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An Archeological Investigation of the Cultural Resources of Callawassie Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina James L

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An Archeological Investigation of the Cultural Resources of Callawassie Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina James L University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Research Manuscript Series Institute of 1-1982 An Archeological Investigation of the Cultural Resources of Callawassie Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina James L. Michie Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Michie, James L., "An Archeological Investigation of the Cultural Resources of Callawassie Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina" (1982). Research Manuscript Series. 168. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/168 This Book is brought to you by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Manuscript Series by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Archeological Investigation of the Cultural Resources of Callawassie Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina Keywords Excavations, Callawassie Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina, Archeology Disciplines Anthropology Publisher The outhS Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology--University of South Carolina Comments In USC online Library catalog at: http://www.sc.edu/library/ This book is available at Scholar Commons: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/168 AN ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CULTURAL RESOURCES OF CALLAWASSIE ISLAND" BEAUFORT COUNTY" SOUTH CAROLINA By James L. Michie Research Manuscript Series 176 The University of South Carolina offers equal opportunity in its employment, admissions and educational activities, in accordance with Title Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and other civil rights laws, Prepared the INSTITUTE OF ARCHEOLOGY AND ~~THROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA January, 1982 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS. ii LIST OF FIGURES. iv LIST OF TABLES .• v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. •. vi THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF CALLAWASSIE ISLAND. 1 Physical Environment. .....•... 1 Location ............. 1 Geology~ Geomorphology~ and Soils. 1 Hydrology. .... 4 Biophysical Environment . 6 Introduction •. 6 FZora. .......... ... .. 6 Fauna. ........ ..... .. 8 Considerations of a Paleoenvironment • 10 AN ARCHEOLOGICAL REVIEW OF SOUTH CAROLINA PREHISTORY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE LOWER COASTAL PLAIN . ... ... 15 Paleo-Indian Period . 15 Archaic Period. ... 16 Woodland Period ... 18 Mississippian Period. •... 18 Historic Period ... ...... 19 An ArcheologicaZ OVerview of the Project Area • 21 History of CaUawassie Island 24 Introduction •. 24 Early History. ..•... 24 Late Historic. • 26 Land Utilization . 27 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES. 29 Research Design . 29 Survey Methodology. 31 SITE DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION. 35 Introduction. 35 Site Data . 35 Discussion. .. 52 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Page CULTURAL RESOURCES OF POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE 55 Introduction. ................ 55 Consideration of Significant Sites. 57 Recommendations ••••••••• 58 SUMMARY•• 59 REFERENCES • 61 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE 1: CaUawassie Island and its relationship to Port Royal Sound~ Beaufort County~ South CaroUna. .. 2 FIGURE 2: CaUawassie Island and its immediate environment.. 3 FIGURE 3: East side of CaUauJassie Island showing marsh and mainland environments •..••..••. 7 FIGURE 4: Interior of CaUauJassie Island illustrating reliat live oak and assoaiated environment. 7 FIGURE 5: Pine forest within the interior of the island. 9 FIGURE 6: Large pond loaated in the eastern portion of the isZand •.•.•..•...••. 9 FIGURE 7: Eustatia sea level aurve based on submarine and glaaial morphology~ inaluding radioaarbon dating. 13 FIGURE 8: Proposed sea leveZ fluatuations based on geologiaal and araheoZogiaal information~ and radioaarbon dates ..................... 13 FIGURE 9: EarUest known Zand pZat of CaUawassie Island indiaating grant of 1711 for James Coahran. .• 25 FIGURE 10: Testing with a probe rod to determine the extent of a shell midden site. .•.•..... 32 FIGURE 11: Testing the island's interior with the use of a post-hoZe digger. •..•.•.•.. 32 FIGURE 12: Loaation of araheoZogiaal sites disaovered on Callawassie Island. ... •..... 36 FIGURE 13: SmaU sheU midden aontained in the root system of an eroded palmetto tree. .. .•.. 37 FIGURE 14: Small shell midden dispZaaed by erosion and slwnped BoiZs. .. 37 FIGURE 15: CaUauJassie burial mound (38BU19)~ partiaUy exaavated by C. B. Moore in the late 1800s. 39 FIGURE 16: West Point tabby struature (38BU70)~ viewed from the west ...•........... 39 iv LIST OF FIGURES (Cont~) Page FIGURE 17: Eroded portions of the magnol,ia shell, midden (38BU428) saattered aaross the marshy beaah. 42 FIGURE 18: Eroding profile of the magnolia sheU midden (38BU428) seen at the island's periphery "••• 42 FIGURE 19A: High waH seation of main dlveUing at 38BU409. 47 FIGURE 19B: Unidentified st:ruc:ture at 38BU409. 47 FIGURE 20: North Point Tabby Compl,ex~ 38BU409 . 48 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: Soil types of CaUawassie Isl,and. 6 TABLE 2: Vegetational history of South Carolina. 11 TABLE 3: A aul,tural sequenae for human oac:upation in the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina ••• 17 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With a concern for the protection and enhancement of the cultural resources on Callawassie Island, Three Fountainview Corporation of Hilton Head Island contracted with the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, to locate and record archeological sites and to provide a statement of significance regarding those resources. We are deeply grateful for their concern and thoughtfulness in taking steps to preserve portions of the archeological heritage of South Carolina. Through such avenues of concern, substantial contributions can be made toward under­ standing the lifeways of the past and preserving this information for the benefit of future generations. I am especially indebted to George Oetterli of the Three Fountainview Corporation for his cooperation and efforts throughout the project and to Gay Suber of Columbia, South Carolina, who recognized the archeological potential of Callawassie Island. Dr. Robert L. Stephenson, Director of the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, worked closely with both of these gentlemen and provided administrative assistance. These gentlemen were ultimately responsible for making the survey a reality. During the field reconnaissance several people contributed to our efforts. Tim Wright of the Coastal Surveying Company and members of his survey parties provided us with information about the location of archeological sites. Dr. Larry Lepionka, University of South Carolina at Beaufort, provided valuable assistance during the testing program at the tabby structures, and A. Robert Parler of Orangeburg, South Carolina, assisted in measuring the tabby struc­ tures. These people contributed freely of their time and knowledge. A word of thanks is also extended to Dr. Ted A. Rathbun, Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, for providing comments concerning the identification of human remains and to Dr. Michael B. Trinkley, Archeo­ logist with the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transporta­ tion, for assisting in the identification of pottery types. Cynthia A. Smith and Patricia Lincoln, associates with the Department of Biology and Life Sciences, University of South Carolina, and Douglass Rayner with the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department visited with us in the field and provided information concerning the floral environment. Within the Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, Gordan H. Brown provided the photographic talents and Darby Erd produced the maps and graphS. Kenn Pinson and Sharon Merck edited the manuscript and Mary Joyce Burns typed the manuscript. Tommy Charles, Assistant Archeologist with the Institute, assisted me with the survey. vi THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF CALLAWASSIE ISLAND PhysicaZ Environment Location Callawassie Island, composed of 850 acres, lies in the coastal pro­ vince of South Carolina within an environment of tidal creeks, flatlands of marsh, and areas of low topography (Fig. 1). The relatively low-lying, sandy island is associated with the drainage systems of Port Royal Sound and the Colleton River. Located several miles west of Port Royal Sound and north of the Colleton River, Callawassie Island is bordered on the west by the Okatie River, on the east by Callawassie Creek, and on the north by Chechessee Creek (Fig. 2). These creeks are small and shallow compared to the deep channels of the Colleton River. Except for the recent construction of an earthen causeway, Callawassie is remotely located and highly inacces­ sible. GeoZogy" GeomorphoZogy" and SoiZs The Coastal Plain of South Carolina is composed of a wedge of sediments which range in thickness from a thin layer at the Fall Line to a depth of about 3,500 feet at the coast. The basal zone of this formation is composed of crystalline and metamorphic rocks that were formed prior to the pre­ Cretaceous period. The sediments that overlie this basal unit are soils deposited during transgressions and regressions of the sea, which probably began in this area during the late Cretaceous period and continued through the Pleistocene. During the Holocene period, the barrier islands and estu­ aries changed significantly because of erosion and deposition (Cooke 1936; Colquhoun 1969; Hayes et ale 1975; Michie 1980). Within the area of Port Royal Sound, environmental change is obvious in the conspicuous
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