Nutrient Removal by Palmaria Palmata and Chondrus Crispus in Bioremediation of Aquaculture Effluent
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Nutrient Removal by Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus in Bioremediation of Aquaculture Effluent by Peter E. Corey Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia in co-operation with Nova Scotia Agricultural College Truro, Nova Scotia November 2011 © Copyright by Peter E. Corey, 2011 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY NOVA SCOTIA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “Nutrient Removal by Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus in Bioremediation of Aquaculture Effluent” by Peter E. Corey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Dated: November 22, 2011 Co-Supervisors: _________________________________ _________________________________ Readers: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY AND NOVA SCOTIA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE DATE: November 22, 2011 AUTHOR: Peter E. Corey TITLE: Nutrient Removal by Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus in Bioremediation of Aquaculture Effluent DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Department of Plant and Animal Science DEGREE: M.Sc. CONVOCATION: May YEAR: 2012 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. I understand that my thesis will be electronically available to the public. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. _______________________________ Signature of Author iii Dedication This work is dedicated to my wife, Esther and my children, Landon, Julia, and Jerica. May learning and purpose be ever-present elements of our home as we seek to live out God’s design for our lives. I love you guys so very much. iv Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xi List of Abbreviations and Symbols Used ........................................................................ xii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) .............................................................. 2 Seaweed Species for IMTA ............................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2: Bio-remediation Potential of Chondrus crispus (Basin Head) and Palmaria palmata: Effect of Temperature and High Nitrate on Nutrient Removal ............ 8 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 9 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 10 Results .......................................................................................................................... 14 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3: Nitrogen Uptake and Nutrient Removal by Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus in Ammonium and Nitrate Fertilization .............................................. 30 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 30 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 31 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 32 Results .......................................................................................................................... 36 Palmaria palmata .................................................................................................... 36 Chondrus crispus ..................................................................................................... 44 v Discussion .................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 4: Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Palmaria palmata Integrated with Atlantic halibut Recirculating Aquaculture ...................................................................... 60 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 60 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 61 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................. 62 Results .......................................................................................................................... 67 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 5: Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 81 References ......................................................................................................................... 85 Appendix I: Dry weight and Phycoerytherin Data, Experiment 1 (Chapter 2) ................ 97 Appendix II: Specific Growth Rate Regression, Experiment 1 (Chapter 2) ..................... 98 Appendix III: Statistical Data, Experiment 1 (Chapter 2) ............................................. 100 Appendix IV: Dry Weight Data, Experiments 2 and 3 (Chapter 3) ............................... 105 Appendix V: Statistical Data, Experiments 2 and 3 (Chapter 3) ................................... 106 Appendix VI: Phosphate Uptake, Experiments 2 and 3 (Chapter 3) .............................. 112 Appendix VII: Ammonium Control, Experiments 2 and 3 (Chapter 3) ......................... 113 Appendix VIII: Tissue Nitrogen and Carbon of Palmaria palmata (Chapter 4) ............ 115 Appendix IX: Tissue Analysis of Macroalgal Samples from Natural Locations .......... 118 Appendix X: Timeline of Activities, Experiment 1, 2, and 3 ........................................ 119 Appendix XI: Copyright Release Letter, Springer Science ............................................ 120 vi List of Figures Figure 2.1 Specific growth rate on a wet-weight basis of Palmaria palmata (A) and Chondrus crispus (B) cultured at 6, 10, or 17˚C and either 30 or 300 μm nitrate. Mean (±SE) of the final three weeks of a four week trial. Within each species, means sharing the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05) ............... 15 Figure 2.2 Nitrogen removal by Palmaria palmata (A) and Chondrus crispus (B) cultured at 6, 10, or 17˚C and either 30 or 300 μm nitrate (mean ± SE, n=3). Within each species, means sharing the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05) ............................................................................................................... 18 Figure 2.3 Carbon removal by Palmaria palmata (A) and Chondrus crispus (B) cultured at 6, 10, or 17˚C and 30 or 300 μM nitrate (mean ± SE, n=3). Bars with same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05) within that species ..................... 19 Figure 2.4 Phycoerythrin content of Palmaria palmata (A) and Chondrus crispus (B) cultured for four weeks at 6, 10, or 17˚C and 30 or 300 μM nitrate (mean ± SE). Bars with same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05) within that species .............................................................................................................. 21 Figure 2.5 Phycoerythrin versus tissue nitrogen contents of Palmaria palmata (A) and Chondrus crispus (B) ................................................................................................. 22 Figure 2.6 (A) Palmaria palmata cultured at 6, 10, or 17˚C (left to right, respectively) and 30 or 300 μM nitrate (top and bottom, respectively) on day 21 of a 28-day culture experiment; (B) Chondrus crispus cultured at 17˚C and 300 μM nitrate, day 19 of a 28-day growth experiment ................................................... 27 Figure 3.1 Specific growth rate (SGR) of Palmaria palmata in 1 L culture flasks - + - + - at 1. 300 μM NO3 /0 μM NH4 , 2. 0 μM NO3 /300 μM NH4 , 3. 150 μM NO3 / + - + - + 150 μM NH4 , 4. 270 μM NO3 /30 μM NH4 , or 5. 30 μM NO3 /270 μM NH4 , over a four-week culture experiment (mean ±SE, n=6) ....................................................