Key: The background colors that the quotes are displayed upon correspond to particular themes in Antarctic rhetoric. More than one theme may be present in a quote, and therefore an individual quote may Why are Changes to Antarctic Rhetoric important? Antarctica means different things to different people, which is understandable given that each person who goes there has their own individual experience. Given the enormity of possible ways of framing Antarctica as a place, why should we try to create classifications and look for domi- Jason Davis nance? The reason is because dominant perceptions of Antarctica have helped to define how its governance should operate and its acceptance of certain laws. In particular, changes to the popular conception of the Antarctic continent have lead to large impacts in its laws. An example of this Data Sources: Scientific Theme would be the demise of the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities through the widespread promotion of a “World Park” conception of Antarctic identity, and subsequent adoption of a temporary mining ban in the Madrid Environmental Protocol of 1991 because The Complete National Geo- of it (Clark 1994). There are a number of ways to classify the way that people talk about the Antarctic. Val Kirby and his group have pursued studies of how individuals perceive “Antarctic Heritage” through a variety of what they call “filters and kaleidoscopes”, resulting in a fourfold typology: National/ International Theme The Ohio State University an Emotional Version, a Cultural Version, a Natural and Cultural Version, and a Global Version (Kirby et al. 2001), Klaus Dodds used critical geopolitics to classify geographical representations of Antarctica into five eras: Antarctica as a partially filled space (1900-40), Antarctica and the Cold graphic (1888—1997) and Na- Department of Geography War (1945-60), Antarctica as a place for science (1960s), Antarctica as a place of resource potential (1970-80s), and Antarctica and the global environmental challenge (1990s) (Dodds 1997). I have combined elements of both of these typologies here to examine six general themes: science, na- tional Geographic Maps on CD- tional/international politics, economic/ exploitative approaches, environmental approaches, aggressive approaches, and emotional resonances. In this poster, I offer an examination of changes to United States citizen’s perceptions of Antarctica through the shifting rhetoric displayed within the arti- Environmental Theme ROM were utilized. Databases 1036 Derby Hall cles of the National Geographic Magazine . were searched for articles/ maps Economic/ Exploitative Theme 154 North Oval Drive Searching the databases of the Complete National Geographic (1888-1997) and National Geographic Maps on CD-ROM turned up four maps and 119 articles. I have included each of the four maps below, along with a recently-published fifth one. I also read through all 119 articles that were offered and selected a wide array of quotes that referred to Antarctica in some way. I then returned to these quotes and classified them according to the dominant theme within them. Some quotes incorporated more than one theme. I then chose a number of quotes from each decade to dis- with the key- Columbus, OH 43201, U.S.A. play in chronological order along a timeline and color-coded the themes, so that the viewer might draw their own conclusions of patterns or changes to those themes through time. I have tried to encapsulate the complexity of ideas involved with Antarctic rhetoric within the National Geographic word Antarctica Conquering/ Overcoming Theme th Magazine throughout the 20 Century. In general, I have found that while certain ideas rise and fall in popularity, most find antecedents in the past. This indicates that history is an important component of contemporary Antarctic identity, even if it is not always acknowledged. using their Personal/ Emotional Theme Bibliography: search engines. Clark, Margaret L. 1994. “The Antarctic Environmental Protocol: NGOs in the Protection of Antarctica,” in Environmental NGOs in World Politics . By Thomas Princen & Matthias Finger. New York, Routledge : pp.160-185. Dodds, Klaus. 1997. Geopolitics in Antarctica: Views from the Southern Oceanic Rim . New York, John Wiley & Sons. Kirby, Val G., Emma J. Stewart & Gary D. Steel. 2001. “Thinking about Antarctic Heritage: kaleidoscopes and filters.” Landscape Research 26 (3) pp. 189–202.

"The"The twotwo shipsships sailsail fromfrom EuropeEurope together.together. TheThe "[At the South Pole] I dropped a cardboard "The primary object of the expedition would be “Every hidden spot of the earth's surface "Other countries hold "Testing for organic carbon "Font of scientific information, Antarctica "And most of all, as I see it, we officialofficial statementstatement ofof theirtheir planplan ofof cooperationcooperation "In many of its haunts the species [Sea- box containing the multicolored little flags of present in these seas, therefore, is Why use National Geo- to plant the Stars and Stripes at the South Pole, remains a challenge to man's will and similar beachheads, for also breeds goodwill. Formal protocol and had established beyond a doubt "The fifth largest continent is a giant outdoor isis asas follows:follows: "When"When theythey reachreach thethe farfar SouthSouth Elephant] was soon exterminated, and, al- the United Nations. The symbolism should be a vital step towards their use. Some- graphic? but for those who seek a different motive, it ingenuity until it has been conquered. this is a great interna- international boundaries do not exist; men the validity - in terms of flexibility laboratory where scientists strive to decipher theythey willwill separateseparate withwith aa carefullycarefully arrangedarranged though at South Georgia it still persists, its obvious- the dedication of this goal of so much should be explained that every mile made from Every conquest of such a difficult goal tional effort. Eleven day, a world of vanishing resources freely visit stations of other countries. Such and low costs - of private, non- clues to our planet's history and detect early planplan ofof workwork forfor each.each. TheThe AntarcticAntarctic regionsregions days are numbered unless absolute protection selfless heroism of the Norwegians and the National Geographic Coats Land to the pole would be over unpene- adds permanently to mankind's sense of nations are joining may turn to this area for food." was the tone and hope of the Antarctic governmental research efforts. After all, the warning signs of global pollution." Magazine is the main me- havehave beenbeen divideddivided intointo fourfour quadrants.quadrants. First,First, be soon enforced." British to the ideal of brotherhood among peo- forces in the biggest Treaty, in which all signers agreed to forgo future of the Antarctic probably lies in joint trated and unknown regions. This section is power and security. Great explorers, McDonald, Edwin A. “Exploring Antarc- Hodgson, Bryan. “Antarctica: A Land of Isola- dium through which the thethe VictoriaVictoria Quadrant,Quadrant, whichwhich extendsextends fromfrom 9090 ples." probably the least known in the Antarctic area. Murphy, Robert C. “South Georgia, an Outpost therefore, do not merely add to the sum assault ever made on tica's Phantom Coast,” National Geo- territorial claims to the continent for at least administration by governments in alliance public of the United States degreesdegrees easteast toto 180180 degrees,degrees, andand includesincludes Vic-Vic- tion No More,” National Geographic 4/1990, p.3. ... All explorations in this region would be abso- of the Antarctic,” National Geographic 4/1922, of human knowledge, but also they add Byrd, Richard E. “Our Navy Explores Antarc- the secrets of the white graphic 2/1962, p.261. 30 years." with big business. It seems vitally important receives information about toriatoria Land;Land; second,second, thethe RossRoss quadrant,quadrant, fromfrom lutely new discoveries and would benefit geol- p.416. immensely to the sum of human inspira- tica,” National Geographic 10/1947, p.463-64. continent… This major Matthews, Samuel W. “Antarctica's Nearer that people who are not employees of either "The diversity and extent of Antarctica's mineral places which may be con- 180180 degreesdegrees toto 9090 degreesdegrees west,west, southsouth ofof thethe campaign is being waged in be- "Scientific activities continued 24 hours a day. should gain the experience to be able to speak ogy, zoology, and all kindred sciences." tion." Here has been set up by Nature herself a titanic Side,” National Geographic 11/1971, p.648. wealth remains largely undetermined, although sidered exotic to their eve- PacificPacific Ocean;Ocean; third,third, thethe WeddellWeddell quadrant,quadrant, half of science, but it is using many of Though our hardworking men had no way of authoritatively and independently on behalf of Grosvenor, Gilbert H. “The South Polar Expe- Grosvenor, Gilbert H.; Hoover, Herbert. physical, chemical, and biological laboratory extensive coal deposits are known to exist. But ryday experience. The Ant- fromfrom 9090 degreesdegrees westwest toto 00 degreedegree {Greenwich{Greenwich "Soon after the outbreak of the World War the Brit- war's tools- ships, planes, and ponderous knowing it, they were setting a record in polar this wilderness continent (which, larger than dition,” National Geographic 2/1910, p.170. “Admiral Byrd Receives New Honor where phenomena impossible of duplication "Further in the future lies possible economic daunting logistical problems make exploration arctic is considered an ex- meridian},meridian}, thethe WeddellWeddell Sea;Sea; andand fourth,fourth, thethe ish Minister of Munitions appointed an official to tracked vehicles. Its "troops" are as highly oceanography: The Staten Island made more the United States, stands alone in awesome elsewhere are in progress. development of earth's last great landmass. and mining, already controversial, commercially otic local for most Ameri- EnderbyEnderby quadrant,quadrant, whichwhich includesincludes EnderbyEnderby take charge of matters pertaining to the production From The Society,” National Geo- scientific observations in the Antarctic in this trained as any that a fighting war demands." Tourist ships already sail regularly along the beauty) and all its living creatures." unfeasible." cans, and is therefore Land.Land. TwoTwo quadrantsquadrants havehave beenbeen assignedassigned forfor "The cabled advices have stated that Amundsen and utilization of all oils containing glycerin. … At graphic 8/1930, p.231. Byrd, Richard E. “Our Navy Explores Antarc- field than any previous United States vessel." mostly perceived through Byrd, Richard E. “All-out Assault on Ant- peninsula, and occasionally to McMurdo. Inevi- Lewis, David. “Icebound in Antarctica,” Na- Hodgson, Bryan. “Antarctica: A Land of Isolation explorationexploration andand researchresearch toto eacheach expedition,expedition, was to inaugurate his attack upon the Pole im- the same time it became apparent that the British tica,” National Geographic 10/1947, p.506. McDonald, Edwin A. “Exploring Antarctica's this magazine. The mission "We spent most time and thought on the arctica,” NationalGeographic 8/1956, p.141. tably there will be more. … Minerals and other tional Geographic 11/1984, p.663. No More,” National Geographic 4/1990, p.10. thethe BritishBritish takingtaking VictoriaVictoria andand Ross,Ross, andand thethe mediately, not waiting for the winter to pass Government controlled, by right of territorial pos- “One day, it is quite possible, somebody will Phantom Coast,” National Geographic statement of the National scientific phases of our work. We were resources wait there too, for men to find- and GermanGerman thethe WeddellWeddell andand Enderby."Enderby." before beginning his advance." session, practically the whole of the shore whale make money out of the bottom of the world. 2/1962, p.262. "Can an international treaty protect such distant Geographic Society which going for scientific exploration, and all our "Some people, I know, find it difficult to be- find how to get them out. … Reduced to a pro- "The promise - and peril - of Antarctica has been fishery in the Far South … Many of these whaling “South“South PolarPolar Explorations,”Explorations,” NationalNational Geo-Geo- “South Polar Explorations,” National Geo- We know, for example, that there are huge and disputed waters? Cooperation, patience, publishes the magazine is: other plans were to keep us healthy and lieve that such station in Antarctica are truly "Scientists of a dozen nations working to- tein concentrate, cheap and palatable, plank- that no one owns it, although seven nations have graphicgraphic 1/1901,1/1901, p.47.p.47. stations were operated by Scandinavian or Argen- reserves of coal there. … Almost certainly oil and goodwill are required. Needed, too, is much “For the increase and diffu- graphic 4/1911, p.409. efficient while we were doing it, and, part of a peaceful, open, international scien- tonic life from the southern ocean could feed pressed sometimes overlapping claims." tine capital, but by enforcing its undeniable right of gether, under international exchange programs, sion of geographical will be found under the ice. It is impossible to millions of people, say both British and Ameri- more knowledge of that overwhelmingly impor- "The results of the expedition and the collections above all, to prevent the loss of lives." tific research effort. They question the avowed without regard to political differences. There is Hodgson, Bryan. “Antarctica: A Land of Isolation knowledge.” The magazine making the whaling licenses contingent upon the imagine a large continent without vast mineral tant krill species, the bountiful, elegant, clever "Many geographers had feared that Amundsen free exchange of scientific discoveries among no cold war in earth's coldest land." can marine biologists. … There may be other No More,” National Geographic 4/1990, p.17. made by it will be property of the Empire, which sale of the oil in British markets, the government Byrd, Richard E. “The Conquest of Ant- wealth of many kinds buried in its rocks." little shrimp, well-named Euphausia superba." has been shown to reflect would yield to the temptation of following, for a IGY nations. They point out that American bonanzas as well, but they, too, lie far in the will assume charge of their disposal. The scien- succeeded during the war in obtaining something arctica by Air,” National Geographic Matthews, Samuel W. “Antarctica: Icy Testing hegemonic American ideals considerable part of the way to the South Pole, Byrd, Richard E. “Our Navy Explores Antarc- armed forces built our antarctic houses. They future. Antarctica's real wealth is already being Hamner, William M. “Krill--Untapped Bounty tific members of the expedition will be employed like fifty million gallons of this oil, all of which 8/1930, p.128. Ground for Space,” National Geographic "Throughout their trek the Steger expedition laid through its articles and the route previously discovered and opened by tica,” National Geographic 10/1947, p.517. even circulate rumors we are planning to use mined, however- new basic knowledge of the From the Sea?,” National Geographic 5/1984, in the arrangement of the collections in such had a high glycerin content. These facts are a suffi- 10/1968, p.571. special emphasis on environmental integrity to been critiqued for its orien- Shackleton: but his account shows that he was Antarctica for testing atom and hydrogen earth, its weather and atmospheric circulation, p.642. manner as their usefulness on the expedition war- cient commentary upon the value to a modern na- "That imaginary point- the aloof and dramatize a point: The real Antarctic challenge is talist editorial tendencies "I dislike to think of money in connection with the forces that impinge on it from space." not satisfied to do this, and in consequence he lonely bottom of the earth- was beneath bombs. These rumors are definitely not true." “A scientist no longer has to be also a survival no longer one of conquest but one of preservation." (Jansson 2003, Lutz & rants." tion of out-of-the-way, seemingly worthless land Antarctica. It has higher values. This continent "Since my father's day Antarctica has be- has made discoveries and surveys that are en- us. … We opened the trapdoor and Siple, Paul A. “We Are Living at the South expert, living unaided under the worst possible Matthews, Samuel W. “Antarctica's Nearer Collins 1993). David Jans- Kollm, Georg. “The German South Polar Expedi- holdings, such as isolated, arid, or ice-covered is- and these seas can be looked upon as Nature's come a vast natural laboratory for the study Graves, William. “Antarctica: the New Challenge,” tirely new." dropped the American flag, weighted by Pole,” National Geographic 7/1957, p.20. conditions.” Side,” National Geographic 11/1971, p.654. son used it to examine how tion,” National Geographic 10/1901, p.378. lands. Great Britain alone, among the great powers, most sublime work of art. They are poetry, mu- of our planet. What a breathtakingly beauti- National Geographic 11/1990, From the editor. “Amundsen's Attainment of the South Pole,” the stone from Bennett's grave. We sa- Matthews, Samuel W. “Antarctica: Icy Testing the United States in general has had the foresight, whether conscious or not, of sic, painting, architecture, and philosophy all ful laboratory it is, too." National Geographic 2/1912, p.205. luted our country's flag and the spirit of "Now that our stations are established, they Ground for Space,” National Geographic perceived “The New "With the present reawakened interest in the Ant- making good her dominion while there was none to combined." "Grytviken stands as a silent, grim, and ugly me- Scott, Sir Peter. “The Antarctic Challenge,” "Antarctic expeditions were funded by individuals South” (Jansson 2003). gainsay her." our gallant comrade." appear to be there to stay. The United States 10/1968, p.592. morial to the relentless destruction of earth's larg- and governments for the same reasons they have arctic, it is imperatively necessary that American Byrd, Richard E. “Our Navy Explores Antarc- National Geographic 4/1987, p.541. "With reference to Antarctica, through misinfor- Byrd, Richard E. “The Conquest of Ant- has proposed a treaty to preserve the continent est living creatures." always supported explorers: economics, a hunger Bibliography: geographers should see to it that American Ant- Murphy, Robert C. “South Georgia, an Outpost of tica,” National Geographic 10/1947, p.520. "In the way that Antarctica is being explored- mation and neglect in the past, our countrymen for scientific research. So it was for the sake of for resources, and nationalism." arctic discoverers receive due recognition for the Antarctic,” National Geographic 4/1922, arctica by Air,” National Geographic the Antarctic Treaty, signed by 16 nations, re- Peterson, Roger T. “Penguins and Their "A growing number of people throughout have failed to pay "the homage due to American science that I came to be on this airplane and Jansson, David R. 2003. their discoveries, and that American names pp.416-17. 8/1930, p.216. "The vastness, clearness, whiteness, silence, serves the entire icy continent for peaceful pur- Neighbors,” National Geographic 8/1977, p.243. the world believe that the Antarctic Parfit, Michael. “Reclaiming a Lost Antarctic talent." The object of this brief memoir is to bound once again for the bottom of the world. “American National Iden- should not be crowded off Antarctic charts." the purity, the elevation above the petty quar- poses- may lie the program's greatest benefit to should be declared the first truly interna- Base,” National Geographic 3/1993, p.112. clearly and concisely present such facts as may "… the most important incident of my trip Much had happened in the past four years. In tity and the Progress of the rels and ambitions of men and nations, com- man. Not only does it offer a model for other "To the naturalist, the Antarctic is a tremendous ex- tional park in history. It is an exciting New South in National Balch, Edwin S. “American Claims in the Ant- conserve to America the rightful honor of both "The history of scientific investigation at South Geor- across Antarctica was the raising of the Stars two summer seasons of assault tactics … we "Alighting here briefly, like a bird of passage, I bine to form a majestic symbol of what man treaties, for exploring the oceans, the moon, and perience. Because of the simplified ecosystem and concept that some of us have been think- Geographic Magazine .” arctic,” National Geographic 2/1903, p.77. the original discovery of Antarctica as well as of gia may be more briefly retold. … Notwithstanding and Stripes in that territory of 350,000 square had built six main IGY stations." have come to see this transient frontier not as a should want most, peace on earth. Antarctica the planets; it also provides a pattern of coopera- the great numbers of individuals of very few species, ing about for years." Geographical Review 93 first ascertaining and making known its definite the researches of the scientific expeditions referred to, miles, the last unclaimed land on earth." harsh place but as a living creature that nurtures a is a sermon in ice.” Dufek, George J. “What We've Accomplished tion of greater understanding and friendship he can more readily observe cause and effect…” Scott, Sir Peter. “The Antarctic Chal- (3) pp. 350-69. existence as a continent." and of several individual workers, there remain many multitude of other lives. Yet no humans can ever “Ellsworth Awarded The Hubbard Medal,” in Antarctica,” National Geographic 10/1959, between men searching for common goals." "At the other Pole of the world we find the Ant- fields awaiting study at this sub-antarctic isle.” Byrd, Richard E. “Our Navy Explores Antarc- Peterson, Roger T. “Penguins and Their Neighbors,” lenge,” National Geographic 4/1987, Lutz, Catherine A. & Jane Greely, Adolphus W. “American Discoverers of National Geographic 7/1936, p.36. p.530. live here. We can't conquer it, settle it, even own arctic region to be the true land of desolation- tica,” National Geographic 10/1947, p.521. Matthews, Samuel W. “Antarctica: Icy Testing National Geographic 8/1977, p.254. p.542. L. Collins. 1993. Reading the Antarctic Continent,” National Geographic Murphy, Robert C. “South Georgia, an Outpost of the it. The winter ice belongs only to itself." forbidding, inaccessible, and uninhabitable.” Ground for Space,” National Geographic National Geographic. Chi- 3/1912, p.299. Antarctic,” National Geographic 4/1922, p.417-18. Stevens, Jane E. “Exploring Antarctic Ice,” Na- Grosvenor, Gilbert H. “Shackleton's Farthest 10/1968, p.592. cago: University of Chi- tional Geographic 5/1996, p.53. cago Press. South,” National Geographic 4/1909, p.402.

The Antarctic Regions . (Originally Azimuthal Equidistant 1:16,000,000) Antarctica . (Originally Azimuthal Equidistant 1:7,000,000) Antarctica . (Originally Azimuthal Equidistant 1:9,820,800) Antarctica . (Originally Azimuthal Equidistant 1:9,469,000) Antarctica: A New Age of Exploration . (Originally Azimuthal Equidistant 1:9,000,000) Supplement to: National Geographic, October 1932. Supplement to: National Geographic, September 1957. Supplement to: National Geographic, February 1963. Supplement to: National Geographic, April 1987. Supplement to: National Geographic, February 2002.