembly – Reusing off cuts until all is gone add services zones to – Virtually no waste on site, • Allows servicing coordination avoid complications • later on-site – Allow time for proofing in comfortable conditions not under site time pressures factory-production • Can be 24 hour production Ease deconstruction – Sites need special permission for 24 hours 293 294 295 Aberystwyth Arts Centre: Architect: Smith Roberts: Peter N Roberts

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Layered Construction Avoid difficult materials Avoid chasing masonry Avoid waste materials Avoiding Complex • Composites are difficult to separate and Avoid masonry dust recycle Avoid conduits • Decorative and protective coated metal, Avoid Rendering-in materials or adhesive and foam insulation • But Tradis uses timber framing, Surface mount all assemblies cellulose fibre boards and recycled services and cover with newspaper insulation hollow Skirtings, Complexity v Deconstruction

Investing in Opportunities Materials www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Avoid difficult materials Protection: Full high build micro • Decorative and protective coated metal porous paint/stain Packaging scheme over all • Coated aluminium will be recycled surfaces in the factory – But getting coatings off by chemicals or heat creates emissions or hazardous waste Deliveries No absorbent surfaces • Currently uncoated often does not get segregated but it has the potential to & Site Storage Unlike UK practice of Prone to damage onsite priming hidden faces or leaving bare and absorbent

Packaging & Protection: Delivery Volume Delivery Sequence Palleted Corner protection 12 m • The first to be constructed Lateral bracing Poly wrap 8m 4m – to be delivered first Breathing holes 7m 5m • Large deliveries and containers Site tarpaulin • First to be installed But: 4m 4m 4m Adjacent to traffic – last on lorry and last in container 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m routs: potential splash – First off and first out, used first

and damage 12 m length chosen as optimum size for 8m. 7m, 5m, 4m, 1 m lengths Lean doors on it – No materials delivered extracted, spread out and sorted in any weather conditions JIC not JIT © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 302 303 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 304 BedZED Beddington Sutton Architect: Bill Dunster

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Assembly Sequence Design-in • Chinese jigsaw puzzles • Assembly sometimes need to follow a material storage sequence • One partly assembled piece may for on-going prevent the assembly of another • If you test assemble in the factory you maintenance may discover it, • if you do, pass the information to site 305 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 306 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 307

10m tonnes/a over ordered Spares from batch for maintenance Storage of spares for maintenance

• Provide space in the building to store • Long life buildings: lots of materials to unused materials maintain over life • For snagging • BLE: Basement 500 year design life • For 12 months defects • 1 store per fire compartment for spares • For employer to maintain the building (PVC flooring) • Make sure contractor gets paid for it • Bluewater: Fix spare balustrade parts – if the building is re-measured on • Car park structure: bolt in spare railings Spaces of services completion and only installed is paid for and storage

Reinforced eco-concrete Storage of spares for maintenance Basement raft Cellular Raft foundation and a light touch on poor ground • The space between the top and bottom slabs is high enough to make accommodation • This maximises the accommodation on the site and offers opportunities for plant and storage space Reinforced eco-concrete raft foundation • But generates considerable excavation In clay and moisture sensitive soil: 900 mm. thick arisings To resist moisture movement and frost heave Displaces more excavated soil Spaces of services and storage above flood zone 311 312 313

Investing in Opportunities Reinforced eco-concrete www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk Cellular raft foundation on poor “Space Of Waste” ground, turned into basement • An Inspirational Take On Waste Reduction • A temporary building designed and built • University of Sheffield architecture students • raise awareness of diverting waste material from Space for Waste landfill • nominated for the AJ Small Projects Award • This highly unusual temporary building • Is made entirely from other people's rubbish! Temporary Building made from waste • Commissioned by a free online waste exchange for businesses in Yorkshire & Humber. Basement for services and storage • www.whywaste.org.uk Reinforced eco-concrete cellular raft foundation 314 © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 316 Displaces lots of excavated soil

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk

• Challenged the student design team • find and use reclaimed and recycled material from the waste • Winners of the AJ Small Projects Award exchange will be announced in March • Walls made of waste 'skeleton' sheets of birch plywood left over from the manufacture of children's furniture; • see photos of the project • Wall made from bailed blocks of polythene bags. • www.beat.org.uk/bm/why_waste/space_of_waste/index.shtml • Roof comprising 900 scrap carpet tiles • Source: • Building's lighting: chandeliers made from cylindrical Perspex off cuts from a shop-display manufacturer. • www.get-sust.com/newsletters/issue34.html • Construction aspects of the build were overseen by Geoff Stow, self-build expert and timber-frame construction lecturer at the Centre For Alternative Technology in Wales • Structural calculations by Arup.

Investing in Opportunities

www.GreenBuildingEncyclopaedia.uk www.greenspec.co.uk

• Don’t forget to make space for Design for segregating and compacting packaging Deconstruction waste – to return to sender under packaging Reclaim & Reuse producer obligations Preparing for life after landfill – Or divert from landfill to recyclers • Especially in Retail – Bullring is an example where there is too © GBE NGS 2002-2019 DesignToReduceWaste 320 little room 321 322

• Brian Murphy ONC HNC Construction, BSc Dip Arch (Hons+Dist) – Technician and Architect by Training – Specification Writer by Choice – Environmentalist by Actions – Writer and Educator as a Calling • Greening up my act since 1999 • Founded National Green Specification 2001 • Launched www.greenspec.co.uk 2003 • Created: GBE at https://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk 2012 - 2019 • E [email protected] • Twitter: http://twitter.com/brianspecman • LinkedIn: BrianSpecMan Facts and Figures • Facebook: BrianSpecMan http://www.facebook.com/brianspecman • GoogleMyBusiness: National Green Specification • Slide Share: • Pinterest: Brian Murphy • GBE Green Building Encyclopaedia • Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/bmurphy1390/ 323 • National Green Specification