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A Study of Ibadi Oman
UCLA Journal of Religion Volume 2 2018 Developing Tolerance and Conservatism: A Study of Ibadi Oman Connor D. Elliott The George Washington University ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the development of Omani-Ibadi society from pre- Islam to the present day. Oman represents an anomaly in the religious world because its Ibadi theology is conservative in nature while also preaching unwavering tolerance. To properly understand how Oman developed such a unique culture and religion, it is necessary to historically analyze the country by recounting the societal developments that occurred throughout the millennia. By doing so, one begins to understand that Oman did not achieve this peaceful religious theology over the past couple of decades. Oman has an exceptional society that was built out of longtime traditions like a trade-based economy that required foreign interaction, long periods of political sovereignty or autonomy, and a unique theology. The Omani-Ibadi people and their leaders have continuously embraced the ancient roots of their regional and religious traditions to create a contemporary state that espouses a unique society that leads people to live conservative personal lives while exuding outward tolerance. Keywords: Oman, Ibadi, Tolerance, Theology, History, Sociology UCLA Journal of Religion Vol. 2, 2018 Developing Tolerance and Conservatism: A Study of Ibadi Oman By Connor D. Elliott1 The George Washington University INTRODUCTION he Sultanate of Oman is a country which consistently draws acclaim T for its tolerance and openness towards peoples of varying faiths. The sect of Islam most Omanis follow, Ibadiyya, is almost entirely unique to Oman with over 2 million of the 2.5 million Ibadis worldwide found in the sultanate.2 This has led many to see the Omani government as the de facto state-representative of Ibadiyya in contemporary times. -
Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Alternative Report Submission Indigenous Rights Violations in Algeria
Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Alternative Report Submission Indigenous Rights Violations in Algeria Prepared for: The 94th Session of the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Submission Date: November 2017 Submitted by: Cultural Survival 2067 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02140 Tel: 1 (617) 441 5400 [email protected] www.culturalsurvival.org I. Reporting Organization Cultural Survival is an international Indigenous rights organization with a global Indigenous leadership and consultative status with ECOSOC since 2005. Cultural Survival is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States. Cultural Survival monitors the protection of Indigenous Peoples' rights in countries throughout the world and publishes its findings in its magazine, the Cultural Survival Quarterly, and on its website: www.cs.org. Cultural Survival also produces and distributes quality radio programs that strengthen and sustain Indigenous languages, cultures, and civil participation. II. Background Information: History, Population and Regions The total population of Algeria is estimated to be just over 41 million.1 The majority of the population — about 90% — are the Arab people living in the northern coastal regions.2 In addition, Algeria also has a nomadic or semi-nomadic population of about 1.5 million.3 Generally, the Indigenous People of Algeria are called Berbers; however, the term is regarded as a pejorative, as it comes from the word “barbarian.”4 As a result, although not officially recognized as Indigenous,5 Algeria's Indigenous Peoples self-identity as the Imazighen (plural) or Amazigh (singular).6 Due to lack of recognition, there is no official statistics or disaggregated data available on Algeria’s Indigenous population. -
Download the Full Report
2017 Religious Pluralism in the Middle East REPORT 2017 - IV CENTRE FOR RELIGIOUS PLURALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST- CRPME www.crpme.gr Akadimias 3, 10671, Athens, Greece Phone: (+30) 210 3682130 email: [email protected] Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the Report lies entirely with the authors, the Research Team of the CRPME and do not necessarily reflect nor express the views of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece. CONTENTS Executive Summary ........................................................................ 1 The post-ISIS Rubicon ................................................................... 4 Iraq ................................................................................................................. 4 Decentralisation and the future status of nineveh ....................................................... 7 The Shia perspective ...................................................................................................................... 7 The Sunni fears and aspirations ................................................................................................... 8 The Kurdish ‘momentum’: Minorities and the Kurdish referendum ..................................... 9 A Nineveh ‘safe haven’ for the minorities ................................................................................ 12 Iraq’s ‘hidden’ population engineering race: IDPs and the obstacles of return......... 14 A much needed post-ISIS reconstruction .................................................................. -
University of Leeds School of Politics and International Studies (POLIS)
State, Religion and Democracy in the Sultanate of Oman Sulaiman H. AI-Farsi Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Politics and International Studies (POLIS) June,2010 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Acknowledgements This thesis is gratefully dedicated in particular to my marvellous supervisors, Professor Clive Jones and Dr. Caroline Dyer for their unparalleled support throughout the study period; for their serenity in reading my successive drafts; for their invaluable advice, comments, and prompt responses; for their immeasurable time expended and for their care and sympathy during trying times. lowe a great debt of gratitude to the University of Leeds for its excellent research resources and environment; for its libraries, the SDDU, the ISS and all staff in the POLIS department, and particularly the most patient and dynamic Helen Philpott. I am also greatly indebted to my beloved country, Oman, for everything, including the scholarship offered to me to do this research; to the members of my family who continued to support me throughout this study, particularly my wife who has taken on all the responsibilities of looking after the house and children; to my children (Maeen, Hamed, Ahmed and Mohammed) for understanding why I was away from them despite their young ages, and my brothers (Abdullah and Mohammed) who backed me and looked after my family. -
Evaluating the Resonance of Official Islam in Oman, Jordan, and Morocco
religions Article Evaluating the Resonance of Official Islam in Oman, Jordan, and Morocco Annelle Sheline Middle East Program, The Quincy Institute, Washington, DC 20006, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Acts of political violence carried out by Muslim individuals have generated international support for governments that espouse so-called “moderate Islam” as a means of preventing terrorism. Governments also face domestic skepticism about moderate Islam, especially if the alteration of official Islam is seen as resulting from external pressure. By evaluating the views of individuals that disseminate the state’s preferred interpretation of Islam—members of the religious and educational bureaucracy—this research assesses the variation in the resonance of official Islam in three differ- ent Arab monarchies: Oman, Jordan, and Morocco. The evidence suggests that if official Islam is consistent with earlier content and directed internally as well as externally, it is likely to resonate. Resonance was highest in Oman, as religious messaging about toleration was both consistent over time and directed internally, and lowest in Jordan, where the content shifted and foreign content differed from domestic. In Morocco, messages about toleration were relatively consistent, although the state’s emphasis on building a reputation for toleration somewhat undermined its domestic credibility. The findings have implications for understanding states’ ability to shift their populations’ views on religion, as well as providing greater nuance for interpreting the capacity of state-sponsored rhetoric to prevent violence. Keywords: official Islam; resonance; Oman; Jordan; Morocco Citation: Sheline, Annelle. 2021. Evaluating the Resonance of Official Islam in Oman, Jordan, and Morocco. 1. Introduction Religions 12: 145. -
The Dubai Initiative
The Dubai Initiative Policy Brief Islam and the Role of Elites Monica Duffy Toft IslaM anD The Role of elITes Dubai Initiative – Policy Brief Monica Duffy Toft Harvard Kennedy School of Government Policy Brief for the Dubai Initiative October 2011 2 | DuBaI InITIaTIve – POlIcy BrIef ISlaM anD THe Role Of elITeS | 3 This policy brief provides background information on how Islam in its various man- ifestations has developed and spread throughout the world and the role of elites in this evolution1. Having emerged in seventh-century arabia, Muslim communities have formed and thrived in asia, africa, europe, north and South america, and Oceania. Today, the majority of Muslims live outside of the Middle east.2 from the earliest days of Islam, the movement of people and ideas has impacted the institutions of political power in count- less regions and modern nation-states. Such changes in religious and political landscapes have occurred with the help of migration, conversion, and decisions on the part of ruling elites about the desired character of their states. To varying degrees, religious elites have often pursued a particular vision of the role of religion vis-à-vis the state. In some cases, gaining or retaining political power ap- pears to hinge on religion—in particular, on how religion can provide authority and le- gitimacy in the eyes of the public. More recently, modern communication networks have amplified the resonance that religious messages have with coreligionists, both at home and abroad.3 Today, elites have the potential to gain transnational support as they seek political power.4 Where feelings of religious brotherhood exist between a local or global group and the group an elite figure desires to represent, they can yield benefits in the form of monetary assistance or by putting political pressure on local authorities. -
Intellectual Property Through a Non-Western Lens: Patents in Islamic Law
Georgia State University Law Review Volume 37 Issue 3 Spring 2021 Article 5 8-1-2021 Intellectual Property Through a Non-Western Lens: Patents in Islamic Law Tabrez Y. Ebrahim California Western School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/gsulr Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Religion Law Commons Recommended Citation Tabrez Y. Ebrahim, Intellectual Property Through a Non-Western Lens: Patents in Islamic Law, 37 GA. ST. U. L. REV. 789 (2021). Available at: https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/gsulr/vol37/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Publications at Reading Room. It has been accepted for inclusion in Georgia State University Law Review by an authorized editor of Reading Room. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ebrahim: Patents in Islamic Law INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THROUGH A NON-WESTERN LENS: PATENTS IN ISLAMIC LAW Tabrez Y. Ebrahim ABSTRACT The intersection of secular, Western intellectual property law and Islamic law is undertheorized in legal scholarship. Yet the nascent and developing non-Western law of one form of intellectual property—patents—in Islamic legal systems is profoundly important for transformational innovation and economic development Associate Professor of Law, California Western School of Law; Scholar, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School Center for Intellectual Property x Innovation Policy; Visiting Associate Professor, University of California, San Diego; Ostrom Visiting Scholar (Program on Data Management and Information Governance) & Affiliate (Program on Cybersecurity and Internet Governance), Indiana University (Bloomington); Visiting Fellow, University of Nebraska (Lincoln): Nebraska Governance & Technology Center; Visiting Scholar, University of California, Los Angeles School of Law; Registered U.S. -
DI-645 Christian-Muslim Relations in Arabia: Ibadi Islam and Interfaith Theology in the Sultanate of Oman
DI-645 Christian-Muslim Relations in Arabia: Ibadi Islam and Interfaith Theology in the Sultanate of Oman Description The Sultanate of Oman is the only Muslim nation in the world that practices Ibadi Islam as the official national religion. Ibadism incorporates an austere piety with an openness to engaging in dialogue with other Islamic schools of thought and other faiths. Oman has a long tradition of religious pluralism both within Islam and other faiths, which makes it an ideal place to engage in inter-Islamic and Christian-Muslim dialogue. In this two-week travel seminar in Oman, participants will attend lectures and meetings with Ibadi imams and scholars, engage in interfaith dialogue with students in the Institute of Sharia Sciences, meet missionaries of the American Protestant Mission in Oman, and explore the interfaith context of Oman with visits to a Hindu temple; Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant worship centers; and some of the oldest mosques in Islam. This course is limited to matriculated Hartford Seminary students. All students accepted to this course will receive scholarship that will cover the room, board, and onsite costs (the cost without scholarship is $1800). Students are responsible for their own airfare. The cost of Hartford Seminary tuition for this 3-credit course is $975 (no additional aid will be given from Hartford Seminary). Please contact the Registrar’s Office for complete application information, which includes an essay and reservation fee which must be submitted by November 3rd. Interested students must also meet before December 15 with Najib Awad, Associate Professor of Christian Theology, to discuss preparatory readings and other course assignments. -
MENA-Atlas - Comments and Sources
MENA-Atlas - Comments and Sources The “Atlas MENA” can be accessed via: http://www.ecoi.net/atlas_mena.pdf The comments and sources for the “Atlas MENA” can be accessed via: http://www.ecoi.net/atlas_mena_sources.pdf Table of contents 1/ General information (for all ethnic and religious maps) 2/ Near East 2.1/ Turkey 2.2/ Syria 2.3/ Iraq 2.4/ Jordan 2.5/ Lebanon 3/ Middle East 3.1/ Afghanistan 3.2/ Pakistan 3.3/ Iran 4/ Arabian Peninsula 4.1/ Saudi Arabia 4.2/ Yemen 4.3/ Oman 5/ North Africa 1 5.1/ Egypt 5.2/ Libya 6/ North Africa 2 6.1/ Algeria 6.2/ Morocco 6.3/ Tunisia 1 For the overview map the following source was used: 1 : 30 000 000: Natural Earth. For all the topographic and thematic maps 1 : 10 000 000: Collins World Explorer Premium, Natural Earth was used. The maps showing main oil and gas fields are all based on: Petroleum Economist, a division of Euromoney Global Limited, December 2014, designed by K. Fuller and P. Bush, map scale 1 : 23 000 000. 1. General information (for all ethnic and religious maps) The population of the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region is very heterogeneously in terms of religious and sectarian, as well as ethnic and linguistic diversity. Due to this and because of the partly inconsistent sources the maps only indicate where main settlement areas of religious or ethnic groups are. Especially the religious and ethnic composition in urban centers may differ significantly from those in rural surroundings and it is not possible to show this heterogeneity on the maps. -
The Sunni Divide: Understanding Politics and Terrorism in the Arab Middle East
Center on Terrorism and Counterterrorism at the FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Sunni Divide: Understanding Politics And Terrorism In The Arab Middle East By Samuel Helfont THE SUNNI DIVIDE: UNDERSTANDING POLITICS AND TERRORISM IN THE ARAB MIDDLE EAST By Samuel Helfont November 2009 FPRI, 1528 Walnut Street, Suite 610, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3684 www.fpri.org About FPRI Founded in 1955, the Foreign Policy Research Institute is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization devoted to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. We add perspective to events by fitting them into the larger historical and cultural context of international politics. About FPRI’s Center on Terrorism and Counterterrorism The Center’s mission is to study the goals, tactics, and strategies of terrorism and develop responses to it, using: advanced technology, scenarios and storyboarding, and simulation and modeling. The focus of the Center’s research is on terrorists, their strategies and tactics, and their objectives, resources, and capabilities for creating multilateral unconstrained disruption. The Center makes projections on future terrorist actions and develops improved systems for protecting our nation’s vital institutions and interests. FPRI, 1528 Walnut Street, Suite 610, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3684 www.fpri.org Table of Contents Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................1 -
Ibadi Islam: a Critical Examination of Sources
III SUMMER SCHOOL Ibadi Islam: A Critical Examination of Sources JUNE 24 - 28 Simon Fraser University, Harbour Centre 515 West Hastings Street Program at Dr. Amal Ghazal, (Director, Centre for Comparative Muslim Studies at Simon Fraser University), a glance Dr. Ersilia Francesca (University of Naples “L’Orientale”), and Dr. Angeliki Ziaka (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) Welcome you to Monday June 24th Tuesday June 25th MORNING SESSION 10 - 1:30PM MORNING SESSION 10 - 1:30PM the 3rd Ibadi LUNCH BREAK 1:30 - 2:30PM LUNCH BREAK 1:30 - 2:30PM Summer School AFTERNOON SESSION 2:30 - 6PM AFTERNOON SESSION 2:30 - 6PM DINNER 6PM DINNER 6PM held at the Harbor Centre, SFU, Vancouver. The Summer Schools on Ibadism examine and present the fundamentals of Islam and Ibadism through a historical, juridical, literary and religious Wednesday June 24th Thursday June 25th overview. They aim at discussing the essentials and the pacifistic dimension of Ibadism within the framework of North Africa and Middle East historical and MORNING SESSION 10 - 1:30PM MORNING SESSION 10 - 1:30PM geo-political context. This 3rd summer school will survey and critically examine Ibadi sources, LUNCH BREAK 1:30 - 2:30PM LUNCH BREAK 1:30 - 2:30PM from the early period until the present. Students and researchers will become familiar with these sources, and understand the context in which they have AFTERNOON SESSION 2:30 - 6PM AFTERNOON SESSION 2:30 - 6PM developed and have been used. DINNER 6PM DINNER 6PM From this perspective, the Summer School will address, in a comparative -
From Mobilization to Counter-Revolution
POMEPS STUDIES 20 From Mobilization to Counter-Revolution July 26, 2016 Contents Introduction . .. 3 Marc Lynch, POMEPS & George Washington University Waves of Democratization, Waves of Disillusionment . 5 By Charles Kurzman, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Taking Time Seriously: Temporality and the Arab Uprisings . 7 Jillian Schwedler, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, CUNY Late Populism . 12 Steffen Hertog, London School of Economics Why Unarmed Revolutions Topple Some Dictators but Not Others . 18 By Daniel P. Ritter, University of Nottingham and the London School of Economics and Political Science In Defense of Ideology: Notes on Experience and Revolution . 19 By Sune Haugbolle, Roskilde University Arab Transitions and the Old Elite . 25 By Ellis Goldberg, University of Washington How Tunisia’s Ennahda Turned from Religious Opposition Movement into Consensus-Seeking Political Party . 30 By Rory McCarthy, University of Oxford Five Years After the Revolution, More and More Tunisians Support Democracy . 32 By Michael Robbins, Arab Barometer, University of Michigan, Princeton University Elite-led Protest and Authoritarian State Capture in Egypt . 34 By Neil Ketchley, Brasenose College, University of Oxford Why Two Islands May Be More Important to Egyptian Regime Stability than Billions in Gulf Aid . 37 By Laurie A. Brand, University of Southern California, and Joshua Stacher, Kent State University They have a Gun in One Hand and the Media in the Other . .39 By Amy Austin Holmes, American University in Cairo Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood Dilemma between Religion and Politics . 42 Khalil al-Anani, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies Abdel Fatah al-Sissi in the Age of the Trickster .