DOCSLIB.ORG

Conserving Skeletal Material in Eroding Shorelines, Currituck

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

WEAPEMEOC SHORES: THE LOSS OF TRADITIONAL MARITIME CULTURE AMONG THE WEAPEMEOC INDIANS by Whitney R. Petrey April, 2014 Director of Thesis: Larry Tise, PhD Major Department: Maritime Studies The Weapemeoc were an Indian group of the Late Woodland Period through the Early Colonial Period (1400 A.D.-1780 A.D.) that went through significant cultural change as they were displaced from their traditional maritime subsistence resources. The Weapemeoc were located in what is today northeastern North Carolina. Their permanent villages were located along the northern shore of Albemarle Sound, with seasonal and temporary villages on the outer banks and upriver on the several tributaries that drain to the Albemarle Sound. Weapemeoc access to maritime resources would be altered significantly by European colonization and settlement in the area. The loss of maritime subsistence, maritime communication and maritime mentality resulted in the loss of the traditional culture of the Weapemeoc Indians and their seeming disappearance as a distinct group of people. Early historical records and maps illustrate the acculturation of the Weapemeoc and the loss of traditional maritime culture. As land was sold to settlers in prime areas along rivers and along the shore of the Albemarle Sound, Weapemeoc were displaced from their seasonal procurement sites and seasonal permanent villages. By 1704, a reservation was established by the colonial government for the Weapemeoc along Indiantown Creek. By 1780, the Weapemeoc lived in such a similar fashion as their neighbors of European descent that they are no longer distinguishable in the archaeological or historical record. WEAPEMEOC SHORES: THE LOSS OF TRADITIONAL MARITIME CULTURE AMONG THE WEAPEMEOC INDIANS A Thesis Presented To the Faculty of the Department of History East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts In Maritime Studies by Whitney R. Petrey April, 2014 © Whitney R. Petrey, 2014 WEAPEMEOC SHORES: THE LOSS OF TRADITIONAL MARITIME CULTURE AMONG THE WEAPEMEOC INDIANS by Whitney R. Petrey APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: ______________________________________________________________________ Larry Tise, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: ________________________________________________________ Christopher A. Oakley, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: _______________________________________________________ Angela Thompson, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: _______________________________________________________ John J. Mintz, MA CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY: _________________________________________________________________ Gerald J. Prokopowicz, PhD DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: ___________________________________________________ Paul J. Gemperline, PhD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Cameron, Theresa, LK, Jennifer, Jessica, Nicole, Robyn, Shannon, Serena, Kim and Ryan. It really does take a village and this thesis would not have been possible without you. I also want to thank the staff of the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology for their support during this process, especially John Mintz and Dolores Hall. I want to express my gratitude to my committee advisor, Dr. Tise, and my thesis committee for their continued support and guidance throughout this process. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................. 6 Research Design...................................................................................................................... 11 Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 17 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................. 28 Area of Interest Description .................................................................................................... 28 Ecosystems .............................................................................................................................. 29 Subsistence Resources ............................................................................................................ 33 Shorelines and Erosion ........................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4: CULTURAL PERIODS AND COLINGTON PHASE ARCHAEOLOGY ......... 42 Paleoindian, Archaic, and Woodland Periods......................................................................... 43 Colington Phase Material Culture ........................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 5: HISTORIC PHASE FROM HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS ................................... 89 Contact: 1584-1653 ................................................................................................................. 89 Cultural Exchange: 1653-1704 ............................................................................................... 98 Acculturation: 1704-1740 ..................................................................................................... 122 Assimilation: 1740-1790 ....................................................................................................... 161 CHAPTER 6: HISTORIC PHASE ARCHAEOLOGY .............................................................. 184 CHAPTER 7: INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................. 199 Areas for future research ....................................................................................................... 202 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 204 ARCHIVAL REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 206 MAP REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 206 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 208 APPENDIX A: EDIBLE MARITIME SPECIES BY ENVIRONMENT .................................. 222 LIST OF FIGURES 1. 1590 Theodor de Bry, Weapemeoc Territory. .......................................................................... 12 2. Area of Interest (AOI). .............................................................................................................. 13 3. 1640 Dutch copy of Hondius and Mercator. ............................................................................. 13 4. River Basins of North Carolina (NCDENR). ........................................................................... 32 5.Site 31CK22. (Photo by John Krizmanich, 2010). .................................................................... 39 6. Baum Site Erosion (Phelps 1980:10). ....................................................................................... 40 7. Image illustrating erosion at Roanoke Island (Dolan and Bosserman 1972:425). ................... 41 8. Projectile Point Chronology (NCDCR). ................................................................................... 44 9. Cultural Periods and Phases in Eastern North Carolina............................................................ 45 10. Settlement Patterns (Binford 1961:81, 83). ............................................................................ 51 11. Colington phase ceramics: a-d, fabric impressed rims; e-f, incised and punctuated over fabric impressed; g, cord-wrapped dowel over fabric impressed; h, chevron-shaped cord wrapped dowel impressed rim; i. Colington plain; j, Colinton simple stamped (Phelps 1984a:45). ......................................................................................................................... 53 12. 37 foot canoe (Phelps 1989:3). ............................................................................................... 57 13. Cross Section (Shomette 1993:18).......................................................................................... 58 14. Recorded Colington Phase Sites. ............................................................................................ 67 15. Verrazzano’s plausible route depicted in red (Google Earth). ................................................ 70 16. Original Sketch, John White 1585. ......................................................................................... 72 17. A key to John White's Sketch Map, 1585. .............................................................................. 72 18. Key detail to John White's Sketch Map, 1585. ....................................................................... 72 19. 1586 John White detail. .......................................................................................................... 74 20. 1590 Theodor de Bry. ............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act IV—A New Voyage to Carolina, 1650–1710

    Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act IV—A New Voyage to Carolina, 1650–1710

    Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act IV—A New Voyage to Carolina, 1650–1710 Birth of a Colony Guide for Educators Birth of a Colony explores the history of North Carolina from the time of European exploration through the Tuscarora War. Presented in five acts, the video combines primary sources and expert commentary to bring this period of our history to life. Use this study guide to enhance students’ understanding of the ideas and information presented in the video. The guide is organized according to five acts. Included for each act are a synopsis, a vocabulary list, discussion questions, and lesson plans. Going over the vocabulary with students before watching the video will help them better understand the film’s content. Discussion questions will encourage students to think critically about what they have viewed. Lesson plans extend the subject matter, providing more information or opportunity for reflection. The lesson plans follow the new Standard Course of Study framework that takes effect with the 2012–2013 school year. With some adjustments, most of the questions and activities can be adapted for the viewing audience. Birth of a Colony was developed by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, in collaboration with UNC-TV and Horizon Productions. More resources are available at the website http://www.unctv.org/birthofacolony/index.php. 2 Act IV—A New Voyage to Carolina, 1650–1710 Act IV of Birth of a Colony is divided into three parts. The first part explores the development of permanent English settlements in North Carolina. For nearly 70 years after the mysterious disappearance of the Lost Colony, North Carolina remained void of European settlement.
  • Ocanahowan and Recently Discovered Linguistic

    Ocanahowan and Recently Discovered Linguistic

    2 OCANAHOWAN AND RECENTLY DISCOVERED LINGUISTIC FRAGMENTS FROM SOUTHERN VIRGINIA, C. 1650 Philip Barbour Ridgefield, Connecticut Published in: Papers of the 7th Algonquian Conference (1975) Ocanahowan (or Ocanahonan and other spellings) was the name of an Indian town or village, region or tribe, which was first reported in Captain John Smith's True Relation in 1608 and vanished from the records after Smith mentioned it for the last time 1624, until it turned up again in a few handwritten lines in the back of a book. Briefly, these lines cover half a page of a small quarto, and have been ascribed to the period from about 1650 to perhaps the end of the century, on the basis of style of writing. The page in question is the blank verso of the last page in a copy of Robert Johnson's Nova Britannia, published in London in 1604, now in the possession of a distinguished bibliophile of Williamsburg, Virginia. When I first heard about it, I was in London doing research and brushing up on the English language, Easter-time 1974, and Bernard Quaritch, Ltd., got in touch with me about "some rather meaningless annotations" in a small volume they had for sale. Very briefly put, for I shall return to the matter in a few minutes, I saw that the notes were of the time of the Jamestown colony and that they contained a few Powhatan words. Now that the volume has a new owner, and I have his permission to xerox and talk about it, I can explain why it aroused my interest to such an extent.
  • FEATURED 04-2004 OFPROJECT the MONTH STALITE the Virginia Dare Bridge ¥ Croatan Sound, NC

    FEATURED 04-2004 OFPROJECT the MONTH STALITE the Virginia Dare Bridge ¥ Croatan Sound, NC

    ESCSIESCSI FEATURED 04-2004 OFPROJECT THE MONTH STALITE The Virginia Dare Bridge • Croatan Sound, NC PROJECT The Virginia Dare Bridge STALITE PROVIDES LOCATION LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE Between Manns Harbor and Roanoke Island over FOR NORTH CAROLINA’S the Croatan Sound in N.E. North Carolina LONGEST BRIDGE OWNER State of North Carolina ENGINEER Wilbur Smith Engineers Raleigh, NC CONTRACTOR Balfour Beatty Atlanta, GA LIGHTWEIGHT EXPANDED SLATE AGGREGATE PRODUCER Carolina Stalite Salisbury, NC BRIDGE STATISTICS Piling: 2,368 The Virginia Dare Bridge spans the Croatan Sound from Manns Harbor to Roanoke Island, North Carolina Concrete: 43,830 yds3 Roadway: 42 acres HISTORY-MAKING BRIDGE COMPLETED IN N.C. Lanes: 4 Longest Bridge in the State • 100-Year Design Life Stalite Lightweight Aggregate: 30,000 tons History was made in North Carolina on August 16, 2002 when LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE a new bridge opened. The Virginia Dare Bridge is the • 4,500 psi at 28 days longest bridge in the Carolinas; at 5.2 miles, it is 2 miles • Max. Fresh longer than any bridge in the Carolinas, and one of the Unit Weight: 120 lb/ft3 longest concrete bridges on the East Coast. This bridge is • Max. Equilibrium designed to last a century, twice as long as the preceding Unit Weight: 115 lb/ft3 generation of bridges. (See page 3 for additional In the summer of 1996 the State of North Carolina and the information) Department of Transportation determined that a new bridge was ESCSI The Virginia Dare Bridge 2 required to replace the present William B. Umstead Bridge con- necting the Dare County main- land with the hurricane-prone East Coast.
  • EEO Public File Report For

    EEO Public File Report For

    EEO Public File Report for WRHD-FM, WNCT-FM, WTIB-FM This EEO Public File Report Covers the One-Year Period Ending on July 31, 2021 This unit is part of the Inner Banks Media and includes the corporate offices. Inner Banks Media is committed to providing equal employment opportunities to all individuals without regard to race, color, religion, gender, national origin, age or disability. Our intent is to provide a work environment that is free of discrimination, harassment or intimidation. Discrimination, harassment or intimidation of an employee or an applicant is considered improper conduct. Under no circumstances will Inner Banks Media condone or tolerate any form of discrimination, harassment or intimidation of anyone in the Inner Banks Media family of companies. EEO Contact Information for Inner Banks Media Employment Unit: 1884 W. Arlington Blvd Greenville, NC 27834 Contact Person/Title: Daniel Miller, General Manager [email protected]; 252-355-1037 1 EEO Public File Report This EEO Public File Report is filed in the public inspection files of the following stations pursuant to Section 73.2080(c) (6) of the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) rules: WRHD-FM, WNCT-FM, WTIB-FM New Bern, Greenville, Kinston and Jacksonville, North Carolina Summary: During the one-year period ending on July 31, 2021, the stations filled the following full-time vacancies: Job Title Referral Source a. Account Executive (2) CMG Website, Internal b. Bookkeeper (1) Encradio.com, Internal, Indeed The station interviewed a total of 7 people for all full-time vacancies during the period covered in the report. Exhibit A contains the following information for each full-time vacancy: • The total number of interviewees referred by each recruitment source used in connection with each vacancy.
  • An Archaeological Inventory of Alamance County, North Carolina

    An Archaeological Inventory of Alamance County, North Carolina

    AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY OF ALAMANCE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Alamance County Historic Properties Commission August, 2019 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY OF ALAMANCE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA A SPECIAL PROJECT OF THE ALAMANCE COUNTY HISTORIC PROPERTIES COMMISSION August 5, 2019 This inventory is an update of the Alamance County Archaeological Survey Project, published by the Research Laboratories of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill in 1986 (McManus and Long 1986). The survey project collected information on 65 archaeological sites. A total of 177 archaeological sites had been recorded prior to the 1986 project making a total of 242 sites on file at the end of the survey work. Since that time, other archaeological sites have been added to the North Carolina site files at the Office of State Archaeology, Department of Natural and Cultural Resources in Raleigh. The updated inventory presented here includes 410 sites across the county and serves to make the information current. Most of the information in this document is from the original survey and site forms on file at the Office of State Archaeology and may not reflect the current conditions of some of the sites. This updated inventory was undertaken as a Special Project by members of the Alamance County Historic Properties Commission (HPC) and published in-house by the Alamance County Planning Department. The goals of this project are three-fold and include: 1) to make the archaeological and cultural heritage of the county more accessible to its citizens; 2) to serve as a planning tool for the Alamance County Planning Department and provide aid in preservation and conservation efforts by the county planners; and 3) to serve as a research tool for scholars studying the prehistory and history of Alamance County.
  • 2016 Athens, Georgia

    2016 Athens, Georgia

    SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS OF THE 73RD ANNUAL MEETING OCTOBER 26-29, 2016 ATHENS, GEORGIA BULLETIN 59 2016 BULLETIN 59 2016 PROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS OF THE 73RD ANNUAL MEETING OCTOBER 26-29, 2016 THE CLASSIC CENTER ATHENS, GEORGIA Meeting Organizer: Edited by: Hosted by: Cover: © Southeastern Archaeological Conference 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CLASSIC CENTER FLOOR PLAN……………………………………………………...……………………..…... PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………….…..……. LIST OF DONORS……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..……. SPECIAL THANKS………………………………………………………………………………………….….....……….. SEAC AT A GLANCE……………………………………………………………………………………….……….....…. GENERAL INFORMATION & SPECIAL EVENTS SCHEDULE…………………….……………………..…………... PROGRAM WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26…………………………………………………………………………..……. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27……………………………………………………………………………...…...13 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28TH……………………………………………………………….……………....…..21 SATURDAY, OCTOBER 29TH…………………………………………………………….…………....…...28 STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION ENTRIES…………………………………………………………………..………. ABSTRACTS OF SYMPOSIA AND PANELS……………………………………………………………..…………….. ABSTRACTS OF WORKSHOPS…………………………………………………………………………...…………….. ABSTRACTS OF SEAC STUDENT AFFAIRS LUNCHEON……………………………………………..…..……….. SEAC LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS FOR 2016…………………….……………….…….…………………. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 59, 2016 ConferenceRooms CLASSIC CENTERFLOOR PLAN 6 73rd Annual Meeting, Athens, Georgia EVENT LOCATIONS Baldwin Hall Baldwin Hall 7 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin
  • Community Profile

    Community Profile

    CURRENT COMPANIES COMMUNITY PROFILE Moen CRAVEN COUNTY, NC BSH Home Appliances Craven County Wood Energy A closer look at Craven County reveals an ideal locale for business, Duke Progress Energy The Craven County Industrial Park is located at the intersection of Clarks industry, recreation, leisure and living. Craven County is “home” for Road and US 70 just outside of New Bern, North Carolina. Situated just Piedmont Natural Gas 105,595 residents and is anchored by the city of New Bern, a city rich minutes from Greenville, Kinston, and Jacksonville, the park is convenient Wheatstone in history and resources. New Bern is situated on the confluence of the to the Port of Morehead City, Raleigh, and Wilmington. A main line North Chatsworth Products Trent and Neuse rivers and is a haven for boaters, fisherman and Carolina Railroad Company (operated by Norfolk Southern) railroad Aylward Enterprises industry alike. As part of the Inner Banks, Eastern North Carolinaʼs track is adjacent to the site with designated railroad rights-of-way entering inland coastal region, Craven County has miles of streams and acres of Carolina Technical Plastics the park. The park is served by Duke Progress Energy and City of New lakes nestled among rural farm areas, scenic waterfronts and over Johnson Brothers Mutual Distributing of NC Bern water and sewer. It is also a magnet site within the Foreign Trade 150,000 acres of forest land. The county is geographically situated in Urethane Innovators Zone #214. close proximity to major metropolitan areas; New Bern is located 96 McGuckin & Pyle, Inc. miles north of Wilmington, NC, 113 miles southeast of Raleigh, NC and Minges Bottling 164 miles south of Norfolk, VA.
  • Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers

    Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers

    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2007 Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers Stephen D. Feeley College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Feeley, Stephen D., "Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers" (2007). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623324. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-4nn0-c987 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers Volume I Stephen Delbert Feeley Norcross, Georgia B.A., Davidson College, 1996 M.A., The College of William and Mary, 2000 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lyon Gardiner Tyler Department of History The College of William and Mary May, 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Stephen Delbert F eele^ -^ Approved by the Committee, January 2007 MIL James Axtell, Chair Daniel K. Richter McNeil Center for Early American Studies 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
  • MS 01-13.Pdf

    MS 01-13.Pdf

    Unltod St¡toc DopaÉmcnt o,f Agrlcullurc ONRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service National Soil Survey Center Federal Building, Room 152 100 Centennial Mall North Phone: (402) 437-549e Lincoln. NE 68508-3866 FAX: (402) 437-5336 SUBJECT: MGT - Trip Report - Geophysical Training and April12,2013 Field Assistance TO: Homer L. Wilkes File Code: 330-20-7 State Conservationist, NRCS Jackson, Mississippi Purpose: To provide training and technical assistance in the use of electromagnetic induction (EMI) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in Yazoo County, Mississippi, while assessing soil properties and cultural resources at a registered historical archaeological site (Lake GeorgeÆIolly Bluff Site - 22Y2557). Participants: David Clay, Engineer (Retired), NRCS, Wilkesboro, NC James Curtis, Assistant State Soil Scientist, NRCS, Jackson, MS Rachel Stout-Evans, MLRA Project Leader, NRCS, Metcalfe, MS Cliff Jenkins, Cultural Resources Specialist, NRCS, Jackson, MS Delaney Johnson, State Soil Scientist, NRCS, Jackson, MS Wes Tuttle, Soil Scientist (Geophysical), NRCS, NSSC, Wilkesboro, NC Richard Vaught, MLRA Project Leader, NRCS, Glenwood, AR Activities: All field and office activities were completed on January 25-28,2013. Summary: 1. All participants were given the opportunity to operate, complete field surveys, and evaluate the use of the EM38 meter for soil survey investigations. 2. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques can be used beneficially in the Mississippi Delta Region to show changes in soil physical properties across the landscapes, as demonstrated at the archaeological site (Lake George/flolly Bluff Site -22Y2557). The tools worked very well in predicting textural changes across the survey area. Higher apparent conductivity was associated with increased clay and moisture in the soil profile.
  • Inner Banks Media's Greenville Employment Unit Management Is

    Inner Banks Media's Greenville Employment Unit Management Is

    Inner Banks Media's Greenville Employment Unit management is vigilant in our outreach to expose the opportunity of a career in radio to everyone, but most especially to younger and minority job seekers. The 12 months period covered by the most recent report has been an especially trying time around the world and here at Inner Banks media. Our efforts to attract and recruit a diverse staff was hampered by the ongoing pandemic. Response to the open positions we had in the last twelve months was meager even given our best efforts to satisfy section 73.2080 Equal Employment Opportunities requirements. We were able to recruit a diverse and qualified pool for the open position of Bookkeeper. We had a difficult time getting any response to the two openings we had for Account Executive. We blame the lack of interest in the idea of outside sales during a pandemic and the extremely competitive employment market. Networking and being involved in our communities and with our peers in the industry helped us to connect with job seekers. Street level outreach has helped us in the last twelve months, station tours in person when possible and via Zoom/Facetime with youth/church/civic groups and our Station Owner's support and monetary contribution to a Communication Scholarship at Pitt Community College aided our recruitment efforts. WNCT-FM’ city of license and Inner Banks Media’s main studio is located in Greenville, North Carolina. Greenville is home to East Carolina University (ECU). As part of our continuing outreach and our passion for attracting the next generation broadcasters, Inner Banks Media’s management participates several times each year in ECU: Job Fairs, Internship Open Houses and Mentoring Events.
  • APPENDIX A: Interview Guides for Participants

    APPENDIX A: Interview Guides for Participants

    ABSTRACT DIAL, HEATHER KIMBERLY BARTON. Struggling for Voice in a Black and White World: Lumbee Indians’ Segregated Educational Experience in North Carolina. (Under the direction of Patricia L. Marshall, Ed.D. and Anna V. Wilson, Ph.D.) This study investigates the North Carolina Lumbee Indians’ segregated educational experience in North Carolina from 1885 to 1970. This oral history documents the experiences of the Lumbee Indians in the segregated Indian schools and adds their voices to the general discourse about Indian schools in our nation and to the history of education. The sample for this research included six members of the Lumbee community who experienced education in the segregated Indian schools in Hoke and Robeson Counties of southern North Carolina. My oral history research involved interviews with individuals who experienced the role of teachers, students, and administrators. A network selection sampling procedure was used to select participants. The main data sources were the participants’ oral educational histories. Limited archival research (e.g., board of education minutes) supports the final analysis. An analysis method for categorizing and classifying data was employed. The analysis method is similar to the constant comparative method of data analysis. Major findings show that the Lumbee students not only experienced a culturally supportive education, but also experienced a resource poor environment in the segregated Indian schools. Conversely, desegregation provided increased equity in educational resources and educational opportunities for the Lumbee students which unfortunately resulted in a loss of community, identity, and diminished teacher-student connection. Findings indicate the participants were aware of the role of segregation in the larger societal context.
  • U Ni Ted States Departmen T of the Interior

    U Ni Ted States Departmen T of the Interior

    Uni ted States Departmen t of the Interior BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20245 • IN REPLY REFER TO; MAR 281984. Tribal Government ;)ervices-F A MEMORANDUM To: A!:sistant Secretary - Indian Affairs From: DE!Puty Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs (Operations) Subject: Rc!cornmendation and Summary of Evidence for Proposed Finding Against FE!deral Acknowledgment of the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and America, Inc. Pursuant to 25 CFR 83. Recom mendatiol We recommend thut the United Lumbee Nation of North Carolina and America, Inc • (hereinafter "UGN") not be acknowledged as an Indian tribe entitled to a government­ to-government ]'elationship with the United States. We further recommend that a letter of the proposecl dc:!termination be forwarded to the ULN and other interested parties, • and that a notiC!e of the proposed finding that they do not exist as an Indian tribe be published in th4~ P,ederal Register. General Conclusions The ULN is a recently formed organization which did not exist prior to 1976. The organization WHS c!onceived, incorporated and promoted by one individual for personal interests and ,Ud not evolve from a tribal entity which existed on a substantially continuous bash from historical times until the present. The ULN has no relation to the Lumbees of the Robeson County area in North Carolina (hereinafter "Lumbees") historically soci.ally, genealogically, politically or organizationally. The use of the name "Lumbee" by Ule lILN appears to be an effort on the part of the founder, Malcolm L. Webber (aka Chief Thunderbird), to establish credibility in the minds of recruits and outside organiz Ilticlns.