DOCSLIB.ORG

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity from Six Species of Edible Irish Seaweeds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity from Six Species of Edible Irish Seaweeds Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin School of Food Science and Environmental Conference papers Health 2008 Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activity From Six Species Of Edible Irish Seaweeds Sabrina Cox Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/schfsehcon Part of the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Cox, S. Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activity From Six Species Of Edible Irish Seaweeds. 2008. 8th Joint Meeting of the Seafood Science and Technology Society and Atlantic Fisheries Technology Conference. North Carolina State University, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, USA. This Conference Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Food Science and Environmental Health at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Conference papers by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Funder: ABBEST Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from six species of edible Irish seaweeds Sabrina Cox*, Nissreen Abu-Ghannam and Shilpi Gupta School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Cathal Brugha Street, Dublin 1, Ireland Introduction Antioxidant Analysis All species of seaweeds exhibited a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. The most effective concentration of seaweed extracts were analysed kinetically over DPPH assay is based on the concentration of sample required to reduce the DPPH radicals by 24 hours (Fig. 4) Folin-Ciocalteau Method DPPH Method 50% (EC50) Himenthalia elongata was most effective against all bacteria inhibiting bacteria from Seaweeds are macroalgae which are macroscopic plants of marine All three species of brown seaweed and Chondrus crispus showed better scavenging capacity the first hour, followed by Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria digitata benthoses. Based on nutrient and chemical composition seaweeds are than Palmaria palmata and Enteromorpha spirulina (Fig. 2) Palmaria palmata and Enteromorpha spirulina increased the lag phase (average 2 classified as Rhodophyta (red algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae) and Himenthalia elongata showed highest antioxidant activity giving 50% reduction of DPPH and 4 hours respectively) after which growth increased Chlorophyta (green algae) radical at 1µg/ml and gave 100% inhibition at 1000µg/ml Chondrus crispus increased the overall growth of the bacteria higher than the control Followed by Laminaria digitata, Laminaria saccharina and Chondrus crispus (all 5µg/ml) Ireland harvests 32,000 tonnes of seaweed per year with an annual Palmaria palmata had an EC of 25µg/ml and Enteromorpha spirulina gave the lowest level Pseudomonas Listeria 50 2.5 2.5 turnover of €15 million (75µg/ml) 2 2 Seaweeds are a known source of bioactive compounds such as antiviral, 1.5 1.5 100 80 antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidants as they contain secondary 70 1 1 80 OD (600nm) OD metabolites characterized by a broad spectrum of biological activities (600nm) OD 60 Ascorbic acid 0.5 0.5 60 50 Laminaria digitata Seaweeds are exposed to light and high oxygen concentrations which 0 40 0 Laminaria saccharina 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 result in free radicals and other strong oxidizing agents being formed, 40 30 Himenthalia Extract(µg) Time (Hrs) Time (Hrs) elongata 20 however seaweeds seldom suffer any serious photodynamic damage which Scavenging(%) activity Chondrus crispus 20 Antimicrobial Analysis Salmonella Enterococcus Palmaria palmata 10 implies that their cells have protective mechanisms and compounds 2.5 2.5 0 Enteromorpha 0 spirulina Seaweeds are a relatively unexploited resource in Ireland thus investigation into Common food spoilage and food Type of bacteria 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Laminaria Laminaria Himenthalia Chondrus Palmaria Enteromorpha 2 2 digitata saccharina elongata crispus palmata spirulina pathogenic bacteria used* Extract (µg) this plentiful resource could provide a promising alternative and natural source 1.5 1.5 Listeria monocytogenes Gram+ Food pathogenic bacteria of bioactive compounds, neutraceuticals and functional foods 1 1 (a) (b) (600nm) OD OD (600nm) OD Salmonella enterica Gram- Food pathogenic bacteria The main objective of this work was to investigate and evaluate the antioxidant 0.5 0.5 Enterococcus faecalis Gram+ Food spoilage bacteria and antimicrobial activity of six species of edible Irish seaweeds Fig. 2. (a) DPPH free radical scavenging activity of seaweed extracts and (b) EC50 level of each seaweed 0 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram- Food spoilage bacteria extract (Each data point is an average of 6 values) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time (Hrs) Time (Hrs) *All grown overnight prior to analysis. Adjusted to 0.5 OD using McFarland Standards to Fig. 4. Kinetic analysis of highest concentration of seaweed extract against common food 6 prepare cultures at 1x10 for microtitre analysis. spoilage and food pathogenic bacteria (Each data point is an average of 6 values) Materials and Methods Antimicrobial Analysis Antimicrobial properties of seaweed extracts against two species of gram+ and gram- food pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria are displayed in Fig. 3 Conclusion Three species of Phaeophyta, two Rhodophyta and one Chlorophyta were used in Brown seaweeds had the highest antimicrobial activity this study. Himenthalia elongata gave 100% inhibition of all bacteria at 12.8mg The results of the present work indicated that extracts of Irish seaweeds successfully All extracts inhibited growth of bacteria except Chondrus crispus which increased the growth displayed antioxidant activity of the studied bacteria Himenthalia elongata was most effective (phenolic content 155.3 gallic acid units; This may have been due to high levels of polysaccharides in the extract which supported DPPH EC50 1µg/ml extract) bacterial growth All seaweed extracts except Chondrus crispus had some antimicrobial activity All effective extracts had highest impact at inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes Himenthalia elongata was most successful at inhibiting bacteria (100% inhibition at 12.8mg extract concentration) followed by the other two Phaeophyta Laminaria 100 100 saccharina and Laminaria digitata 80 80 Chondrus crispus increased the growth of all bacteria (%) The present findings appear useful in leading to further experiments to test the 60 60 potential of the extracts to increase the shelf life of food products. The ability of 40 40 Inhibition Inhibition(%) seaweed extracts to quench free radicals is known to take place over a longer period 20 20 of time then rapid acting synthetic antioxidants such as BHA. This may have benefits Results and Discussion 0 0 for extending the shelf-life of processed foods during distribution and storage. 0 4 8 12 16 0 4 8 12 16 Laminaria saccharina extract (mg) Extracts from six species of edible Irish seaweeds were screened for Laminaria digitata extract (mg) antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. 100 100 80 References 80 60 40 Antioxidant Analysis 60 20 0 Nagayama, K., Iwamura, Y., Shibata, T., Hirayama, I., and Nakamura, T. (2002). Journal of Antim- 40 All six species of seaweeds exhibited antioxidant content using the -20 0 4 8 12 16 Inhibition(%) icrobial Chemotherapy, 50, 889-893 -40 Folin-Ciocalteau method for determination phenolic content (Fig. 1) 20 Inhibition(%) -60 Yuan, Y., Bone, D. and Carrington, M. (2005). Food Chemistry, 91, 485-494 -80 Himenthalia elongata showed the highest content of phenolics (155.3 0 -100 gallic acid units) 0 4 8 12 16 -120 Himenthalia elongata extract (mg) Chondrus crispus extract (mg) Acknowledgements 100 100 180 80 80 160 This work is funded by the Dublin Institute of Technology ABBEST Scholarship 140 60 60 120 The authors would like to acknowledge and thank The Marine Institute of Ireland for 40 100 40 80 20 providing funding for attending the conference 60 Inhibition(%) Inhibition(%) 20 0 This work was presented in October 2008 at the 2008 8th Joint Meeting of the 40 Gallic acidGallicunits (720nm) 0 4 8 12 16 20 -20 0 Seafood Science and Technology Society and Atlantic Fisheries Technology 0 0 4 8 12 16 Conference. North Carolina State University, Department of Laminaria Laminaria Himenthalia Chondrus Palmaria Enteromorpha -40 -20 digitata saccharina elongata crispus palmata spirulina Palmaria palmata extract (mg) Enteromorpha spirulina extract (mg) *Corresponding author. Tel: 0035314024374 Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, USA. Email address: [email protected] Fig. 1. Total phenolic content of seaweed extracts (Each data point is an average Fig. 3. Percentage Inhibition of seaweed extracts against food spoilage and food pathogenic bacteria (Each www.dit.ie of 6 values) data point is an average of 6 values) .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolutionary History and the Life Cycle of Seaweeds
    Evolutionary history and the life cycle of seaweeds Evolution Technical and As discussed near the beginning of this book, the impact of algae on the global scientific details ecosystem is enormous. It is estimated that they are currently responsible for about 90% of the oxygen that is released into the atmosphere. Furthermore, their contribution to the physical conditions on Earth were vitally important in setting the stage for the evolution of higher organisms. The first signs of life on our planet date back to a time when it was still very young. Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago and it is thought that the earliest organisms had already appeared more than 3.8 billion years ago. During this period, the conditions on Earth were very different from those of today. A particular indication of the physical state of the planet was the nearly total absence of oxygen in the atmosphere, less than one part in ten billion. Life consisted of simple, unicellular organisms, the so-called prokaryotes, which most closely resemble present-day bacteria. The prokaryotes encom- pass two separate domains (or superkingdoms): the Bacteria and the Archaea. Y, ffThe evolution of microal- Earth is formed Present day gae and macroalgae on Earth. 4 3 2 1 0 The thick lines indicate times Blue-green microalgae during which there was a rapid ■ increase in the occurrence of ■ Brown algae these species. Macroalgae became prevalent about 500 ■ Red algae to 800 million years ago. ■ Green algae About 2.5 to 1.5 billion years ago, there was a noticeable change in the Earth’s atmosphere, as the amount of oxygen in it started to increase.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer's Wild Edibles
    Food Summer’s wild edibles 2 in a 3-part series by holly bellebuono and catherine walthers photographs by randi baird Our series on the variety of foods and ingredients you can find on the Island – in your backyard, in fields, in forests, and on beaches – continues with summer’s tasty treats. Plus recipes for rose-hip soup, a salad with fresh raspberries, and sumac lemonade. hile you’re enjoying the beach and the sun, be sure to include nature’s summer bounty in your W day. It’s easy to locate and harvest many useful wild plants on the Vineyard, and even easier to make delicious food and drinks with them. Here are the descriptions you need to find tasty flowers and nutritious greens to go with every meal of the day. Beach peas In the spring, the beach pea plant (Lathyrus maritimus) has beautiful purple or fuchsia flowers amid the pale green leaves. If you look at the same plants again in July and August, you’ll often see hanging pods (similar to common garden pea pods) with three to eight small peas inside. Since the peas are under- sized, it might take too much time to collect for a meal, but they taste like regular peas and can be eaten and cooked in the same way. Beach pea tendrils, located at the tip of the plant, can be snipped and lightly steamed. Look for the beach peas on both the south- and north-shore beaches, in the dunes and around Writer Holly Bellebuono and her daughter, Madia, collect wild roses that were likely once cultivated.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Composition and Potential Practical Application of 15 Red Algal Species from the White Sea Coast (The Arctic Ocean)
    molecules Article Chemical Composition and Potential Practical Application of 15 Red Algal Species from the White Sea Coast (the Arctic Ocean) Nikolay Yanshin 1, Aleksandra Kushnareva 2, Valeriia Lemesheva 1, Claudia Birkemeyer 3 and Elena Tarakhovskaya 1,4,* 1 Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] (N.Y.); [email protected] (V.L.) 2 N. I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected] 4 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, St. Petersburg Branch, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Though numerous valuable compounds from red algae already experience high demand in medicine, nutrition, and different branches of industry, these organisms are still recognized as an underexploited resource. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the chemical composition of 15 Arctic red algal species from the perspective of their practical relevance in medicine and the food industry. We show that several virtually unstudied species may be regarded as promis- ing sources of different valuable metabolites and minerals. Thus, several filamentous ceramialean algae (Ceramium virgatum, Polysiphonia stricta, Savoiea arctica) had total protein content of 20–32% of dry weight, which is comparable to or higher than that of already commercially exploited species Citation: Yanshin, N.; Kushnareva, (Palmaria palmata, Porphyra sp.). Moreover, ceramialean algae contained high amounts of pigments, A.; Lemesheva, V.; Birkemeyer, C.; macronutrients, and ascorbic acid. Euthora cristata (Gigartinales) accumulated free essential amino Tarakhovskaya, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1892
    1Bc12 DFO Lib ary MPO - B bliothèque III II I Ill 11 1 111 II II 12022050 The Collection and Processing of Commercial Catch/Effort Statistics in the Scotia-Fundy Region During 1967-82 J. McMillan and R.N. O'Boyle ' e.ish.atees & Otdans iketY 30 1966 •,•• SEP .t • Marine Fish Division Bedford Institute of Oceanography tOVitO tO 44, Department of Fisheries and Oceans s Pèc'ts & Océans Dartmouth, Nova Scotia LillI B2Y 4A2 August 1986 e - Jr Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1892 : 223 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Manuscript reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which deals with national or regional problems. Distribu- tion is restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. H owever, no restriction is placed on subject matter, and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Manuscript reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in Aquatic. Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and indexed in the Department's annual index to scientific and technical publications. Numbers 1-900 in this series ,were issued as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Biological Board of Canada, and subsequent to 1937 when the name of the Board was changed by Act of Parliament, as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 901-1425 were issued as Manuscript Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science
    MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D.
    [Show full text]
  • Eggwrack Seafood Parcels Are Collecting for Your Own Consumption Or for Sale (Please Don’T Do the Latter!)
    Fergus ‘the Forager’ Drennan is attempting to live for a year entirely from foraged foods. He runs wonderful courses on wild foods and foraging (not always the same thing) throughout the year and more details are Wild available on his website at www.wildmanwildfood.com food Fergus Drennan gets out his bucket and spade and goes in search of edible seaweeds. ummer is the absolute best time for collecting Sun, sand seaweeds, and with a number of inspirational cookbooks and guides published this year, now could not be a better time for getting your feet wet! This is my second article on seaweed for SCountry kitchen. The first (August ’09) can be seen on my website (www.wildmanwildfood.com) and includes a few health and safety issues. Legally the situation is somewhat complex. See John Wright’s excellent little book (details below) and seaweed for the head-scratching details. Also check for lists of Biodiversity Action Plan and Red Data Book species before harvesting anything. There may also be issues with where you collect, if they are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) or National Parks. Permissions to gather, when and where necessary, may also depend on whether you Eggwrack seafood parcels are collecting for your own consumption or for sale (please don’t do the latter!). If in doubt call your local Natural England office or contact the marine section of the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). For water quality information, call the 690-odd seaweeds Environment Agency. From the 690-odd seaweeds (not all edible) that are found in (not all edible) are found UK waters, I’ve chosen a handful to work with, selected to show in UK waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Valuable Biomolecules from Nine North Atlantic Red Macroalgae: Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Carotenoids, Minerals and Metals
    Natural Resources, 2016, 7, 157-183 Published Online April 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/nr http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2016.74016 Valuable Biomolecules from Nine North Atlantic Red Macroalgae: Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Carotenoids, Minerals and Metals Behnaz Razi Parjikolaei1*, Annette Bruhn2, Karin Loft Eybye3, Martin Mørk Larsen4, Michael Bo Rasmussen2, Knud Villy Christensen1, Xavier C. Fretté1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark 2Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark 3Food Technology Department, Life Science Division, Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus, Denmark 4Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark Received 18 January 2016; accepted 15 April 2016; published 18 April 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract In modern society, novel marine resources are scrutinized pursuing compounds of use in the medical, pharmaceutical, biotech, food or feed industry. Few of the numerous marine macroalgae are currently exploited. In this study, the contents of nutritional compounds from nine common North Atlantic red macroalgae were compared: the lipid content was low and constant among the species, whereas the fatty acid profiles indicated that these species constitute interesting sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The dominating essential and non-essential amino acids were lysine and leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and arginine, respectively. The amino acid score of the nine algae varied from 44% to 92%, the most commonly first limiting amino acid be- ing histidine.
    [Show full text]
  • SNH Commissioned Report
    Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 574 Biological analyses of underwater video from research cruises in Lochs Kishorn and Sunart, off the Mull of Kintyre and islands of Rum, Tiree and Islay, and in the Firth of Lorn and Sound of Mull approaches COMMISSIONED REPORT Commissioned Report No. 574 Biological analyses of underwater video from research cruises in Lochs Kishorn and Sunart, off the Mull of Kintyre and islands of Rum, Tiree and Islay, and in the Firth of Lorn and Sound of Mull approaches For further information on this report please contact: Laura Steel Scottish Natural Heritage Great Glen House INVERNESS IV3 8NW Telephone: 01463 725236 E-mail: [email protected] This report should be quoted as: Moore, C. G. 2013. Biological analyses of underwater video from research cruises in Lochs Kishorn and Sunart, off the Mull of Kintyre and islands of Rum, Tiree and Islay, and in the Firth of Lorn and Sound of Mull approaches. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 574. This report, or any part of it, should not be reproduced without the permission of Scottish Natural Heritage. This permission will not be withheld unreasonably. The views expressed by the author(s) of this report should not be taken as the views and policies of Scottish Natural Heritage. © Scottish Natural Heritage 2013. COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary Biological analyses of underwater video from research cruises in Lochs Kishorn and Sunart, off the Mull of Kintyre and islands of Rum, Tiree and Islay, and in the Firth of Lorn and Sound of Mull approaches Commissioned Report No.: 574 Project no: 13879 Contractor: Dr Colin Moore Year of publication: 2013 Background To help target marine nature conservation in Scotland, SNH and JNCC have generated a focused list of habitats and species of importance in Scottish waters - the Priority Marine Features (PMFs).
    [Show full text]
  • A Market Analysis Towards the Further Development of Seaweed Aquaculture in Ireland
    Part 1 A Market Analysis towards the Further Development of Seaweed Aquaculture in Ireland Principal authors Máirtín Walsh, BIM Lucy Watson, BIM Part 1 A Market Analysis towards the Further Development of Seaweed Aquaculture in Ireland. Principal authors Máirtín Walsh, BIM Lucy Watson, BIM Contributions from Geoff Robinson, BIM Christine Maggs, QUB Maeve Edwards, NUIG This document is an output of the project, PBA/SW/07/001(01), ‘Development and demonstration of viable hatchery and ongrowing methodologies for seaweed species with identified commercial potential’. This project is carried out under the Sea Change Strategy with the support of the Marine Institute and the Marine Research Sub-programme of the National Development Plan, 2007-2013. Table of Contents Page Executive Summary 3 1 Introduction 5 1.1 The Wild Resource 5 1.2 Project, PBA/SW/07/001(01) 5 1.3 Guiding Policy 6 1.4 The Opportunity 7 2 Industry Overview 9 3 Harvesting and Processing Seaweed to Market 12 3.1 Processing Palmaria palmata and Laminaria digitata 12 3.2 Adding Value through Processing 16 3.3 Milling / Grinding 18 3.4 Extraction 19 4 Markets 21 4.1 Food Products 21 4.2 Agricultural Products 21 4.3 Cosmetic Products 21 4.4 Pricing 22 5 Developing the Domestic Market for Seaweed Products 24 5.1 Increased Production Capacity 24 5.2 Improving Processing Capability 24 5.3 Supporting New Product Development 25 5.4 Provision of consumer information and in-store Promotional Material 25 5.5 Improving the Profile of Seaweed amongst Retailers 26 5.6 Expertise within the Seaweed
    [Show full text]
  • Laminaria Digitata and Palmaria Palmata Seaweeds As Natural Source of Catalysts for the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxides
    molecules Article Laminaria digitata and Palmaria palmata Seaweeds as Natural Source of Catalysts for the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxides James W. Comerford * , Thomas Gray, Yann Lie , Duncan J. Macquarrie , Michael North and Alessandro Pellis Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; [email protected] (T.G.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (D.J.M.); [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (A.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-1904-324547 Academic Editors: Robert Raja, Matthew E. Potter and Stephanie Chapman Received: 11 December 2018; Accepted: 9 January 2019; Published: 12 January 2019 Abstract: Seaweed powder has been found to act as an effective catalyst for the fixation of CO2 into epoxides to generate cyclic carbonates under solvent free conditions. Model background reactions were performed using metal halides and amino acids typically found in common seaweeds which showed potassium iodide (KI) to be the most active. The efficacy of the seaweed catalysts kelp (Laminaria digitata) and dulse (Palmaria palmata) was probed based on particle size, showing that kelp possessed greater catalytic ability, achieving a maximum conversion and selectivity of 63.7% to styrene carbonate using a kelp loading of 80% by weight with respect to epoxide, 40 bar of CO2, 120 ◦C for 3 h. Maximizing selectivity was difficult due to the generation of diol side product from residual H2O found in kelp, along with a chlorinated by-product thought to form due to a high quantity of chloride salts in the seaweeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Palmaria Palmata
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 23, 2021 Investigating hatchery and cultivation methods for improved cultivation of Palmaria palmata Schmedes, Peter Søndergaard Publication date: 2020 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Schmedes, P. S. (2020). Investigating hatchery and cultivation methods for improved cultivation of Palmaria palmata. DTU Aqua. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. DTU Aqua National Institute of Aquatic Resources Investigating hatchery and cultivation methods for improved cultivation of Palmaria palmata Peter Søndergaard Schmedes PhD thesis, April 2020 ,QYHVWLJDWLQJPHWKRGVIRU LPSURYHGKDWFKHU\DQGFXOWLYDWLRQ RIPalmaria palmata 3HWHU6¡QGHUJDDUG6FKPHGHV 3K'WKHVLV $SULO 1 ĂƚĂƐŚĞĞƚ dŝƚůĞ͗ /ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ŚĂƚĐŚĞƌLJ
    [Show full text]
  • Free Trade Agreement Between Hong Kong, China and Chile ;
    FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN HONG KONG, CHINA AND CHILE TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble Chapter 1: Initial Provisions Chapter 2: General Definitions and Interpretations Chapter 3: Trade in Goods - Annex on Tariff Schedule of Chile - Annex on Tariff Schedule of Hong Kong, China - Annex on List of Geographical Indications Chapter 4: Rules of Origin -Annex on Product Specific Rules of Origin -Annex on Declaration of Origin Form Chapter 5: Customs Procedures and Cooperation Chapter 6: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures -Annex on Competent Authorities -Annex on Contact Points Chapter 7: Technical Barriers to Trade Chapter 8: Trade Remedies Chapter 9: Government Procurement -Annex on Entities and Covered Goods and Services -Annex on Thresholds Chapter 10: Establishment -Annex on Schedule of Specific Commitments of Chile -Annex on Schedule of Specific Commitments of Hong Kong, China Chapter 11: Trade in Services -Annex on Schedule of Specific Commitments of Chile -Annex on Schedule of Specific Commitments of Hong Kong, China Chapter 12: Financial Services - Annex on Schedule of Specific Commitments of Chile - Annex on Schedule of Specific Commitments of Hong Kong, China - Annex on Responsible Authorities for Financial Services Chapter 13: Competition Chapter 14: Environment Chapter 15: Transparency -Annex on Contact Points Chapter 16: Administration Chapter 17: Dispute Settlement Chapter 18: Exceptions Chapter 19: Final Provisions PREAMBLE The Governments of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (“Hong Kong,
    [Show full text]