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The Life of Meresamun Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu oi.uchicago.edu The life of MeresaMun oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu The life of MeresaMun a temple singer in ancient egypt edited by eMily TeeTer and JaneT h. Johnson The orienTal insTiTuTe MuseuM publicaTions • nuMber 29 The orienTal insTiTuTe of The universiTy of chicago oi.uchicago.edu The life of meresamun Library of Congress Control Number: 2008942017 ISBN-10: 1-885923-60-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-60-8 © 2009 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2009. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago This volume has been published in conjunction with the exhibition The Life of Meresamun: A Temple Singer in Ancient Egypt, presented at The Oriental Institute Museum, February 10–December 6, 2009. Oriental Institute Museum Publications No. 29 The Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban would like to thank Sabahat Adil and Kaye Oberhausen for their help in the production of this volume. Published by The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA oi.uchicago.edu Meresamun’s name appears in hieroglyphs on the title page. This publication has been made possible in part by the generous support of Philips Healthcare. Printed by M&G Graphics, Chicago, Illinois. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Service — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ∞ 4 oi.uchicago.edu a Temple singer in ancienT egypT TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Gil J. Stein ................................................................................................................................... 7 Preface. Geoff Emberling ............................................................................................................................... 9 Contributors ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Map of Egypt ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Outline Chronology .................................................................................................................................... 13 Meresamun’s Egypt. Emily Teeter (cat. no. 1) ................................................................................................ 15 Inside the Temple: The Role and Function of Temple Singers. Emily Teeter ................................................ 25 Ritual Music. Emily Teeter (cat. nos. 2–10) ....................................................................................... 30 Ritual Objects. Emily Teeter (cat. nos. 11–14)................................................................................... 43 Oracles. Emily Teeter (cat. nos. 15–16) ............................................................................................. 46 Animal Cults and Animal Mummies. Elise V. MacArthur (cat. nos. 17–20) ..................................... 49 Meresamun’s Life Outside the Temple. Emily Teeter .................................................................................... 55 Home Furnishings (cat. nos. 21–47) ................................................................................................ 60 Household Cults. Emily Teeter (cat. nos. 48–54) .............................................................................. 71 Fertility and Birth Rituals. Elise V. MacArthur (cat. nos. 55–61) ...................................................... 76 Social, Economic, and Legal Rights of Women in Egypt. Janet H. Johnson (cat. nos. 62–64) ........... 82 Women and Their Employment. Magaera Lorenz (cat. nos. 65–72) ................................................. 98 Radiological Report on the Mummy of Meresamun. Michael Vannier, M.D. ................................................ 111 Glossary ...................................................................................................................................................... 119 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 121 Checklist of the Exhibit .............................................................................................................................. 127 Concordance of Oriental Institute Museum Registration Numbers ............................................................ 129 Index of Egyptian Names ............................................................................................................................ 131 General Index ............................................................................................................................................. 133 5 oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu a Temple singer in ancienT egypT FOrEwOrd Gil J. Stein Director, oriental inStitute ne of the most compelling aspects of ancient studies is their power to reach across time and allow us to make a connection with the people of the Near East thousands of years in the past. When we see a Ochild’s toy, or read a scribal student’s letter to his parents in which he complains about his teachers and classmates, we can bypass the differences of time, language, or culture and feel the frisson of recognition that these were people not all that different from ourselves — men, women, and children who played, studied (or didn’t study), married, bore children, and experienced the joys and sorrows of everyday life. Recognizing the people of the ancient world as actual people, and not just as “Egyptians” or “Sumerians” has the effect of increasing our respect for the achievements of these civilizations, because we can understand at a deep level that the magnificent temples, palaces, and art masterpieces were the work of people who could just as easily have been our neighbors and friends. The Oriental Institute’s special exhibit The Life of Meresamun: A Temple Singer in Ancient Egypt gives us a rare and spectacular opportunity to reach across time in this way. Since the mummy of Meresamun was acquired by the Oriental Institute in 1920, the vibrant colors, beautiful paintings, and near-perfect preservation of the inner coffin enclosing her remains have entranced visitors to our Museum’s Joseph and Mary Grimshaw Egyptian Gallery. However, the current exhibit allows us to experience Meresamun in an entirely new light. Thanks to the creativity and scholarship of our exhibit curator Emily Teeter, we can see Meresamun as an individual. By combining insights from archaeology, philology, ancient history, and modern medical technology it becomes possible to understand Meresamun as an individual — a woman from a prosperous family who lived and worked in a prestigious social and ritual role as a singer in the Interior of the Temple of Amun, the pre-eminent god of Thebes. Through generations of study of the architecture, inscriptions, and art at the Karnak and Luxor temples, we can more or less understand the turbulent political milieu of Thebes during the Third Intermediate Period, around 800 B.C., during Meresamun’s lifetime. The carefully selected artifacts in this exhibit, drawn from the Institute’s collections, show us the kinds of hair ornaments she might have worn, the vessels she would have used to eat and drink, and the style of mirror she might have used in her daily preparations before she went to perform her ritual service to Amun. We can see the funerary stelae and sculptures she might have passed on her way to and from the temple — perhaps pausing to remember a departed friend or family member. And thanks to the extraordinary CT scanning imagery developed by Philips Healthcare, we can gain unprecedented insights into Meresamun as a physical person who lived, had health problems, and eventually died. Dr. Michael Vannier’s radiological expertise even allows us to generate computer reconstructions of her actual physical appearance. In short — against all odds of time and preservation — this exhibit allows us to see Meresamun as an actual individual. This is a remarkable achievement. I want to thank Oriental Institute Museum Director Geoff Emberling for his efforts to plan, coordinate, and make this exhibit a reality. Emily Teeter has done a remarkable job with scholarly rigor and creativity as Curator in designing this extraordinary exhibit and in co-editing the catalog with Janet Johnson. We deeply appreciate the efforts of the University of Chicago Hospitals and of Dr. Michael Vannier in the CT radiological examina- tion of Meresamun’s mummy. Thomas Urban and Leslie Schramer of the Oriental Institute Publications Office have done a wonderful job in the design and production of the exhibit catalog. Finally, I want to acknowledge the Exelon Corporation, Philips Healthcare, and Rita and Kitty Picken for their generosity and the support that made this special exhibit possible. 7 oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu a Temple singer in ancienT egypT Preface Geoff emberlinG muSeum Director, oriental inStitute he Oriental Institute began a program of special exhibits in the Marshall and Doris Holleb Family Special Exhibits Gallery in winter 2006. These exhibits give us the chance to highlight Oriental Institute research, Tto display objects not otherwise on view, and to focus on themes that are not emphasized in our permanent galleries. Each exhibit in our series, and each catalog, has offered different
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