An Outline of Budō History
CHAPTER I AN OUTLINE OF BUDō HISTORY Uozumi Takashi AN OUTLINE OF BUDō HISTORY INTRODUCTioN The term budō“ ” was in use before the Tokugawa period (1600–1868), although it originally meant “the way of the life of a samurai”, or “bushidō”, and did not refer to bujutsu (martial techniques) or bugei (martial arts). Nowadays the word budō is used as generic term for modern martial arts such as jūdō, kendō and kyūdō, and came into widespread usage at the end of the Taishō era (1918–25). Nowadays, the disciplines referred to as budō, include the nine arts of jūdō, kendō, kyūdō, sumō, karate- dō, aikidō, shōrinji kempō, naginata and jūkendō. The national federations representing the nine budō arts are affiliated members of the Japanese Budō Association, which was founded in 1977. The various disciplines differ in history and content, and although some did not even originate in Japan, they all share common features. In budō, “character development” is emphasized more than competitive aspects. Moreover, the practitioner is not training, but engaging in “keiko” (literally “to study the past”) and practice is not conducted in a gymnasium, but in a dōjō (literally: “a place to study the Way”). Also, the practice and demonstration of kata (prearranged formal patterns of movements) is an important element of all budō, as are forms of propriety and etiquette (reihō), and all utilize a dan grading system to encourage and mark progress. We can thus consider these nine disciplines, each represented by their own federation, as modern Japanese budō. Schools representing traditions which developed before the modern era are called kobudō.
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