Pounder's Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines Ninth Edition

Pounder's Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines Ninth edition

Edited by Doug Woodyard

AMSTERDAM· BOSTON· HEIDELBERG· LONDON· NEW YORK OXFORD • PARIS· SAN DIEGO· SAN FRANCISCO· SINGAPORE SYDNEY· TOKYO ELSEVIER Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Contents

Preface ...... vii Introduction ...... ix

1 Theory and General Principles ...... 1 2 Dual-Fuel and Gas Engines ...... 41 3 Exhaust Emissions and Control ...... 61 4 Fuels and Lubes: Chemistry and Treatment...... 87 5 Performance ...... 143 6 Engine and Plant Selection ...... 159 7 Pressure Charging ...... , ...... 173 8 Fuel Injection ...... 235 9 Low-Speed Engines-Introduction ...... 269 10 MAN B&W Low-Speed Engines ...... 289 11 Mitsubishi Low-Speed Engines ...... 361 12 WartsiIa (Sulzer) Low-Speed Engines ...... 387 13 Burmeister & Wain Low-Speed Engines ...... 451 14 Doxford Low-Speed Engines ...... 475 15 MAN Low-Speed Engines ...... 493 16 Medium-Speed Engines-Introduction ...... , ...... 507 17 AlIen (Rolls-Royce) ...... 525 18 Alpha Diesel (MAN Diesel) .. ;...... 531 19 Caterpillar ...... :...... 537 20 Deutz ...... 545 21 MaK (Caterpillar Marine Power Systems) ...... 549 22 MAN Diesel ...... 571 23 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) ...... 615 24 Ruston (MAN Diesel) ...... 627 25 SEMT Pielstick (MAN Diesel Group) ...... 635 26 Sulzer (Wartsila) ...... 649 27 Wartsila ...... 669 28 Other Medium-Speed Engines ...... 715 v l' I! vi Contents

29 Low-Speed Four-Stroke Trunk Piston Engines ...... 759 30 High-Speed Engines ...... 763 31 Gas Turbines ...... 829 32 Engineroom Safety Matters ...... 865

Index ...... 875 ..

Index

A Alkalinity reserve see base nnmber AAC see alpha adaptive cylinder oil control AlIen (Rolls-Royce) engines, 525-9 ABB Turbo Systems: Alpha adaptive cylinder (AAC) oil control, 315 A100 series, 193,207-9 Alpha cylinder lubricator unit, 132-4 Ruston (MAN Diesel) 16RK270 engine, 629 Alpha Diesel (MAN Diesel), 531-5 TPL series, 201-6 Alston Engines, 603 TPS series, 198-201 Aluminium alloy, 817 turbo compound systems, 229, 231 American Bureau of Shipping, 116 turbochargers, 228-9, 767 AMOS, UK XTS-W bearing wear sensor, 871-2 turbocooling, 188, 190-1 Amot speed monitor for VS 12 engine, 529 two-stage turbocharging, 190-1 Anglo-Belgian Corporation (ABC), medium- VTR-4P high efficiency turbocharger, 197, speed engines, 715-16 ,,'I, 617 Anti-polishing rings (APR): VTR ... series, 192-8 Bergen (Rolls-Royce), 615-16 Wartsilii medium-speed engines, 64 type, 706 MAN Diesel, L32/40 engine, 589 ABC see Anglo Belgian Corporation medium-speed engines, 517 Abrasive impurities in heavy fuel, 92 Wiirtsilii medium-speed engines ACERT technology in Caterpillar high-speed 26 type, 687 engines, 769 64 type, 708-9 Acid stress, 127 W32 type, 671 Active mountings, 25-6 Wiirtsilii (Sulzer) ADD see Advanced Diesel Engine RTA-Tseries,403 Development Company Tribobpack, 424 ADD30V Engine, 513-16 Anti-vibration mountings, 21, 24-5 ADEC see Advanced Diesel Engine Control Anti-wear performance summary, 123 ADEMill: Aorangi,xv Caterpillar control system, 768-9 Apparent propeller slip and engine EUI system for fuel injection, 543-4, 567 performance, 150 Admiralty Constant and engine performance, APR see anti-polishing ring 150 Ash content of fuel oils, 97 Advanced Diesel Engine Control (ADEC), 801 Asphaltene content of fuel oils, 98 Advanced Diesel Engine Development (ADD) Asphaltenes stress, 127 Company, 513-16 Astern running and engine performance, 154-7 AFR see air-fuel ratio AIDC see after top dead centre Afrika,x Atmospheric distillation, 88 After top dead centre (AFDC), 3, 8-9 ATR see automatic flexible rating Air filtration for gas turbines, 839-40 Automatic flexible rating (ATR), 370 Air manifold, MAN Diesel V28/33D engines, Automation and Wiirtsilii medium-speed 64 608 type engine, 712 Air-fuel ratio (AFR), 201, 858 Automotive-derived high-speed engines: Aircraft jet engines and gas turbines, 840-3 Scania, 825-6 Akasaka Diesel low speed four-stroke piston Volvo Penta, 826-7 engines, 759, 761 Auxiliary blowers: Alcap system for cleaning fuel oils, 106-7, Burmeister & Wain L-GB engines, 473 109-10 MAN B&W ME engines, 360 Alfa Laval Alcap system, 106-7, 109-10 Auxiliary power generation, 162-3 Alignment of large bore engines, 309 Axial vibrations, 33-6 875 876 Index

B KV-G4 gas engine, 52 piston ring design, 512 Backbone for MaK M32 engine, 552 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) engines, 615-25 Balancing, 18-19 B-series,616-18 Base number (BN), 119, 129-32, 134-5, 141 B32-40,619-22 Bazan Motores, Spain, 537, 540 BV,618-19 BBC see Brown Boveri C-series (C25:33L), 622-4 BDC see bottom dead centre gas engines, 624-5 Bearing Overheating Monitoring System K-series,615-16 . (BEARMOS), 871 RK215,632-4 Bearings: Berufsgenossenschaft (SBG) 28/32A medium-speed engines, 534 recommendations, 21 3600 series engines, 538 Bio-fuels,105-7 B&W engines post-1997 service, 329-31 Black sludge in medium-speed engines, 126-7 Bearing Overheating Monitoring System, Blast injection, xvi-xix 871 BN see base number Bergen (Rolls-Royce), B32-40 engine, 621 Bolnes: Burrneister & Wain L-GB engines, 465 engine tests, 120 Daihatsu DC-32 engine, 719 two-stroke medium-speed engines, 754-5 gas turbine lubrication, 838 Bottom dead centre (BDC), 8, 19, 189 large bore engines, 308-9 'Boundary lubrication', 122 MANB&W BP Marine: MC engines, 320-2 Enersyn MGT synthetic lubricant, 839 ME engines, 358 lubricating oil for gas turbines, 838 MAN Diesel V28/33D engines, 608 Brake horsepower (bhp), 143 MAN (Holeby) high-speed L16/24 genset Brown Boveri (BBC), 192-3 engine, 778 Biichi, Alfred, xix, 192 Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines 16RK270, Bunker quality testing for fuel oils, 116-17 630 Burrneister & Wain (B&W) engines: Stork-Werkspoor TM410 series, 741 6S50MC type, 78 Sulzer (WmsiHi) ZA40/ZA40S encines 657-8 '" , constant pressure turbocharging, 461-3 four-stroke, ix, xv, xvi turbochargers, 194, 199-200,218 fuel consumption, xxii-xxiv Wmsila hull vibration, 39-40 46 type, 694 K-GF type, 451-9 64 type, 707-8 L-GB type, 459-63, 463-74 Vasa, 32, 673 L-GF type, 459-63 W38A type, 690-1 low-speed, 451-74 XTS-W bearing wear sensor, 871-2 MAN Diesel, 289, 451 BEARMOS see Bearing Overheating scavenged, xxii-xxiv Monitoring System twin six -cylinder, x Bedplates: two-stroke engines, xviii, xxii-xxiv, 29 Burrneister & Wain L-GB engines, 465 Burnability of heavy fuel, 90-1 K-GF engines, 452-4 large bore engines, 306-8 MANB&W MC engines, 293 c ME engines, 358 Caernarvon Castle, xv Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines 16RK270, 630 Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index (CCAI), SKL VDS 29/24AL engine, 738 97 Stork-Werkspoor TM410 seri~s, 741 California Air Resources Board, 79 Sulzer RL engines, 442-3 'California Button', 69 Before top dead centre (BTDC), 8-10, 245 Calorific value, fuel oils, 93-4 Benzene emissions, 41 Camshafts: Bergen Diesel: 28/32A medium-speed engines, 534 C-series engines, 52 AlIen (Rolls-Royce) VS12 engine, 528 company, 51 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) engines, 615 Index 877

Bunneister &: Wain Chain drives: K-GF engines, 457-8 Bunneister & Wain MC engines, 326 L-GB engines, 471 Doxford L-GB engines, 471 Daihatsu DC-32 engine, 719 Charge air humidification, 73-4 Doxford low-speed engines, 487-8 Charge coolers for MAN Diesel V28/33D drive gear for RTA84T engine, 406-8 engines, 608-9 MAN B&W low-speed MC engines, 295 Chevron Global Lubricants, 129 MAN Diesel Chevron Marine Combustion Improver, 104-5 32/40 engines, 586-8 Chrome ceramic piston rings, 424 L27/38 and L21131 engines, 600-1 Churchill, Winston, ix V28/33D engines, 608 CIT see controllable injection timing MAN (Holeby) high-speed engines, L16/24 CL see controlled leakage series, 779-80 Clean design for Bergen (Rolls-Royce) B32-40 MAN KSZ series engines, 498 engine, 622 Paxman (MAN Diesel) VP185 engine, 810 Cleaning of fuel oils, 106 Ruston (MAN Diesel) 16RK270 engine, 631 Cloud point of fuel oils, 98 Semt-Pielstick engines, 644, 647, 813 CMCR see contract maximum continuous Stork-Werkspoor TM410 series, 741-2 rating WfutsiHl, 674, 679, 691 CNG see compressed natural gas Cantieri Navali Riuniti, xi CO see carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide (C02) emissions: CO2 see carbon dioxide dual-fuel engines, 41 Coalescer for air filtration, 839 engine thermal efficiency, 287 CoCoS computerized surveillance system, 781 exhaust gas emissions, 63-4 CODAG see combined diesel engine and gas medium-speed engines, 517 turbine Miller cycle, 189 Code of Practice for Atmospheric Oil Mist two-stage turbocharging, 191 Detectors, 866 Carbon monoxide (CO), 63, 76, 86 CODEG see combined diesel and gas turbine Carbon-cutting see anti-polishing electric CASS see combustion air saturation system CODOG see combined diesel or gas turbine Cat Data link, 768 propulsion Catalytic cracking, 88-9 COGAG see combined gas turbine and gas Caterpillar: turbine high-speed engines, 766-71 COGES see combined-cycle gas turbine and 3500 series, 767-8 steam turbine electric ACERT technology, 769 Coking and lubricating oil for gas turbines, ADEM III control system, 544, 768-9 838-9 high-displacement, 766 Cold filter plugging point (CFPP), 105 medium-speed engines: Combined diesel and gas turbine (CODAG) 3500B series, 544 propulsion, 85, 172, 830-1 3600 series, 537-40 Combined diesel and gas turbine electric 3618 (Bravo), 540-2 (CODEG) propulsion, 830 C280,542-4 Combined diesel or gas turbine (CODOG) engine builders, 508, 513-14 propulsion, 830 takeovers, 517 Combined gas turbine and gas turbine Caterpillar Common Rail (CCR) fuel injection (COGAG) propulsion, 830 system, 565-8 Combined-cycle gas turbine and steam turbine Caterpillar Marine Power Systems, 257 electric (COGES) propulsion, 832-3 CBM Management tool, 430-1 Combustion air saturation system (CASS), 73 CCR see Caterpillar Common Rail Combustion chambers: CCU see cylinder control unit Alpha (Diesel) 28/32A medium-speed Centinel oil management system, 771 engines, 533 Centrifugal separators for fuel oils, 110-12 Doxford low-speed engines, 479-80 Cermet (ceramic metal) coatings, 350 large bore engines, 309-14 Cetane number for fuel oils, 96 MAN B&W B7W ME engines, 358 CFD see computational fluid dynamics MAN Diesel 48/60B engines, 595 ..... ~ f 878 Index

673 Combustion chambers: (Continued) Vasa 32 type, MAN KSZ series engines, 498-500 W38A type, 690 97 Semt-Pielstick PA4 series, 812 Conradson Carbon Value, 361, 461-3 Siemens GT35 gas turbine engine, 846-7 Constant pressure turbocharging, turbines, 830 Sulzer RL engines, 444--5 Container ships and gas rating (CMCR), Sulzer (WfutsiUi) ZA50S engine, 664 Contract maximum continuous Wfutsilli (Sulzer) RTA engine, 388, 393, 417 390-2 card (CPC) for fuel Combustion equations for fuel oils, 100-3 Control and protection 254 Common rail (CR) fuel injection: injection, timing (CIT), 370 8000 engine, 263--4 Controllable injection propeller, 159, 163 description, 235, 255-7 Controllable pitch (CP) 317 dual-fuel and gas engines, 44--7 Controlled leakage (CL), (CSS), 367-8 filtration regimes, 112 Controlled swirl scavenging MaK engines, 563-8 Cooling system: engines, 539 MAN Diesel Caterpillar 3600 series engines, 770-1 51/60 DF engine, 50 Cummins high-speed engines, DC-32, 720 CR engines, 610--11 Daihatsu medium-speed ME-GI engine, 55 MAN Diesel engines, 602 medium-speed engines, 508-9 L27/38 and L21131 609 Wfutsila medium-speed engines, 264--8, 704 V28/33D engines, series, 780--1 Wfutsila (Sulzer) RT-flex electronic engines, MAN (Holeby) L16/24 393,432--3 MTU 800 Compressed natural gas (CNG) carriers, 41 4000 series engines, 793--4 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 709, 728 8000 series engines, engines, 633 Condition-based maintenance for Wfutsila Ruston (MAN Diesel) 818 (Sulzer) engines, 429-31 Semt-PielstickPA6B STC engine, TM410 series, 744 Connecting rods: Stork-Werkspoor engines Alien (Rolls-Royce) VS12 engine, 526 Wfutsila medium-speed Bergen (Rolls-Royce) engines, 621, 623 20 type, 683 Burmeister & Wain L-GB engines, 468-9 38 series, 693--4 Caterpillar 3600 series engines, 538 64 type, 711 Daihatsu DC-32 engine, 719 W46 type, 702 823--4 Doxford low-speed engines, 485-7 Wfutsila W200 engine, for Doxford L-GB General Electric GE LN250 series, 756-7 Cover mounted valves MaK M43 engine, 559 engines, 468 pitch MAN B&W low-speed engines CP see controllable card MC types, 294 CPC see control and protection ME type, 358 CR see common rail MAN Diesel Crankcase: valves, 872-3 L27/38 and L21/31 engines, 600 explosions and relief in enginerooms, L32/40 engines, 592 explosions and safety L58/64 engines, 576, 581 866-72 V28/33D engines, 608 L32/40 engines, 591-2 MAN (Holeby) high-speed engines L16/24 MaK series, 779 C-version engines, 563 559 Mitsui 42M engine, 735 VM43 engine, engines, 607-8 Paxman (MAN Diesel) VP185 engine, 809 MAN Diesel V28/33D engine, 798 . Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 633 MTU series 4000 engines 16RK270, 630 Semt-Pielstick engines, 642-3, 812, 816 Ruston (MAN Diesel) 639--41, 813 Stork-Werkspoor TM410 series, 743 Semt-Pielstick engines, S20 engine, 667 Sulzer (Wfutsila) ZA40/ZA40S engines, 656 Sulzer (Wfutsila) Wartsila high speed engines W200 series, 821 Crankshafts: engines, 617 Wfutsila medium-speed engines Bergen (Rolls-Royce) 20 type, 682 B32-40, 620--1 622 26type,688 C-series (C25:33L), engines, 455, 468 64 type, 709 Burmeister & Wain, Index 879

Daihatsu DC-32 engine, 719 Daihatsu C-32, 719 Deutz 628 series engine, 545 GMT BL550, 720-1 Doxford low-speed engines, 481-2 MaK M43 engine, 558-9 MaK VM43 engine, 560 MAN Diesel MAN B&W low-speed engines L27/38 and L21/31 engines, 600 MC type, 294 L58/64 engines, 574, 579, 582 ME type, 358 V28/33D engines, 608 MAN Diesel, V28/33D engines, 607 MAN (Holeby) high-speed engines, L16/24 MAN (Holeby) high-speed L16/24 genset gensetseries,777-9 engine, 778-9 MTU series 8000 engines, 791-2 MTU series 8000 engines, 793 Paxman (MAN Diesel) VP185 engine, 809 Paxman (MAN diesel) VP185 type, 809 Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 631, 633-4 Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 633 Semt-Pielstick (MAN Diesel Group) Semt-Pielstick engines, 643-4, 647 PA6B STC engine, 813-14, 816 Semt-Pielstick PA6B STC engine, 813, 816 PC2-6B engine, 642-3 Stork-Werkspoor TM410 series, 743 PC4-2B,646 Sulzer (WfutsiHi) Storlc-Werkspoor TM410 series, 741 S20 engine, 667 Sulzer RL engines, 442 ZA40/ZA40S engines, 655-6 Sulzer (WfutsiHi) S20 engine, 667 Wartsilii medium-speed engines, 670 VS12 engine, 525 20 type, 679, 681 WfutsiHi medium-speed engines 26 type, 687 26 type, 686-7 46 type, 695 46 type, 694 -64 type, 709 64 type, 707-8 low NOx Vasa 3 type, 674 Vasa 32 type, 673 Vasa 32 type, 674 ~ W38A type, 690 W38A type, 691 Crossheads: Cylinder jackets: Bn=eister & Wain K-GF engines, 454--5 K-GF engines, 456 MAN Diesel, 32/40 engines, 588-9 L-GB engines, 469-70 Cylinder liners: Sulzer RL engines, 446-7 28/32A medium-speed engines, 533-4 Crude oil distillation, 88 AlIen (Rolls-Royce) VS12 engine, 525 Cruise ships and gas turbines, 829 Anglo Belgian corporation BZ, 715-16 CSS see controlled swirl scavenging Bergen (Rolls-Royce) B32-40 engine, 621 Cummins: Caterpillar 3600 series engines, 539 high-speed engines, 764 Daihatsu DC-32, 719 KTASO-M2 type, 771 Deutz TBD 645 series engine, 547 Quantum system, 769-71 GMT BL550, 721 Cycles, practical, 2-3 L-GB engines, 466-7 Cycloconverter system for diesel- electric large bore engines, 313-14, 425-6 drives, 166 MAN B&W low-speed engines, 294, Cylinder blocks: 317-19 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) C-series engine, 617, MAN Diesel 621 32/40 engines, 589-90 MaK M43C engine, 561 L58/64 engines, 572-3 Cylinder bore of Paxman (MAN Diesel) V28/33D engines, 608 VP185 type, 806-8 MAN (Holeby) high-speed L16/24 geriset Cylinder control unit (CCU), 342-3 engine, 778 Cylinder covers for Bn=eister & Wain MAN KSZ series, 500, 502 engines, 457, 467 Niigata high-speed engines, 805 Cylinder frames for Bn=eister & Wain L-GB Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 630 engines, 466 Semt-Pielstick Cylinder heads: engines, 640-1, 646 Alpha diesel 28/32A engines, 533 PA6 STC series, 813-14 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) engines, B32-40, 621 Stork-Werkspoor, 743, 746 , 880 Index I I

Cylinder liners: (Continued) Derating of engine performance, 147 Sulzer (Wartsila) Det Norske Veritas Petroleum Services (DNV), S20 engine, 667 96,116-17,865,868 ZA40lZA40S engines, 655 Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC), 764, 795 Tribopack,424-5 Deutz engines: Wartsilli medium-speed engines 628 series, 545 20 type, 681 high-speed, 772-3 26 type, 687 TBD 645 series engine, 546 46 type, 694 DF see duel-fuel 64 type, 708-9 DICARE system support (MaK engines), 569 low NOx Vasa 32 type, 674 Diesel combined Cycle, xxvi-xxvii Vasa 32 type, 673 Diesel, Rudolf, xvii, 1 W38A type, 691 Diesel-- electric drives, 166--71, 171-2 Wartsila Sulzer low-speed RTA84T engine, Diesel-mechanical drives, 161-6, 171-2 408-9,410-11 DIMOS system support (MaK engines), 569 Cylinder lubrication: Direct injection systems, 236-8 Burmeister & Wain L-GB engines, 472 Direct water injection (DWl), 72-3, 76 feed rates, 130-4 DLE see dry-Iow emissions low-sulphur fuels, 129-30 DNV see Det Norske Veritas Mitsubishi Heavy Industries engines, 386 Dorthe Maersk, 192 Sulzer RL engines, 444-5 Doxford low-speed engines, 475-6, 476--191 types, 119-21 camshafts, 487-8 Cylinder pressure: combustion, 479-80 Wartsila medium-speed engines, 670-1 connecting rods, 485-7 20 type, 679 construction, 481 low NOx Vasa, 32, 674 crankshafts, 481-2 Cylinder units: cylinders, 482-4 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) engines B32-40, 623 fuel injection, 488-9 concept in four-stroke engines, 509 J-type, 476-91 MAN (Holeby) L16/24 series, 781-3 pistons, 485 Wlirtsila high speed engines W200 series, 821 turbochargers, 490--1 Cylinders: Dry-Iow emissions (DLE) technology, 838 condition in B&W engines, 327-8 DSP see Daihatsu single pipe covers for MC engines, 294 Dual-fuel (DF) engines, 41-60 cut-out system for B&W engines, 334-5 gas engines, 51-2 Doxford low-speed engines, 482-4 gas-diesel engines, 51 frames for MC engines, 294 injection systems, 248 jacket water cooling system for RTA84T MAN 51/60DF engine, 48-51 engine, 408, 412 performance gas injection engine, 56-9 jackets for Sulzer RL engines, 444 Wartsilli 50DF engine, 45-8 pressure measuring system, 344 DWl see direct water injection technology in medium-speed engines, 517 wear and lubricating oils, 121-3 Cyltech 80 lubricants, 119-20 E East Asiatic Company ix-x Eavestone, xiv D EC see exhaust closure Daihatsu: ECC see 'eco cylinder controller' medium-speed engines, 716--20 ECL see electronically controlled cylinder DC-32 engine, 718-20 lubrication Daihatsu single pipe (DSP), 718 'Eco cylinder controller' (ECC), 384 Daring, 856 'Eco main controller' (EMC), 384 Data collector in CBM Management tool, 430 Eco-engine (UBC series), 379-85 DDC see Detroit Diesel Corporation ECS see electronic control system Delphi Bryce fuel injection systems, 249-50, ECD see engine control module; engine control 252-3,253-4,254-5 unit Index 881

EEC see electronic engine controller maximum rating, 144-6 Efficiency of engines, 4-5 mean effective pressure, 147-8 EGR see exhaust gas recirculation power build-up, 152-3 EIAPP see Engine International Air Pollution propellers Prevention law, 148-9 Electric transmission: performance, 150-2 ease of control, 170 slip, 148, 150 economical part-load running, 169-70 trailing/locking of propellers, 153-4 environmental safety, 170 Engine Vision System (EVS) flexibility of layout, 167-9 Enginerooms and safety, 865-74 load diversity, 169 Ensel engine selection program, 392 low noise, 170 Environment: ship safety, 170 gas turbines, 830 Electrically driven oil supply for mark 9 large issues, xx-xxi bore engines, 353 legislation and lubricating oils, 118 Electro-Motive Di.vision: performance of RT-flex electronic engines, 710G series, 751-4 436 two-stroke medium-speed engines, 751-5 EUI see electronic unit injection Electronic control system (ECS), Caterpillar European Union and greenhouse gases, 63 high-speed engines, 766, 768 EVC see exhaust valve closure Electronic engine controller (EEC), 860 EVO see exhaust valve opening Electronic fuel injection: EVS see Engine Vision System description, 253-5 Exhaust and air intake, 3600 series engines, MAN low-speed engines, 504-6 /539-40 Electronic gas injection (ELGI), 54-5 Exhaust closure (EC), 10 Electronic high-pressure cylinder lubricator for Exhaust emissions/controls, 61-86 large bore engines, 314-15 benzene, 41 Electronic unit injection (EUI), 543-4 charge air humidification, 73-4 Electronically controlled cylinder lubrication exhaust gas recirculation, 74-6 (ECL),384 fuel nozzles, 76-7 Electronics and common rail fuel injection, 567 gas turbines, 837-8 ELGI see electronic gas injection low-speed engines, 272 EMC see 'eco main controller' MAN Diesel, 83, 510 EMD see Electro-Motive Division medium-speed engines, 508 Emissions see exhaust emissions nitrogen oxides emissions, 65-9 Energol CLO 50M 70BN lubricant, 120 optionssurnmary,86 Engine blocks: particulates, soot and smoke, 81-6 Himsen (HHI), H21/32 engine, 728 Selective Catalytic Reduction, 64, 77-81 Wartsila high speed engines, W200 series, 820 WfutsiHl, 85-6 Wfutsila medium-speed engines water based NOX reduction, 69-73, 69-77 46 type, 694, 697 Exhaust gas installation for MaK VM43 46F type, 705 engine, 560 64 type, 706 Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 74-6, 275-6, Engine control unit (ECU), 260-2, 342-3, 286 684,689 Exhaust gas system in Bunneister & Wain L Engine driven oil supply for mark 9 large bore GB engines, 473 engines, 353 Exhaust systems: Engine International Air Pollution Prevention Daihatsu D series engines, 718 (EIAPP),65 Daihatsu medium-speed DC-32 engine, 720 Engine performance: H-type engine (UEC series), 373-8 I. Admiralty Constant, 150 MaK 32C engine, 557 apparent propeller slip, 150 MaK M43C engine, 562 astern running, 154-7 MAN Diesel derating, 147 L27/38 and L21/31 engines, 600 exhaust temperatures, 146 L58/64 engines, 558 fuel coefficient, 150 V28/33D engines, 608 882 Index

Exhaust systems: (Continued) Flexible camshaft technology (FCT), 560, MTU series 4000 engine, 800 563-4 Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 629, 634 Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), 764 Sulzer (Wfutsila) Fluid Analytical Consultancy Services (FACS), ZA40S engine, 660 142 ZA50S engine, 664 Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), 87, 89 Wfutsila Vasa 32 type, 674 FMS see flexible manufacturing systems Exhaust temperatures and engine performance, Four-stroke engines: 146 builders, 670 Exhaust turbochargers for Burmeister & Wain chrome ceramic piston rings, 424 L-GB engines, 473 cylinder unit concept, 509 Exhaust valve actuation: father-and-son layouts, 165-6 Wfutsila (Sulzer) fuel injection, 433 RTA uniflow engines, 398-9 low-speed piston, 759-62 RTA-T series engines, 398-400 __ _ SKL medium-speed engines, 736 RTA84T engine, 407, 410 turbochargers, 174-6, 180, 192-3 Exhaust valve closure (EVC), 8 Wfutsila,818-19 Exhaust valve opening (EVO), 9 Wfutsila DF, 42 Exhaust valves: FQS see fuel quality setting Alien (Rolls-Royce) VS12 engine, 526 Frameboxes: Burmeister & Wain engines MAN B&W low-speed engines K-GF type, 457 MC type, 294 L-GB type, 468 ME type, 358 Deutz TBD 645 series engine, 547-8 -Frames: Grandi Motori Trieste A32 engine, 726 Alpha Diesel 28/32A medium-speed MANB&W engines, 532-3 MC engines, 295-7, 319-20 Burmeister & Wain. engines, 452-4, 465 ME engines, 360 Sulzer RL engines, 442-3 post-1997 service, 331-2 Freight carriers and gas turbines, 829 RT-flex electronic engines, 435 Fuel: MAN (Holeby) high-speed engines L16/24 flexibility for gas turbines, 845 series, 779 IF30 grade, 818, 843, 845 Mitsubishi UEC engines, 369-70, 382-4 Fuel economy: Sulzer (Wfutsila) engines, 651, 657 MAN Diesel 48/60B engines, 596 Wfutsila (Sulzer) engines, 390,429 medium-speed L32/40 engines, 510 Waspaloy Inconel 718 alloy, 805 Fuel injection: Expert system in CBM Management tool, 430 3600 series engines, 539 Explosions: 8000 engine common rail system, 263-4 crankcases, 866-72, 872-4 ADD 30V engine, 515-16 relief valves for VS12 engine, 529 ADEM ill system, 544 External unbalanced moments and vibrations, Alien (Rolls-Royce) VS12 engine, 528 29 B&W engines post-1997 service, 332-3 ExxonMobil Marine Fuels, 101-2 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) B32-40 C series engines, 623 B32-40 engine, 621 F BVengine,619 FADEC see full authority digital engine control Burmeister & Wain L-GB engines, 470 Fast ferry propulsion, 767-8, 813 Caterpillar C280 engine, 543-4 Father-and-son layout, 165-6,830 Caterpillar high-speed engines, 766-7 FCC see fluid catalytic cracking common rail systems, 235, 255-7 FCT see flexible camshaft technology Daihatsu medium-speed DC-32 engine, 719 Finnjet, 829 developments/trends, 247-9 Fiona, ix Doxford engines, 488-9 First-order moments, 29-31 electronic, 253-5, 504-6, 533-4 Flash point of fuel oils, 99, 135 fuel lines, 240-1 Flexibility and gas turbine propulsion, 830 fuel valves, 249 Index 883

GMT A32 engine, 726 coefficient and engine performance, 150 injection and combustion, 235-8 combustion equations, 100-3 injectors, 238-40, 567 Conradson Carbon Value, 97 MaK M32 engine, 556 consumption in 24 hours, 13 MANB&W flash point, 99, 135 L32/40 engines, 510-11 good bunkering practice, 112-16 MC engines, 297, 322-4, 324-6, 339-42 heating chart, 13 2-3 MAN Diesel heavy, xix-xx L27/38 and L21131 engines, 601 injection technology, xviii L32/40 engines, 586 low-sulphur, 100-4 L58/64 engines, 576 MC engines, 297 V28/33D engines, 609 microbial contaminants, 136-9 MAN (Ho1eby) high-speed engines, 780 pour point, 99 MAN KSV series, 502-3 properties, 93-106 MTU Friedichshafen, 257-64 sediment content, 98 MTU high-speed engines specific gravity, 99-100 8000 series, 789-90 specification, 99-100, 113-14 s 4000 series, 797 sulphur content, 98 pump/pipe injectors, 252-3 treatment, 106-12 pumps, 242-5 viscosity, 95-6, 135 Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 631, 633 water content, 98 Semt-Pie1stick PC series, 636, 644, 647 see also heavy fuel oils SKL VDS 29/24AL engine, 739 Fuel quality setting (FQS): Stork-Werkspoor TM410 series, 744 RTA84C/96C engines, 418 Su1zer (WfutsiHl) Z series engines, 658, 668 RTA84T engine, 407-8 TBD 645 series engine, 548 Fuel standard for marine application, ISO TDC,822 8217, 105, 113, 116-17 timing, 245-6 Fuel valves: uniformity, 246-7 28/32A medium-speed engines, 533 unit injector v. pump/pipe injector, 249-52 fuel injection, 249 unit injectors, 250-2 large bore engines, 314 WfutsiHl medium-speed engines Fuel water emulsion (FWE), 69-70 20 type, 682-3 Full authority digital engine control (FADEC), 26 type, 688 860 38 type, 689-90 Functional groupings for MaK M32 engine, 46F type, 704, 709 553 64 type, 709-10 Future for diesel engines, xxii-xxvii common rail system, 264-8, 670 FWE see fuel water emulsion low NOx Vasa, 32, 674-5 Vasa 32 type, 674 WfutsiHl (Su1zer) G RTA-flex electronic engines, 434-5 Gallery brackets, L-GB engines, 472 RTA-T series engines, 399 Gas engines, 41-60, 624-5 RTA84T engine, 405-6, 409 Gas Generator term, 841, 844, 851 Wfutsilli. W200 engine, 822-3 Gas turbine change unit (GTCU), 843, 854, Fuel oils: 862-4 additives, 104-5 Gas Turbine term, 841 ash content, 97 Gas turbines: asphaltene content, 98 advantages, 830 bio-fue1s, 105-7 air filtration, 839-40 bunker quality testing, 116-17 aircraft jet engines, 840-3 Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index, 97 container ships, 830 calorific value, 93-4 cruise ships, 829 centrifugal separators, 110-12 cycles and efficiency, 834-7 cetane number, 96 designs, 840-3 cloud point, 98 freight carriers, 829 884 Index

Gas turbines: (Continued) Hanshin Diesel low speed four-stroke piston liquid natural gas carriers, 829 engines, 760-2 lubricating oil, 838 HC see hydrocarbons (HD) lubrication, 838-9 HD see high displacement 1-2, 2-3 maintenance, 830, 860-4 Heat cycle, theoretical, Mitsubishi, 850 Heavy fuel oils (HFOs): 567 nitrogen oxides emissions, 830, 837-8 ADEM Electronic Control Module, passenger ferries, 829 ash content, 97 plant configurations, 830-4 asphaltenes, 127 propulsion, 829-30 black sludge, 126 Improver, Rolls-Royce, 850-60 Chevron Marine Combustion Siemens, 843-7 104--5 Gas-diesel (GD) engines, 51-2 cleaning, 106-7 87 GCR see gear constant ratio description, GD see gas diesel effects, 91 41, 55-6 GE see General Electric gas operation, Gear constant ratio (GCR), 297 history, xix-xx 96, 97 Gear train in MAN Diesel V28/33D engines, ignition properties, 603-5 liquid fuels, 48-9 577, 610 Geared drives, 163-5 MAN Diesel engines, Geislinger damper, 412 problems, 89-93 104 General Electric (GE): sulphur content, S20 engine, 666 gas turbines Sulzer (WartsiHi) LM1500 engine, 847 " viscosity, 95 engines, 763 LM1500+ engine, 847-8 Heavy-duty high-speed stresses, 244 LM1600 engine, 830, 847 Hertzian (contact) LM2500 engine, 830, 832, 847-9, 849-50 HFOs see heavy fuel oils 85 LM2500 + G4 engine, 849-50 Hi-Fog nozzles for scrubbing, engines, 766 TF49 turbofan aircraft engines, 848 High displacement (HD) for common rail fuel medium-speed engines, 755 High pressure pumps GE LN250 series, 756-8 injection, 567 (HT): GE V228 series, 755-6 High temperature heavy fuel oils, 92 Generators/motors for turbochargers, 232-3 corrosion by 602 GMT see Grandi Motori Trieste water cooling, high-speed engines, Good bunkering practice for fuel oils, 112-16 High-performance Governors: 763 L-GB engines, 471 High-speed engines: 825-7 MAN Diesel V28/33D engines, 609 automotive-derived, Grandi Motori Trieste (GMT): Caterpillar, 766-9 high-speed engines, 772-5 Cumrnins,769-71 765-6 medium-speed engines, 720-7 design features, 764--5, A32 type, 725-7 Deutz,772 772-5 A55 series, 720, 722-5 Grande Motori Trieste, Grey Goose, 835 heavy-duty, 763 763 Gripsholm, xv-xvi high-performance, 775 GTCU see gas turbine change unit Isotta Fraschini, 775-83 Guide-force moments, 32-3 MAN (Holeby), Mitsubishi, 783-95 Niigata,801-5 H Paxman (MAN Diesel), 806-12 Hagen, xii Semt-Pielstick,812 HAM see humid air motor Wartsila,818-15 Hamburg-Amerika line, ix, xiv Himsen (HHI): engines, 727-30 Hans Jensen Lubricators, 386 medium-speed Hansestadt,192 H17/28,729 Hansestadt Danzig, xix H21/32, 727-9 I .[ I Index 885

H25/33,729 Ruston (MAN Diesel) 16RK270 engine, H32/40, 729-30 630 Hoerbiger explosion relief valves, 872-4 Selective Catalytic Reduction, 78-9 Horsepower, 10-11 Sulzer WartsiHi ZA40S engine, 664 Hot Combustion process, xxvi-xxvii Wartsilii (Sulzer) RTA engines, 390 H.S. Denision, 847 nitrogen oxides/smoke emissions, 563-5 HT see high temperature SOLAS regulations (safety), 865 Humid air motor (HAM), 73 sulphur content of fuel, 64 Hydrocarbons (HC), 61-3, 76-7, 78, 82-3, 86 InVA see intelligent valve actuation Invisible smoke (IS), 596-7 IS see invisible smoke ISO 8178, emission regulations, 82-3 IACS see International Association of ISO 8217, fuel standard for marine Classification Societies applications, 105, 113, 116-17 IC see inlet closure Isotta Fraschini high-speed engines, 775 ICR see intercooled recuperated IVC see inlet valve closure IF30 grade fuel, 818, 843, 845 !FEP see integrated full electric propulsion !MO see International Maritime Organization J Impulse method for turbochargers, 183 J-type engines (Doxford), 476-91 InFi see intelligent fuel injection John Brown (UK), xv Injection and combustion, 235-8 Junkers engines, xiv Injectors for fuel injection, 238-40, 567 lutlandia, x Inlet closure (IC), 10 Inlettemperature for Siemens GT35 gas turbine engine, 846 K Inlet valve closure (IVC), 8, 189 KBB turbochargers, 227 Inlet valves, Semt-Pielstick PC2-6B engine, Knocking control in dual fuel engines, 647 50,53 Inner dead centre (!DC) see top dead centre Kongsberg Maritime, Norway: Insoluble products in lubrication oils, 135 oil mist detection, 868-70 Installation refinements for MAN B&W MC Sentry GB-lOO system, 869-70 engines, 326-7 Sentry temperature monitoring, 705 Integrated full electric propulsion (!FEP), 167 Kyoto Protocol, 63 'Intelligent' cylinder lubrication, 131-4 'Intelligent' engines, 280-7 Intelligent fuel injection (InFi), 282-3 L lIitelligent valve actuation (In VA), 282-4 L-orange fuel injection, 797 Intercooled recuperated (ICR) cycle for Lamda control: propulsion, 835-6, 857-8, 860 air-to fuel ratio, 201 International Association of Classification fuel injection, 780 Societies (IACS), 867-8 Lanchester balancing, 19, 40 International Maritime Organization (!MO): Large bore engines: emission regulations, 379, 385 cylinder liner wear, 425-6 engine room noise, 21-4 MAN B&W low-speed engines, xxi-xxii, exhaust emissions, 286, 508 306-15,346-5 exhaust gas recirculation, 76 MAN Diesel, 572 low-sulphur fuels, 100 LCI see Load Commutated Inverter nitrogen oxides emissions LCV see lower calorific value B&W MC engines, 293 Lead emissions, 41 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) engines, 620 LEAD injectors for MTU series 4000 engine, control, 65-8 801 direct water injection, 72 LEE see low emission engine environmental issues, xx LHV see lower heating value exhaust gases, 508 Liner lacquering in medium-speed engines, medium-speed engines, 508 124-6 886 Index

Liquid natural gas (LNG) carriers: insoluble products, 135 dual-fuel engines, 41, 44, 49 'intelligent' cylinder lubrication, 131-4 gas turbines, 829 IOW-Sulphur fuels; 129-30 low-speed two-stroke engines, 269 lube oil stress, 127-8 MAN Diesel ME-GI engine, 53, 55-6 medium-speed engines, 124-6 136-9 medium-speed engines, 507, 516 microbial contaminants, Liquified natural gas (LNG) carriers, 166 oil stress, 127-8 Lloyd's Register: synthetic, 128-9 bio-fuels, 105 testing, 134-5 135 charter party, 113 wear metal elements, crankcase explosions, 867 Lubrication: 539 electric propulsion, 167 Caterpillar 3600 series engines, 720 Fluid Analytical Consultancy Services, 142 Daihatsu DC-32 engine, Fuel Oil Bunker Analysis Service, 117 gas turbines, 838-9 fuel testing, 116 MAN Diesel engines, 602 LNG see liquid natural gas L27/38 and L21/31 609 Load Commutated Inverter (LCI), 166 V28/33D engines, L16/24 genset . Loki, xii MAN (Holeby) high-speed Loop cooling in RLB engines, 449 engine, 778-81 engines, 788 L' Orange fuel injectiop., 548, 617 MTU series 1163 engines, 631, 633 Low emission engine (LEE), 563 Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 743 Low NOx Wfutsilii 32 engine, 674-5 Stork-Werkspoor TM410 664, 667-8 'Low port': Sulzer (Wfutsilii.) engines, engines concept for turbochargers, 186 Wfutsilii. medium-speed cylinder liners for RTA84T-BID engines, 20 type, 683-4 410-11 32 type, 677 Low temperature (LT): 38 series, 693-4 corrosion by heavy fuel oils, 92 64 type, 711-12 824 water cooling, 602 Wfutsilii W200 engine, for electronic fuel Low-speed engines: LUCAS Ell systems Burrneister & Wain, 451-74 injection, 254 development, xxi-xxii Lyra Leader, 380, 384 Doxford, 475-6, 476-91 160, 161 I engine selection, i I four-stroke piston, 759-62 M (MCU), 712 intelligent engines, 280-7 Main control unit introduction, 269-80 Maintenance: C-series engines, 624 MAN, 493-506 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) 860-4 MAN B&W, 289-360 gas turbines, 830, I MAN Diesel L32/40 engines, 593 I Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, 361-86 I 793 Sulzer (Wfutsilii.) 4RTX54 test, 273-5 MTU series 8000 engines, S20 engine, 668 vibration, 26-9 Sulzer (Wfutsilii.) Wfutsilii. (Sulzer), 387-449 Wfutsilii. 11 Low-sulphur fuels, 100-4 38 engine, 690 engine, 822 Lower calorific value (LCV), 6 W200 series assembly change units (MACUs), Lower heating value (LHV), 45 Maintenance I1 LT see low temperature 852,862 11 Marine Power Systems), I Lubricating oils: MaK (Caterpillar I black sludge, 126-7 549-69 contanrination, 139-42 C-versions, 562-3 fuel injection, 563-8, 565-9 cylinders common rail lubricant feed rates, 130-4 design features, 549-51 types, 119-21 early models, 569 563-5 wear, 121-3 low emission technologies, environmental legislation, 118 M32 engine, 551-7 construction, 552 gas turbines, 838 M32 engine '!

...... ,'''''' 111 _____•• 1 Index 887

M32C engine, 557, 565-6 research and development, 276-80, 285 M43 engine, 557-9 ME-GI engine, 53-6 M43C engine, 560-2 medium-speed engines support, 569 28/32A,531-2 VM43 engine, 559-60 32/40,584-93,593-4 i I see also Caterpillar 32/44CR engines, 611-12 MAN Diesel: 32/44CR engines 48/60CR, 612-13 4T50ME-X research engine, 75 48/60 engines, 518-20 4T50MX low-speed research engine, 277-80 48/60B,594-7 32/40 engine, 58 CR series, 609-11 51160DF engine, 48-51 description, 508,571-613 alpha cylinder lubricator unit, 132-4 exhaust emissions, 510 axial vibrations, 33-6 fuel economy, 510 B&W low-speed engines, 289-360 L21131,598-603 980 mm-bore MC engines, 304-5 L32/40, 510-12 CoCoS-EDS diagnostic system, 344 L37/38,598-603 control system, 342-3 L40154, 583-4 electronically controlled ME engines, L58/64,513,571-8,578-82 336-7 V28/33D, 603-7, 607-9 exhaust gas emissions flexibility, 338-9 'mini-sac' fuel valve, 76 exhaust valve actuation systems, 342 nitrogen oxides reduction, 73-4, 83-4 fuel injection system, 339-42 noise, 21-4 L series, 289-92 over lubrication, 130-1 L35MC engine, 289, 298 particulates, 83 large bore engines, 306-15, 346-54 performance gas injection engine, 56-8 mark 9 large bore engines, 346-54 pollution, 63 MC engines, 293-8, 298-306, 316-27 Queen Elizabeth, 2, ix ME engine systems, 339, 345-6 SaCoS DF engine management system, 50-1 ME-B engines, 272, 354-60 second-order moments, 31-2 milestones, 290-1 slide-type fuel valve, 77 operating advice, 335-6 soot reduction, 83-4 operational safety/flexibility, 338 torsional vibrations, 37, 39 post-1997 service, 327-35 turbochargers programmes expansion, 298-306 NA series, 212-14, 217-19 reduced fuel consumption, 338 NR series, 212-14 S26MC engine, 298 TCA series, 214-20, 221 S35MC engine, 298-300 TCR series, 220-1 S ... MC engine series, 300-4 turbo compound systems, 231 water mist catchers, 315-16 vibrations, 27-8 CoCoS computerized surveillance, 781 volatile organic compounds, 56 exhaust gas recirculation, 75 MAN (Holeby) high-speed engines, 775-83 first-order moments, 29-30 L16/24 genset series, 775-8, 778-83 fuel oil heating chart, 132-3 MAN low-speed KSZ series engines structure, fuel water emulsion, 70 496-8 gas-burning engines, 59-60 Manoeuvring system (without bridge control) guide-force moments, 32-3 for L-GB engines, 472 high pressure turbocharging, xix Marine Spey SMlC combustor, 858 hull vibrations, 39-40 Marioff Oy company, 73 injectors, 50 Marpol 73/78 regulation for marine pollution, intelligent engines, 280-1 137 L32/40 engines emissions, 594 Maschinefabrik Augsburg Nurnberg see MAN low-speed engines Materials for MaK M32 engine, 555 description, 493-506 Maximum continuous rating (MCR), 143,391 designers, 269-72, 285, 493-506 Maximum rating and engine performance, electronic fuel injection, 504-6 144-6 KSZ series, 493-5, 495-504, 504-6 MCR see maximum continuous rating 888 Index

MCRS see modular common rail fuel system Microbial contamination and fuel/lubricants MCS see monitoring and control system 136-9 ' MCD see main control unit Miller cycle, 68, 188-9,563 MDEC (MTU Diesel Control Unit), 790 Miller system for Niigata 32FX engine, 803-5 Mean effective pressure and engine Mirrless Blackstone: performance, 147-8 medium-speed engines, 730-22 Mean piston speed, 12-13 ESL series, 732-4 Mechanical efficiency, 7 MB340L,730-1 Medium-speed engines: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI): Advanced Diesel Development DD30 V engines, 72-3 engine, 513-16 gas turbines, 850 AlIen (Rolls Royce) 5000 series engines, GG-8 engine, 850 520-3 ICR cycle, 835-6 Alpha Diesel, 531-5 MFT-8 engine, 838 Anglo-Belgian Corporation, 715::-16 high speed engines, S16R-S, 783-4 Bergen (Rolls-Royce), 615-25 intelligent engines, 285-6 black sludge, 126-7 low-speed engines .carbon dioxide emissions, 517 350 mmJ400 mm bore, 378-9 Caterpillar, 537-44 cylinder lubrication, 386 compactness, 508 eco-engines advantages, 384-5 cylinder technology, 517 emissions, 385-6 Daihatsu, 716-20 H-type, 373-9 design, 518-23 UEC eco-engine, 379-85 Deutz, 545-8 UEC series, 361-6, 366-73 engine selection, 160 UEC-LSE, 366, 379-81 General Electric, 755 RTA series engines, 404 GE LN250 series, 756-8 turbochargers, 222-7, 231 GE V228 series, 755-6 Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha (MKK), centrifugal Grandi Motori Trieste, 720-7 separators, 111-12 Himsen (Hyundai Heavy Industries), 727-30 Mitsui medium-speed engines, 733-5 introduction, 507-23 Mobilgard lubricant: liner lacquering, 124-6 570, 120-1 MaK (Caterpillar Marine Power Systems), SHC, 1, 128 549-70 Modular common rail fuel system (MCRS), MAN Diesel, 571-613 770 B&W Alpha, 531-2 Modular system for MaK M32 engine, 553 L32140, 510-12 Moment compensators for Burmeister & Wain Mirrless Blackstone, 730-22 L-GB engines, 471 Mitsui,733-5 Monitoring and control system (MCS) Niigata, 736 Monte Penedo, xiii-xiv nitrogen oxides emissions, 517 Mountings, active, 25-6 Nohab,736-7 MPC turbocharging system, 647 reduced weight, 508 MTU Diesel Control Unit (MDEC), 790 Ruston (MAN Diesel), 627-34 MTU Friedrichshafen: Semt-Pielstick,635-47 active mountings, 25 SKL,736-9 common rail system, 257-63 Stork-Werkspoor Diesel, 739-46 fuel injection systems Sulzer (WartsiHi), 649-68 8000 engine common rail, 263 turbochargers, 509 high-speed engines, 257-63 two-stroke, 747-55 technology development, 256-7 variable inlet closing, 509 MTU (Motoren- und Turbinen-Union): WartsiHi, 669-713 DDC engines, 795 common rail system, 264-8 high-speed engines, 784-801 Yanmar, 746-7 ADEC, 801 MET series turbochargers, 222-7 research and development, 764-6 Methane, 41 396 series, 784-5 - Index 889

595 series, 785-6 MTU series 8000 engines, 794 1163 series, 786-8 Paxman (MAN Diesel) VP185 engine, 810 2000 series, 795-fJ performance gas ejection engine, 57 4000 series, 796-801 reduction techniques, 69-73 8000 series, 788-94, 794-6 requirements, xx Multi-pulse method for turbochargers, 183 Rolls-Royce WR-21 engines, 860 Munter Euroform company, 73 two stage turbocharging, 189-91 UEC emissions, 372-3 Wan:sila,508,672 N 38 type, 689 N apier turbochargers, 210-12 duel-fuel50DF engines, 46 Natural gas, 42 low NOx Vasa 32 type, 674-5 Niigata: W200 engine, 822-3 high-speed engines, 801-5 Nodes and vibration, 14-16 32FX engine, 803-5 Nohab medium-speed engines, 736-7 Miller system, 803-5 Noise: V16FX engine, 802-3 engines, 19-21 medium-speed engines, 736 gas turbines, 830 Nimonic alloy: low-speed engines, 272 cylinder heads, 667 Northrop Grumman, USA, 854 GMT A32 engine, 726 NOx see nitrogen oxides valves, 527, 542 NR series (turbochargers), 212-14 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions: AlOO series (turbochargers), 207 centrifugal separators, 112 o combustion chamber design, 59 Oil mist detection (OMD), 335, 865-6, 867-9, dual-fuel and gas engines, 41-3, 52 871,872 eco-engine,385-6 Oil stress, 127-8 exhaust emissions/control, 61, 65-9, 86 OMD see oil mist detection gas turbines, 830, 837-8 Oranje, xv International Maritime Organization Oros combustion chambers, 309-11, 327, B&W MC engines, 293 350-2 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) engines, 620 Otto working principle, 56 control, 65-8 Overcritical running and torsional vibrations, direct water injection, 72 38-9 environmental issues, xx Overspeed protection on Allen (Rolls-Royce) medium-speed engines, 508 VS12 engine, 529 Ruston (MAN Diesel) 16RK270 engine, 630 Selective Catalytic Reduction, 78-9 p Sulzer (Wan:sila) ZA40S engine, 664 Particulate matter (PM), 63 Wan:sila (Sulzer) RTA engines, 390 Particulates, soot and smoke, 81--6 low-speed engines, 275, 277, 287 Passenger ferries, gas turbines, 829 lubricating oils, 118 Paulstra active mountings, 25 MaK Paxman (MAN Diesel): engines, 563-5 high speed engines, VP185 type, 806-12 VM43 engine, 560 high-speed engines, 806-12 MAN B&W ME engines, 357 PC see piston cleaning MAN Diesel PDM see Pulse Width Modulation .32/40 engines, 585 Peak firing pressure in high-speed engines, 48/60 engine emissions, 519 765-6 51/60DF engine, 48 Performance of engines, 143-57 L27/38 and L21131 engines, 601 Performance gas injection (PFI) engine, 56-9 particulates, 83-4 Petit Pierre, xi V28/33D emissions, 604, 607 PFI see performance gas injection medium-speed engines, 517 Pipework in MaK M43C engine, 562 890 Index

Piston cleaning (PC) rings, 313, 327-8, 358 TriboPack for extended time-between Piston-running: overhaul,423-5 RTA Type engines, 401 Wartsila medium-speed engines, 670-1 RTA-T series engines, 401 20 type, 681-2 RTA84T engine, 409-10 26 type, 688 Pistons: 46 type, 694 AlIen (Rolls-Royce) VS12 engine, 526 64 type, 708 Alpha diesel 28/32A engines, 533 low NOx Vasa 32 type, 674 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) Vasa 32 type, 673 B32-40 engine, 621, 623 W38A type, 691 engines, 616, 617 Wartsila (Sulzer) RTA84T engine, 405 Burmeister & Wain low-speed engines see also rotating piston K-GF type, 456 Plant configurations for gas turbines, 830-4 L-GB type, 469-70 Plant selection, 159-72 Caterpillar 3600 series engines, 5}9 Plunger seizures, Sulzer (Wartsila) ZA40/ chrome ceramic rings, 424 engines, 658-9 crowns PM see particulate matter high topland, 309 Podded propulsors, 170-1 Orosshape,309-11,327,350-2 Post weld-heat treatment (PW-HT), 349 Wartsila (Sulzer), 429 Pour point of fuel oils, 99 Daihatsu DC-32 engine, 719 Power: design features for large bore engines, build-up and engine performance, 152-3 309-13 Semt-Pielstick Deutz 628 series engine, 545 / PA6B STC engine, 816 Doxford low-speed engines, pistons, 485 PC2-6B engine, 639 General Electric GE LIV250 series, 756 turbines for MC engines, 297-80 Grandi Motori Trieste Power related unbalance (PRU), 32 A32 engine, 726 Power take ins (PTIs), 229, 298 BL550, 721-2 Power take offs (PTOs), 26, 34-5, 36, 162, high-speed engine, Caterpillar, 767-8 165,297 MaK M43 engine; 559 Practical cycles, 2-3 MANB&W Pressure: MC engines, 294-5, 317 ratings for engines, xxvii ME engines, 359 testing fuel valves in B&W engines, 333-4 MAN Diesel Pressure charging: 48/60B engines, 596 charge air cooling, 178-9 L27/38 and L21131 engines, 599-600 scavenging, 179-80 L32/40 engines, 591 turbochargers, 173-233 L58/64 engines, 574-6 Preussen, xix, 192 V28/33D engines, 608 Propellers: MAN (Holeby) high-speed engines L16/24 engine performance, 150-2 series, 779 law and engine performance, 148-9 MAN KSV series, 500-2 slip and engine performance, 148, 150 mean speed, 12-13 Propulsion: MTU series 4000 engine, 799 fast ferry, 767-8, 813 ring packs, 311-13, 359 gas turbines, 829-34 rod glands, 428-9 intercooled recuperated cycle, 835-6, 857-8, Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 630-1, 633 860 Semt-Pielstick (MAN Diesel Group) PTIs see power take in; power take ins engines, 640-3, 647 PTOs see power take offs SKL VDS 29/24AL engine, 739 Pulse converter method for turbochargers, speed in high-speed engines, 765 183 speed in Semt-Pielstick PA6B STC engine, Pulse jet cylinder lubrication, 427-8 816 Pulse Width Modulation (PDM) drive, 166 Sulzer RL engines, 447 Pump/pipe injector v. unit injector for fuel Sulzer (Wartsila) engines, 656, 667 injection, 249-52 Index 891

Pump/pipe injectors for fuel injection, 252-3 RTA 96C, 414--19 Pumps for fuel injection, 242-5 RTA-2U series, 395-7, 398 RTA-T series, 397--401 RTASOC, 404--5 Q RTA60C,401--4 Quantum System Electronics, 771 RTA68T-B,414 Queen Elizabeth, 2, ix RTA84C,414--19 Queen Mary, 2, 85, 832 RTA84T series, 405-10, 410-14 Quiet engine rooms, 21--4 RTA96C, 414--19, 419-23, 426, 427 selection, 390--2 unifiow scavenging, 387 R VITNEC,408-11 Rail in common rail fuel injection, 567 Running gear: RCS see remote control system MaK M32 engine, 553 Refinery processes, 87-9 MAN KSZ series, 498 Reina Del Pacifico, 867 Ruston Design (UK), 603 Reliability, gas turbines, 830 Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 627-34 Relief valves for crankcase explosions, 872--4 16RK270, 627-8, 630-2 REMIND software for centrifugal separators, 20RK270,629 111 RK215, 632--4 Remote control system (RCS), 790 RK270,627-8 Retrofits of turbochargers, 228-9 RK280,634 Reversing mechanism: Burmeister & Wain L-GB engines, 471 MAN B& W MC engines, 297 5 Wartsila (Sulzer) RTA84T engine, 405 SACM Diesel, France, 818 Ricardo Consulting Engineers, UK, 520 SaCoS DF engine management system, 50-1 'Rillenlager' bearings, 657 Safety, oil mist, 865-6 RL-type engines, 448-9 Safety in enginerooms, 865-74 Rolls-Royce (RR), 51-2, 520-3 crankcase explosions, 866-72 gas turbines IACS,867-8 Marine Spey engines, 850-3 oil mist, 865--6 MT30 engine, 853--4 Sankey diagrams, 4--5 RB211 engines, 856, 858 SAW see surface acoustic wave RM 60 engine, 835 Scania automotive-derived high-speed engines, WR-21 engine, 835, 854--60 825--6 see also AlIen (Rolls-Royce) Scavenging: Romagna, xi Burmeister & Wain L-GB engines; 472-3 Rotating piston in Sulzer (Wartsila) engines, H-type engine (UEC series), 373-8 651-2,656,663--4 nnifiow, 361 Royal Caribbean Cruises, 832 Schaller Automation: RR see Rolls-Royce Bearing Overheating Monitoring System, RTA engines - Wartsila (Sulzer): 871 9RTA84C engine, 388-9 crankcase explosions, 869-71 35/40-bore series, 439 Schwitzer turbochargers, 811-12 82-bore series, 437-9 SCR see selective catalytic reduction combustion components, 388, 393 SECAs see sulphur emission control areas design, 392--4, 394--5 Second-order moments, 31-3 piston running technology, 401 Secundus, xiv RT-fiex Sediment content offuel oils, 98 50C,404--5 Selandia, ix-x, xiii electronic, 431--6 Selection of engines, 159-72 large bore liner wear, 426 Selective catalytic reduction (SCR): prograrrune,390,436-7 carbon monoxide, 86 pulse jet cylinder lubrication, 427 environmental issues, xx service, 436-7 exhaust emissions, 77-81 892 Index

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR): Spill port closure (SPC), 245 (Continued) SPU see signal processing unit hydrocarbons, 86 SRB see sulphate-reducing bacteria low-speed engines, 275, 277, 285, 287 SSV see start-up and safety valve lubrication oils, 118 Start-up and safety valve (SSV), 267 nitrogen oxides emissions, 64, 77-81 Starting air system: Selfjector Future (SJ-F) centrifugal separator, Burmeister & Wain L-GB engine, 473-4 111-12 MAN B&W low-speed ME engines, 345 Semt-Pielstick: MAN Diesel V28/33D engines, 609 high-speed engines Starting in Allen (Rolls Royce) VS12 engine, PA6B STC, 812-18 528-9 programmes, 812 STC see sequential turbocharging system; Semt-Pielstick (MAN Diesel Group) engines, sequentially turbocharged 635-47 Stena HSS 1500-class ferry, 830, 840 company, 236, 584 Stop-Choc active mountings, 25 PC series, 635-6 Storage of heavy fuel oils, 89-90 PC2-6B,638-44 Stork-Werkspoor Diesel (SWD): PC2-6B low pollution, 644-5 medium-speed engines, 739-46 PC4-2B,645-7 SW 280 series, 745-6 Sequential turbocharging system (STC), 812, TM410 series, 740-5 817 TM620 series, 740-4 Sequentially turbocharged (STC), 604 Wiirtsilii 26 engine, 686 Service propulsion (SP) point, 292 Stratified fuel-water injection (SFWI), 72 Shaft generators for MC engines, 297 ,Strokelbore ratio in high-speed engines, 765 SHC see synthesized hydrocarbon Structure of MAN B&W low-speed engines Shell Alexia X OIL, 119 MC engines, 316-17 Siemens: Stuffing boxes for Doxford L-GB engines, 466 gas turbines, 843-7 Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB), 136, 140 GT35 (SGT-500) engine, 843-6 Sulphur: Signal processing unit (SPU), 869-70 content in fuel, 64, 98, 315 Single pipe exhaust (Spex) in Wiirtsilii engines, deposition, 62 677,701-2,704 low-temperature corrosion by heavy fuel, 92 SINOx Selective Catalytic Reduction System, Sulphur emission control areas (SECAs), 64-5, 80 101, 104, 129-30 SKL: Sulphur oxides (SOx): medium-speed engines, 736-9 exhaust emissions/controls, 61, 86 four-stroke engines, 736 gas engines, 41, 10 1 Smart drive unit (SMU) for electronic fuel gas turbines, 830 injection, 254 low-sulphur fuels, 101 Smoke emissions: Sulzer: International Maritime Organization, 563-5 hydraulic actuation of gas exchange valves, MaK engines, 563-5 509 soot production, 83 R-type engines, 392-3 Sulzer (Wiirtsilii) ZA40S engine, 663 RL-type engines, 440-9 SMU see smart drive unit ZA50S engine, 509-10 Societe des Etudes de Machines Therrniques see also Wiirtsilii (Sulzer) seeSEMT Sulzer (Wiirtsilii) engines, 649-68 'Soft blast' cleaning for Siemens GT35 gas 4RTX54 test, 273-5 turbine engine, 846 rotating piston, 651-2 SOLAS regulations (safety), International S20,665-8 Maritime Organization, 865, 867 Z series, 649-50 SP see service propulsion ZA40/ZA40S, 653-61, 665 SPC see spill port closure ZASOS,662-5 Specific fuel oil consumption, 144-5 Surface acoustic wave (SAW), 869 Specific gravity offuel oils, 99-100 SWD see Stork- Werkspoor Diesel Spex see single pipe exhaust Swirl injection principle (SIP), 386 f

Index 893

Synthesized hydrocarbon (SHC) lubricants, burst tests, 191 128 Caterpillar 3600 series engines, 539 Synthetic lubricating oils, 128-9 cleaning, 191 constant pressure, 361 construction, 183-5 T Cummins high-speed engines, 770-1 TBN see total base number Daihatsu DC-32, 720 TBO see time-between-overhaul designers, 192-8 TDC see top dead centre Doxford engines, 490-1 TDC, fuel injection, 822 emissions, 188-9 Theoretical heat cycle, 1-2,2-3 four-stroke engines, 174-6, 180, 192-3 Thermal cracking, 88 General Electric GE LN250 series, 756 Thermal efficiency of engines, 6-7, 287 generators/motors, 232-3 Thermal load in MaK M32 engine, 555 history, xix Thermal stress, 127 KBB,227 Thermodynamic conditions, MaK M32 engine, MaK 551 C-version engines, 563 Thrust bearings for Burmeister & Wain L-GB VM43 engine, 560 engines, 465 MaK (Caterpillar Marine Power) M43C Time-between-overhaul (TBO): engine, 561 condition-based maintenance, 430 MAN Diesel, 184,212-21 Doxford RL-type engines, 448 32/40 engines, 593 large bore cylinder liners, 425 48/60B engines, 595-6 piston rod glands, 428-9 . L27/38 and L21131 engines, 602 Tribopack,423-5 L58/64 engines, 577, 578-80 Wiirtsila (Sulzer) V28/33D engines, 604, 609 RT-flex engines, 432 MAN (Holeby) L16124 series, 780 RTA96C engines, 415-16 MAN KSZ series engines, 500-3 Timing for fuel injection, 245-6 medium-speed engines, 508 Tin- aluminium (Sn40Al) alloy in main Miller cycle, 188-9 bearings, 308-9 Miller system for Niigata 32FX engine, 804 Toiler, xii Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, 222-7 Top dead centre (TDC), 2, 7, 19,42,59 MTU Topham, Nick, 127 1163 series engines, 788 Torque, 11-12 4000 series, engine, 800 Torsional vibrations, 36-9 8000 series engines, 790, 795 Total base number (TBN), 101, 118, 119-20 NA Series, 212-14, 217-19 Trailing/locking of propellers, 153-4 Napier,210-12 Trends for fuel injection, 247-9 noise, 21 TriboPack: Paxman (MAN Diesel) VP185 engine, piston-running, 416 810-11 time-between-overhaul,423-5 performance/development, 185-7 Turbo compound systems for turbochargers, retrofits, 228-9 229-32 RR series, 193, 199 Turbochargers: Ruston (MAN Diesel) engines, 629, 634 3618 (Bravo) engine, 542 Schwitzer,811 A100 series, 193,207-9 Semt-Pielstick PA6B STC engine, 817 ABB, 228-9, 767 Semt-Pielstick PC series, 636, 647 advantages, 173-5 SKL VDS 29124AL engine, 739 AlIen (Rolls-Royce) VS12 engine, 528 Sulzer RL engines, 447-8 Alpha Diesel 28/32A engines, 534 Sulzer (Wartsila) B&W low-speed engines, 461-3 S20 engine, 668 bearings, 199-200,218 ZA40S engine, 660-1 Bergen (Rolls-Royce) engines, 617-19, 621, surging, 181-2 623 systems, 182-3 Burmeister & Wain engines, 458-9, 473 TCA series, 214-20, 221 894 Index

Turbochargers: (Continued) V TCR series, 220-1 Vacuum distillation, 88 TPL series, 193,201-6,206-7 Valve inlet timing (VIT) in Sulzer (WiirtsiHi) TPL-C series, 206-7 ZA40S engine, 660 TPS series, 198-201 Valves: turbo compound systems, 229-32 3600 series engines, 539 turboblowers, 180 L-GB engines, 468 two-stage, 189-91, 362 MAN Diesel V28/33D engines, 608 two-stroke engines, 174-9, 186, 192-6, 206 Nimonic, 527, 542 variable turbine area technology, 221-2 VAN see variable area nozzles VTC series, 193 Vanadium and corrosion by fuel oils, 92 VTR design, 183-4, 185 Vandal, xi WiirtsiHi medium-speed engines, 677, Vane separator for air filtration, 839-40 684-5,691 Variable area nozzles (VAN), 858-9 64 type, 710-11 __ Variable compression ratio (VCR), 278 WiirtsiHi (Sulzer) RTA engines, 418-19 Variable exhaust valve closing (VEC), 274, see also pressure charging 407-8 & . T'urning gear/wheel for Burmeister Wain Variable geometry (VG), 812 L-GB engines, 472 Variable injection timing (VlT): Two-stroke engines: engine performance, 278 4RTX research engines; 273-5 low-speed engines, 435 Bolnes,754-5 RTA84C/96C engines, 418 constant pressure turbocharging, 491 RTA84T engine, 408 Electro-Motive Division, 751-4 , Variable inlet closing (VlC): propellers, 159 medium-speed engines, 509 turbochargers, 174, 176-9, 186, 192-6, pressure charging, 190-1 206 Sulzer (WiirtsiHi) ZA40S engine, 663 WiirtsiHl' (Sulzer), 387-449 Variable inlet valve closure (VlC), Wiirtsilii Wichmann WX28, 747-50 medium-speed engines, 46F type, 704 Variable Multi-Pnlse (VMT) system, 556 u Variable radial turbine (VRT) geometry, UEC series engines: 227 automatic flexible rating, 370 Variable turbine area (VTA), 216, 221-2 controlled swirl scavenging, 367-8 Variable turbine geometry (VTG), 187,201 description, 361-6 Variable valve timing (VVT) in Bergen (Rolls- design, 366-73 Royce) C-series engines, 624 eco-engine, 379-85 VCR see variable compression ratio exhaust valves, 369-70 VEC see variable exhaust valve closing H-type, 373-9 Very large container carriers (VLCC) history, 366, 371 propulsion, 301-4, 346, 381, 411 LSE, 366, 379, 381 VG see variable geometry lubrication, 386 VI see viscosity index nitrogen oxides emissions, 372-3, 385-6 Vibrations: time-between-overhaul, 370-1 axial, 33-6 Ulstein Group, 615 description, 13-17 Undercritical running and torsional vibrations, external unbalanced moments, 29 38 gas turbines, 830 Unified reqnirements (UR) and safety in engine low-speed, 26-9 rooms, 867-8 nodes, 14-16 Uniflow scavenging, 361, 387 torsional, 36-9 Uniformity in fuel injection, 246-7 VIC see variable inlet valve closure Union Steamship Company, xv Viscosity, fuel oils, 95-6, 135, 845 Unit injector v. pump/pipe injector for fuel Viscosity index (VI), 109 injection, 249-52 Viscous damping, 412 Unit injectors, fuel injection, 250-2 VlT see variable injection timing Index 895

Viton O-rings for VS12 engine, 525-7 W38 series, 689-94 VLCC see ver:y large container carriers W46 fuel injection, 698-701 VMT see Variable Multi-Pulse nitrogen oxides, 68, 70 VOCs see volatile organic compounds over lubrication, 130-1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 56 particulate composition, 82 Volvo Penta automotive-derived high-speed RT-fiex96C engine, xxvi engines, 826-7 RTA series engines, 274, 285 VRT see variable radial turbine (VRT) RTA96C engines, xxv VTA see variable turbine area selective catalytic reduction, 80-1, 86 VTG see variable turbine geometr:y smokeless medium-speed engines, 84 VTR-type turbochargers, 192-8 Stork-Werkspoor Diesel, 537 Vulcanus, xii turbo compound systems, 229 turbocharging, 187, 190 two-stroke engines, xiii, xv, xvii, xx-xxi w VASA, 32, 69 WacoReG see water-cooled residual gas vibrations, 26-8 WfutsiHi: W64 engine servicing, 712-13 7RTA52U two-stroke engine, 81 Wetpac H system, 73 32DF engine, 44-5 WfutsiUi Engine Control System (WECS), 45, 50DF engine, 45-8 48,266,435 cleaning of fuel oils, 107-9 20 type, 685 common rail injection systems, 257, 32 type, 678-9 264-8 38 series, 693 DF four-stroke engines, 42-4 64 type, :712 direct fuel injection, xx Wfutsilii (Sulzer) low-speed engines: direct water injection, 71-2 35/40-bore series, 439 EnviroEngine concept, 83-4 82-bore series, 437-9 exhaust emissions, 85-6 CBM Management tool, 430 high-speed engines, 764, 818-15 condition-based maintenance, 429-31 W200,819-25 engine selection, 390-2 hull vibrations, 39-40 exhaust valves, 428-9 intelligent engines, 280 large bore liner wear, 425-6 low-speed engines pistons, 428-9 4RTX54 test engine 273-5 pulse jet cylinder lubrication, 427-8 development, 274-6 RT-fiex, 404-5 engine designers 269-70 96C, 426, 427 RTA series, 285-6 electronic, 431-6 medium-speed engines, 669-713 programme, 390 16V46 engines, 832 service, 436-7 20 type, 679-84 RTAseries, 387-90, 392-5, 395-7,401-5 26 type, 685-9 RTA68T-B,414 46 type, 694-8 RTA84C, 414-19 46Ftype, 702, 703-5 RTA84T series, 405-10, 410-13 64 series, 513 RTA96C,414-19,419-23 64 type, 705-12, 712-13 Sulzer RL-type, 440-9 companies in group, 669 Tribopack for extended TBO, 423-5 CR type, 713 see also Sulzer (Wfutsilii) cylinder technology, 517 Waspaloy Inconel 718 alloy for exhaust valves, development, 670 805 engine builders, 508 Waste heat recover:y (WHR), 287 low NOx Vasa 32 type, 674-5 Water in fuel oil, 90, 98, 135 nitrogen oxides emissions, 672 Water-cooled residual gas (WACoReG), 76 Sentr:y system for 46F engine, 870 WAVE engine performance simulation, 522-3 smokeless, 84 WECS see Wfutsilii Engine Control System Spex turbocharging, 701-2 Weight of Semt-Pielstick PA6B STC engine, Vasa 32 type, 669, 672-3, 675-9 817-18 ~

896 Index I

Wetpac H system for Wiirtsilii, 73 WOSR (wide operating speed range) WHR see waste heat recovery technology in Caterpillar engines, 769 Wichmann WX28 two-stroke medium-speed engines, 747-50 Wide operating speed range (WOSR), 769 y Woodward Governor see Delphi Bryce Yanmar medium-speed engines, 746-7 Working cycles, 7-9