DOCSLIB.ORG

Women of Power and Influence in Ancient –

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women of Power and Influence in Ancient – Women of Power and Influence in Ancient Egypt By Brian Alm ncient Egypt was highly unusual in its acceptance of position who served as kings’ wives, regents, co-rulers or sole women in roles that elsewhere would have been the sole sovereigns, or in whatever way influenced Egyptian history — Aprovince of men — at the domestic level, managing the and their stories can be astonishing. household finances and directing servants, running home-based Despite the ubiquitious mention of “queens,” the Egyptians businesses such as weaving and pottery, even negotiating deals had no such word. Royal women’s titles were expressed in terms and entering into legal contracts; and at the royal level, governing of their relationship to the king: King’s Mother (mut nesu); as regents and even ruling as female kings. This commentary is King’s Great Wife (hemet nesu weret), the senior queen; and focused on the most interesting among those women in high King’s Wife (hemet nesu), of whom there could be several or places who wielded power and influence, some of whom rose to many, most or all of them resident in the harem. ultimate command of Egypt and directed its destiny. Conventional terminology was not prepared for the possibility Unfortunately and inevitably, less is known about the common of a female monarch, but when circumstances required, accom- people of either gender than about the elite and royals, but it is modations had to be made — cultural and religious fundamentals clear that the housewives of Egypt had remarkable levels of re- demanded it. A crucial concept of order in Egypt was duality — sponsibility and authority, as well as legal rights, compared to the the binary complement, a whole of two halves. Therefore the rest of the ancient world. king’s consort was a necessary complement to kingship. Even Try to imagine another ancient culture in which women could when a woman was king, she might appoint another woman to hold, and did hold, positions of power and prestige, and common- assume the role of King’s Great Wife in order to preserve that ers who had actual legal rights, the same as men. (For a thorough necessary duality. look at the domestic life and rights of women, I recommend espe- Of course, the ideal is inevitably vulnerable to collision with cially The Life of Meresamun, Emily Teeter and Janet Johnson, reality. So it was with ancient Egypt. And as for reality, Egypt eds., Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 2009.) had it all — murder mysteries, palace intrigues, conspiracies, Indeed, much has been published on all of this, and I would di- sexual liaisons, incest, mayhem, shrewd political maneuvering, rect all those interested especially to these monumental books on bloody battles, intricate international diplomacy and life-or-death the topic: Joyce Tyldesley’s Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, power plays. And in all of that, some of the key players were 2006, and Daughters of Isis, 1994; Toby Wilkinson’s Lives of the women. Ancient Egyptians, 2007, and The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt, A prime example from the dark side is the palace coup d’etat 2010; and Gay Robins’ Women in Ancient Egypt, 1993. My own launched by Tiy, a secondary wife of Ramesses III in the 20th contribution is simply the compilation of these women by cate- Dynasty, probably in a futile attempt to secure the succession for gory, defined and collected in one place instead of scattered about her son, Pentaweret. The so-called Harem Conspiracy was not amidst all the rest of history. successful; even though Ramesses probably did die as a result of Although my focus here is on the elite and royal women of in- it, the plot was discovered, the succession of Ramesses IV went fluence, it must be noted that all Egyptians, men and women forward, and the conspirators paid dearly for their impertinence, alike, had a fundamental obligation to support the king, whose ul- all but two of them with their lives. timate responsibility was to preserve the order of the universe. No But the interesting thing is that a woman did it and managed one wanted to be the weak link in that grand cosmology. to get forty people in the palace, including men, even the cham- So even for commoners, the idea of “influence,” at least on the berlain and head of the treasury, to join her. And what’s more, it domestic level, must have informed the self-esteem of the ancient wasn’t the first time: as far back as the 6th Dynasty, a coup was Egyptian woman. The term nebet per, “mistress of the house,” launched against Pepi I by one of his wives, Weret-Imtes. That meant more than simply “housewife.” On the home front, the too was a failure, but it happened. Egyptian woman did her part in the maintenence of order (ma’at). In the Instructions of Ani, this New Kingdom 18th Dynasty scribe admonishes: “Repay your mother for all her care. Give her Now let’s have a look at some of these powerful and influen- as much bread as she needs, and carry her as she carried you, for tial royal women. For clarity, I’ve sorted them into six cate- you were a heavy burden to her. After you were born, she still car- gories. ried you on her neck. For three years she suckled you and kept you clean.” Also Ani cautions: “Do not control your wife in your Six Categories house.... let your eye observe in silence. Then you will recognize her skill.” This kindly respect for women in an ancient culture is 1. Full-titled, bona fide kings: Sobekneferu (12th Dynasty, remarkable. Middle Kingdom), Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty, New Kingdom), It would be good to know more about the common people. But Tawoseret (19th Dynasty, New Kingdom) and Cleopatra VII we must content ourselves with the royal women of power and (Ptolemaic Period, regarded by some as the 33rd Dynasty). 2. Almost surely king, but unproven: Nefertiti (18th Dynasty, 6. God’s Wife of Amun. The sixth category defies easy defi- New Kingdom). It is clear that there was at least one king between nition, being neither king nor regent, but extremely influential Akhenaten and Tutankhamun, and to many it seems likely that and moreover, official, unlike those in Category 5. The concept, there were two, both of whom may have been in a co-regency with purpose, operation and stewardship of this office changed over Akhenaten: Smenkhkara, probably a younger brother of Akhen- time, which makes defining it all the more difficult. Its roots aten, and Akhenaten’s wife Nefertiti-Neferneferuaten, who proba- were in the early 18th Dynasty but its fulfillment as a political bly (almost surely?) ruled briefly on her own. Of course it gets force, fused to religion, comes much later, in the Third Interme- more complicated, as we shall see, and the uncertainty of all this diate Period, when these women assumed responsibility for places Nefertiti in the next category also. maintaining order in Egypt, consorting with god, and ordaining their own successors — the very and fundamental functions of a 3. Possible–probable: Merneith (1st Dynasty, Early Dynastic pharaoh. Period), Khentkawes I (5th Dynasty, Old Kingdom), Neithiqerti Theoretically, the chief duty of the God’s Wife of Amun was (6th Dynasty, Old Kingdom) — possibly even Neithihotep (wife of to arouse the god, who would reciprocate by keeping Egypt fer- Narmer, 1st Dynasty), but that is really too speculative to count — tile and maintaining the cyclical eternity of the universe (neheh) and Nefertiti, as mentioned above. forever (djet-ta). At least that was the official story. In practical- It remains uncertain whether these women ruled as full-fledged ity, the office ultimately was a means for the pharaoh to keep a kings or simply as regents but with kingly authority. A case for lid on the Amun priesthood in Thebes and the political milieu in kingship may be imagined, but the hope of certainty has long since general by linking church and state. With his own daughter in vanished in the depths of time. Indeed, it is not entirely certain that control of the priesthood down south, the king could devote more Neithiqerti was a woman, or even that she existed, but certain attention to matters up north. enough to include her. Conventional understanding has been that the God’s Wives of We might lable this category “The Jury’s Still Out.” Amun were celibate — unmarried and childless — and ap- pointed their successors by adoption. Emily Teeter, of the Orien- So thus far we have four women who were kings, one who al- tal Institute at the University of Chicago, has presented a most certainly was, and three more who may have been: a total of compelling challenge to that; i.e., that there is no definitive evi- eight. Now we come to some who might as well have been. dence of obligatory celibacy in the Third Intermediate Period, that some of the God’s Wives of Amun of that time were married 4. Regents. Many King’s Great Wives served as regents for and did bear children just as their 18th Dynasty forebears had their minor sons, assuming sole rule as de facto monarchs, some of done, and that adoption referred not particularly to a protocol for whom were especially conspicuous in this interim role, going back succession but rather to inheritance of property. to the Old Kingdom and perhaps even earlier — again, time ob- The matter is complicated further by the murky conventions scures our vision. of expressing personal relationships; “mut” (mwt), for instance, Several of the most powerful and prominent regents appeared in may in fact mean biological “mother,” but may also refer to a the 18th Dynasty: Ahhotep, who ruled for her son Ahmose; Ah- woman who raises or teaches a child, similar to the so-called M mose-Nefertari, for Amenhotep I; and Hatshepsut, for Thutmose of Predication in grammar — for example, “he is (like=M) a son III.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2012: Providence, Rhode Island
    The 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt April 27-29, 2012 Renaissance Providence Hotel Providence, RI Photo Credits Front cover: Egyptian, Late Period, Saite, Dynasty 26 (ca. 664-525 BCE) Ritual rattle Glassy faience; h. 7 1/8 in Helen M. Danforth Acquisition Fund 1995.050 Museum of Art Rhode Island School of Design, Providence Photography by Erik Gould, courtesy of the Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence. Photo spread pages 6-7: Conservation of Euergates Gate Photo: Owen Murray Photo page 13: The late Luigi De Cesaris conserving paintings at the Red Monastery in 2011. Luigi dedicated himself with enormous energy to the suc- cess of ARCE’s work in cultural heritage preservation. He died in Sohag on December 19, 2011. With his death, Egypt has lost a highly skilled conservator and ARCE a committed colleague as well as a devoted friend. Photo: Elizabeth Bolman Abstracts title page 14: Detail of relief on Euergates Gate at Karnak Photo: Owen Murray Some of the images used in this year’s Annual Meeting Program Booklet are taken from ARCE conservation projects in Egypt which are funded by grants from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The Chronique d’Égypte has been published annually every year since 1925 by the Association Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth. It was originally a newsletter but rapidly became an international scientific journal. In addition to articles on various aspects of Egyptology, papyrology and coptology (philology, history, archaeology and history of art), it also contains critical reviews of recently published books.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleopatra II and III: the Queens of Ptolemy VI and VIII As Guarantors of Kingship and Rivals for Power
    Originalveröffentlichung in: Andrea Jördens, Joachim Friedrich Quack (Hg.), Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äußerem Druck. Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Internationales Symposion Heidelberg 16.-19.9.2007 (Philippika 45), Wiesbaden 2011, S. 58–76 Cleopatra II and III: The queens of Ptolemy VI and VIII as guarantors of kingship and rivals for power Martina Minas-Nerpel Introduction The second half of the Ptolemaic period was marked by power struggles not only among the male rulers of the dynasty, but also among its female members. Starting with Arsinoe II, the Ptolemaic queens had always been powerful and strong-willed and had been a decisive factor in domestic policy. From the death of Ptolemy V Epiphanes onwards, the queens controlled the political developments in Egypt to a still greater extent. Cleopatra II and especially Cleopatra III became all-dominant, in politics and in the ruler-cult, and they were often depicted in Egyptian temple- reliefs—more often than any of her dynastic predecessors and successors. Mother and/or daughter reigned with Ptolemy VI Philometor to Ptolemy X Alexander I, from 175 to 101 BC, that is, for a quarter of the entire Ptolemaic period. Egyptian queenship was complementary to kingship, both in dynastic and Ptolemaic Egypt: No queen could exist without a king, but at the same time the queen was a necessary component of kingship. According to Lana Troy, the pattern of Egyptian queenship “reflects the interaction of male and female as dualistic elements of the creative dynamics ”.1 The king and the queen functioned as the basic duality through which regeneration of the creative power of the kingship was accomplished.
    [Show full text]
  • Macedonian Kings, Egyptian Pharaohs the Ptolemaic Family In
    Department of World Cultures University of Helsinki Helsinki Macedonian Kings, Egyptian Pharaohs The Ptolemaic Family in the Encomiastic Poems of Callimachus Iiro Laukola ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XV, University Main Building, on the 23rd of September, 2016 at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2016 © Iiro Laukola 2016 ISBN 978-951-51-2383-1 (paperback.) ISBN 978-951-51-2384-8 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2016 Abstract The interaction between Greek and Egyptian cultural concepts has been an intense yet controversial topic in studies about Ptolemaic Egypt. The present study partakes in this discussion with an analysis of the encomiastic poems of Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 305 – c. 240 BC). The success of the Ptolemaic Dynasty is crystallized in the juxtaposing of the different roles of a Greek ǴdzȅǻǽǷȏȄ and of an Egyptian Pharaoh, and this study gives a glimpse of this political and ideological endeavour through the poetry of Callimachus. The contribution of the present work is to situate Callimachus in the core of the Ptolemaic court. Callimachus was a proponent of the Ptolemaic rule. By reappraising the traditional Greek beliefs, he examined the bicultural rule of the Ptolemies in his encomiastic poems. This work critically examines six Callimachean hymns, namely to Zeus, to Apollo, to Artemis, to Delos, to Athena and to Demeter together with the Victory of Berenice, the Lock of Berenice and the Ektheosis of Arsinoe. Characterized by ambiguous imagery, the hymns inspect the ruptures in Greek thought during the Hellenistic age.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Ancient Egypt “Passionate, Erudite, Living Legend Lecturers
    “Pure intellectual stimulation that can be popped into Topic Subtopic the [audio or video player] anytime.” History Ancient History —Harvard Magazine The History of Ancient Egypt “Passionate, erudite, living legend lecturers. Academia’s best lecturers are being captured on tape.” —The Los Angeles Times The History “A serious force in American education.” —The Wall Street Journal of Ancient Egypt Course Guidebook Professor Bob Brier Long Island University Professor Bob Brier is an Egyptologist and Professor of Philosophy at the C. W. Post Campus of Long Island University. He is renowned for his insights into ancient Egypt. He hosts The Learning Channel’s popular Great Egyptians series, and his research was the subject of the National Geographic television special Mr. Mummy. A dynamic instructor, Professor Brier has received Long Island University’s David Newton Award for Teaching Excellence. THE GREAT COURSES® Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, VA 20151-2299 Guidebook USA Phone: 1-800-832-2412 www.thegreatcourses.com Cover Image: © Hemera/Thinkstock. Course No. 350 © 1999 The Teaching Company. PB350A PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfi elds Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-TEACH-12 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 1999 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company.
    [Show full text]
  • The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project Field Report 2004-2005 by Peter J
    The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project Field Report 2004-2005 By Peter J. Brand Introduction Collation of Facsimile Drawings of the Battle Reliefs of Ramesses II on the South Wall with Our field work was authorized by Egypt’s Su- Palimpsest of the Battle of Kadesh. preme Council of Antiquities and functioned with the cooperation of the Centre Franco-égyptien pour l’étude The main objective of the season was to com- des Temples de Karnak. We extend our thanks to our plete collation of war scenes on the south exterior wall other Egyptian and French colleagues: Dr. Zahi Hawas, of the Hypostyle Hall in order to produce facsimile President of the SCA, along with the entire Perma- drawings of these reliefs. Initial drawings of these war nent Committee which authorized our work. In Luxor, scenes were first made in 1995. We began collation of we are grateful to Mr. Ibrahim Sulliman, the Director the drawings in 1999 under the Project’s late director, of Karnak and Mr. Fawzy (our inspector); along with professor William J. Murnane. Our collation of the in- Nicolas Grimal and Emanuelle Laroche (scientific and scriptions on this wall was made more difficult by their field directors of the Centre). The expedition staff for poor state of preservation and the fact that part of the this season’s work included two epigraphists: the field wall is a palimpsest in stone with two sets of hieroglyph- director, Dr. Peter Brand of the University of Memphis, ic texts superimposed one atop the other. Tennessee and Dr. Suzanne Onstine from the Univer- sity of Arizona.
    [Show full text]
  • ROYAL STATUES Including Sphinxes
    ROYAL STATUES Including sphinxes EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD Dynasties I-II Including later commemorative statues Ninutjer 800-150-900 Statuette of Ninuter seated wearing heb-sed cloak, calcite(?), formerly in G. Michaelidis colln., then in J. L. Boele van Hensbroek colln. in 1962. Simpson, W. K. in JEA 42 (1956), 45-9 figs. 1, 2 pl. iv. Send 800-160-900 Statuette of Send kneeling with vases, bronze, probably made during Dyn. XXVI, formerly in G. Posno colln. and in Paris, Hôtel Drouot, in 1883, now in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 8433. Abubakr, Abd el Monem J. Untersuchungen über die ägyptischen Kronen (1937), 27 Taf. 7; Roeder, Äg. Bronzefiguren 292 [355, e] Abb. 373 Taf. 44 [f]; Wildung, Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt i, 51 [Dok. xiii. 60] Abb. iv [1]. Name, Gauthier, Livre des Rois i, 22 [vi]. See Antiquités égyptiennes ... Collection de M. Gustave Posno (1874), No. 53; Hôtel Drouot Sale Cat. May 22-6, 1883, No. 53; Stern in Zeitschrift für die gebildete Welt 3 (1883), 287; Ausf. Verz. 303; von Bissing in 2 Mitteilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung xxxviii (1913), 259 n. 2 (suggests from Memphis). Not identified by texts 800-195-000 Head of royal statue, perhaps early Dyn. I, in London, Petrie Museum, 15989. Petrie in Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland xxxvi (1906), 200 pl. xix; id. Arts and Crafts 31 figs. 19, 20; id. The Revolutions of Civilisation 15 fig. 7; id. in Anc. Eg. (1915), 168 view 4; id. in Hammerton, J. A.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf
    Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading G Uide
    1 Reading Guide Introduction Pharaonic Lives (most items are on map on page 10) Bodies of Water Major Regions Royal Cities Gulf of Suez Faiyum Oasis Akhetaten Sea The Levant Alexandria Nile River Libya Avaris Nile cataracts* Lower Egypt Giza Nile Delta Nubia Herakleopolis Magna Red Sea Palestine Hierakonpolis Punt Kerma *Cataracts shown as lines Sinai Memphis across Nile River Syria Sais Upper Egypt Tanis Thebes 2 Chapter 1 Pharaonic Kingship: Evolution & Ideology Myths Time Periods Significant Artifacts Predynastic Origins of Kingship: Naqada Naqada I The Narmer Palette Period Naqada II The Scorpion Macehead Writing History of Maqada III Pharaohs Old Kingdom Significant Buildings Ideology & Insignia of Middle Kingdom Kingship New Kingdom Tombs at Abydos King’s Divinity Mythology Royal Insignia Royal Names & Titles The Book of the Heavenly Atef Crown The Birth Name Cow Blue Crown (Khepresh) The Golden Horus Name The Contending of Horus Diadem (Seshed) The Horus Name & Seth Double Crown (Pa- The Nesu-Bity Name Death & Resurrection of Sekhemty) The Two Ladies Name Osiris Nemes Headdress Red Crown (Desheret) Hem Deities White Crown (Hedjet) Per-aa (The Great House) The Son of Re Horus Bull’s tail Isis Crook Osiris False beard Maat Flail Nut Rearing cobra (uraeus) Re Seth Vocabulary Divine Forces demi-god heka (divine magic) Good God (netjer netjer) hu (divine utterance) Great God (netjer aa) isfet (chaos) ka-spirit (divine energy) maat (divine order) Other Topics Ramesses II making sia (Divine knowledge) an offering to Ra Kings’ power
    [Show full text]
  • Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign
    oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires
    [Show full text]
  • Queens Egypt
    | OF QUEENS | EGYPT A new National Geographic exhibition in Washington, D.C., shines a light on the lives (and afterlives) of the royal women of ancient Egypt. From the founding queen of the New Kingdom, Ahmose-Nefertari, to Cleopatra VII, Egypt’s last queen and pharaoh—a span of more than 1,400 years. Martina Minas-Nerpel from Swansea University tells us that “while the king was the unquestioned political and religious figurehead of Egypt, queens had a complex role with more power than is usually recognized. Wife and mother, the Egyptian queen also had divine status, serving as the earthly embodiment of Hathor and thus ‘a regenerative medium for the king in his role as representative of the sun god on earth’ (Silke Roth, 2009).” Now, let’s have a closer look at some of the fabulous artefacts from Queens of Egypt. REPLICA BUST OF NEFERTITI, CA. A.D. 1913–1932. ORIGINAL: 18TH DYNASTY, REIGN OF AKHENATEN, CA. 1353–1336 B.C. RIJKSMUSEUM VAN OUHEDEN, LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS. CAT. F 1932/5.1. PHOTO BY MARK THIESSEN/ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. QUEENS OF EGYPT EXHIBITION ORGANIZED BY POINTE-À-CAL- LIÈRE, MONTRÉAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY COMPLEX AND MUSEO EGIZIO, TURIN, IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. SHOWING AT THE NATIONAL GEO- GRAPHIC MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D.C., THROUGH TO 2 SEPT 2019. One of the most famous pieces of Egyptian art ever discovered. This replica bust of Nefertiti was produced soon after the original was discovered in 1912. The distinctive, flat-topped blue crown is unique to Nefer- titi, allowing us to identify the face.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline Notes
    Timeline Notes 3100 - 2950 BCE Hieroglyphs – language of symbols – designed. Used for records – buying and selling Wrote on scrolls 2950 BCE Memphis – capital city of Egypt – 770 years - built 2950 - 2575 BCE First Egyptian pyramid – built 70ms tall – made limestone Still stands today 2575 - 2150 BCE Great pyramids of Giza – built Built for pharaohs Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure Built – western desert – 5 miles from banks of River Nile Seven wonders of the world 2125 - 1975 BCE Egypt is divided – North and South North – ruled by Memphis South – ruled by Thebes 1975 - 1640 BCE Egypt is reunited – under pharaoh Mentuhotep II Technology to smelt and cast bronze – statues designed and built. 1630 - 1520 BCE Hyksos Rulers invaded North-East Egypt Brought new technology, culture and customs Hykos Kings expelled – Pharaoh Ahmose I 1539 - 1075 BCE Great Pharaohs ruled 10 year rule – Tutankhamun – began 1332 BCE – died 18 1017 - 715 BCE Nubians conquered Egypt – built own dynasty of Pharaohs – Shabaka and Taharqa Built/restored temples and pyramids - Nile Valley 525 BCE Persians conquer Egypt Invaded and defeated Egyptian armies Constant rebellion – against Persian rule Many pharaohs – many overthrown/assassinated. 332 BCE Alexander the Great conquers Egypt Egyptian people delighted – freed from Persian rule 305 BCE Ptolemaic Era – After Alexander the Great died – Ptolemy – governor of Egypt. Defended Egypt from invasion Ptolemaic Dynasty – most famous in Ancient Egypt 196 BCE The Rosetta Stone is carved – key to translating hieroglyphics Text – written in three languages – Hieroglyphics, Egyptian Demotic and Ancient Greek. Discovered 1799 – display British Museum in London 51 - 30 BCE Cleopatra – Reigned 27 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Was Who at Amarna
    1 Who was Who at Amarna Akhenaten’s predecessors Amenhotep III: Akhenaten’s father, who ruled for nearly 40 years during the peak of Egypt’s New Kingdom empire. One of ancient Egypt’s most prolific builders, he is also known for his interest in the solar cult and promotion of divine kingship. He was buried in WV22 at Thebes, his mummy later cached with other royal mummies in the Tomb of Amenhotep II (KV 35) in the Valley of the Kings. Tiye: Amenhotep III’s chief wife and the mother of Akhenaten. Her parents Yuya and Tjuyu were from the region of modern Akhmim in Egypt’s south. She may have lived out her later years at Akhetaten and died in the 14th year of Akhenaten’s reign. Funerary equipment found in the Amarna Royal Tomb suggests she was originally buried there, although her mummy was later moved to Luxor and is perhaps to be identified as the ‘elder lady’ from the KV35 cache. Akhenaten and his family Akhenaten: Son and successor of Amenhotep III, known for his belief in a single solar god, the Aten. He spent most of his reign at Akhetaten (modern Amarna), the sacred city he created for the Aten. Akhenaten died of causes now unknown in the 17th year of his reign and was buried in the Amarna Royal Tomb. His body was probably relocated to Thebes and may be the enigmatic mummy recovered in the early 20th century in tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings. Nefertiti: Akhenaten’s principal queen. Little is known of her background, although she may also have come from Akhmim.
    [Show full text]