Proposal for Inclusion of the African Wild Ass (Eritrea)
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The Question of 'Race' in the Pre-Colonial Southern Sahara
The Question of ‘Race’ in the Pre-colonial Southern Sahara BRUCE S. HALL One of the principle issues that divide people in the southern margins of the Sahara Desert is the issue of ‘race.’ Each of the countries that share this region, from Mauritania to Sudan, has experienced civil violence with racial overtones since achieving independence from colonial rule in the 1950s and 1960s. Today’s crisis in Western Sudan is only the latest example. However, very little academic attention has been paid to the issue of ‘race’ in the region, in large part because southern Saharan racial discourses do not correspond directly to the idea of ‘race’ in the West. For the outsider, local racial distinctions are often difficult to discern because somatic difference is not the only, and certainly not the most important, basis for racial identities. In this article, I focus on the development of pre-colonial ideas about ‘race’ in the Hodh, Azawad, and Niger Bend, which today are in Northern Mali and Western Mauritania. The article examines the evolving relationship between North and West Africans along this Sahelian borderland using the writings of Arab travellers, local chroniclers, as well as several specific documents that address the issue of the legitimacy of enslavement of different West African groups. Using primarily the Arabic writings of the Kunta, a politically ascendant Arab group in the area, the paper explores the extent to which discourses of ‘race’ served growing nomadic power. My argument is that during the nineteenth century, honorable lineages and genealogies came to play an increasingly important role as ideological buttresses to struggles for power amongst nomadic groups and in legitimising domination over sedentary communities. -
The Sahara – Europe's New Deadly External Border
The Sahara EUrope’s new deadly external border Edited by Andrea Stäritz and Julia Stier December 2018 A publication by borderline europe – Menschenrechte ohne Grenzen and Bildungswerk Berlin der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Photo: Christian Jakob The Sahara – EUrope’s new deadly external border The Sahara – EUrope’s new deadly external border Photo by: Andrea Stäritz Andrea Stäritz is a journalist and consultant focusing on West Africa since close to 20 years. After having worked in Index Nigeria for 5 years, she Preface returned to Berlin in the end of 2017 where she joined borderline -europe to pag.03 strengthen the work on the externalized borders in Africa. She has contributed to the Migration Control Preface Project of Tageszeitung from by Andrea Stäritz & Julia Stier West Africa and is now by Andrea Stäritz & Julia Stier focusing on human rights violations on the new In 1993, the German government ratified the rivers Oder and Neiße when these southern border of the the so-called ‘asylum compromise’, chan- rivers were still physical EU borders. European Union in Africa. ging the constitutional right to asylum. Today Agadez in Niger is considered the pag.04 pag.09 Consequently victims of civil war would virtual externalized border of the Europe- not have the right to asylum but would get an Union. European financial aid, techni- subsidiary protection with limited rights. cal devices, military check points and “Defending” EUropean The Sahara a cemetery This was never really applied and for the drone surveillance in the desert are the borders in the Sahara under the open sky Photo by: first time used more than 20 years later main pillars of an externalized EU border. -
West Africa Part III: Central Africa Part IV: East Africa & Southern Africa Name: Date
Part I: North Africa Part II: West Africa Part III: Central Africa Part IV: East Africa & Southern Africa Name: Date: AFRI CA Overview RICA lies at the heart of the earth's land Then, during the nineteenth century, masses. It sits astride the equator, with European traders began setting up trading sta . almost half the continent to the north tions along the coast of West Africa. The of the equator, and half to the south. It con traders, and their governments, soon saw great tains some of the world's greatest deserts, as opportunity for profit in Africa. Eventually, well as some of the world's greatest rivers. It many European countries took control of the has snow-capped mountains, and parched, arid land and divided it into colonies. plains. The first humans came from Africa. By the middle of the twentieth century, peo And in the millennia since those fust humans ple all across Africa had demanded indepen walked the plains of Africa, many different cul dence from colonial rule. By the end of the tures have arisen there. century, government had passed firmly into Physically, Africa is one enormous plateau. It African hands. However, the newly independ has no continental-scale mountain chains, no ent nations must still deal with the legacy of peninsulas, no deep fjords. Most of the conti colonialism. The boundaries the European nent is more than 1000 feet (300m) above sea powers created often cut across ethnic and cul level; over half is above 2500 feet (800 m). tural groups. Many African nations today are Africa's early history reflects the wide stretch still struggling to reconcile the different cul of the continent. -
RABBINIC KNOWLEDGE of BLACK AFRICA (Sifre Deut. 320)
1 [The following essay was published in the Jewish Studies Quarterly 5 (1998) 318-28. The essay appears here substantially as published but with some additions indicated in this color .]. RABBINIC KNOWLEDGE OF BLACK AFRICA (Sifre Deut. 320) David M. Goldenberg While the biblical corpus contains references to the people and practices of black Africa (e.g. Isa 18:1-2), little such information is found in the rabbinic corpus. To a degree this may be due to the different genre of literature represented by the rabbinic texts. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that black Africa and its peoples would be entirely unknown to the Palestinian Rabbis of the early centuries. An indication of such knowledge is, I believe, found imbedded in a midrashic text of the third century. Deut 32:21 describes the punishment God has decided to inflict on Israel for her disloyalty to him: “I will incense them with a no-folk ( be-lo < >am ); I will vex them with a nation of fools ( be-goy nabal ).” A tannaitic commentary to the verse states: ואני אקניאם בלא עם : אל תהי קורא בלא עם אלא בלוי עם אלו הבאים מתוך האומות ומלכיות ומוציאים אותם מתוך בתיהם דבר אחר אלו הבאים מברבריא וממרטניא ומהלכים ערומים בשוק “And I will incense them with a be-lo < >am .” Do not read bl < >m, but blwy >m, this refers to those who come from among the nations and kingdoms and expel them [the Jews] from their homes. Another interpretation: This refers to those who come from barbaria and mr ãny <, who go about naked in the market place. -
Country Travel Risk Summaries
COUNTRY RISK SUMMARIES Powered by FocusPoint International, Inc. Report for Week Ending September 19, 2021 Latest Updates: Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, India, Israel, Mali, Mexico, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine and Yemen. ▪ Afghanistan: On September 14, thousands held a protest in Kandahar during afternoon hours local time to denounce a Taliban decision to evict residents in Firqa area. No further details were immediately available. ▪ Burkina Faso: On September 13, at least four people were killed and several others ijured after suspected Islamist militants ambushed a gendarme patrol escorting mining workers between Sakoani and Matiacoali in Est Region. Several gendarmes were missing following the attack. ▪ Cameroon: On September 14, at least seven soldiers were killed in clashes with separatist fighters in kikaikelaki, Northwest region. Another two soldiers were killed in an ambush in Chounghi on September 11. ▪ India: On September 16, at least six people were killed, including one each in Kendrapara and Subarnapur districts, and around 20,522 others evacuated, while 7,500 houses were damaged across Odisha state over the last three days, due to floods triggered by heavy rainfall. Disaster teams were sent to Balasore, Bhadrak and Kendrapara districts. Further floods were expected along the Mahanadi River and its tributaries. ▪ Israel: On September 13, at least two people were injured after being stabbed near Jerusalem Central Bus Station during afternoon hours local time. No further details were immediately available, but the assailant was shot dead by security forces. ▪ Mali: On September 13, at least five government soldiers and three Islamist militants were killed in clashes near Manidje in Kolongo commune, Macina cercle, Segou region, during morning hours local time. -
Observations of Pale and Rüppell's Fox from the Afar Desert
Dinets et al. Pale and Rüppell’s fox in Ethiopia Copyright © 2015 by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. ISSN 1478-2677 Research report Observations of pale and Rüppell’s fox from the Afar Desert, Ethiopia Vladimir Dinets1*, Matthias De Beenhouwer2 and Jon Hall3 1 Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. Email: [email protected] 2 Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31-2435, BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. 3 www.mammalwatching.com, 450 West 42nd St., New York, New York 10036, USA. * Correspondence author Keywords: Africa, Canidae, distribution, Vulpes pallida, Vulpes rueppellii. Abstract Multiple sight records of pale and Rüppell’s foxes from northwestern and southern areas of the Afar De- sert in Ethiopia extend the ranges of both species in the region. We report these sightings and discuss their possible implications for the species’ biogeography. Introduction 2013 during a mammalogical expedition. Foxes were found opportu- nistically during travel on foot or by vehicle, as specified below. All coordinates and elevations were determined post hoc from Google The Afar Desert (hereafter Afar), alternatively known as the Afar Tri- Earth. Distances were estimated visually. angle, Danakil Depression, or Danakil Desert, is a large arid area span- ning Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somaliland (Mengisteab 2013). Its fauna remains poorly known, as exemplified by the fact that the first Results possible record of Canis lupus dates back only to 2004 (Tiwari and Sillero-Zubiri 2004; note that the identification in this case is still On 14 May 2007, JH saw a fox in degraded desert near the town of uncertain). -
The Hot Arctic and Cold Sahara Imagine Eskimos Living in the Desert
The Hot Arctic and Cold Sahara Imagine Eskimos living in the desert or Africans calling the North Pole their home. Now that sounds absolutely ridiculous but what if the world had turned itself upside down and this was the reality? Would they be able to survive? Perhaps they would. These places have extreme weather conditions and people have survived extremely hot and intensively cold days so perhaps living in a completely opposite extreme climate isn’t that hard after all. All they have to do is switch their mode of thinking from either bitter cold to hot or from blazing hot to cold. If they continue to live by the basic needs of life, then survival in either climate would be a synch. The Inuit up in Northern Canada use caribou and wolverine fur coats to shield them from bitter icy cold winds of the Arctic. They use seal leather boots to keep their feet warm while walking on the hard icy grounds of the cold desert and if they encounter a snow storm, they don’t have to worry about getting a frost bite from wet shoes. Traveling across the globe to the Algerians living in the Sahara desert, these people also need to protect themselves, but this time, it’s from the scorching hot equatorial sun. Covering their entire body with a lose cotton garment is important to keep cool. But it’s pretty ironic that even the people of the hot climate have to cover their heads with a type of turban commonly called a howli . The attire and fashion in both regions are definitely starting to seem like they have a direct connection with each other. -
The United Nations and Western Sahara: a Never-Ending Affair
UNITED STATES InsTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 1200 17th Street NW • Washington, DC 20036 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Anna Theofilopoulou The Institute’s recently created Center for Mediation and Conflict Resolution has placed high priority on developing lessons learned from recent efforts to mediate international conflicts. The case of the United Nations’ efforts to mediate an end to the seemingly intractable conflict in the Western Sahara is particularly instructive. Several mediators have been The United Nations and employed over the duration of this effort, with the most important being former U.S. Secretary of State James Baker from 1997 to 2004. His efforts as the UN’s mediator are Western Sahara highlighted in this report. During this mediation Baker was the secretary-general’s personal envoy on Western Sahara. The author of this Special Report, Anna Theofilopoulou, was A Never-ending Affair ideally placed within the UN system to both observe and participate in this mediation effort. She covered Western Sahara and the Maghreb region in the UN’s Department of Political Affairs from 1994 to 2004. She assisted Baker in his role as secretary-general’s personal envoy on Western Sahara. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace, which does not advocate specific policy positions. SPECIAL REPORT 166 JULY 2006 CONTENTS Introduction 2 Source: Perry-Castañeda collection at the University of Texas Library. The UN Settlement Plan 3 Efforts to Implement the Settlement Plan 4 Summary Enter James A. -
National Geographic Magazine Since 1990
‘WEIRD’ visions of the Global South Analysing representations of nature-culture complexes in the Global South in national geographic magazine since 1990 Name: Walter Apotheker Student number: S2175037 Supervisor: Dr. Arie Stoffelen Date: 28 May 2019 Abstract In this critical content analysis, relevant articles in national geographic magazine are examined to find how nature-culture complexes in the Global South have been positioned since 1990. Following a constructionist epistemology, nature and culture are regarded a fluent whole in this analysis. Indicators signalling orientalism were found in several articles. The indicators include exoticism, stereotyping, negative characterisations, heroic characterisations of western scientists, and exaggerated romantic depictions of the landscape. Consistent trends over time were not found. Multiple nature-culture complexes were identified ranging from articles objectifying nature to articles considering multiple interpretations to a place. Representations seem to depend on the author and their background. National geographic magazine tends to highlight overly spectacular segments of a narrative while representing scientist heroically. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Nature-culture complex: the role of representation in popular media ................................... 4 2.1 Nature-culture complex in geography ............................................................................. -
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Speciestm
Species 2014 Annual ReportSpecies the Species of 2014 Survival Commission and the Global Species Programme Species ISSUE 56 2014 Annual Report of the Species Survival Commission and the Global Species Programme • 2014 Spotlight on High-level Interventions IUCN SSC • IUCN Red List at 50 • Specialist Group Reports Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis), Endangered. © Martin Harvey Muhammad Yazid Muhammad © Amazing Species: Bleeding Toad The Bleeding Toad, Leptophryne cruentata, is listed as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM. It is endemic to West Java, Indonesia, specifically around Mount Gede, Mount Pangaro and south of Sukabumi. The Bleeding Toad’s scientific name, cruentata, is from the Latin word meaning “bleeding” because of the frog’s overall reddish-purple appearance and blood-red and yellow marbling on its back. Geographical range The population declined drastically after the eruption of Mount Galunggung in 1987. It is Knowledge believed that other declining factors may be habitat alteration, loss, and fragmentation. Experts Although the lethal chytrid fungus, responsible for devastating declines (and possible Get Involved extinctions) in amphibian populations globally, has not been recorded in this area, the sudden decline in a creekside population is reminiscent of declines in similar amphibian species due to the presence of this pathogen. Only one individual Bleeding Toad was sighted from 1990 to 2003. Part of the range of Bleeding Toad is located in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. Future conservation actions should include population surveys and possible captive breeding plans. The production of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is made possible through the IUCN Red List Partnership. -
Physical Map Unit
AfricaAnnabelle ate apples in the purple poppies. © 2015Physical Thomas Teaching Tools Map Annabelle ate apples in the purple poppies. © 2015 Thomas TeachingUnit Tools Thanks for Your Purchase! I hope you and your students enjoy this product. If you have any questions, you may contact me at [email protected]. © 2015 Thomas Teaching Tools © 2015 Thomas Teaching Tools Terms of Use This teaching resource includes one single-teacher classroom license. Photocopying this copyrighted product is permissible only for one teacher for single classroom use and for teaching purposes only. Duplication of this resource, in whole or in part, for other individuals, teachers, schools, institutions, or for commercial use is strictly forbidden without written permission from the author. This product may not be distributed, posted, stored, displayed, or shared electronically, digitally, or otherwise, without written permission of the author, MandyAnnabelle Thomas. ate Copying apples any in thepart purple of this poppies. product and placing it on the internet in any form (even a personal/classroom website) is strictly forbidden© 2015 Thomas and is a Teaching violation Toolsof the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). You may purchase additional licenses at a reduced price on the “My Purchases”Annabelle page of TpTate ifapples you wish in the to purpleshare withpoppies. your fellow teachers, department, or school. If you have any questions, you may contact me© 2015 at [email protected] Thomas Teaching Tools . Thanks for downloading this product! I hope you and your students enjoy this resource. Feedback is greatly appreciated. Please fee free to contact me if you have any questions. My TpT Store: https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Tho mas-Teaching-Tools © 2015 Thomas Teaching Tools © 2015 Thomas Teaching Tools Teaching Notes Planning Suggestions This map unit is a great addition to any study of Africa. -
Polar Jet Associated Circulation Triggered A
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres RESEARCH ARTICLE Polar Jet Associated Circulation Triggered a Saharan Cyclone 10.1029/2018JD029095 and Derived the Poleward Transport of the African Dust Key Points: Generated by the Cyclone • A meandering polar jet initiated cyclogenesis over North Africa which Diana Francis1 , Clare Eayrs1 , Jean-Pierre Chaboureau2, Thomas Mote3 , caused a big dust storm in April 2011 1,4 • The meandering polar jet favored the and David M. Holland transport of the uplifted dust toward 1 2 ’ the Arctic through cut-off low NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Laboratoire d Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, formation CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, 3Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA, 4Center for • Ice melt occurred over southeastern Atmosphere Ocean Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, USA Greenland during this event Abstract In this study, we identify a new mechanism by which dust aerosols travel over long distances Correspondence to: across the eastern side of the North Atlantic Ocean toward the Arctic. The meandering polar jet was at the D. Francis, origin of both dust emission through cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa and poleward transport of the [email protected] uplifted dust toward the Arctic, through cut-off circulation. The dust emission was associated with an intense Saharan cyclone that formed over Northwest Africa in early April 2011. The formation of the cyclone was Citation: caused by the intrusion into subtropics, of a high-latitude-upper-level trough, linked to the meandering polar Francis, D., Eayrs, C., Chaboureau, J.-P., jet. The trough initiated cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa after orographic blocking by the Anti-Atlas Mote, T., & Holland, D.