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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 23, 2021 Investigating hatchery and cultivation methods for improved cultivation of Palmaria palmata Schmedes, Peter Søndergaard Publication date: 2020 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Schmedes, P. S. (2020). Investigating hatchery and cultivation methods for improved cultivation of Palmaria palmata. DTU Aqua. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. 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DTU Aqua National Institute of Aquatic Resources Investigating hatchery and cultivation methods for improved cultivation of Palmaria palmata Peter Søndergaard Schmedes PhD thesis, April 2020 ,QYHVWLJDWLQJPHWKRGVIRU LPSURYHGKDWFKHU\DQGFXOWLYDWLRQ RIPalmaria palmata 3HWHU6¡QGHUJDDUG6FKPHGHV 3K'WKHVLV $SULO 1 ĂƚĂƐŚĞĞƚ dŝƚůĞ͗ /ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ŚĂƚĐŚĞƌLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ WĂůŵĂƌŝĂ ƉĂůŵĂƚĂ ^ƵďƚŝƚůĞ͗ WŚƚŚĞƐŝƐ ƵƚŚŽƌ͗ WĞƚĞƌ^ƆŶĚĞƌŐĂĂƌĚ^ĐŚŵĞĚĞƐ /ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚĞ͗ EĂƚŝŽŶĂů/ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚĞŽĨƋƵĂƚŝĐZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ;dhƋƵĂ͕ĞŶŵĂƌŬͿ ĨĨŝůŝĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗ ĂŶŝƐŚ^ŚĞůůĨŝƐŚĞŶƚƌĞ;^͕ELJŬƆďŝŶŐDŽƌƐ͕ĞŶŵĂƌŬͿ EŽƌǁĞŐŝĂŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ;EdEh͕dƌŽŶĚŚĞŝŵ͕EŽƌǁĂLJͿ ŽŶƚĂĐƚ͗ ƉĞƐŽŶΛĂƋƵĂ͘ĚƚƵ͘ĚŬ ƉĞƚĞƌƐƐĐŚŵĞĚĞƐΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ zĞĂƌŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͗ ϮϬϮϬ WŚ^ƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌƐ͗ DĞƚƚĞDƆůůĞƌEŝĞůƐĞŶ;^ͬdhƋƵĂ͕ĚĂŝůLJƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͕ŵĞŶƚŽƌͿ :ĞŶƐ<ũĞƌƵůĨWĞƚĞƌƐĞŶ;^ͬdhƋƵĂ͕ŵĂŝŶƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌͿ <ũĞůů/ŶŐĞZĞŝƚĂŶ;EdEh͕ƐƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌĚƵƌŝŶŐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐƚĂLJͿ ƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚĐŽŵŵŝƚƚĞĞ͗ WŚ^ƚĞĨĂŶ<ƌĂĂŶ;ƐĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐĐŚŝĞĨ͕ŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌͿ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ DŝĐŚĞůĞ ^ƚĂŶůĞLJ ;ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ ĨŽƌ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ ŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞ ĂŶĚ /ŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶĂƚ^ĐŽƚƚŝƐŚƐƐŽĐŝĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌDĂƌŝŶĞ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞͿ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌŚĂƌůŽƚƚĞ:ĂŬŽďƐĞŶ;,ĞĂĚŽĨZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ'ƌŽƵƉͿ WůĞĂƐĞĐŝƚĞĂƐ͗ ^ĐŚŵĞĚĞƐ W^ ;ϮϬϮϬͿ /ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŶŐ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ŚĂƚĐŚĞƌLJ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ WĂůŵĂƌŝĂ ƉĂůŵĂƚĂ͘ WŚ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ͘ dh ƋƵĂ͕ ĂŶŝƐŚ ^ŚĞůůĨŝƐŚ ĞŶƚƌĞ͘ϭϱϬƉĂŐĞƐ͘ <ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͗ WĂůŵĂƌŝĂƉĂůŵĂƚĂ͖ĚƵůƐĞ͖ŚĂƚĐŚĞƌLJƐĞĞĚŝŶŐ͖ƐƉŽƌĞĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶĐLJ͖'D͕ůĂŶĚͲďĂƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ͖ĐŽůĚͲǁĂƚĞƌƌŚŽĚŽƉŚLJƚĞ ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶƉĞƌŵŝƚƚĞĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŝƐĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚůLJĂĐŬŶŽůĞŐĚĞĚ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐ͗ dĂŶĚĞŵͲWŚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵdhƋƵĂĂŶĚEdEh͘ dŚĞdĂŶŐ͘EhƉƌŽũĞĐƚ;sŝůůƵŵͲsĞůƵdž&ŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶͿĂŶĚƚŚĞƚǁŽƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐDĂĐƌŽ^ĞĂ ĂŶĚD/EͲWĨƵŶĚĞĚďLJƚŚĞEŽƌǁĞŐŝĂŶZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽƵŶĐŝůĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůůLJƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘ ŽǀĞƌƉŚŽƚŽ͗ WĞƚĞƌ^͘^ĐŚŵĞĚĞƐ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂŐĞƐ͗ϭϱϬ 2 Contents Preface 5 Acknowledgements 7 Referat (danish summary) 8 Summary 10 PART 1 1. General introduction 13 1.1 Brief introduction to seaweeds 13 1.2 Palmaria palmata (dulse) 15 1.3 The use of seaweeds 17 1.4 Farming systems 21 1.5 Cultivation and productivity of seaweeds 24 1.6 Previous trials of cultivating P. palmata in Europe – scoping the challenges 26 2. Aims and work flow of the thesis 27 3. Synopsis 29 3.1 Access to P. palmata tetraspores – by field collection and induction of fertility 29 3.2 Spore release and settlement - testing new hatchery methods to improve P. palmata cultivation 31 3.2.1 Early growth of seedlings 34 3.3 Grow out of P. palmata 36 3.3.1 Sea-based grow out from seeded substrates 36 3.3.2 Land-based grow out using vegetative propagation of biomass 37 4. General discussion 40 4.1 Is year-round spore induction reliable for future hatchery production of P. palmata?40 4.2 How to secure seedstock in future P. palmata cultivation? 42 4.3 What are the optimal methods for P. palmata spore release and seeding? 43 4.4 How to improve grow out of P. palmata?44 4.5 Land-based grow out 47 4.6 Selection of ecotypes and breeding 48 4.7 Overall conclusion 49 Appendix 1 50 5. References 52 PART 2 Paper 1 Reproductive phenology and investigation on the induction of fertility in 65 Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) Paper 2 Improved Palmaria palmata hatchery methods for tetraspore release, 89 even settlement and high seedling survival using strong water agitation and macerated propagules Paper 3 New hatchery methods for efficient spore use and seedling production 99 of Palmaria palmata (dulse) Paper 4 Productivity and growth rate in Palmaria palmata affected by salinity, irradiance and 111 nutrient availability – the use of nutrient pulses and interventional cultivation Paper 5 Seabased cultivation of Palmaria palmata - the effect of seeding method, substrate type, 135 deployment configuration, and farm location 3 blank page 3 4 Preface This thesis was submitted as part of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the Technical University of Denmark and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The research presented in this thesis was carried out at the Danish Shellfish Centre (DSC, Nykøbing Mors), National Institute for Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua) under the supervision of researcher Mette Møller Nielsen (DSC), professor Jens Kjerulf Petersen (DSC) and co-supervised by Kjell Inge Reitan at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). An external research stay was undertaken at NTNU, in association with the seaweed group at SINTEF OCEAN, Trondheim, Norway. Funding for this PhD project was provided by DTU Aqua and NTNU, the Velux Foundation and the Norwegian Research Council through the three projects “MacroSea”, “MIND-P”, and “Tang.NU”. The research stay was partly funded by economic support from the Augustinus Foundation I have always lived by the coast and been fascinated plant growth. I come from a family of farmers and doctors, so the interest for growing crops and natural sciences is in my blood and at a young age, I enjoyed experimenting with farming vegetables and early on took the lead in my family garden. In 2007, I began my education to become a biologist at Aarhus University, which has given me a solid understanding of ecosystem services - and also a concern for natural resource depletion by human consumption. This coupled with my eagerness for hands-on projects and my ability to think outside the box, lead me to pursue a master’s project in sugar kelp cultivation. This was the beginning of a growing fascination for optimizing seaweed cultivation, boosted by the movement for sustainability and seaweeds as a new superfood being on the raise. My work at the aquaculture company Hjarnø Havbrug during 2013-2015 further drove my interest in cultivating seaweeds. Here I was employed together with Teis Boderskov, my good friend and companion during my master´s education, to start up the first organic large-scale farming of sugar kelp in Denmark. At the same time, my interest in cultivating another seaweed species, palmaria palmata, was growing. I read the book Seaweeds – vegetables of the sea by professor in gastro physics Ole G. Mouritsen and at a conference, I listened to one of talks of Ole G. Mouritsen, where he expressed his culinary fascination for the use of this red seaweed species in the new Nordic cuisine. I was eager to contribute further to the solution for a future “green deal” regarding food security by promoting a sustainable production of a low trophic marine species, and to take the challenge of farming this red algae species, known for its good taste, but also notorious for the difficulty of cultivating it. It was therefore a quite easy decision to leave my former job as a state-employed biologist, when I in 2016 was fortunate to get the possibility of conducting a PhD project with the aim of developing methods to grow Palmaria palmata. The present PhD project focuses on improving the biological understanding and practical methods in the hatchery and grow out to enable an optimization for its future cultivation. Part 1 of the thesis contains a general background to introduce seaweeds and their aquaculture, as well as a synopsis of the main results of the PhD study and a discussion to elaborate on the status and future trajectory for the aquaculture of P. palmata.Part 2 contains five journal manuscripts of which two are published in international peer-reviewed journals, one is under review for publication, and two are in preparation for submission. 5 blank page 6 $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV )LUVW,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNP\VXSHUYLVRUSK\FRORJLVW0HWWH0¡OOHU1LHOVHQ\RXJDYHPHWKHLPSRUWDQWWHDPSOD\DQG HQFRXUDJHPHQWIRUIUXLWIXOEUDLQVWRUPLQJJXLGDQFHWRH[SHULPHQWDOGHVLJQVZKHQ,VNHWFKHGQHZLGHDVDQGYDOXDEOHFULWLFV IRULPSURYLQJRXUPDQXVFULSWV,OHDUQDORWIURP\RXLQRXUGLVFXVVLRQVDOWKRXJK,JXHVV\RXVRPHWLPHVIHHOWKDW,GLVFXVV WRSLFVWRRPXFK<RXDUHDQHQWKXVLDVWDQGH[SHUWLQOLVWHQLQJDQG\RXUSRVLWLYLW\PDNHVRQHEHOLHYHWKDWHYHU\GD\ZLOO EHDJRRGGD\±DQG\RXKDGIDLWKLQPHLQWLPHVRIVORZSURJUHVVWKDWKHOSHGPHJHWWKURXJKWKLVSURMHFW$OVRELJWKDQNV WRP\PDLQVXSHUYLVRUSURIHVVRU-HQV.MHUXOI3HWHUVHQIRUKLULQJPH\RXUJXLGDQFHWKURXJKRXWWKHSURMHFWDQGWDNLQJ\RXU WLPHWRUHDGDQGSURYLGHYDOXDEOHIHHGEDFNRQWKHILUVWPDQXVFULSWDQGSUHVHQWWKHVLV$YHU\ELJWKDQNVWRDOOP\JUHDW FROOHDJXHVDWWKH'DQLVK6KHOOILVK&HQWUHIRUKHOSLQJPHZLWKILHOGWULSVODERUDWRU\ZRUNDQGJRRGVSLULWV,RZH3DWULFN -R\FHVHYHUDOOHVVRQVLQ'DQLVKJUDPPDUIRUKLVKHOSLPSURYLQJP\(QJOLVKZULWLQJ ,OLNHWRJLYHDZDUPWKDQN\RXWRP\1RUZHJLDQFROOHDJXHV.MHOO,QJH5HLWDQ FRVXSHUYLVRU $OHNVDQGHU+DQGn-RUXQQ 6NMHUPR6LY$QLDQD(WWHUDQG6LOMH)RUERUGIRUWDNLQJJRRGFDUHRIPHGXULQJP\UHVHDUFKVWD\LQ7URQGKHLP<RXKDYH
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