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U.S. History American Stories Beginnings to 1877 U.S. HISTORY AMERICAN STORIES BEGINNINGS TO 1877 i_SE_11362_Title_Page.indd 1 3/27/17 11:53 AM AMERICAN STORIES ON THE COVER Lewis, Clark, and Sacagawea In 1803, Thomas Jefferson sent explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on an expedition into the uncharted territory of the American West. Jefferson wanted them to gather information about the geography, plants, and animals of this region, and befriend Native American tribes. After encountering both friendly and unfriendly tribes during their journey, Lewis and Clark realized they needed the help of For more someone who knew the local terrain and people. information They hired Sacagawea, a young Shoshone woman, on Lewis and Clark (above) to be their interpreter and guide. Her knowledge and Sacagawea of languages and the land was invaluable, and (right), read the Sacagawea became an important member of American Story in Chapter 9. Lewis and Clark’s expedition. “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas Acknowledgments For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Grateful acknowledgment is given to the authors, artists, Customer & Sales Support, 888-915-3276 photographers, museums, publishers, and agents for permission to reprint copyrighted material. Every effort For permission to use material from this text or product, submit has been made to secure the appropriate permission. If any all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions omissions have been made or if corrections are required, Further permissions questions can be emailed to please contact the Publisher. [email protected] Credits National Geographic Learning | Cengage Wrap Cover: Mark Summers/National Geographic Learning 1 N. State Street, Suite 900 Acknowledgments and credits continue on page R77. Chicago, IL 60602 Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global. Copyright © 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company Visit National Geographic Learning online at NGL.Cengage.com/school ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in Visit our corporate website at www.cengage.com any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the ISBN: 978-133-711-136-2 copyright owner. Printed in the United States of America. Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017 ii_SE_11362_Copyright.indd 2 3/28/17 10:17 AM Senior Consultants Fredrik Hiebert Peggy Altoff Fritz Fischer Fred Hiebert is National Peggy Altoff’s career includes Fritz Fischer is a professor and Geographic’s Archaeologist- teaching middle school and high Director of History Education in-Residence. He has led school students, supervising at the University of Northern archaeological expeditions at teachers, and serving as adjunct Colorado, where he teaches ancient Silk Roads sites across university faculty. Altoff served as U.S. History and Social Studies Asia. Hiebert was curator of a state social studies specialist Education courses. Fischer is also National Geographic’s exhibition in Maryland and as a K–12 Chair Emeritus of the Board of “Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures coordinator in Colorado Springs. Trustees of the National Council from the National Museum, Kabul,” She is a past president of the for History Education (NCHE), and its most recent exhibition, National Council for the Social the largest national membership “The Greeks: Agamemnon to Studies (NCSS) and served on organization focusing on history Alexander the Great.” the task force for the 2012 NCSS education at the K–12 level. National Curriculum Standards. iii iii-v_SE_11362_Reviewers.indd 3 2/10/17 6:23 PM Program Consultants Terence Clark William Parkinson Director, Shíshálh Archaeological Associate Curator of Anthropology, Research Project Field Museum of Natural History University of Saskatchewan National Geographic Explorer Robert Reid Ken Garrett Travel Writer National Geographic Photographer National Geographic Digital Nomad Kathryn Keane Andrés Ruzo Vice President, National Geothermal Scientist Geographic Exhibitions National Geographic Explorer National Geographic Teacher Reviewers National Geographic works with teachers at all grade levels from across the country. The following teachers reviewed chapters in U.S. History: American Stories. Wesley Brown Karen Davis Tama Nunnelley Natalie Wojinski Ravenscroft School St. Joseph School Guntersville West Contra Costa USD Raleigh, North Carolina Conway, Arkansas Middle School Richmond, California Guntersville, Alabama Crystal Culp Jessica Lura McCracken Bullis Charter School Ann Viegut Regional School Los Altos, California John Muir Middle School Paducah, Kentucky Wausau, Wisconsin National Geographic Society The National Geographic Society contributed significantly to National Geographic U.S. History: American Stories. Our collaboration with each of the following has been a pleasure and a privilege: National Geographic Maps, National Geographic Education and Children’s Media, and National Geographic Missions programs. We thank the Society for its guidance and support. iv iii-v_SE_11362_Reviewers.indd 4 2/10/17 6:22 PM National Geographic Exploration National Geographic supports the work of a host of anthropologists, archaeologists, adventurers, biologists, educators, writers, and photographers across the world. The individuals below each contributed substantially to U.S. History: American Stories. Ken Garrett John Kelly William Kelso Robert Reid National Geographic Archaeologist Archaeologist Travel Writer Photographer National Geographic National Geographic National Geographic Explorer Explorer Digital Nomad Pardis Sabeti Donald Slater Computational Geneticist Educator National Geographic National Geographic Explorer Explorer v iii-v_SE_11362_Reviewers.indd 5 2/10/17 6:22 PM WHY STUDY U.S. HISTORY? Dr. Fredrik Hiebert Archaeologist-In-Residence, National Geographic Society 1 UNIT 1 EARLY ENCOUNTERS (Beginnings–1650) The Story of a Continent 4 CHAPTER EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 12 Unit 1 Introduction OF THE AMERICAS 50 Unit 1 Time Line 14 2 (1492–1650) CHAPTER AMERICAN THREE WORLDS STORIES The Missions of New Mexico BEFORE 1500 16 ONLINE 1 SECTION 1 Spain Claims an Empire 1.1 The Age of Exploration 52 AMERICAN 1.2 American Voices: Christopher Columbus 54 Land of Plenty 18 STORIES 1.3 Conquering the Aztec and Inca 56 1.4 Conquistadors in the North 58 SECTION 1 Societies of the Americas SECTION 2 Europe Fights Over North America 1.1 Early American Civilizations 24 2.1 Competing Claims 60 1.2 Western American Cultures 26 2.2 Defeat of the Spanish Armada 62 1.3 Eastern American Cultures 28 2.3 French and Dutch Colonies 64 1.4 National Geographic Explorer John Kelly: Mounds on the Mississippi 30 SECTION 3 Spanish Rule in the Americas 1.5 Curating History: 3.1 Spanish Colonial Rule 66 National Museum of the American Indian 32 3.2 National Geographic Explorer Pardis Sabeti: 1.6 Geography in History: Genetics, Disease, and Native Americans 68 Native American Environments 34 3.3 The Columbian Exchange 70 SECTION 2 Societies of Europe Map of a Pizza 2.1 The Middle Ages 36 SECTION 4 Slavery Begins in the Americas 2.2 Renaissance and Reformation 38 4.1 A New Kind of Slavery 72 2.3 Trade Expands 40 4.2 The Growth of Slavery 74 SECTION 3 Societies of West Africa AMERICAN GALLERY The Inca Empire 3.1 The Kingdom of Ghana 42 ONLINE 3.2 Mali and Songhai 44 Unit 1 Wrap-Up 78 3.3 Document-Based Question: Impressions of Mali 46 AMERICAN GALLERY Cahokia: A Native ONLINE American City vi vi-xxi_SE_11362_TOC.indd 6 2/10/17 6:27 PM WHY STUDY U.S. HISTORY? Dr. Fredrik Hiebert Archaeologist-In-Residence, National Geographic Society 578 CHAPTER TURNING POINTS CHAPTER RECONSTRUCTION AND OF THE WAR 522 THE NEW SOUTH 552 16 (1863–1865) 17 (1865–1877) AMERICAN The Secret Weapon AMERICAN STORIES Freedom Readers 554 ONLINE of the South STORIES SECTION 1 The Emancipation Proclamation SECTION 1 Rebuilding the Union 1.1 Lincoln Issues the Emancipation 1.1 Reconstruction Under Andrew Johnson 560 Proclamation 524 1.2 Radical Reconstruction 562 1.2 American Voices: Frederick Douglass 526 SECTION 2 Reconstruction Changes 1.3 African-American Soldiers 528 Daily Life SECTION 2 Americans at War 2.1 Free African Americans Gain a Voice 564 2.1 Conflicts over the Draft 530 2.2 Education and Land 566 2.2 Paying for War 532 2.3 Resistance in the South 568 2.3 Wartime Prison Camps 534 SECTION 3 The End of Reconstruction SECTION 3 The Tide Turns 3.1 Grant’s Presidency 570 3.1 Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg 536 3.2 The Election of 1876 572 Gettysburg Reenactors AMERICAN GALLERY The Freed Slaves 3.2 Sherman’s March and Grant’s Victory 538 ONLINE of the Civil War 3.3 Document-Based Question: Lincoln’s Vision 540 3.4 Appomattox 542 Unit 6 Wrap-Up 576 3.5 American Places: The Declaration of Independence R3 Ball’s Bluff National Cemetery 544 The U.S. Constitution R8 SECTION 4 The War’s Aftermath The 2016 Election Online Feature 4.1 Landmark Amendments and Terrible Loss 546 4.2 The Legacy of the War 548 AMERICAN GALLERY Battlefield Medicine ONLINE xv vi-xxi_SE_11362_TOC.indd 15 3/27/17 12:02 PM National Geographic Features Maps Clovis Point Discoveries 7 Battles in New France, 1754–1760 154 The Spread of Corn 8 Treaty of Paris, 1763
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