EMT3608HS/EMT 6608HS Islamic Thought in the Modern Age (18 -21 Cent. CE)

Course Outline

General Information Instructor: Nevin Reda El-Tahry E-mail:[email protected] Office Hours: R 1:00 - 2:00 Class time: R 9:00 - 11:00 Room: TBA

Course Description The course deals with the Muslim communities in the contemporary world. It is primarily concerned with the study of Islamic tradition and its peoples in the last two centuries- the period of Islamic reform in the wake of Western hegemony and the efforts of the community to readjust under the challenges of the liberal and technical age. The course will attempt to answer a basic question: What is happening to the Muslim community in the technical age and how has it responded to the challenges posed by "Westernization" through "modernization" through "? Two book reviews: each 40%; research paper: 50%, class participation 10%.

Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of the course, students are expected to: Religious and Heritage  Demonstrate knowledge of religious heritage, and articulate clearly their own theological positions (as related to pastoral practices).  Interpret scripture and religious texts using a variety of methods, sources, and norms.  Identify and respect the diversity of theological viewpoints and practices within their religious tradition.

Culture and Context  Demonstrate critical understanding for one‘s area of specialization of the relationship between faith practices and cultural contexts.  Employ diverse methods of analysis in relating to one‘s cultural contexts of one‘s specialization.  Give evidence of critical self-awareness with regard to their own and—and others‘--faith perspectives and practices of educational ministry.

Ability with Scholarly Tools and Skills  Competence in the use of a library and in the construction of a bibliography.  Familiarity with pertinent web-based resources and skills.  Competence in the following skills: . Clear and effective communication in both oral and written forms; . The construction of a logical argument; . The making of informed judgments on complex issues;

. The use of standard conventions of style for scholarly writing.

Ability to carry out specialized research  Demonstrate a basic familiarity in the area of modern Islamic thought, its diversity and its most current manifestations.  Give evidence of an understanding of the nature and processes of research.

Course Materials: Required Textbook: John J. Donohue, John L. Esposito (eds), in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

Book List for Review Assignments (choose two): 1) Abbas, Sadia. At Freedom‟s Limit: Islam and the Postcolonial Predicament. New York: Fordham University Press, 2014. 2) Abu-Rabi., Ibrahim M. (ed.). Spiritual dimensions of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi's Risale-i Nur. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. 3) Afsaruddin, Asma. Contemporary Issues in Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. 4) Ahmed, Leila, A Quiet Revolution: The Veil's Resurgence, from the Middle East to America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. 5) Badran, Margot. Feminism in Islam: secular and religious convergences. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009. 6) Burak, Guy. The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 7) Emon, Anver M., Mark S. Ellis, Benjamin Glahn (eds). Isamic Law and International Human Rights Law: Searching for Common Ground? Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2012. 8) Ernst, Carl W. and Richard C. Martin (eds). Rethinking : From Orientalism to Cosmopolitanism. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2010. 9) Esposito, John, Tamara Sonn and John O. Voll. Isam and Democracy after the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 10) Juynboll, G. H. A. The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature; Discussions in Modern Egypt. Leiden E.J. Brill 1969. 11) Halman, Talât S. (ed.). Yunus Emre and His Mystical Poetry. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, c1981. 12) Hammer, Juliane. American Muslim Women, Religious Authority, and Activism: More Than a . Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012. 13) Jackson, Sherman A. Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2009. 14) Korteweg, Anna C. and Jennifer A. Selby (eds), Debating : Islam, gender politics, and family law arbitration. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. 15) Kugle, Scott. Homosexuality in Islam: Islamic Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender . Oxford: Oneworld Publication, 2010. 16) Mahmood, Saba. The Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject, with a new preface by the author. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012. 17) Mir-Hosseini, Ziba, Mulki al-Sharmani and Jana Rumminger (eds), Men in charge? Rethinking Authority in Muslim Legal Tradition. London: Oneworld, 2015. 18) Khalil, Mohammad. Between and : Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. 19) Shah-Kazemi, Reza. Common Ground between Islam and , with an essay by Shaykh Hamza Yusuf; introduced by H. H. the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, H. R. H. Prince Ghazi bin , Mohammad Hashim Kamali. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 2010. 20) Sonneveld, Nadia. Khul‟ Divorce in Egypt: Public Debates, Judicial Practices and Everyday Life. Amsterdam: UvA, 2009. 21) Soroush, Abdolkarim. Reason, Freedom and Democracy in Islam: Essential Writings of Abdolkarim Soroush, translated, edited and with a critical introduction by Mahmoud Sadri and Ahmad Sadri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 22) Weisse, Wolfram; Katajun Amirpur; Anna Körs & Dothe Vieregge (eds.). and Dialogue: International Approaches. Münster: Waxmann, 2014. 23) Zine, Jasmin. Canadian Islamic Schools: Unravelling the Politics of Faith, Gender, Knowledge, and Identity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.

Evaluation and Assignments Each student should know from the outset that this course requires daily reading, both written and oral assignments and regular class participation. More than two unexcused absences will negatively affect the student‟s grade. Any student with more than four unexcused absences will receive an automatic failing grade, without possibility of supplemental examination.

Component Weight Due Date Class Participation 10 % N/A Book Review 1 20 % Feb. 11 @ 9:00 a.m. Book Review 2 20 % Mar. 3 @ 9:00 a.m. Research Paper 2 50% April 7 @ 9:00 a.m.

All essays and assignments must be handed in on time. Penalty for late assignments is 2% reduction in mark per day of lateness. Assignments will not be accepted after one week of the due date. Academic accommodation will only be considered when appropriate documentation (an official U of T medical certificate) is provided within one week of the due date. At all time, students are expected to do their own work. Plagiarism--to represent as one‘s own any idea or expression of an idea or work of another in any academic examination or term test or in connection with any other form of academic work—is a serious academic offense and will not be tolerated. Students who plagiarize run the risk of suspension and other sanctions. For the definition of ―academic work,‖ tribunal procedures, and more, see http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/policies/behaveac.htm. For advice on academic writing, go to http://www.writing.utoronto.ca . If you wish to book an appointment with a

writing instructor for individual help, go to http://www.vic.utoronto.ca/students/tutorialservices/Writing_Centre.htm. Make sure you book your appointment as early as possible. Advanced degree students in a conjoint degree program are encouraged to use http://www.sgs.utoronto.ca/currentstudents/Pages/English-Language-and- Writing-Support.aspx.

a. Attendance and Class Participation Attendance is mandatory. More than two unexcused absences will negatively affect a student‘s grade. More than four absences without proper documentation (an official U of T medical certificate provided within one week of the absence) will receive an automatic FZ. Students are expected to attend class and to come prepared. You should expect to devote 3hours or more outside of class for every hour of classroom instruction. Use this time to prepare the required readings and primary texts in advance. Always be ready to provide a brief summary of each reading, list the main points and explain how the readings relate to one another. Your class participation mark will reflect your participation in classroom discussions and two oral presentations, which can be on your research paper topics. b. Two Book Reviews Books will be assigned on the first and second day of class. Your reviews should each be 3-4 pages in double-spaced 12 pt Times New Roman font. For citations and any bibliographic entries, including references to published reviews of your book, please follow Chicago Manual of Style 16th ed., (Notes and Bibliography), which is available on-line through the library catalogue. For advice on how to write a book review, go to http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/book-review. For editing your review, go to http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/style-and-editing. c. Research Paper This assignment should be 12-15 pages in double-spaced 12 pt Times New Roman font. Footnotes and bibliography should consistently follow Chicago Manual of Style. Your paper should include the following: Title page. This includes the paper title, the student's name, the course code and name, the name of the instructor and the date of submission. Introduction. The most important part of the Introduction is the thesis statement, setting out in the briefest possible form the exact proposition or hypothesis which the paper demonstrates. The Introduction also provides the context necessary to show why the paper is important. To this end it identifies the research question and describes its broader setting in academic research. It gives attention to previous enquiry and available secondary literature (the status quaestionis). The Introduction should also include a description of the project as a whole (i.e. a one-paragraph road map outlining what you plan to do). If you want, you can also include a section on method as part of the introduction, describing the relevant primary literature and the methods to be used for interpreting it. It gives a rationale for the method and indicates how it will be used to generate dependable conclusions and verify the thesis statement. Your introduction should not exceed one page (not counting the literature review and the section on method). Some students like to write two or three paragraphs, one for the thesis statement: one for the road map, and one for the state of the scholarship. Exposition. The main body of the thesis is the clarification, development, and demonstration of the thesis statement, using authoritative evidence. The exposition is typically organized as parts of an argument. The interrelationship of the parts of the exposition, and the direct relevance of each part of the exposition to the thesis statement, should be clear to the reader. Conclusion. The thesis statement should be recapitulated, the demonstration should be summarized, the limitations of the demonstration and the remaining uncertainties should be acknowledged, and the implications of the study for the faith community, the wider scholarly community, and/or the world should be set forth. Bibliography. Books, articles, and other sources that have been used must be listed. Primary and secondary literature should always be distinguished.

Grading Scale

Letter Numerical Grade Grasp of Subject Other qualities expected of students Grade Equivalents Point Matter A RANGE: Excellent: Student shows original thinking, analytic and synthetic ability, critical evaluations, broad knowledge base. A+ 90-100 4.0 Profound and Strong evidence of original thought, of Creative analytic and synthetic ability; sound and penetrating critical evaluations which A 85-89 4.0 Outstanding identify assumptions of those they study as well as their own; mastery of an extensive knowledge base A- 80-84 3.7 Excellent Clear evidence of original thinking, of analytic and synthetic ability; sound critical evaluations; broad knowledge base B RANGE: Good: Student shows critical capacity and analytic ability, understanding of relevant issues, familiarity with the literature. B+ 77-79 3.3 Very Good Good critical capacity and analytic ability; reasonable understanding of B 73-76 3.0 Good relevant issues; good familiarity with the literature B- 70-72 2.7 Satisfactory at a Adequate critical capacity and analytic post- ability; some understanding of relevant baccalaureate issues; some familiarity with the level. literature FZ 0-69 0 Failure Failure to meet the above criteria

Accommodations Students with diverse learning styles are welcome in this course. If you have a disability/health consideration that may require accommodations, please feel free to approach me and /or the Accessibility Office as soon as possible. It takes time to put disability related accommodations in place. The sooner you meet with a Disability Counsellor at Accessibility Services, the quicker

s/he can assist you to achieving your learning goals in this course. The University of Toronto is committed to facilitating the inclusion of students in all aspects of university life. For more go to www.accessibility.utoronto.ca or [email protected].

Schedule of Readings (may be subject to change): Week 1 (Jan. 14)

Islam and Modernity

Required Readings: 1. Shireen Hunter (ed.), ―Introduction,ˮ Reformist Voices of Islam, pp. 3-32 2. Esposito, 1-19.

Week 2 (Jan. 21)

Early Responses

Required Readings: 1. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, ―Muslim Responses to Imperialism in India: A Study of the Educational Reforms of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan‖ History Studies: International Journal of History, Volume 4, Issue 3 (2012), pp. 153 – 171. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 3. Ana Belén Soage, ―'s Legacy,ˮ The 98. 1 (Jan 2008): 1-23. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 4. Esposito, 20-43.

Week 3 (Jan. 28)

The and in the Modern Age

Required Readings: 1. Jonathan Brown, ―Debates over Prophetic Traditions in the Modern Muslim World,‖ 240-268. 2. Maurice Bucaille, ―The Holy Scriptures, Science and the Origin of Man,‖ Islamic Quarterly, 27:2 (1983) p. 61-71. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 3. Veysel Kaya, ―Can the Quran Support Darwin? An Evolutionist Approach by Two Turkish Scholars after the Foundation of the Turkish Republic‖ The Muslim World (April 2012), 102 (2), pg. 357-370. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 4. Nasr Abu-Zayd, ―The Dilemma of the Literary Approach to the Qur‘an‖ Alif 23 (2003), pp. 8-40. (available on-line through the library catalogue) (optional) 5. Fatima Mernissi, The Veil and the Male Elite, pp. 49-61. (available on-line through the library catalogue) (optional)

Week 4 (Feb. 4)

The Emergence of Political Islam

Required Readings: 1. Nasr Abu Zayd, ―The Twentieth Century‖ in Reformation of Islamic Thought, pp. 37-51. 2. M. J. Crawford, ―The Daʿwa of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb before the Al Saʿūd,‖ Journal of Arabian Studies 1.2 (December 2011), pp. 147–161. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 3. John Esposito, ―Islam and Political Violence,‖ Religions 6, no. 3 (2015), pp. 1067-1081. 4. Esposito pp. 59-63; 71-77; 103-109; 393- 416; 4:30-432.

Week 5 (Feb. 11)

Secularism and Democracy

Required Readings: 1. Nadir Hashemi, ― and Its Discontents‖ in Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy, pp. 133-170. 2. Esposito, 261-295. 3. Al-Azhar Document: Statement about the Future of Egypt http://www.sis.gov.eg/en/Story.aspx?sid=56424

Book Review 1 is due.

(Feb. 18) Reading Week—No classes

Week 6 (Feb. 25)

Iran’s Islamic Revolution

Required Readings: 1. Said Amir Arjomand, ―Middle Eastern Constitutional and Ideological Revolutions and the Rise of Juristocracyˮ Constellations, Volume 19, Issue 2 (2012), pp. 204 – 215. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 2. Said Amir Arjomand, ―Has Iran's Islamic Revolution Ended?ˮ Radical History Review, Volume 2009, Issue 105, p. 132-138. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 3. Katajun Amirpur, ―A Doctrine in the Making? Vilayat-e faqih in Post-Revolutionary Iran,‖ in Gudrun Krämer and Sabine Schmidtke (eds.), Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies (Leidenand Boston: E. J.Brill, 2006), pp. 218-240. 4. Esposito 311-318; 331-340.

Week 7 (Mar. 3)

Islamic

Required Readings: 1. Marcia Hermansen, ―Hybrid Identity Formations in Muslim America: The Case of American Sufi Movements,‖ The Muslim World, Volume 90, Issue 1‐2 (2000), pp. 158 – 197. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 2. Scharbrodt, Oliver. ―The Salafiyya and : Muhammad ‗Abduh and his Risālat al- Wāridāt (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations),” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 70, no. 1 (2007), pp. 89-115. 3. Forgiveness-The Wisdom of Bawa Muhaiyadeen http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcSG39EIjMs http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=lBBmfo2u_Dw 4. Kabir and Camille Helminski at Spiritual Paths Institute http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7Atsd1gDUI

Book Review 2 is due.

Week 8 (Mar. 10)

Islamic Feminism and Transnational Networks

Required Readings: 1- Farish A. Noor, ―Reformist Muslim Thinkers in Malaysia‖ in Shireen Hunter (ed.), Reformist Voices of Islam, pp. 208-226. 2- Ziba Mir‐Hosseini, ―Beyond ‗Islam‘ vs ‗Feminismʼ‖ IDS Bulletin, Volume 42, Issue 1, pp. 67 – 77. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 3- Ziba Mir-Hosseini and Zainah Anwar, ―Decoding the "DNA of Patriarchy" in Muslim family laws‖ OpenDemocracy [London] 21 May 2012. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 4- Musawah ―Musawah Knowledge Building Initiative on qiwamah and Wilayah‖ (available on-line through http://www.musawah.org/what-we-do/qiwamah-and-wilayah) 5- WISE Shura Council, ʺThe Global Muslim Women's Shura Council Domestic Violence Digestʺ and ʺThe Global Muslim Women's Shura Council Domestic Violence Handoutʺ (available on-line through http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/about/shuracouncil/#Shura Council Statements) (optional) 6- Quran Sura 4

Week 9 (Mar. 17)

Discourses on the Veil

Required Readings: 1. Fatima Mernissi, The Veil and the Male Elite, 85-101. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 2. Hoodfar, Homa, ―The Veil in their Minds and on our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women,‖ Resources for Feminist Research 22. 3/4 (Fall 1992/Winter 1993): 5-18. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 3. Ruby, Tabassum F., ―Listening to the voices of hijab,‖ Women's Studies International Forum 29, 1 (2006), pp. 54 – 66. 4. Esposito 212-214. 5. Quran 24 (al-Nur) and 33 (al-Ahzab)

Week 10 (Mar. 24)

New Trends in Sharia

Required Readings: 1. Tariq , ― and Maslaha: The Foundations of Governanceˮ in M. A. Muqtedar Khan (ed.), Islamic Democratic Discourse: Theory, Debates and Philosophical Perpectives (New York: Lexington Books, 2006), pp. 3-20. 2. Shammai Fishman, al-Aqalliyyat: A Legal Theory for Muslim Minorities (Hudson Institute, 2006). (available on-line) 3. Mohamed El-Tahir El-Mesawi, The International Conference on Jurisprudence of Minorities in the Light of the Objectives of Islamic Law (Maqasid al-Shari'ah): Identity and Integration, .Intellectual Discourse 18. 1 (2010): 173-176. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 4. Taha Jabir Alalwani, Web Summery by Tarazi, ʺ The Fiqh of Minoritiesˮ http://www.isna.net/resources/articles/fiqh/the-fiqh-of-minorities.aspx

Week 11 (Mar. 31)

The Canadian Sharia Debates

Required Readings: 1. Anna C. Korteweg and Jennifer A. Selby, ―Introduction‖ in Debating Sharia, pp. 12-29. 2. Feisal Kutty, ―Sharia Courts in Canada‖ in Anna C. Korteweg and Jennifer A. Selby, Debating Sharia, pp. 123-141. 3. Nevin Reda, ―The Good Muslim/Bad Muslim Puzzle‖ in Anna C. Korteweg and Jennifer A. Selby, Debating Sharia, pp. 231-247. 4. Canadian Council of Muslim Women, Position Paper on the Proposed Implementation of Sections of Muslim Law [Sharia] in Canada. http://www.ccmw.com/activities/act_arb_muslimlaw_sharia.html 5. Syed Mumtaz and Rabia Mills, Interview: A Review of the Muslim Personal/Family Law Campaign. http://muslimcanada.org/pfl.htm

Week 12 (Apr. 7)

Interfaith and Intra-Faith Dialogue

Required Readings: 1. David Kerr, “Christian Mission and Islamic Studies: Beyond Antithesis,” International

Bulletin of Research 26. 1 (Jan 2002): 8-15. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 2. Shah-Kazemi, Reza. Common Ground, pp. 1-30. 3. Zaid Eyadat, “: Between Dialoguing and Mainstreaming,” Philosophy & Social Criticism (May 2012), 38 (4-5), pg. 507-516. (available on-line through the library catalogue) 4. Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, A Common Word between Us and You. : Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, 2007. http://www.acommonword.com/the-acw-document/

Research paper is due.

Additional Bibliography

Abbas, Sadia. At Freedom‟s Limit: Islam and the Postcolonial Predicament. New York: Fordham University Press, 2014. Abou El-Fadl, Khaled. Speaking in 's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women. Oxford: Oneworld, 2001. –––. Reasoning with God: Reclaiming Shari„ah in the Modern Age. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014. Abu-Rabi., Ibrahim M. (ed.). Spiritual dimensions of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi's Risale-i Nur. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. Abu Zayd, Nasr. Reformation of Islamic Thought: A Critical Historical Analysis; with the assistance of Katajun Amirpur and Mohamad Nur Kholis Setiawan. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006. Afsaruddin, Asma. Contemporary Issues in Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. –––. Striving in the Path of God: and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2013. –––. Islam, the State and Political Authority: Medieval Issues and Modern Concerns. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. ––– (ed.). Hermeneutics and Honor: Negotiating Female “Public” Space in Islamic/ate Societies. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed for the Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University by Harvard University Press, c1999. Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Yale University Press, 1992. Ahmed, Leila, A Quiet Revolution: The Veil's Resurgence, from the Middle East to America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. Ali, Kecia. Sexual Ethics in Islam. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2007. Amin, Qasim. The Liberation of Women: A Document in the History of Egyptian Feminism,

translated by Samiha Sidhom Peterson. Taḥrīr al-marʼah. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1992. Amin, Qasim. The new woman: a document in the early debate on Egyptian feminism, translated by Samiha Sidhom Peterson. Marʼah al-jadīdah. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1995. Badran, Margot. Feminism in Islam: secular and religious convergences. Oxford: Oneworld, 2009. Barazangi, Nimat Hafez. Woman's identity and the Qur'an : a new reading. Gainesville, Fl.: University Press of Florida, 2004. Barlas, Asma, “Believing Women” in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur‟an Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. Bashir, Shahzad and Robert D. Crews (eds). Under the Drones: Modern Lives in the Afghanistan- Pakistan Borderlands. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012. Bauer, Karen. Gender Hierarchy in the Qur'ān: Medieval Interpretations, Modern Responses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Boozari, Amirhassan. Shi'i Jurisprudence and Constitution: Revolution in Iran. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Brockopp, Jonathan E. and Thomas Eich (eds). Muslim Medical Ethics: From Theory to Practice. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2008. Brockopp. Jonathan E. (ed.). of Life: Abortion, War, and Euthanasia. Foreword by Gene Outka. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. Brown, Jonathan. Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Richmond: Oneworld, 2009. Brown, Jonathan. Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet‟s Legacy. London: Oneworld, 2014. Burak, Guy. The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Buti, Ramadan al-. The Jurisprudence of the , translated by Nancy Roberts. : Dar al-Fikr, 2006. Caeiro, Alexandre. ―The power of European fatwas: the minority fiqh project and the making of an Islamic counterpublic,‖ Int. J. Middle East Stud. 42 (2010), pp. 435–449 Emon, Anver M., Mark S. Ellis, Benjamin Glahn (eds). Isamic Law and International Human Rights Law: Searching for Common Ground? Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2012. Ercanbrack, Jonathan. The Transformation of Islamic Law in Global Financial Markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Ernst, Carl W. Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. Ernst, Carl W. and Richard C. Martin (eds). Rethinking Islamic Studies: From Orientalism to Cosmopolitanism. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2010. Esposito, John (ed.), Oxford (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Esposito, John, Tamara Sonn and John O. Voll. Isam and Democracy after the Arab Spring. Oxfprd: Oxford University Press, 2016. Fadel, Mohammad. ―Is Historicism a Viable Strategy for Islamic Law Reform? The Case of ―Never Shall a Folk Prosper Who Have Appointed a Woman to Rule over Them,‖ Islamic Law and Society 18, no. 2 (2011), pp. 131 – 176. –––. and the Liberal State: The Case of Islam. [Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, [2008]. Ghazali, Muhammad al-. Fiqh-us-seerah: Understanding the Life of Prophet Muhammad. Riyadh: International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations, IIFSO: Distribution by International Islamic Pub. House, 1999. Ghazali, Muhammad al-. The Sunna of the Prophet: The People of Fiqh versus the People of Hadith,

translated by A.H. Bewley, M.I. Waley and Abdurrahman Bewley. Dar Al Ltd, 2009. Iqbal, Farhan. The Aboriginal Peoples of Canada: Aboriginal Spirituality in Comparison with Islamic . Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for th grant of the Shahid degree. Jāmiʿa North America, the Ahmadiyya Institute of Islāmic Studies. http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/The-Aboriginal-Peoples-of-Canada.pdf Habib, Samar. Female homosexuality in the Middle East: histories and representations. New York: Routledge, 2007. Haeri, Shahla. The Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Iran. Syracuse University Press, 1989. Hallaq, Wael. The Impossible State: Islam, Politics and Modernity‟s Moral Predicament. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Halman, Talât S. (ed.). Yunus Emre and His Mystical Poetry. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, c1981. Hammer, Juliane. American Muslim Women, Religious Authority, and Activism: More Than a Prayer. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012. Hashemi, Nadir. Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2009. Hatem, Mervat. Literature, gender, and nation-building in nineteenth-century Egypt: the life and works of 'A'isha Taymur. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Hunter, Shireen (ed.). Reformist Voices of Islam (2009). Hodgson, Marshal. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, c1974. Hoffman, Valerie J. The Essentials of . Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press, 2012. Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry. Pragmatism in Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2015. Iskandar, Adel and Hakem Rustom (eds). Edward Said: A Legacy of emancipation and Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010. Jackson, Sherman A. Islam and the Problem of Black Suffering. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2009. –––. Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Juynboll, G. H. A. The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature; Discussions in Modern Egypt. Leiden E.J. Brill 1969. Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures and Options. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 2003. Khan, M.A. Muqtedar. Islamic Democratic Discourse: Theory, Debates, and Philosophical Perspectives. Lanham, MD ; Toronto : Lexington Books, 2006. Knysh, Alexander. Islam in Historical Perspective. Prentice-Hall, 2011. Korteweg, Anna C. and Jennifer A. Selby (eds), Debating Sharia : Islam, gender politics, and family law arbitration. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. Krämer, Gudrun and Sabine Schmidtke (eds.), Speaking for Islam: Religious Authorities in Muslim Societies. Leidenand Boston: E. J.Brill, 2006. Kugle, Scott. 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