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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from aity type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms international A Bell & Howell Information C om pany 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9412002 Studies of solid-solid interaction forces and the pneumatic handling of powders Lee, Rhonda Joy, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 STUDIES OF SOLID-SOL ID INTERACTION FORCES AND THE PNEUMATIC HANDLING OF POWDERS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Reczuirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rhonda Joy Lee, B.S., M.S. The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Appro;^d by L.-S. Fan J . Rathman J.J. Chalmers Department of Chemical Engineering To my Mother 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express iny deep gratitude to Professor Liang-Shih Fan for his guidance during irty research. I wish to thank Dr. Chalmers, Dr. Rathman and Professor Kagan for their comments and for acting on irty dissertation committee. I wish to thank Roy Renshaw and Mike Kukla for their invaluable assistance throughout my research at Ohio State. And thanks, Mike, for the great coffee! I wish to thank Sherry McDonald, Shirley Newsome and Carol Camm for their assistance in the office and for being such sweethearts. I wish to thank the members of the Fan Club (past and present) who have provided support and comic relief throughout the years. My greatest thanks goes to my family and friends, who have given me undying support and love in good times and bad. Ill VITA May 27, 1959 ................... Born - Seattle, Washington 1982 .......................... B.S., Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 1987 .......................... M.S, Metallurgical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 1991............................M.S., Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1991-Present ................... Graduate Fellow and Research Associate, Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Lee, Rhonda J. and L.-S. Fan, "The Effect of Solid Interaction Forces on the Pneumatic Handling of Sorbent Powders", AIChE Journal, 39, No. 6, pp. 1018-1029, June 1993. Jean, Rong-Her, Rhonda J. Eubanks, Peijun Jiang and L.-S. Fan, "On the Fluidization Behavior of Polymeric Particles in Gas- Solid Fluidized Beds," Chem. Eng. Sci., 47, No. 2, pp. 325- 335, 1992. FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Chemical Engineering IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ....................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................... iii VITA ............................................. iv LIST OF TABLES .................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................... ix NOTATION .......................................... xiv CHAPTER PAGE I. THE EFFECT OF SOLID INTERACTION FORCES ON THE DISPERSION AND TRANSPORT OF CALCIUM-BASED SORBENT POWDERS USED IN FLUE-GAS DESULFURIZATION .............................. 1 A. INTRODUCTION........................... 1 B. THEORY OF SOLID-SOLID INTERACTION FORCES ................................. 9 Van der Waals Forces ................... 10 Electrostatic Forces ................... 20 C. EXPERIMENTAL ............................ 23 Powder Characterization ................. 23 Particle Morphology ................. 23 Size Distribution ................... 23 Static Dielectric and Hamaker Constants ...................... 24 Powder Dispersion and Transport .......... 25 Dispersion .......................... 26 Transport I ........................ 27 Transport II ....................... 3 0 D. RESULTS ................................ 31 Powder Characterization ................. 31 Scanning Electron Microscopy ........ 31 Modeling of Sorbent Contact Geometries ..................... 34 Sedi graph .......................... 36 Static Dielectric and Hamaker Constants ...................... 38 Interparticle and Drag Force Calculations ................... 41 Powder Dispersion and Transport ......... 54 Dispersion ......................... 54 Transport I ........ 56 Transport II ....................... 58 E. DISCUSSION.............................. 60 Dispersion ............................. 60 Transport I ............................ 63 Transport II ........................... 65 F. CONCLUSIONS ............................. 66 G. LITERATURE CITED ........................ 68 II. FLOWABILITY AND REACTIVITY STUDIES OF SURFACTANT-MODIFIED HYDRATED LIME POWDERS .... 71 A. INTRODUCTION............................ 71 B. EXPERIMENTAL ............................ 81 Laboratory-Made Hydrates ............ 81 Flowability Experiments ............. 83 C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................. 86 Scanning Electon Microscopy ......... 86 BET Analysis ........................ 97 Carbonation Experiments ............. 100 Powder Flow Experiments ............. 101 D. CONCLUSIONS ............................. 109 E. LITERATURE CITED ........................ Ill III. THE EFFECT OF A THIN INSULATING COATING ON THE ADHESION OF PARTICLES TO A GROUNDED CONDUCTIVE SURFACE ......................... 113 vi A. INTRODUCTION............................ 113 B. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................... 117 Materials .............................. 117 Hamaker Constant ........................ 119 CVD Procedure ........................... 119 Visualization Experimental System ....... 123 Laser Sheeting .......................... 123 Video Camera Recording .................. 126 Image Processing ........................ 126 C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................. 127 D. CONCLUSIONS ............................. 147 E. LITERATURE CITED ........................ 149 APPENDICES A. COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING THE HAMAKER CONSTANT ..................... 150 B. COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING GRAVITY, ELECTROSTATIC AND VAN DER WAALS FORCES ACTING ON A POWDER PARTICLE ................................. 154 C. COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING THE VAN DER WAALS AND DRAG FORCES ACTING ON TWO CONTACTING PARTICLES .............. 158 D. RAW DATA FOR AEROSIZER EXPERIMENTS ....... 162 E. TGA RESULTS FOR HYDRATE POWDERS .......... 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... 191 Vll LIST OF TABLES 1. Material Properties of Sorbents ............... 8 2. Values of Parameters used in the Hamaker constant calculation ................................... 40 3. Surface Area and % Conversion data for labortory-made hydrates ....................... 98 4. Results of Hosokawa Powder Tester for commercial hydrates ........................... 103 5. Data obtained from PIV frame-by-frame analysis for the 8 |im particle in Figure 47. Frame frequency is 5 Hz. X-axis parallel to plate surface ...................................... 140 6. Data obtained from PIV frame-by-frame analysis for the 12 pm particle in Figure 47. Frame frequency is 5 Hz. X-axis parallel to plate surface ....................................... 141 7. Data obtained from PIV frame-by-frame analysis for the 10 pm particle in Figure 48. Frame frequency is 5 Hz. X-axis parallel to plate surface ....................................... 142 8. Data obtained from PIV frame-by-frame analysis for the 10 pm particle in Figure 49. Frame frequency is 3 Hz. X-axis parallel to plate surface ....................................... 143 9. Data obtained from PIV frame-by-frame analysis for the 11 pm particle in Figure 50. Frame frequency if 5 Hz. X-axis parallel to plate surface ....................................... 144 Vlll LIST OP FIGURES 1. Schematic of Transport I experimental apparatus .................................... 28 2. Schematic of Transport II experimental apparatus .................................... 32 3. SEM micrographs of four sorbent materials ..... 33 4. Sorbent contact geometries .................... 35 5. Sedigraph analyses of four sorbents ........... 37 6. Cauchy plots used in the Lifshitz-van der Waals constant determinations ...................... 39 7. Theoretical force versus particle diameter for Calcite ...................................... 42 8. Theoretical force versus particle diameter for Calcite for contact geometry A ................ 43
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