Mythic Space and Monument Valley: Another Look at John Ford's Stagecoach
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
MYTHIC SPACE AND MONUMENT VALLEY: ANOTHER LOOK AT JOHN FORD’S STAGECOACH Literature/Film Quarterly 22.3 (1994): 174-80 Leonard Engel, Quinnipiac College “Mythic space,” according to Richard Slotkin, describes a real place that has taken on, through its historical position, larger-than-life or mythic meanings. It is space so well known by readers or viewers of the Western that it needs only “a few simple clues” or signi!ers to suggest both its real identity and its symbolic meaning. For example, following General George Custer’s movement on the Indians, 19th-century Americans knew “they saw a hero at once true to life and infused with a symbolic signi!cance only !ctive heroes possess. "ey knew he had gone to conquer a mythic region . held by a dark and savage enemy with whom white Americans must !ght a war . with the future of civilization itself as the stake.” In such a place, “Custer’s . face-to-face meeting with the Enemy would have seemed the ful!llment of a destiny [our Manifest Destiny] or fate, pregnant with meaning.” "is “Custer Territory” has become the “landscape of Myth,” and his “Last Stand . part of a renewed and revised Myth of the Frontier” (Slotkin 11-12), a myth that bolted with full steam into the 20th century, initiating and powerfully sustaining the Western !lm genre. Other well-known western landscapes have become closely identi!ed with the genre and can also be de!ned as mythic space. "e awesome visual imagery of the West has provided not only the setting for drama, but also a place for the enactment of oppositions traditionally found in the genre—that is, civilization versus savagery, community versus wilderness, culture versus nature, and, more speci!cally, settlers versus Indians. When we see cinematic images of stark and startling landscapes with towering peaks, deep valleys, and empty, lonely, 2 immense spaces, the oppositions take on dramatic immediacy. "ese vast vast space of that immense valley, experience at once the strictures and wilderness spaces give a sense of wonder and sublime beauty, suggesting discomfort of con!nement and the fear and terror of agoraphobia. "e tiny openness and freedom. At the same time, the vastness is empty, a wasteland, a stagecoach and the open landscape of Monument Valley juxtapose the enclosed place of both physical and spiritual testing leading either to death or and open space, and through such imagery, I will argue, Ford suggests the redemption. Focusing on the diverse imagery of Monument Valley, John Ford gradual regeneration of the prostitute Dallas and the escaped convict the Ringo has created a signature landscape that might well be understood as mythic space. Kid. "e imagery thus heightens the allegorical nature of the trip the stage For the a!cionado of Westerns, particularly Ford’s Westerns, no genre makes—from civilization to the primitive wilds, and back to civilization. In this landscape is so “pregnant with meaning”—both literally and mythically—as that symbolic journey into the wilderness “heart of darkness” (McDougal 314), the of Monument Valley, dramatically depicted in Stagecoach, the !rst Western he passengers are tested, reduced to their basic natures, and reveal their inner selves !lmed there. “Photographed with opulence,” Tag Gallagher claims, the valley —their true identities. J.A. Place has pointed out how the: “became a de!ning element in Ford’s harsh, stony West through nine subsequent appearances. But even this !rst time, the valley is not simply a valley, but a valley !lm is a classic parable of a “journey into hell”—the hero (in this melodramatized; and the coach is not simply a coach, but the historic mythos of case the group) must undertake a journey that brings him face to ‘the West’” (146). Furthermore, the topography so perfectly embodies, according face with mirror images of his own weaknesses and #aws, but in the to Mark Siegel, “the complex mixture of epic grandeur and savage form of powerful obstacles for him to overcome before he can pass hostility” (159), revealing how the wilderness can break individuals down, but through his hell and emerge, cleansed and reborn, into the light. In then subsequently can cause a regeneration in their personalities if they have the mythology the setting is often a real hell… "e descent and ascent strength and courage to persevere. "e way Ford manipulates the remarkable are actual, whereas in later literature they are symbolic. "e function landscape of Monument Valley in relation to the people in the stage and to the of myth remains the same—to a%rm the value of life in the face of themes he is treating marks him not only as a highly accomplished !lm director, its own weaknesses, which lead inevitably to death. (32) but as one who is squarely in the American literary tradition stemming back to the early 19th century. I would like to linger on this notion brie#y and then "e stage’s movement, then, becomes not only a struggle to survive the examine some key scenes from Stagecoach. wilderness, but an epic journey of sorts, one that pares down the false self and Similar to some of our great literary artists, Ford often fashions his plot and moves toward revelation and true selfhood. Philip Skerry has carefully noted the characters around a series of contrasts, e$ectively dramatized through imagery of changes Ford and script writer Dudley Nichols made to the Ernest Haycox short space and openness, on one hand, and con!nement and enclosure, on the other. story “Stage to Lordsburg,” on which the !lm is based. Generally these changes, In Stagecoach, as Carl Bredahl has pointed out, Ford focuses “our attention on Skerry writes, point to a regeneration of the characters (88), most notably, the tiny, fragile enclosure carrying individuals of distinct social classes through a Dallas’s and Ringo’s. "eir escape from civilization at the end of the !lm suggests barren, threatening landscape” (149). "e enclosed passengers, traversing the 3 4 not only their discovery of love and a new life together, but a sense of selfhood circumscription of space is absolutely necessary to the e$ect of insulated for each not seen earlier. incidents:-it has the force of a frame to a picture.” What Poe meant by In dramatizing the journey theme, Ford is tapping one of the main themes in “circumscription of space,” I believe, was simply an enclosure, any sort of American literature, depicted in images of enclosure and openness. our earliest physical con!nement that restricts a character to a particular area and limits his novelist, Charles Brockden Brown, writing at the end of the 18th century, freedom. "at Poe intended this con!nement to have a certain power over recounted his coming of age story !rst of Arthur Mervyn (through a series of narrative action is indicated by the phrases “insulated incident” and “the force of diverse enclosures), and slightly later of Edgar Huntly (through a major a frame to a picture” (204). "e force of a frame to a picture—I’m not sure John enclosure of a cave). In the middle of the 19th century, Melville wrote of another Ford ever read that line, but he certainly used with remarkable e$ect the image journey of discovery and search for identity, placing Ishmael in the con!ned of the frame in many !lms, especially those set in Monument Valley, and most quarters of the Pequod sailing into the unknown on that vast ocean. Still later in especially those scenes that juxtapose a small enclosure with vast space. one our literary history, Mark Twain, using a tiny raft containing Huck and Jim thinks of the many images in My Darling Clementine and !e Searchers where the #oating down the open Mississippi, portrayed the same theme of discovery and framing device is used; Stagecoach is !lled with such images—they heighten sel#hood. And in the 20th century, William Faulkner has Ike McCaslin in Co suspense and intensify the action. Down, Moses immerse himself (become enclosed) in the “big woods” before he While the framing device is particularly e$ective during the journey can be privileged to see the bear and become a true hunter. sequences and dramatically emphasizes the series of contrasts between space and "ese characters (and, of course, others) take a literal and spiritual journey enclosure, the initial scenes in Stagecoach establish the pattern of contrast and into mythic space; they leave society, venture into the unknown, then return to embody the major themes of the !lm. "e opening reveals these scenes, society, and if they survive their ordeal, they are changed people. "ey have according to Christine Saxton’s “reading” (36-41): the coach, an image of made a symbolic descent into self, have struggled with the dark night of their civilization transporting goods and people across a hostile desert land; the land, soul, so to speak, seeking a deeper self and acknowledging a more profound dry, #at, endless, but !lled with the towering, immense, perpendicular pinnacles, awareness. "ese !ctional journeys have been rendered, for the most part, which dwarf both the coach in the !rst scene and the cavalry in the next; the through the contrasting imagery of enclosure and space. John Ford, in depicting cavalry, in full dress riding in formation—an organized, structured, protective the small stage in the expanse of Monument Valley, is dramatizing mythic space force; and the Indians, fearsome, barely dressed, riding in no particular in cinematic images of enclosure and openness that are part of this enduring formation—the antithesis of the cavalry. Finally, the music provides yet another literary tradition which has created mythic space in similar images for almost contrast in these !rst !ve scenes and, in fact, throughout the !lm.