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Coal Out: Fossil Fuel Power Station Breakdowns in Queensland

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Coal Out: Fossil Fuel Power Station Breakdowns in Queensland Coal Out: Fossil fuel power station breakdowns in Queensland Over 2018 and 2019 there were more breakdowns at Queensland’s gas and coal power stations than in any other National Electricity Market (NEM) state. Queensland’s newer supercritical coal power stations had disproportionally high rates of breakdown with Australia’s newest coal power station at Kogan Creek, the most unreliable single generating unit in the NEM. Discussion paper Mark Ogge Audrey Quicke Bill Browne September 2020 ABOUT THE AUSTRALIA INSTITUTE The Australia Institute is an independent public policy think tank based in Canberra. It is funded by donations from philanthropic trusts and individuals and commissioned research. We barrack for ideas, not political parties or candidates. Since its launch in 1994, the Institute has carried out highly influential research on a broad range of economic, social and environmental issues. OUR PHILOSOPHY As we begin the 21st century, new dilemmas confront our society and our planet. Unprecedented levels of consumption co-exist with extreme poverty. Through new technology we are more connected than we have ever been, yet civic engagement is declining. Environmental neglect continues despite heightened ecological awareness. A better balance is urgently needed. The Australia Institute’s directors, staff and supporters represent a broad range of views and priorities. What unites us is a belief that through a combination of research and creativity we can promote new solutions and ways of thinking. OUR PURPOSE – ‘RESEARCH THAT MATTERS’ The Institute publishes research that contributes to a more just, sustainable and peaceful society. Our goal is to gather, interpret and communicate evidence in order to both diagnose the problems we face and propose new solutions to tackle them. The Institute is wholly independent and not affiliated with any other organisation. Donations to its Research Fund are tax deductible for the donor. Anyone wishing to donate can do so via the website at https://www.tai.org.au or by calling the Institute on 02 6130 0530. Our secure and user-friendly website allows donors to make either one-off or regular monthly donations and we encourage everyone who can to donate in this way as it assists our research in the most significant manner. Level 1, Endeavour House, 1 Franklin St Canberra, ACT 2601 Tel: (02) 61300530 Email: [email protected] Website: www.tai.org.au ISSN: 1836-9014 Summary The Australia Institute’s Gas and Coal Watch program monitors breakdowns at coal and gas power stations in the National Energy Market (NEM). This report focuses on the performance of coal and gas power stations in Queensland from 13 December 2017 (when The Australia Institute began monitoring) to the end of 2019. Breakdowns at gas and coal power stations are problematic because they usually involve sudden and unexpected losses of hundreds of megawatts of capacity. When these breakdowns occur at times of high demand, particularly during heatwave conditions, they can significantly increase the risk of blackouts. There were 93 breakdowns at Queensland’s gas and coal power stations over a two-year period from 13 December 2017 to 31 December 2019. Coal and gas power stations in Queensland have broken down more often than in any other state, contributing 41% of breakdowns despite contributing only 34% of fossil fuel capacity in the NEM. Coal and gas power stations in Queensland had almost twice as many breakdowns per unit of capacity than NSW, despite being a newer fleet with four modern, supercritical power stations. The NSW coal fleet consists entirely of older subcritical power stations. Queensland’s four so called ‘High Efficiency Low Emissions or HELE’ supercritical power stations broke down 25% more often per gigawatt (GW) than older subcritical power stations in the NEM. The newest power station on the NEM, the 14 year old Kogan Creek Power Station, uses supercritical technology. Despite this it is the second worst performing power station (by breakdowns per GW capacity) in the NEM. Kogan Creek is a single ‘unit’ power station, thought that unit is the largest on the NEM. Unfortunately, it is the worst performing individual generating unit (by number of breakdowns) and due to its size, is responsible for the largest breakdowns. When this happens it pushes the grid frequency below safe operating limits and risks triggering a voltage collapse in the Queensland power system. The proposed new coal fired power station at Collinsville appears to be of similar technology to the Kogan Creek Power Station, and as such is likely to have similar problems with reliability and result in similar emissions levels. On cost, it is now cheaper to build new renewable energy generation with six hours of storage, than new coal power stations. Given renewables can deliver when Queenslanders need them most, during sunny extreme heat days when electricity demand is peaking, and they are more affordable and have zero emissions, they could be considered a viable alternative to any Collinsville coal power plant proposal. Gas and coal breakdowns in Queensland 1 Contents Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 Breakdowns at Queensland power stations .............................................................................. 4 Breakdowns per GW .............................................................................................................. 6 Breakdowns by Individual unit............................................................................................... 9 Kogan Creek ............................................................................................................................. 10 Suboptimal Supercritical .......................................................................................................... 13 Implications of a new supercritical coal power station at Collinsville ..................................... 16 The effect of increasing extreme heat due to global warming ............................................... 18 Solar cuts and delays heatwave peak demand ........................................................................ 20 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 22 Gas and coal breakdowns in Queensland 2 Introduction The Australia Institute founded Gas & Coal Watch in December 2017 to monitor the National Energy Market's (NEM) fossil fuel power plants for breakdowns. Gas & Coal Watch is based on a database of unit trips which have been identified and verified in collaboration with OpenNEM (https://opennem.org.au/). A new ‘‘breakdown’’ is logged in Gas & Coal Watch when an unscheduled outage is identified by OpenNEM at a coal or gas unit in the National Electricity Market. Most coal and gas power plants consist of multiple units. Unscheduled outages are either full unit trips where generation from a unit falls to zero or partial unit trips where generation from a unit drops significantly. Unscheduled outages are checked manually to confirm that the drop in generation is significant in absolute terms (currently a threshold of 100 Megawatts or above per unit is used, as well as false starts of any size) and relative terms (a judgement call based on the unit’s dispatch target). The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) also records unplanned outages. While its exact criteria are not known, they appear to be less conservative than those used by The Australia Institute.1 If multiple units at a plant experience an unscheduled outage, a separate breakdown is recorded for each unit in most cases. Rarely, there are partial unit trips across all units at a plant. These are recorded as a single breakdown for that plant. This special report summarises the breakdowns at Queensland’s coal and gas power stations over the period 13 December 2017 to 31 December 2019 and compares them to the rest of the NEM. 1 AEMO (2019) Network Outages, https://aemo.com.au/en/energy-systems/electricity/national-electricity- market-nem/nem-events-and-reports/network-outages Gas and coal breakdowns in Queensland 3 Breakdowns at Queensland power stations Since Gas & Coal Watch began monitoring in mid-December 2017 to the end of 2019, there were 227 breakdowns at gas and coal power stations in the National Electricity Market (NEM). There were 93 breakdowns at Queensland gas and coal power stations: 19 at Gladstone (Subcritical black coal) 18 at Stanwell (Subcritical black coal) 13 at Kogan Creek (Supercritical black coal) 12 at Tarong (Subcritical black coal) 10 at Callide A and B (Subcritical black coal) 6 at Millmerran (Supercritical black coal) 5 at Callide Power Plant (Supercritical black coal) 4 at Braemar (Gas) 3 at Swanbank (Gas) 2 at Tarong North (Supercritical black coal) 1 at Oakey (Gas) Figure 1 below shows the number of breakdowns at all fossil fuel power stations in the NEM that have experienced breakdowns over this period. Queensland power stations are shown in orange. Gas and coal breakdowns in Queensland 4 Figure 1: Breakdowns by power plant, 13 December 2017–31 December 2019 (Queensland plants in orange) 37 30 19 18 16 13 12 11 Breakdowns 10 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 1 1 Oakey Liddell Tarong Eraring Stanwell Braemar Mt Piper Mortlake Gladstone Swanbank
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