Energy Storage in Grids with High Penetration of Variable Generation
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Science Based Coal Phase-Out Timeline for Japan Implications for Policymakers and Investors May 2018
a SCIENCE BASED COAL PHASE-OUT TIMELINE FOR JAPAN IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS AND INVESTORS MAY 2018 In collaboration with AUTHORS Paola Yanguas Parra Climate Analytics Yuri Okubo Renewable Energy Institute Niklas Roming Climate Analytics Fabio Sferra Climate Analytics Dr. Ursula Fuentes Climate Analytics Dr. Michiel Schaeffer Climate Analytics Dr. Bill Hare Climate Analytics GRAPHIC DESIGN Matt Beer Climate Analytics This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from Climate Analytics, provided acknowledgement and/or proper referencing of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from Climate Analytics. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. This document may be cited as: Climate Analytics, Renewable Energy Institute (2018). Science Based Coal Phase-out Timeline for Japan: Implications for policymakers and investors A digital copy of this report along with supporting appendices is available at: www.climateanalytics.org/publications www.renewable-ei.org/activities/reports/20180529.html Cover photo: © xpixel In collaboration with SCIENCE BASED COAL PHASE-OUT TIMELINE FOR JAPAN IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS AND INVESTORS Photo © ImagineStock TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary 1 Introduction 5 1 Coal emissions in line with the Paris Agreement 7 2 Coal emissions in Japan 9 2.1 Emissions from current and planned -
Nuclear Power - Conventional
NUCLEAR POWER - CONVENTIONAL DESCRIPTION Nuclear fission—the process in which a nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two lighter nuclei—releases tremendous amounts of energy. In a nuclear power plant, this fission process is controlled in a reactor to generate heat. The heat from the reactor creates steam, which runs through turbines to power electrical generators. The most common nuclear power plant design uses a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). Water is used as both neutron moderator and reactor coolant. That water is kept separate from the water used to generate steam and drive the turbine. In essence there are three water systems: one for converting the nuclear heat to steam and cooling the reactor; one for the steam system to spin the turbine; and one to convert the turbine steam back into water. The other common nuclear power plant design uses a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR). The BWR uses water as moderator and coolant, like the PWR, but has no separate secondary steam cycle. So the water from the reactor is converted into steam and used to directly drive the generator turbine. COST Conventional nuclear power plants are quite expensive to construct but have fairly low operating costs. Of the four new plants currently under construction, construction costs reportedly range from $4.7 million to $6.3 million per MW. Production costs for Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station are reported to be less than $15/MWh. CAPACITY FACTOR Typical capacity factor for a nuclear power plant is over 90%. TIME TO PERMIT AND CONSTRUCT Design, permitting and construction of a new conventional nuclear power plant will likely require a minimum of 10 years and perhaps significantly longer. -
Electrical Modeling of a Thermal Power Station
Electrical Modeling of a Thermal Power Station Reinhard Kaisinger Degree project in Electric Power Systems Second Level Stockholm, Sweden 2011 XR-EE-ES 2011:010 ELECTRICAL MODELING OF A THERMAL POWER STATION Reinhard Kaisinger Masters’ Degree Project Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) Stockholm, Sweden 2011 XR-EE-ES 2011:010 Table of Contents Page ABSTRACT V SAMMANFATTNING VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VII ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 BACKGROUND 3 2.1 Facilities in a Thermal Power Plant 3 2.2 Thermal Power Plant Operation 4 2.2.1 Fuel and Combustion 4 2.2.2 Rankine Cycle 4 2.3 Thermal Power Plant Control 6 2.3.1 Turbine Governor 7 2.4 Amagerværket Block 1 7 2.5 Frequency Control 9 2.5.1 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Continental Europe Power System 9 2.5.2 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Nordic Power System 10 2.5.3 Decentralized Frequency Control Action 11 2.5.4 Centralized Frequency Control Action 12 3 MODELING 14 3.1 Modeling and Simulation Software 14 3.1.1 Acausality 14 3.1.2 Differential-Algebraic Equations 15 3.1.3 The ObjectStab Library 15 3.1.4 The ThermoPower Library 16 3.2 Connectors 16 3.3 Synchronous Generator 17 3.4 Steam Turbine 22 3.5 Control Valves 23 3.6 Boiler, Re-heater and Condenser 23 3.7 Overall Steam Cycle 23 3.8 Excitation System and Power System Stabilizer 24 3.9 Turbine Governor 25 3.10 Turbine-Generator Shaft 26 3.11 Overall Model 26 3.12 Boundary Conditions 27 3.13 Simplifications within the Model 28 3.13.1 Steam Cycle 28 3.13.2 Governor 28 3.13.3 Valves and Valve Characteristics 29 3.13.4 -
Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing
energies Article Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing Dawid Chudy * and Adam Le´sniak Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Str. 18/22, PL 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The continuous development of energy storage (ES) technologies and their wider utiliza- tion in modern power systems are becoming more and more visible. ES is used for a variety of applications ranging from price arbitrage, voltage and frequency regulation, reserves provision, black-starting and renewable energy sources (RESs), supporting load-generation balancing. The cost of ES technologies remains high; nevertheless, future decreases are expected. As the most profitable and technically effective solutions are continuously sought, this article presents the results of the analyses which through the created unit commitment and dispatch optimization model examines the use of ES as support for load-generation balancing. The performed simulations based on various scenarios show a possibility to reduce the number of starting-up centrally dispatched generating units (CDGUs) required to satisfy the electricity demand, which results in the facilitation of load-generation balancing for transmission system operators (TSOs). The barriers that should be encountered to improving the proposed use of ES were also identified. The presented solution may be suitable for further development of renewables and, in light of strict climate and energy policies, may lead to lower utilization of large-scale power generating units required to maintain proper operation of power systems. Citation: Chudy, D.; Le´sniak,A. Keywords: load-generation balancing; large-scale energy storage; power system services modeling; Advantages of Applying Large-Scale power system operation; power system optimization Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing. -
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the proposed Concentrated Solar Power Plant (Parabolic Trough) on the farm Sand Draai 391, Northern Cape – Environmental Scoping Report A Report for Solafrica 14/12/16/3/3/3/203 – Parabolic Trough DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Client: Solafrica Energy (Pty) Ltd Project Name: Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the proposed Concentrated Solar Power Plant (Parabolic Trough) on the farm Sand Draai 391, Northern Cape Royal HaskoningDHV Reference Number: T01.JNB.000565 Authority Reference Number: 14/12/16/3/3/3/203 – Parabolic Trough Compiled by: Johan Blignaut Date: July 2015 Location: Woodmead Review: Prashika Reddy & Malcolm Roods Approval: Malcolm Roods _____________________________ Signature © Royal HaskoningDHV All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission from Royal HaskoningDHV. Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need and Desirability ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Programme (REIPPPP) and Integrated Resource Plan (2010) .................................................................................................................... -
DESIGN of a WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri
DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri - Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI Dr. Noah Manring, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2013 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined he thesis entitled DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM presented by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI a candidate for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Noah Manring Dr. Roger Fales Dr. Robert O`Connell ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis advisor, Dr. Noah Manring, for his constant guidance, advice and motivation to overcome any and all obstacles faced while conducting this research and support throughout my degree program without which I could not have completed my master’s degree. Furthermore, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Roger Fales and Dr. Robert O`Connell for serving on my thesis committee. I also would like to express my gratitude to all the students, professors and staff of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department for all the support and helping me to complete my master’s degree successfully and creating an exceptional environment in which to work and study. Finally, last, but of course not the least, I would like to thank my parents, my sister and my friends for their continuous support and encouragement to complete my program, research and thesis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... -
Analysis of New International Interconnectors to the South African Power System
Analysis of new international interconnectors to the South African power system 08-01-2016 1 2 Table of contents Key findings .......................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 The South African power system ........................................................................... 7 Methodology and scenarios ................................................................................... 9 Scenarios .............................................................................................................. 11 Reference scenario ............................................................................................... 11 Hydro import scenarios ........................................................................................ 12 Value of interconnectors ...................................................................................... 13 Main results and conclusions ............................................................................... 15 Economic consequences for the system .............................................................. 17 Value of increasing interconnector capacity internally in South Africa ............... 19 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 20 Detailed results of the scenario analysis .............................................................. -
Bioenergy's Role in Balancing the Electricity Grid and Providing Storage Options – an EU Perspective
Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Front cover information panel IEA Bioenergy: Task 41P6: 2017: 01 Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Antti Arasto, David Chiaramonti, Juha Kiviluoma, Eric van den Heuvel, Lars Waldheim, Kyriakos Maniatis, Kai Sipilä Copyright © 2017 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Foreword The global energy supply system is currently in transition from one that relies on polluting and depleting inputs to a system that relies on non-polluting and non-depleting inputs that are dominantly abundant and intermittent. Optimising the stability and cost-effectiveness of such a future system requires seamless integration and control of various energy inputs. The role of energy supply management is therefore expected to increase in the future to ensure that customers will continue to receive the desired quality of energy at the required time. The COP21 Paris Agreement gives momentum to renewables. The IPCC has reported that with current GHG emissions it will take 5 years before the carbon budget is used for +1,5C and 20 years for +2C. The IEA has recently published the Medium- Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2016, launched on 25.10.2016 in Singapore. -
An Overview of Energy Storage Opportunities for Massachusetts Commercial Buildings
AN OVERVIEW OF ENERGY APRIL 2018 STORAGE OPPORTUNITIES OVERVIEW FOR MASSACHUSETTS COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ABETC1-50150 OV-Storage.indd 1 4/6/18 10:48 AM 2 A BETTER CITY AN OVERVIEW OF ENERGY STORAGE OPPORTUNITIES FOR MASSACHUSETTS COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This joint A Better City/Boston Green Ribbon Commission publication would not be possible without generous funding support from the Barr Foundation. REPORT TEAM A Better City CONTENTS • Yve Torrie Meister Consultants Group, A Cadmus Company 3 Introduction • Will Hanley 5 Energy Storage History • Kathryn Wright 5 Energy Storage Types and Terminology REVIEWERS 6 Services fnd Benefits 9 Technology Options • Ward Bower, Ward Bower Innovations LLC 11 Environmental Considerations • John Cleveland, Boston Green Ribbon Commission 11 Resilience Considerations • Meredith Hatfield, The Barr Foundation 11 Incentives and Support for Project • Lars Lisell, Resilient Energy Systems, Implementation National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Seth Mullendore, Clean Energy Group 14 Market Barriers and Policy Opportunities • Galen Nelson, Massachusetts Clean Energy Center 17 Endnotes • Kavita Ravi, Massachusetts Clean Energy Center 19 Photo Credits To view a hyperlinked version of this report online, go to http://www.abettercity.org/assets/images/ An_Overview_of_Energy_Storage_Opportunities.pdf A Better City is a diverse group of business leaders united around a common goal—to enhance Boston and the region’s economic health, competitiveness, vibrancy, sustainability and quality of life. By ampli- fying the voice of the business community through collaboration and consensus across a broad range of stakeholders, A Better City develops solutions and influences policy in three critical areas central to the Boston region’s economic competitiveness and growth: transportation and infrastructure, land Design: David Gerratt/NonprofitDesign.com use and development, and energy and environment. -
Renewable Energy Generator Output – Sample Calculations
Net Metering Program Highlights Net metering will be available to new customers until the size of the program reaches 1% of the electric provider’s previous year system peak in MW. The 1% will be measured against the total of the generator nameplate capacities for all participating customer’s generators and is split into the following tiers: (1) 0.5% for ≤ 20 kW True Net Metering This tier will include almost all residential customers. • Billing is based on net usage. • Customer receives the full retail rate for all excess kWh. • Utility shall use the customer’s existing meter if it is capable of reverse registration (spinning backwards) or install an upgraded meter at no additional cost to the net metering customer. • Utilities with fewer than 1,000,000 customers shall charge net metering customers at cost for an upgraded meter if the customer’s existing meter is not capable of reverse registration (spinning backwards). • A generator meter shall be provided at cost, if requested by the customer. (The generator meter is for the customer’s benefit. Utilities are not obligated to read a customer’s generator meter.) • No interconnection costs (beyond the combined $100 interconnection/net metering application fees), study fees, testing or inspection charges. • Net metering credits carry forward indefinitely. (2) 0.25% for >20 kW up to 150 kW Modified Net Metering • Customers pay full retail rate for electricity deliveries from the utility and receive the generation portion of the retail rate or a wholesale rate for deliveries to the grid. • No charge for the engineering review. • Customers pay all interconnection costs, distribution study fees and any network upgrade costs. -
Hydroelectric Power -- What Is It? It=S a Form of Energy … a Renewable Resource
INTRODUCTION Hydroelectric Power -- what is it? It=s a form of energy … a renewable resource. Hydropower provides about 96 percent of the renewable energy in the United States. Other renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry. Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water … winter and spring runoff from mountain streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's, hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States. Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate. Reclamation=s 58 powerplants throughout the Western United States produce an average of 42 billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential needs of more than 14 million people. -
REIPPP Projects
REIPPP Projects Window 1 Projects Net capacity Technology Project Location Technology Developer Contractor Status MW supplier Klipheuwel – Dassiefontein Group 5, Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility Caledon, WC Wind 26,2 Sinovel Operational Wind Energy fFcility Iberdrola MetroWind Van Stadens Wind Port Elizabeth, EC Wind 26,2 MetroWind Sinovel Basil Read Operational Farm Hopefield Wind Farm Hopefield, WC Wind 65,4 Umoya Energy Vestas Vestas Operational Noblesfontein Noblesfontein, NC Wind 72,8 Coria (PKF) Investments 28 Vestas Vestas Operational Red Cap Kouga Wind Farm – Port Elizabeth, EC Wind 77,6 Red Cap Kouga Wind Farm Nordex Nordex Operational Oyster Bay Dorper Wind Farm Stormberg, EC Wind 97,0 Dorper Wind Farm Nordex Nordex Operational South Africa Mainstream Jeffreys Bay Jeffereys Bay, EC Wind 133,9 Siemens Siemens Operational Renewable Power Jeffreys Bay African Clean Energy Cookhouse Wind Farm Cookhouse, EC Wind 135,0 Suzlon Suzlon Operational Developments Khi Solar One Upington, NC Solar CSP 50,0 Khi Dolar One Consortium Abengoa Abengoa Construction KaXu Solar One Pofadder, NC Solar CSP 100,0 KaXu Solar One Consortium Abengoa Abengoa Operational SlimSun Swartland Solar Park Swartland, WC Solar PV 5,0 SlimSun BYD Solar Juwi, Hatch Operational RustMo1 Solar Farm Rustenburg, NWP Solar PV 6,8 RustMo1 Solar Farm BYD Solar Juwi Operational Mulilo Renewable Energy Solar De Aar, NC Solar PV 9,7 Gestamp Mulilo Consortium Trina Solar Gestamp, ABB Operational PV De Aar Konkoonsies Solar Pofadder, NC Solar PV 9,7 Limarco 77 BYD Solar Juwi Operational