A Case Study on Adopting a Lobbying Law in Austria

CEU eTD Collection

From Problem toPolicy: a Case Study on Adopting a In partial In partial fulfillment the for Policy degreeMasterinPublic ofArts of L obbying Supervisor: Professor SaraSvensson Central EuropeanCentral University Department Public Policy of Budapest, Hungary Andrija Višić Submitted to L 2015 By aw inAustria

CEU eTD Collection CEU eTD Collection register, Austria. l regulation, corporatism, pluralism, corruption, law, lobbying lobbying, words: Key showstime howthe law isamirror image neo ofthe identi also pressure media the and people Austrian the (3) requirements; transparency from themselves excluded thus and law the partners social the (2) problem; a as lobbying perceived and scandal corruption the on reacted government Austrian the (1) that: explaining applies and draf in process changes the that understanding during for relevant roles documents analyzing different in stakeholders with interviews from information Austrian the of adoption young the from this process the tracks of thesis this regulation approach, study case possible a Using profession. of ways about discussion evolving an in resulted which ABSTRACT

uoen onre satd dpig obig euain oiis n h ls 1 years, 10 last the in policies regulation lobbying adopting started countries European Kingdon’s three streams theory of how an item comes to the governments’ agenda, by agenda, governments’ the to comes item an how of theory streams three Kingdon’s fies political opportunists of this law inside the Austrian government and at the same same the at and government Austrian the inside law this of opportunists political fies

the government to react after the corruption scandal occurred. The thesis The occurred. scandal corruption the after react to government the obig n Avcc Tasaec Law Transparency Advocacy and Lobbying

had had i

crucial - corporatist culture in Austria.corporatist culture in

influence in changing the first draft of of draft first the changing in influence vrin o te a. It law. the of versions t

n 2012 in

creation to the to creation daig on drawing , ob bying CEU eTD Collection of meeting.Honorable mentiongoes for Milojević time and toAleksandra her patience. pleasure enormous an had have I who colleaguesand friends manyCEU and Scholarship Alumni me providing for community Alumni CEU the them, needed I when there always were research orfinding data contacts. Soci Lobbyists’ Croatian the of members my Academic CEU Writing instructor. thus and pr time right the at ideas thesis my class about lobbying questions right political the Fischer, me Alex asked who to professor, thankful also am I it. forget never will I and help las the during advice expert and support undivided her for Svensson, Sara supervisor my thank to like would I Primarily, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ovided guidance. For her comments on my writing style and grammar I thank Zsuzsanna Toth, Toth, Zsuzsanna thank I grammar and style writing my on comments her For guidance. ovided A big thank you goes too my family that I love very much, my friends from Croatia who Croatia from friends my much, very love I that family my too goes you thank big A the as well as research this for interviewees the of all to extended also is gratitude My thesis. this writing in me helped who those all to gratitude my express to like would I t seven months of working on this project. She was always there to there always was She project. this on working of months seven t

ety. They were always there to help me with acquiring with me help to there always were They ety. ii

with the the with CEU eTD Collection REFERENCES CONCLUSION 4. 3. 2. AUSTRIAN CASE PROFESSION: FRAMEWORK AFOR THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING THE 1. INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.3. 3.2. 3.1. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1. 1.3. 1.2. 1.1. OUTLINING FINDINGS THE PROCESS TRACING THE METHODOLOGY GROUP INTEREST THE POLICY ADOPTION AND INFLUENCE ON

Introducing the problem Analyzing materials the and research limitations Research methods Case study selection Kingdon’s three streams model Political pluralism neo or Ambiguous definitions of lobbying andfor Politics and the final draft of the law Ideas the policy in primeval soup

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...... - corporatism? ...... –

FROM POLICY TO CREATION ADOPTION ......

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...... problem, policy, politics ......

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...... iii ms of lobbying regulation policy ......

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...... LOBBYING ......

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34 32 28 16 12 25 19 16 15 13 12

5 1 9 8 6

CEU eTD Collection affairs public and lobbyists’ of appearance the experienced years eight last the in have countries TheseSlovenia. and Montenegro,Macedonia Serbia,Croatia, as such Countries easternEuropean bee have systems administration public Austria’s since especially countries, other to example an as serve might it unique, is case as such regulation lobbying on experts other of work the complement will It pat law. lobbying a of and adoption creation the of understanding deep a be will thesis this of contribution The Law precise lobbying differencesa legitimate between profession, ascorru and scandal. lobbying Although as general corruption understood isfrequently are bythe there public, Strasser, Ernest Mr. Parliament, European the of Member Austrian an involving scandal corruption major lobbyingall. regulation at countrie certain in regulated strictly is profession lobbyist the and process, this in role special a play representatives interest specific as Lobbyists, way. d in result can rejected or adopted end the in then and created is policy how of process a Analyzing stakeholders. other and groups pressure representatives, interest servants, public by presented as framed issues face governments day INTRODUCTION iscoveries that trump the general understanding of why a certain policy was formed in a specific a in formed was policy certain a why of understandinggeneral the trump that iscoveries (Austrian Parliament (Austrian Austria adopted its first lobbying regulation policy in June 2012, only one year after a a after year one only 2012, June in policy regulation lobbying first its adopted Austria Every process. complex and long a is policy legitimate a into transformed is idea an How This research will trace the process of the Austrian Lobbying and theAustrian Transparency Advocacy process of trace This research will the McGrath(2008)

hc rsntd n h E lvl n o te utin oiia see s lobbying a as scene political Austrian the on and level EU the on resonated which

, Lowery and Gray (1997) GrayLoweryand

2012)

n used as benchmarks throughout the 20 the throughout benchmarks as used n being drafted, consulted on with the public, adopted. the andrevised with on consulted beingdrafted,

societal problems, as well as solutions to these problems, these to solutions as well as problems, societal 1

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- CEU eTD Collection scene. economic neo of theory the in interest common or personal a represent regulated. adopted. mechanism ofadoptinglobbying a law by and created being law a of way particular this to led scene policy and political Austrian the on processes what discover to research this for beyond. possibly and above mentioned area the single a is this while and processes, Justice, waiting public consultationtostart for procedure of Ministry the in still is law the of draft the but example, for Croatia in institutions partnership Lobbyists' 2008 since law lobbying the of implementation 2014) [A Union European Slovenian the for advocated 2010 in adoptedwas that lawlobbying Association Lobbyists’ Slovenian countries. respective their in law lobbying a of implementation the for initiatives own their started have that associations

-  corporatism

; and in Croatia in Serbia, two NGOs that are gathering lobbyists are advocating for the the for advocating are lobbyists gathering are that NGOs two Serbia, in Croatia in and ; ae tde ae odcv fr h gnrto o rc eprcl aa n complex on data empirical rich of generation the for conducive are studies Case 1 Wd ltrtr on literature Wide (1) is lobbying how of understanding general the beyond go research this of Expectations What thecreationinAustria? facilitated ofthe factors lobbyinglaw andadoption The analyticalframeworkThe used dra Society

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(LaPira and Thomas 2014) Thomas and (LaPira ssociation of Accredited Public PolicyAccreditedssociationof Ad Public answering the following research question: answering thefollowing research tionship with its social partners, since it owes its its owes it since partners, social its with tionship ws on twopiecesws on ofliterature: 2 The case study approa study case The

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Croatian Croatian CEU eTD Collection th of definition the with along created, was draft first the it which to adoptlobbying regulations. Transpar European the that (b) activities; their since register to having lobbyingaretypical from actions their manyof although practicinglobbying,law, but not is profession them exclude ways certain in would that law lobbying government introducingregulations. lobbying into the pressure to organized being campaigns group pressure the analyzing as well as profession, th describing by explained be will stream soup” primeval “policy a of existence an prove should scandal the to prior law lobbying a for proposals policy different the be to expected is scandal corruption The adopted. and created being law lobbying Austrian the of case the in tested be to going is statuses inthe frame the laws” of renderto and instructions without responsibilityown in tasks their of care “take to partners social the authorizes further (1) 120b Article 11. (1) 10 article and 8; (1) 10 article (2); 120a article i constitution Austrian the in recognized is role their and Federation Union Trade Austrian the the are today partners social influential most two The 1993). of Chambers the Agriculture, an ofCommerce and Federation Union Trade Austrian the on by basis formed informal were and which voluntary institutions partnership social to development social and economic (2) Kingdon’s three streams theory, convergence of problem, policy and politics streams, politics and policy problem, of convergence theory, streams three Kingdon’s (2) The thesis The big a have would lawyers that (a) include: also Expectations

is regulated in a certain way. certain a in regulated is will show will Kndn 1995) (Kingdon

d of Laborpost d oftocontrol how the definition of lobbying becomes a product of a country in in country a of product a becomes lobbying of definition the how

(Austrian F (Austrian

The Austrian lobbying law was amended ma amended was law lobbying Austrian The ency Initiative (ETI) and the EP itself pressured Austria pressured itself EP the and (ETI) Initiative ency

hrceitc o the for characteristic e national mood of the people towards the lobbying lobbying the towards people the of mood national e problem ederal Constitutional Law Constitutional ederal [B 3

hc nee t b solve be to needed which - warearly inflation the in 1950s(Nowotny e profession. e Austrian Economic Chamber Economic Austrian policy

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CEU eTD Collection law by Austrian Parliament. the f the of adoption the to happened scandal corruption the when time the from (3) law; the of version final the of analysis and draft, a second first, the partner social of representatives the and parliament, Austrian the and Justice of Ministry the in officials public representatives, six lobbying partners social consulting/lobbying way, inathird strictest rulesfor firms withthe transparency. way, one in is do lawyers regulated that lobbying that show place, in are that regulations and Austria, in lobbying

e atr i te rain n adoption and creation the in actors key The methods used in this research are: (1) semi (1) are: research this in used methods The nd the final draft of the law, stakeholder’s responses to the first and second second and first the to responses stakeholder’s law, the of draft final the nd

ship institutions; (2) review of parliamentary of review (2) institutions; ship 4

process of the law: public affairs NGOs NGOs affairs public law: the of process analysis of of analysis - structured and structured interviews with interviews structured and structured activities in the other, and private private and other, the in activities articles from the Austrian media media Austrian the from articles

documents such as such documents inal version of the the of version inal

CEU eTD Collection createdcertain and ina adopted way. neo and pluralism political of theories the and is model this of combination A case theory. the test to appropriate Austrian the regulations, lobbying adopted yet not have world the in countries many si and attention, government’s receive not does or receives law for lobbying used a been how explaining never has theory This stream. politics the and policy the problem, the model: a its to law lobbying roles implementation ofdifferent are the versions for ofa lobbying law. lobbying were definitions definitio lobbying contemporary the to Next so consulted. inefficient and wide too is definition policy This the itself. affects that process activity an as lobbying qualifies which 1958/1961, from Leech Beth work his elaborated in oninterestGraham groups. Wilson by and corporatism of theory Davi by strengthened pluralism political economy today’s in young profession this of position the explain to used be to going are sciences political from theories major Two legally. and academically 1.

UNDERSTANDING THE AUSTRIAN CASE FOR FRAMEWORK THEORETICAL A PROFESSION: LOBBYING THE AND ADOPTION POLICY ON INFLUENCE GROUP INTEREST The definition of lobbying used by most scholars is th is scholars most by used lobbying of definition The lobbying the how on focuses thesis this of chapter first The Since the main goal of this thesis is to trace the process from the creation of the Austrian Austrian the of creation the from process the trace to is thesis this of goal main the Since - oprts wl poue ibe xlntos o why for explanations viable produce will corporatism doption, the appropriate model for analysis is the Kingdon’s three streams three Kingdon’s the is analysis for model appropriate the doption, neo - corporatism

d Truman and Robert Dahl in 1951 and 1961, and the and 1961, and 1951 in Dahl Robert and Truman d n, it is also important to see how lobbyists in different in lobbyists how see to important also is it n, improved 5

hlpe cmte i te 90 and 1970s the in Schmitter Philippe

e one by Frank Baumgartner and and Baumgartner Frank by one e

the Austrian lobbying law was was law lobbying Austrian the and political life political and

rfsin s defined is profession

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the theory of theory the nce nce CEU eTD Collection and regulated thus aFouloy since: that certainone doesexplains bycountry; exist, not differentiate fromforms it other ofpolitical behavior” lobbyist what is lobbying (i.e., tautological not is a that by definition meaningful lobbying define cannot scientists political key “even that show findings Some interest. laws” existing change legislationor defeat or pass,propose, to officials public or legislators persuading ataimed activities “conduct to means lobbying that dictionary lobbying his in notes (AALEP), Union Advocates Policy Public Accredited of Association the of President the Fouloy, l that too widetobe soother, contemporary usedthesis, inthis be literature lobbying will consulted. book inhis Nownes describedinfluence policyby process”, the to effort “an as lobbying of understanding Their strategies. lobbying of understandings different and in groups go interest They lobbying. about write to authors US first the of one mid were from Leech date and Baumgartner also lobbying about books and papers academic first The states” 50 all in regulated is lobbyingtoday,“where, US, the in i colleagues House their 1.1.

byn isl i a rcs ad o a ige activity single a not and process a is itself obbying Since the policy process includes complex and interconnected phases, Nownes mentions mentions Nownes phases, interconnected and complex includes process policy the Since lobbied senators where Senate, States United the in used first was ‘lobbying’ term The definitions andAmbiguous lobbying regulation lobbying of formspolicy of 187) partners social as such mechanisms consultation and representation interest constitutional and democratic country’s Forinsta setting. a in embedded deeply are practices Lobbying de legal the Regarding .

(Fo uloy 2011, 187) 2011, uloy to

nce, they are interrelated with constitutional right to petition government, government, petition rightto constitutional with interrelated are they nce, n 1820 n ra lnt t eaoae different elaborate to length great iiin flbyn, hc a hwhwlbyn s perceived is lobbying how show can which lobbying, of finition (Gelak 2008, 8) 2008, (Gelak , to which one can add that it is all done in favor of someone’s someone’s of favor in done all is it that add can one which to , , placing the origin of the term and the profession profession the and term the of origin the placing , 6

(Verčičand Tkalac Verčič 2012)

Nwe 20, 6) 2006, (Nownes ss f obig eiiin de to due definitions lobbying of uses Total lobbying Total (Verčič and Tka and (Verčič

- (Nownes 2006) . Christian D. de de D. Christian . 20 do) nor can they they can nor do) lac Verčič 2012) Verčič lac

to the European the to th (Fouloy 2011, (Fouloy

etr US. century

, is . CEU eTD Collection e 2012) Costantino and (McMorrow influence to then but seeks advice, “provides lobbyist a actively while change”, implement to authority the lacks but area, subject a in advice 1 and clients their lobbyists, professional of disclosure and registration “mandating lobbyists’”, include: that measures having a pass as who persons all “capturing describes OECD Austria), Canada, by run (US, usually governments registration, Mandatory associations. professional via run register lobbying training”, “ethics code”, ethics an promulgating self that notes OECD research, newest their In government/parliament. by or association professional by t and registers, lobbying mandatory and voluntary between first distinction a make to important is it but chapters, following the in described be to going is register lobbying they clients ( of represent; list the and deliver they services the about details (2) in; work they company the about or themselves about data contact and personal (1) information: following the disclose t a as serves which register lobbying public although servantscount public with directcontacts only contacts”, organized and structured through administration or legislature Austrian to exerted Ireland used are targets lobbying and lobbyingof definitions explicit where law lobbying Kingdom United the lobbyists of 1% narrow a defining officials, public with communication making ter a creates Bill’ ‘Lobbying 2014 the UK, the In

The term consultant should not be used alongside with lobbying. A consultant is a person who “provides expert expert “provides who person a is consultant A lobbying. with alongside used be not should consultant term The

s etoe bfr, vr efcie obig a icue stig p functioning a up setting includes law lobbying effective every before, mentioned As 2015) - euain a ehne rnprny n acutblt truh “eeoig and “developing through: accountability and transparency enhance can regulation ) iaca dt. hy lo ae o abide to have also They data. financial 3) Te utin obig a “oes l atvte, y hc drc ifune is influence direct which by activities, all “covers law lobbying Austrian The .

2014) xternal decisions, often with significant impacts to their client’s bottom line” line” bottom client’s their to impacts significant with often decisions, xternal Iead s h lts Erpa count European latest the is Ireland . .

minimal threshold of paid lobbying activity as ‘professional ‘professional as activity lobbying paid of threshold minimal ransparency tool. In the register, lobbyists usually usually lobbyists register, the In tool. ransparency 7

“investigative panels” and a publicly available publicly a and panels” “investigative ‘oslat lobbying’ ‘consultant m (OECD et al.2014)

h cd o cnut Te Austrian The conduct. of code the y ht dpe a standalone a adopted that ry hat they can be set up set be can they hat .

n dfns s as is defines and ( ( Parliament of of Parliament Parliament of of Parliament CEU eTD Collection neo non and vertical specifiedtheorymore a to turn must one Austria,considering functional, in classes social regulates State and society the in structures associations organized between nexus formal create to necessary general t strongly criticize public the and media where and constitution; the from work their forlegitimacy the draw partners social the where respected; is law of rule the where country western developed a as Austria in found norms” political to adherence and on agreement generating for processes social of variety great a by reinforced constantly are that legitimacy str acceptable range of the political consensus, wide with democratic“in political systems writes pluralistic, that Dahl democracy pluralist of model the Explaining 32). 2006, (Nownes decisions” government inf highly are lobbyists that argued and 1950s, the in political primarily interests of organized “studied theory Dahl the and Truman in that writes rooting Nownes pluralism. strong has and system democratic the of part legitimate 1.2. lobbyists officials” topublic accountabilitybeyond ”extendingtransparencyasmeasures andwell as requirements”, disclosure an registration lobbyist the to compliance enforcing and “monitoring activity”, financial certain -

corporatist political obig a wl a itrs rpeetto a a umbrella an as representation interest as well as Lobbying, Political neo pluralism or Corporatism on the other hand involves political attitudes and representative mechanisms mechanisms representative and attitudes political involves hand other the on Corporatism Shitr 1974) (Schmitter ategies is narrowed by beliefs and habits of legality, constitutionality, and and constitutionality, legality, of habits and beliefs by narrowed is ategies systems as those: Shitr xlis it explains Schmitter . (OECD 2012, 15 he government. - corporatism?

- 16) luential actors who exert profound influence over over influence profound exert who actors luential 8

(Dahl 1961, 225) 1961, (Dahl .

as a political arrangement where the state state the where arrangement political a as – - ofitv organizations. conflictive

neo - . corporatism. Wilson explainsWilson corporatism. These characteristics can be be can characteristics These

term, is understood as a a as understood is term, When When d CEU eTD Collection government of outside people and officials, governmental which to problems or subjects of an defined He not. do others and attention their receive agendas governments’ the on items certain why determine to trying was He theory. streams three his presented book g in interested was scientists. political prominent by theory in explained are points intervention these of Some lobbyists. successful less and successful between distinction a creates strategy lobbying intervention for points lobbyists inthepolicycycle, but 1.3. recognize theactivities neo a in one and system pluralistic a in is: here question important The interests. various of favor a businesses the between cooperation facilitate to is job their since lobbyists, of those are “negotiations” these in Austria in partners social the by played Roles Eising, and Maloney 2011) neo thus (and corporatism organizations, interest among competition the highlights pluralism While -

corporatism) points to negotiations among state institutions and peak associations peak and institutions state among negotiations to points corporatism) neet. ... n t scn ue croaim s n ntttoaie pten f policy of pattern institutionalized an is corporatism use, formatio second members’ its their In represent to (...). mandate broad interests. a having trustees, be to tend leaders group ass peak Nationwide which state effective of representation their interests the by recognized or licensed the groups and interest of government with partnership a in implemented major and made is policy which In One characteristic of a successful lobbyist is reacting on time. There are many many are There time. on reacting is lobbyist successful a of characteristic One threeKingdon’s model streams

interests inasocietyrepresented (usually business andlabor),by a limited n, mostly policy ineconomic making overnments’ agendas, alternatives and public policies, and in the eponymous the in and policies, public and alternatives agendas, overnments’

of social partners social andsimilar lobbying? as institutions of .

ociations enjoy monopolies for the domains they represent. Interest represent. they domains the for monopolies enjoy ociations - corporatist system, when neo when system, corporatist –

problem, politics policy, 9 (Wilson 1990,109) (Wilson

(Beyers, and Eising, Maloney 2011)

knowingwhen howtoapply a and certain How to distinguish between a lobbyist a between distinguish to How nd the state by changing policies in policies changing by state the nd .

- corporatist systems do not do systems corporatist no a oooy n the on monopoly a enjoy

agenda

John Kingdon John

as “the list list “the as (Beyers,

number .

CEU eTD Collection his theory, role ofexplaining the policy entrepreneurs: in coupling of concept the introduces Kingdon where is This time. in point certain a at together obscurity” relative into Zahariadis 1999) items other “pushing while people, the to appeal Governments polls. opinion reactmood bychange theagenda of a tackling to would items on that legislative regar and mood national administrative The turnover. and campaigns group pressure mood, national the elements: The agenda. government’s the from removed be proposal difficul The acceptability. value and feasibility technical especially role, important an play criteria selection the where is This so. doing already are or change policy certain a for advocate to ready are communities expert policy different that soup, primeval policy the in around floating ideas of variety a by described is stream The disaster. a or crisis a like event focusing a need they and indicators the by evident or deaths highway of attention totheirproblems” special opp “an as defined window a time, same the at together come streams three all When politics. and policies problems, time” 3) 1995, given (Kingdon any at attention serious some paying are officials, those with associated closely The (Kingdon 1995,179) for returnin position a promote to (...)resources, their invest to willing are who advocates As co to streams three these for only enough not is it opened, be to window policy a For

is opened and a certain policy gains the government’s full attention. A policy window is window policy A attention. full government’s the gains policy certain a and opened is

anticipated future gain in the form of material, purposive, or solidary benefits benefits solidary or purposive, material, of form the in gain future anticipated problem .

. Kingdon explained that there a there that explained Kingdon . ruiy o avcts f rpsl t ps ter e sltos o t push to or solutions, pet their push to proposals of advocates for ortunity

stream consists of indicators that point to certain problems, such as high rate high as such problems, certain to point that indicators of consists stream

a sudden rise in consumer prices. But some problems are not always self always not are problems some But prices. consumer in rise sudden a .

(Kingdon 1995, 165) (Kingdon 1995, ig cran rbe o cii cn e esrd y public by measured be can crisis or problem certain a ding 10 ty of implementing a policy can make a policy policy a make can policy a implementing of ty

re three streams flowing through the system: system: the through flowing streams three re

politics

stream consists of three three of consists stream Kndn 1995 (Kingdon

meaning policy policy policy me me - ,

CEU eTD Collection its to prior years creation. the in law a for advocating been have which lobbyists, together bring that associations professional the be could government Austrian the of outside entrepreneurs policy unavoidabl is adoption its gain,if future secure to law modifythe try will to politicians that suspect could one politicians, for also but lobbyists for just not policy protection a as serves law the were who government Austrian different partly theactionsexplain government ofthe Austrian ( by introduced law the of drafts of Information abstakeholders. proposals into looking by analyzed be will The issue. political a became and scene political Austrian the on exploded career, lob ( in career long scandal a with MEP, corruption Austrian an involving a how show will thesis the framework, theoretical this Using hs hss il lo r t ietf te oiy nrpeer isd ad usd the outside and inside entrepreneurs policy the identify to try also will thesis This

out the national mood of the Austrian people will also be collected to alsowill be people Austrian ofthe national mood out the

main actors in coupling the streams. Since every lobbying lobbying every Since streams. the coupling in actors main 11

politics bying and consultancy before his political his before consultancy and bying ).

policy problem

stream stream e. Thee. ) CEU eTD Collection followed. not rigidly are authors theby above suggested the and procedures conducted, Beach between 2 as well as politics, and economy Austrian in interest and education former author’s the also was the in done is lobbying most Vienna in only conducted were interviews Fourthly, Croatia. in investor biggest the still example for is Austria ties. political and economic strong their of because policies adopting in decade throughout has Austria neo other in regulated not th of version adopted the with agree not do who ones the are Austria in lobbyists professional the because especially understood be to needed adoption its into led that process The country. other wa which swiftly, adopted andcreated 2.1. research. neo justifieschoosing German section case language. selection The andthe Austrian inEnglish media from articles media of analysis includes also It Austria. in policies of adoption and creation the structured p the on relies thesis This phenomena. certain 2.

Poes rcn’ s n nraigy oua, n cnetd rsac mto. oe o isac te d the instance for Note method. research contested, and popular, increasingly an is tracing’ ‘Process e law

METHODOLOGY corporatist Austria for this research as well as the as well as research this for Austria corporatist Austria was primarily selected for this research because the Austrian lobbying law was was law lobbying Austrian the because research this for selected primarily was Austria Case selection study research Qualitative (Köppl 2014)

and structured and (2013)

n George and

. Secondly,isacountry Austria withneo

interviews - corporatist cultures in Europe as strictly as it is in Austria. Thirdly, Thirdly, Austria. in is it as strictly as Europe in cultures corporatist

methods are often used in social sciences for deep understanding of understanding deep for sciences social in used often are methods

city which holds governments’ main institutions. One of the reasons the of One institutions. main governments’ holds which city

s been the role model for eastern and southern European countries countries European southern and eastern for model role the been s and

Bennet Bennet ,

and position paper documents from stakeholders involved in in involved stakeholders from paperdocuments position and s not the case in adopting lobbying regulation policy in any adoptingpolicylobbyingany case in regulation in the not s (2005) . In this thesis, a bit different version of process tracing is is tracing process of version different bit a thesis, this In . 12

oes rcn method tracing rocess importance of lobbying regulation lobbying of importance - corporatist culture, andcorporatist culture, lobbying is

obnd ih semi with combined ifferences ifferences

policy sin ce -

CEU eTD Collection 45 lasted and English in conducted were They interview. semi were decline sessions, Parliament The the during and 2015. April process in negotiation the interviewed during involved mostly were Jarolim, Johannes Mr. They speaker parliamentarian Justice. of Ministry Federal Austrian the of Geo Mr. and Justice, of Ministry Federal Austrian the in Law the from politicians interviewedbe to Austrian Justice ofMinistry two suggested and law lobbying Austrian the of adoption the crea from process the in insights precise provided both They Thierry. Feri Mr. president former Association’s the and Köppl, Peter Mr. (OePAV) Association Affairs Public Austrian three in are different tothelaw. effects connected ways ofthenew that stakeholders different from received are adoption to creation from process complete the on views that so created was structure This institutions. partnership social from lobbyi email 2015 June to March from period the in Vienna 2.2. specificallycase such asone. fora asked this research in of project unless accessible publicly not are research this for analyzedwere that documents the of some that connection professional

. Interviewees were selected based on their positions during the creation and adoption of the the of adoption and creation duringthe positions their on based selected Intervieweeswere . ng law: (1) two NGO representatives; (2) two public officials; and (3) and officials; public two (2) representatives; NGO two (1) law: ng The first The thi for sources data main The methodsResearch - structured so that additional questions could be formed and asked during the the during asked and formed be could questions additional that so structured two interviews were conducted in March 2015 with the current President of the the of President current the with 2015 March in conducted were interviews two the

Austrian think Austrian s research were research s –

Mr. Georg Kathrein, who is the Director General for Civil Civil for DirectorGeneral the is who Kathrein, Georg Mr. - tank European Fo European tank d to be interviewed for this research. The interviews The research. this for interviewed be to d 13 , and two structured interviews conducted via via conducted interviews structured two and ,

four

semi –

rum Alpbach. It is important to note to important is It Alpbach. rum 60 minutes. Most of the interviews interviews the of Most minutes. 60 rg Krakow, former Head of Cabinet Cabinet of Head former Krakow, rg - structured interviews conducted in conducted structuredinterviews

two

representative tion to tion s

CEU eTD Collection from obtained was law the of draft second The stakeholders. other and firms law firms, lobbying ( responses opinion 74 the and law lobbying the of draft first the May 21 laws” lobbying in involved not “are they that answered Commerce of Chamber Agriculture the from only Econom arrived Austrian response The partners. social of representatives the from possible as asmuch information wouldextract soit wasmodified the introduction. The slightly questionnaire socia main four to sent was email by questions one the Besides of when the law as as thelaw now isimplemented. well bee them. from received was response no but Austria, in firms law from lawyers prominent to sent also were interviews for Invitations recorded. be to not an with recorded were n valuable for this research to understand their position even more precise during the creation the during precise more even position their understand to research this for valuable n     

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(Thierry 2015;36:35)

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problem strong arguments have been given been have arguments strong oiy rmvl soup primeval policy

(Köppl 2015; 49:33) (Köppl 2015; that the government reacted to, the policy proposals proposals policy the to, reacted government the that 27 .

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n te rsue rm h pbi and public the from pressure the and inistry of Justice of inistry ramework saying: “It’s O “It’s saying: ramework op ht s ae ot making out, taken is that roup .

(Thierry 2015;29:52)

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OUTLINING THE FINDINGS of of w of opportunity, the factors that led to the adoption of the final version of the law and the the and law the of version final the of adoption the to led that factors the opportunity, of w h cash The partners social the from responses opinion answers, interview of analysis precise After Throughout the whole process of creation of the drafts, the public aff public the drafts, the of creation of process whole the Throughout these

negotiating fornegotiating thepermanent Parliament’ ‘Pass for all regis for associatio - for - as cna iiitd wd dsuso aot obig euain n the in regulation lobbying about discussion wide a initiated scandal laws ns is crucial in crucial is ns

just days after the story about the scandal broke. The working working The broke. scandal the about story the after days just creating discussion about the need for a lobbying law, as law, lobbying a for need the about discussion creating

plc sat lk ta, ic Hnay Croatia, Hungary, since that, like starts policy n 28 he MEPs was an Austrian politician with a a with politician Austrian an was MEPs he

problem tered lobbyists. airs associations in associations airs

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CEU eTD Collection good a in them put which profession by lawyers are law the amend and create to assigned politicians head the of Most law. this drafting in participated actively they since study case this work. enough.” The result islesspaperwork, final butstill paper unnecessary of lot a been have “would this interviews, the of one in noted as and daily, d created. being was version final the when consideration under taken was which work their on law lobbying the of impact the assess to study legal a financed also partners social The partners: the to first the from changed were that articles the and draft first the to responses their of analysis The activities. political and representatives corporate creation from process partners. social the were law the of version final the into them implementing at a aotd n t oiia fr, h sca prnr wud ae o eot hi activities their report to have would partners social the form, original its in adopted was raft    

and h Mnsr aot eti atce o ti lw en i cnlc wt other with conflict in being way this Austrian in cannot laws, and be adopted; law this of articles certain about Ministry the Warned their own definitions manywhich adopted; were of later recommending law, the of definitions unclear many about Justice of Ministry the Wrote organizations the by but law, the themselves; by set not is conduct of code the that Demanded in success highest the also but suggestions most the had which stakeholders The Another successful community were the lawyers. They q They lawyers. the were community successful Another interes interests as thelobbyingcompanies do. collective) (or society’s the represent they that Claimed

to adoption of the lobbying law, law, lobbying the of adoption to

in forming policy that would have strong impact on their daily business business daily their on impact strong have would that policyforming in at rf idct pten i al h rsoss ta te social the that responses, the all in patterns indicate draft last

(Reinl 2015) n cn no can one

ualify as policy entrepreneurs in in entrepreneurs policy as ualify . tice the power of of power the tice

ad o individual not and t By tracing the the tracing By If the first the If these these

CEU eTD Collection rtcl oad te a i is urn fr. h iiil ol ht hy doae fr a to was for advocated they that goal initial The form. current its in law the towards critical law. the of effectiveness the and quality certain requirements. fulfillother to orto policies addition an ascome whereEuropelawslobbying policy regulationin 24. and 23 chapters law lobbying a InSerbia, law. anti o law the that 2013 in announced Justice of Minister south and east in noticed been also has procedure This law. lobbying a and law sponsoring party political the law, corruption consi laws of package a proposing government Austrian the in resulted This years before. the scenein political Austrian the to wereimportant that matters on laws ofpackage beingcorrupt. politicians Austrian the about suspicions their support to evidence have public the and media the that realized government Austrian the as soon as projected was law a for need The lobbying. for cash the in involved MEPs the of one though even indicated, not was policy regulation lobbying attorney t under hidden stay can this about information and clients; their for important purposes for consulting as but lobbying, as not activities lobbying their report to position a in still are lawyers aut and law a creating of position - laws corruption scandal was from Austria, from was scandal corruption laws - corruption strategy 2015 strategy corruption h wno o opruiy o dp a obig a bogt pn da t cet a create to ideas upon brought law lobbying a adopt to opportunity of window The e the factors, external the for As o wh Now - client privilege.

n h plc wno i coe, icsin ae tl ld i led still are discussions closed, is window policy the en

(Crn

asi psjvć 2014) Spasojević janski -

2020 will have to be adopted to finish the negotiations on EU accession, EU on negotiations the finish to adopted be to have will - east European countries such as Croatia and Serbia. Croatian Croatian Serbia. and Croatia as such countries European east omatically excluding themselves from its scope. In this way, this In scope. its from themselves excluding omatically (Dnevnik.hr 2013) (Dnevnik.hr pce pesr fo te U n uti t adopt to Austria on EU the from pressure xpected Austrian with a professional background in consultancy and and consultancy in background professional a with 30

. This shows a trend in adopting lobbying lobbying adopting in trend a shows This . p n lobbying is going to be adopted inside an inside adopted be to going is lobbying n oesoa pbi afis soitos are associations affairs public rofessional , along with the whistleblower protection whistleblower the with along , Asra bu the about Austria n tn o a anti an of sting he he - - CEU eTD Collection of the fines lobbyin of definition the of vagueness the to lobbying; do they fines can upto€60.000. be their about information disclose m to detail to in activities have companies lobbying The organizations. of types other and NGOs partners, social lobbyists, employ that companies from companies consultancy c the and way, positive a in lobbying regulate which hide in the public and the media the substantial core of lobbying: the right for for right the lobbying: of core substantial laws the of media petit quartet the a and caused public Telekom the in and hide BUWOG which Strasser, like cases But time. that at the increased have would th probably of quality law this of topic the on discussion detailed more A that claiming not lawyers towards ignorance law’s the on concerns their expressed They (Köppl 2014) ion (Leitl 2015) is law. Thus it could be questioned if the lobbying law was really a necessity necessity a really was law lobbying the if questioned be could it Thus law. is eet the transparency requirements, and if they fail to do so, the financial the so, do to fail they if and requirements, transparency the eet . One of the responses from social. Onepartnersalso that: oftheconfirmed from responses

urrent structure of the law separates lobbying and lobbying separates law the of structure urrent 31

g; and to the design of the scheme scheme the of design the to and g;

CEU eTD Collection 19 an 'intern Juncker Claude Jean President Commission new the by announced as years, two next the in occur to expected manda the to voluntary the transitionfrom its since Commission the and Parliament European the of Register Transparency the for important also is This etc.). conduct, for of codes guidelines institutional lacks it profession, a implementatio as recognized not is lobbying If GDP. country’s a to contributes marginally general in which profession specialized a such for law a c transition in especially policies, other in why behind recognized reasons being not lobbying from policy vary regulation lobbying introducing not are countries The regulation. for one crucial a nor profession important an countries w Lobbying system. capitalist the into transition the and communism south the lobbyists started act sothey formingcould associations asa community. and recognized be to started business lobbying the Austria, in community affairs public of rise no activities, their disclose not did lobbyists but Austria in existed businesses Lobbying history. its in adopted world, an Austria have didnot anti mid in Law Transparency CONCLUSION

S ome of which still do not have lobbying defined as a profession in their registers ofprofessions. registers their professionin as a defined lobbying not have stillwhichdo of ome - eastern Europe since the market for this profession only became necessary after the fall of of fall the after necessary became only profession this for market the since Europe eastern This pattern of recognizing the lobbying profession is present all throughout central and central throughout all present is profession lobbying the recognizing of pattern This Advocacy and Lobbying Austrian the of creation from process the tracks thesis This - institutional agreement'institutional law onbetter r had a code of conduct at the time when the industry began to rise. Only with the the with Only rise. to began industry the when time the at conduct of code a had r o a obig a o ohr id o lbyn rglto (outr registers, (voluntary regulation lobbying of kinds other or law lobbying a of n (McMenamin 2014) (McMenamin

- 01 o t aoto in adoption its to 2011

- corruption political party law, lawfinancing ora law lobbying . Recent changes introduced a “mandatory dimen “mandatory a introduced changes Recent . ountries - 32 making is still inthe makingmaking isstill 19

, to the lack of political will for implementingfor will political of lack the to , June 2012. As many other countries in the the in countries other many As 2012. June s n ete o those of neither in as

(Mahony 2015) (Mahony

tory system is system tory sion”, but but sion”, .

- CEU eTD Collection a single servant looked politician/civil insidetheregister not information, their by and Justice, of Ministry the by administered is register The 2013. t from came interest of lack The scandal. the before years five last the in failed have needed, is regulation that government the convince to Vienna in community affairs public the from attempts the all creation.its confirmsThis thesis through thatintention three Kingdon’s stream politicians. towards resentment public the stop to and companies lobbying private of activities claims Justice of Minister the as area, this in role” pioneering internationallyan on take “Austria can nor frequent officials. meetings public with theyregistersincehave to lobbyingalthoughtheythe have register, in acknowledged not theyare thattheir decadesthe Austrianactivities remain unquestioned economyfor since andsecured thus driv the being as position a their defended successfully partners social representing The interest. common are who partners social the from different interest, individual representing as ph as ‘lobbyists’ regulating towards more went lobbying regulate to attention the since beneficial as described be can law, lobbying Austrian the of adoption and creation the during in themselves found partners social and politicians businesses, the for beneficial historically as understood are institutions partnership social by performed activities lobbying Austria’s, as such neo in altho perceived is lobbying how of understanding for important be to ugh its theoretical and practical origins are in pluralist systems. In neo In systems. pluralist in are origins practical and theoretical its ugh The Austrian lobbying law thus does not represent a milestone in adopting lobbying laws,lobbying adopting in milestone a represent not does thus law lobbying Austrian The neo and Contrastingpluralism Salbr 2012) (Stadlober

The lawThe he public side too, after the law and the register were implemented on January 1st January on implemented were register the and law the after too, side public he would have never been cr have been never would Te a ws rae ad dpe ot f necessity of out adopted and created was law The . ysical entities and their companies since they were in the end marked end the in were they since companies their and entities ysical - corporatism as theoretical frameworks in this thesis proved proved thesis this in frameworks theoretical as corporatism

eated if there was no incentive for regulation, for noincentive eated iftheresince was 33

in the first year ( in the first

the society. The context in which the which in context The society. the s

which wereallwhich present during Köppl 2014). Köppl - oprts cultures, corporatist - corporatist systems corporatist to suppress the the suppress to

ers of of ers

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