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this this
Macedo
thousand thousand
"Now" "Now"
of of
to to
unknown unknown
text text
after after
a a
this this
"Ea
that that
the the
Because Because
the the
seek seek
it it
cities cities
a a
area area
Can Can
and and
author author
a a
long long
the the
r r (aposta
of of
traverse traverse
the the
is is
king, king,
if if
in in
is is
keep keep
com
rlier
This This
being being
disap
as as
with with
among among
ends."
be
Ro
All All
is is
is, is,
be
his his
diffi
as as
one one
their their
in in
the the
for for
en
has has
is is
at at
an an
in in
to to
have have
to to
it it
The The
to to
time time
and and
" "
19 19
in in
the the
so so
re
of of
1 2 2 very Roman
first they
stroyed period
sion Paulus' tion
Epirus. that
cities?
diers to make cities. he of says,
for his
of
willingly sack
later Strabo tunity
and times
as country several ins. habited bo tains, velopment at
ized most in Summarizing thP
have character
20
(eremia)
----
Or
the I
wright the
the
"Now
Despite
villages
make
biography
gives
the
And
- rP~t
have
poleis,
century
Paul
of of
Epirus,
refer
that
often
by
in
encamped
disappeared
parts
The
such
further
Epirus
does
present In
revolts cities
to
going
intervention
thus
which
others,
the
cities.
In cruel
1
Book
soldiers
prospering
survive
prevails.
i~
were
us'
even
us
himself
the
said,
that
executed.
oppose
although Epirus
to
or
either ,
a
revolts
involved
virtn~
(
as
it "Now"
causes
while in
komedon),
sack
the stresses
statement
together
which
BC,
the
wrong,
Tomarus was
Roman
and
rugged
back
conunents
and
case
7: Epirus:
of rugged
here,
the all
concludes time
still
following
only
in
would
ll
Roman
of
case Paul
a was
in
Epirus
and
characterized
meaningless
and
and
v
the
,J
for
that
oracle
judge
Strabo
they
to
the
rather
Paulus
in
the cities.
we
the
desolation
and
f'Xtinr.t''13 which
in
as
and
in
us.
formerly
caused
and
Strabo
which
Senate a
parts the
and
the
Paulus'
those
he
and
afterwards
ruined
Epirus,
Plutarch
encamp
can
cities fact time
were
villages
during
and
Here
on
at
Strabo'
of
civil
mountainous
disappearance
Now
repeats
wishes
designate
people
desolation
image
full
had
Polyanus
Greece
that
Dodona,
state
that the
this
earlier
he
before
the
the
does
was
put
populous;
destruction
wars
decision and
of (§29)
prevails
the
no
character
by
the
which
are
in question
most
and
does
nor
in
s
that
eremia
Illyrian
of
moun
to
live a
to
an
the
not
discus
oppor
empty
descrip
the
euandria
was
little
times,
earlier
in
still
cities
the
the
tell
blame
he
in
and
end
does
like
Stra
sol
un
in
only
the
in
de
ru
in
to
de
in
but
us
of
it more
When
and recent How
ous graphic contributions the does lized Roman fined tually are baric most considered
side himself status
as er
isolation distance authors centre life we climatic Strabo m6 people live rean possibilities highly by provided is possibilities considered
a
first tions. th whereas
then
much
has
i
described
the
factors
s,
When
s If
its
closely
find
concepts
descriptions
or
Dutch
as
can
the
.
can
estimates
we climate not
barbarian,
the
does you
less
been
general
In
as
exclusive.
.
inhabitants
centre.
years
farmers
a one
' This
developed
is
to
s
decriptions
when
higher civilization
Roman
life that . be
principle,
conditions a
look
one
also
a
consider
. As
in
degree
ability
with
barbarian,
describing
are,
Barbarians
barbarian
landscape
a
this
connected
scholars
pieced
as
compares
barbarian,
added
is
offered phaenomenon,
agreement
especially
in
concentric
with
to
people
offers
lives
be of
just
He
conception
in
at
but
pronounced its
he
less
in decription
the
level
the
Very
that
civilization
to
caused
the
of
this
of Empire
.
physical
operates
states
the
A
civilization.
barbarian. expressions
from
Strabo
them
another
together
the
than
n1.ountains
make the
people
climatic
development
have
by
or it
you
more
landscape
who
geographical is
can
with of
field
a
seldom
1
Strabo'
are
plains
whereas
5
becomes
French,
further
landscape .
social more
,
nature
best
with
and
civilization.
by a
model
that
agreeable
opposites
are
stem
made
as
to
1 the
does
given
of live
potential
4
barbarian
fit
optimal
with
factor:
and
.
geographical
rugged
well
fi.·om
and
called
climate
that
conditions, be
are
the
civilization,
It
the
other or
a
and
s
into
best
like
from a
even
away
are
Belgian,
not ethno
people with
people
will with
places?
important
found
clear
less
civilized
nomadic
placed many
barbarism
more
and
Strabo
Mediter
Strabo
his
reached political
factor each
of Strabo'
normally
eudaimo condi
ektopis
or
qualities
confine ancient
(trachus)
when be and
But
the
civi for
from
few
Rome
or
vari the
one's
that
mu
in
bar
is
oth
who
de
In
on
to
or
as
s
- nia, happiness, and eukarpia, rich in crops. "Along with the happy lot (eudaimonia) of Good conditions for agricultural basics - their country, the qualities of both gentle grain, wine, and olives, are essential to a ness and civility have come to the Turdita life ofhappiness 16• nians; and to the Celtic peoples, too, on account of their being neighbours to the The degree of civilization also manifests Turdetanians, as Polybius has said, or else itself in the ability of a given society to on account of their kinship; but less so the organize itself socially and politically. In Celtic people, because for the most part his general description of Europe in Book they live in mere villages (komedon). The 2 (2. 5. 26) Strabo points to the Greeks as Turdetanians, however, ... .have become a good example of this principle: though Latins and they have received Romans as occupying mountains and rocks, they used colonists, so that they are not far fi·om be to live happily because they demonstrated ing all Romans . And the present jointly forethought (pronoia) in politics, in the arts settled cities (synoikismenai poleis), Pax Au and in the science of living. gusta in the Celtic country, Augusta Strabo also presupposes the polis as the Em.erita in the country of the Turdulians, optimal basis for the politically well orga Caesar-Augusta near Celtiberia, and some nized society. The highest degree of civi other settlements (katoikiai), manifest the lization is found in the highest degree of aforesaid civil modes of life." urbanization. So a polis-life based on agri culture is first on our list of civilized con Strabo 3. 3. 5 mentions the tribes in the ditions. Tribes living in villages, although area ofTagus in Spain: basing their life on agriculture, are to be placed on a much lower level on the scale. " ... and although the country was blest (eu Strabo places any given society on a daimon) in fi-uits, in cattle, and in the scale ranging from a high degree of bar abundance of its gold and silver and simi barism to a high degree of civilization. lar metals, most of the people had ceased But he makes a very important addition: to gain their livelihood from the earth, He sees Greek and Roman civilization as and were spending their time in brig a catalyst in the ongoing process away andage and in continuous warfare both fi·om barbarisn1. He, however, speaks not with each other and with the neighbours only of progress. A society may also be re across the Tagus, until they were stopped duced to a lower level of civilization, that by the Romans, who humbled them and is to say to a barbarism. of sorts. reduced their cities (poleis) to mere villages Strabo offers several examples of this (komai), though they im.proved some of reverse process. In 5. 4. 11 Strabo tells us their cities by adding colonies thereto the results of Sulla' s subjugation of the (synoikizontes). It was the mountaneers Samnites: "And truly their cities (poleis) who began this lawlessness, as was likely to have now become mere villages (komai) be the case ... 17 ... some have utterly vanished ... No one of these deserves to be regarded as a city, but In his book on Barbaric et civilisation chez I, for my part, am thus going into detail, ... Strabon Thollard18 has made a list of the because of the glory and power of Italy". concepts used by Strabo to denote bar In general Strabo does not think villages barism and civilisation. worthy of any mention, but he makes an He lists the geographical conditions for exception here. barbarians: mountains, woods, a northern position, isolation. This is the opposite of I would like to give two other examples non-barbarians living near the coast, in of this process which, as well, can illumi the plains, in contact with the Romans. nate the conditions in Epirus as described As to the economic resources the bar by Strabo. In 3. 2. 15 he speaks of the Tur barians dwell in poor, rugged, frosty and 19 ditanians in Spain: barren landscapes , while civilized regions
2I ized
l
are a lages Th li b site
so we
an
ed c Epir
th
prosp dwelling boundaries. l ti S defined
s If
s by
te
population. organized bri barism scrip g ing
characte as this once change of from indication war,
destruction, dered
22
tion
eas
owing
nd
u
t
ivilized
ving
ar
tr
iv
o
at
x
n
e
ccess
d
we
u
If
b
o T To
Despite
ll
ns
a
progress
e
gandage
i
en
t
s,
th
ur
u
bl age,
ca
ans
b
i
we
arba
enslavement
fertility
u
de
s
b ,
s a
b
tion wh we
or
and
o
livin
esse
e
e,
e
llows
s w s
of
able
wi
c
tion
y
com
a
expressed
give b
from
of
ring
scr
ll-ordered
iti
fully
d
rb
d
to people
y
hollard'
in
we
picture:
an
permanent
an
i
ri
b
e
r
b
th th th
,
look
c
-
es
ith
d
a
in most
red
no
nature.
iption
o
not
a
of
a
g
h
and
d
de
rian
d
n
p
the
to
in
society
rbarism
n
rder
is
. th
with
its
2
get
population
2
us
to
in
are
This
4
day
A could
. cities. agriculture
Revolution,
against
0
negligenc
scr w
w
Greece
the
,
fixed
But
a
produ
the
e
societies;
contrast
following
is
at
t
mountainou
it
ould
ir
villages Strabonian
lawlessn
to
hich
clear
re
s way
of
a
ib
the
is
s
s
to
one
with
with
as
th
happines
vo
afore
own
pi
It
of
c
list
change
e
tribal
extract
society
the
th
2
Romani
h
w
/
even
bound 3
e
c
d
lting
another
th
is
ce
voca
civilization
war
ange
ha
of
th th
e
a
tur
case
ith
,
ay,
quot
social
of
e
one
tempting
larg sta
cities
Strabo's e
notions
e
r di
e
to
c
w mentioned
li
ess
l
dl
e
22
21
d
wit
(euandria) syste
iti
aw
th
Roman v
poor
we
b
a
bul
co
the
tu
ith
.
and eve
y
, .
l
of we
of ing was tho
th
in
ar
e e
s,
e
es
e
ec
while
might
in
model.
s d
zed
ndition
b
s h
ll
lif
i
comparable
a a
ary
part
signs
exce
and
people
lopment un
cri
t
es.
n
se
of
e
m ou
biding
t i t
and
expected
(po
se
above
ge
defined
sca
e
finally
i
o o
or
conditions
caused
s c s
ttl
characterized
of
s
general socia
terion
way
The
Epirus
t
of
Ep
li
t
u
l
which
to
tt
eis)
e unlawful
ll
the
of
rules
l
ving
Senate
h the
sed
th
ru
rg
a
.
ang
peace,
ment
of
ere
e
Another
th
iru
arac A
dd
s,
,
defini
nt
com
e
a
the gge
for
fighting - bl
c
w
co
e
ni
b
b
brig
follow
we
d
oppo
b itizens
fol u
s
first
we
in
y
ar
e
so
for
in
ith
bar in
y
ter
an za
age,
lin
untry
then was
s
vil
de
his
d
pare
the
per
ll
the
il
to
or
ll
d
a
e
,
a
form
pre
it has
tion text
ian h toms
it keeps barian
him
con
in indi changed fewer
is scape Nikopolis. Aethices, th
Eremia, vanis
us ation2
hi to Strabo' a
ne connected In need cities utterl nic
was. ered one a tim tains. not
cal
or
l
e
re
as
ip
fair
s
i
r
e
e
a
ga
w
From
villages
s
"
t eq
va
a.
thi
sis
n
e
organisation
d ake clud
be
state.
r
2
n
ca
definition Th
of
wor
of
When
nis
ca
egresse
of
5
of
er s g s
escr
h
il
reason
nam
.
a
uir
y
i except
,
of
s
6
the
pr
s
tion As
-
e a
m
ed "
c
s
n
.
th
l
e
no
d n
at .
connec
iti
deserted, two
b
a e
i
utt i s
th
I
b
e
e Thi
es
at
ve
b
th e
so a
uandria)
nd
reach
arbar
ipti
e a
And
ion
term aga
t
arbaria
own
wish
sta
and
es
e
eing
w
more
e
ex th
reversed
no
l
e
interest
former
e
l
an
no
concep
of
,
a
with
mentioning
scape
it an
east
rl
d
h
p
size
s
at
i
ted
meanings;
th ti
the
in
on
t
enough
on.
y
op
o
that i d
ektopi
on
l
h and
th
for
i
their
Strabo
further
erefore,
onger
as
acco
definition
sm.
tion of
ekleipsis
e
only
to
as
w insi
li
ulat
of
x s
e
b
not
euand
n
more
of
T
ve
no
the
ith
or
o
lon an
y L y
tin
w
n
bein
the
t
s
point tot
hi
now
t
a
ak
r
gn
the urvives
c
So
t
d
ot,
s
th
unt
sta
nd
ith
e d
o country
I ivilized
of
mos
c
s s s
desolation,
else
longer
until
this
g
en a
uigi the
d
existence
in for
exists
ifi
t
wish
e
non-urbani isolation
allows ria.
ll
hi
tus
",
g
the
as
co
ingle
any erem
as
erem
tribes less
(
y
its
either i
; , cities
ca
for
has
th
s
s
the
mention
i
o
but
which
either
merel
mment
foundation conclusion: the
far
s
,
de
thi Strabo
to reader.
nt
of
ut
Galla,
e
the
inh
that
reader
another
from
present
ia
to
ia
urbani
th
and
vas
all
remains
,
opposite
,
Pindus
status
s
b
city as
the
when
has
;
himself
I euandria
Ta
that
into
seems c e
a
e
country
the
the
mention
situation
y
bit /
hold
tat
the
of
I
it
of
lar
t
d
is
is
th
s
Strabo' aken
h b an term
Therefore,
their
self
can
seems
i eso e
ed
an
of
ze
s
zed
Ni
a
from
more
people
ange.
ecome
found
es
e
d p
cities;
Epirus consider
symp
politi
ir
it indica
cons
ar
,
b
moun
earlier d
t
that
l
l closely
what
Strabo
s
copo
I
a
or
at
ar
see,
and to
of
,
of
politi t
affor
in
nd
in
sta
li
bar e
must
ek
i
b
of
27
vi
on
th
not
i
the
id
ar
s
th
s
the
cal
thi
tu
it
in
an
n
lis
d
it
e
g
s
is
's
s
s
, -
games
to
celeb other
part
tains
battle,
adornments
oughly
not
numbers
the
of gulf
he the
failed,
which
Augustus
one because
wars,
and
jointly-settled
was
"In [Ambr l
rounding,
mode.
and
tablished
mentioned
Spain
line
new
civilization,
from
co
y
try
Strabo
Epirus in
erem mains
the Nikopolis
I
have
Apollo
feel
the
the
so
untr
A
At
fight.
the
naval
only
of later
characterized
over
city
the
u
r
a political other
i
of
at
part
city
a
similar
so
sed
named
-
but
larger
Egyptians,
settled
gymnasium
been
acia
the
as
model
A
was convinced
it
i
y equ
i
on
second
progress
on
s
to
and
the
Romans,
of
completely
t
a
are
jointly-settled
being Antony
mentioned i
times,
Nicopolis
part battle
and
ogether-
in
as
seeing
s
by
being also,
]
same
subordinate
it
describe settlements
cons
ipp
named
their
of
is
r
Actia,
and
by
s
designated
taken
eady
examp
to
the
caused urbanized
increasing
model
Caesar
it
organ
what
former
to
that
lies
the
ed
of
in
cities
sense
id Strabo
the
in
after
before
ho
time
the
case
on
be
towards
disobedience
that
the
erab who
sacred
and
for
. and
it
above
by that
quinqennial
a
from
sacred
by
wever, Strabo
by
l
s
i
future
inhabitants
es
under a
sat
by
is the
sacred
the
of
Augustus.
other
reduced
suburbs,
the
(synoikismenai
above,
vocabulary
mentioned
a
of
their
level.
l
the
h
villages
less
him
Cleopatra
e
populous,
of
ion
in
was
eremia
(katoikiai),
e
the settlements
dev
n
a
the
centres.
as
daily,
hill
territory the
city
precin Nikopolis: city
ew
the
victory
signa
stadium
a
the
to
connection
the
cities
stood urb
(7.
Olympian,
hint
Epeirote
e
no
continuous
Nicopolis
The higher
grove
mouth
a
foundation
lopm
Actian
w
spoils
l
that
step
grove.
w
on
so
7.
anized
since
new
in
both
Macedonians
the
and
l
h
lon
erland
s
ith
ct
that
games,
were
ere
had
6)
present
designation
relation
as that
this
is
the
used and h
ent
by
a
-
that
ger
were
and
thor
for
l
sur
isolated
e
civil
degree of
tells
of
ong
ekleipsis
These
sacred
this
new
is
it
Apollo polei
finally
one
utterly
c
won
Strabo:
gulf
coun
this l
queen
,
is
iti
th
its
has
exact
re
of
the the
eft,
with
and
and
the con
by
the
us
es
es
of
e
the
s),
at
to
in
in
of
a
cial Homer,
necessary
ed
material
model, barbarian
sca
more
rather
empty
think
c c
ferred
of
Augustus
leipsis
n1ans
(pole
of
once
to
requisite by the
rounded banization,
Epi
Augustus
new
fore
(ekle quote
th
banization Strabo
to
dependent A
blessed
greater
i
itants in
the
brated
hange monians.
the
dencies
they
v
I
ttered e
by
ili
ekleips
the
Strabo
new
he
describe
reality
which
rus
am
sa
Romans
is
Actian
zat
l
present
29.
the e
and
simple,
shown
a
me
that
and
are
imm
a
ekleleimmenas).
showed
to
landscape
politi
of
Strabo
ion.
from
liter
to
well
in
used
and
lands
polis
with
for
honour
i
villages
of
s
Greeks
for
by
Strabo's
to
th
more foresight superintended
saw
enas)
Augustus
The
seeing (2.
its
I
of
honour
the
in
ary
in
e
Nikopolis.
Strabo that
settlemen
shall
hi Games
cal
that
describe
th
subordinate
aware
time
by
exactly
the
cape
and,
a
a
former
5.
surro
this
has
to euandria.
s
(6 that
an
e
prize
a
higher g
other
traditi
in
restored
Geograp
26),
developed
i
the
,
former i
conquer
foresight
by
h
ven
and
indicating
with creation
s
repeat
l
th
Epirus
4,
been
geniousnes
contex
evel
use
according
they
e
characterized
to
undin
the
of
that
does
(pronoia)
at
were
Caesar." 2),
did
found
Greeks.
quoted
was
the
g
geograp
se the
I
the
say
on
t
the
of
the
s, l
to
few
of
It
cit "revolted
have
ory
In
founded
have
ttlements
Strabo's
my
not
peripo
high
h
the
not
g
the
t same
a
ruled
by
going
settleme
is
wont
a
Macedonians, Nikopolis
i
physical
urbanization.
y
the1n"
god
cities
earlier
of
es
which
as
wreath
country
examp
lowe
inhabitants,
a
by
surro
is
a
interpretation
the
a
landscape
already
always that,
been
It
want
to
concept
had
er
a
indicating
deserted
bo
hical
of
decayed,
often
lioi
by
creating
vocabulary
new
i
by
to
s
status
back
Strabo's
ve,
r had
Lacedae
.
choice
the
and
b
unded
and
now time
failed
is
according
level are
nts Caesar
le
katoikiai.
the
y
set
and
be kings,
-
us
was
feel
-
the
city,
small
dictat
sur
of
re
Ro
failed
.
but
it
to
depen
cele to
l
Here
in
s
inhab of games
of
and
ed
part
so
of
of
ur
is
but
also
a
pre
of a
by
it
to
23
ek
ur
at
be
28 locality,30 - but I will not go so far as Su of it. But if one focus only on this con san Alcock does, when she says that our cept and that of eremia, as well, out of their written sources especially Strabo are gov Strabonian context, the message of the erned by rhetoric and topicality more text appears distorted and will not show than reality. Strabo has inherited the con us the reality which Strabo wished us to cept of barbarism in Epirus from authors see. In my reading of Strabo this reality such as Ephorus and Thucydides, but he seems to be even more in accordance with has endeavored to fit the history of Epirus the results of the archaeological investiga into his model of civilization and has in tions in the area. corporated his notion of barbarism as part Notes
NOTE 1 Ephoros here, as maintained by Laserre in NOTE 15 Lang 1994, Strauch 1996, 59 and 179, and Strabon, Tome VII (Livre X), Paris 1971 , 5. In the Strabonian vocabulary barbarian Funke 1991, see note 2. means not-civilized Cf. Van der Vliet 1984, NOTE 8 43-44 and Thollard 1987, 31: "En d'outre NOTE 2 Cf. R. Baladie, Strabon, Geographie, Tome V termes, le mot barbare n'a jamais designe Funke 1991 , 184. Strabo writes for the ed (Livre VIII) , Paris 1978, 3-4. pour Strabon toute race qui n' etait pas ucated reader. His use of commentaries to grecque mais tout peuple qui n'etait pas Homer, especially Apollodorus'ConU11en NOTE 9 civilise. tary to the Catalogue of Ships, shows his Strabo 7. 7. 1. Cf.Baladie i Strabon Tome IV preference for Homer. Homer is a main (Livre VII) Paris 1989, 133 note 9: I! se de NOTE 16 source, but Strabo supplies with informan duit de ce passage que, pour Strabon, la Cf. Van der Vliet 1984, 65-58; Thollard tion from other authors, preferring histori Macedoine, la Thessalie, l'Acarnanie et l'E 1987,9. cal informations to geographical ones.Cf. tolie font partie de la Grece. Ce ne fut pas Baladie 1978,7-14. toujours le cas pour la Macedoine; cf. livre NOTE 17 VIII de la presente edition p.SO n.2. Cf. Strabo 4. 1. 11 on the Allobroges: NOTE 3 D 'autre part, pour lui, les tribus epirotes "Form erly the Allobroges kept up warfa Alcock 1993,30. (Thesprotes, Cassopaiens, Amphilochiens, re with many myriads of men , whereas Molosses,Athamanes) ne sont pas des now they till the plains and the glens that NOTE 4 Grecs. are in the Alps, and all of them live in villa Hatzopoulos 1997,140- 145. ges [Kulf1I16ov (wmv], except that the NOTE 10 most notable of them, inhabitants ofVienna NOTE 5 Cf. Baladie, in Strabo, Tome V (Livre VIII) , (formerly a village, but called, nevertheless , Cf.Hammond in Sakellariou 1997,60. Paris 1978, 215. the "metropolis" of the tribe) , have built it up into a city [ ... KaTEOKEUaKaOI noAiv.] NOTE 6 N OTE 11 Strabo 8. 1. 3. Strabo 8. 1. 1. For the concept of barbarism NOTE 18 in connection with Aetolia se Antonetti Thollard 1987,8. NOTE 7 1990, 134-143. The translations of Strabo are by H. L. NOTE 19 Jones (Loeb ed.). Strabo 8. 1. 3: "the acrop NO T E 12 1) A.unpon1c; Tf[<; yi}<;, 1) TpaxuTq<; Twv olis of Greece as a whole; for apart from Strabo 7. 7. 3. T6nwv, ai nclxvat , llKapno<;. the splendour and power of the tribes that have lived in it, the very topography of NOTE 13 NOTE 20 Greece, diversified as it is by gulfs, many Strabo 7. 7. 9: TOTEf!EV ouv, we; dnov, 'l ED6aif10vfa n}c; )'!}<; , 1) cipEn) Twv capes, and, what are the most significant, KafnEp OUOa TpaxEta Kat opwv n ,\iipqc;, Tonwv , Ta Ef1
be extended to an even larger peninsula N OTE 14 KWfll}, KWf1q66v ~f[v,KaTa KWflac; oiKEtv, starting again fi·om the Ambracian Gulf, but Cf. my bibliography. Among others the own language or dialect, 1) 6IaAEKToc;, li reaching as far as the Thermaean Gulf and studies by van der Vliet 1984 and Thollard ving from day to day, npdc; dvayK11v ~1}v, Thessalonike. It is unclear if he follows 1987 have been most useful to me. with no rules and morality, flCTCttpa6,\ou
25 £ set
v <' Dodone bo Pwrafwv where 67. For Cf. NOTE NO togatus, 26 m 8ou<; in t ,\av8pwnov, tl o g Van fo T emen tKia this E in r /so S sta liv 25 24 d a c a trabo theme, , h er lidarity t, tin the e Tp6rro<;, ad i Vli ty, t} orde g be Roman Kal:OLK i] that refers e t l e see , rly, aw-ab rro,\n n 1:0 1 984,79, the barbarians Van 6 rrpo<; KOLVOVtKOV to fa, / ' haAtK6<; idin Itali cia, pe th d in e o e 6taywyt1v r w g, c pl Ili Vliet i] a way, ho e i] colony ad n ( li 7, cuvo 6 v quot Tu 16, , in At<; 1984, 6 7, TO a g rro<; TWV 10, , , 235): rfa es ~fiv.) i] o round r , Stra 66 a li - CtKOUOTEOV i: bon NOTE av8pw ouoTi[p.a1:o<; t Strabo tail " lo1:opo0vcm. NO oiiv rjp'l}lW}l Ga e 8 Ainsi r v essa llo tKo0 TE de destine aO'l}lOV rrt 1980,1241 , rrw ce 9. pou 26 27 EV rri }ll)K 5. v s ujet. I]<; Kat a q l 12 sa e g E l:€AEW<; l:ita}lEVOVTo<; y fjl:OU r l:l : publi u)v " ea Geographie ap EKA€AO n:j_<; ono<;, bl - 42 <'.t e 6'EK c c C d . l\ xw avta qc6 'e ' i trr 0 v A tr pa<; }101:0<; }111 ili € Evat e tljltV 8 se , A 0 inform EVl: TOtOUl:Ou. il € TcAEW<; i': lfiO}l a n' uquel OE TOU W 6n1:C:><; TOU es V v0v t €V e l:WV rri en OV Stra in o1:av de vuvi ouo rr p. oul: NOTE o1:av NOTE and NOTE Cf.10. Cf. Cf. of 1 987,40 na6o p6 eremia ' va Funk · Aetolia. ['l}la, al.n 6'£x d n 2 ,\t1v. 2 29 30 o . e 8 v, er in 2 ff. q OUT€ : OUK 1991, Vliet perioikides 1:ou con A Cf. E y a~ c TOUVO n Al t p. 1 ec 1 v wv 84 c coc 984, l:tvayKa'i p. tion v -1 poleis. k }la fio8m }lVI'[}li]<; 8 75 1993,147-49 with 5, 1:0 - for 77 ov p.na,\q OtKaiav Ach and Strabo's l:t8 1:I[ a c v Thollard rn p. Ev a . rri use Ev, a Bibliography AJcock,S.E., 1993 Dauge,Y-A., 1981 Pedech, P, 1971 Graecia Capta. The landscape of Le Ba~·bare.Recherces sur la conception La Geographie urbaine chez Stra Roman Greece, Cambridge. rornaine de la barbarie et de la civilisa bon, Anc. Soc. 2, 234-253. tion, Bruxelles. AJy,W, 1957 Pothecary, S., 1997 Strabon van Amasia. Untersuchungen Funke, P, 1991 The expression" our times" in Stra aber Text, At!fbau und quellen der Ge Strabone, la geografia storica e la bo's Geography, Class. Phil. 92, 235- ographika. Bonn . struttura etnica della Grecia occi 246. dentale, in: Prontera, F (ed .), Antonetti, C., 1990 Geogra.fiastorica della Grecia Antica, Sakellariou, M . B. (ed.), 1997 Les Etoliens, image et religions.An Roma /Bari. Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History nales Litteraires de l'Universite de and Ciuiliz ation, Athens Besancon, Centre d'Histoire Anci Galla, L., 1980 enne, Paris. Popolosita e scarsita, contributo allo Strauch, D. , 1996 studio di un topos, Annali della Romische Politik und griechische Ii·adi Satola Normale Superiore di Pisa, S. tion. Die Umgestaltung Nordwest Baladie, R., 1978 III 10, 1233-1270. Griechenlands unter romischer Strabon, Geographic, Tome V Ed. par Herrschaft, Miinchen. R. B., Paris. Gehrke, H.-J., 1994 Strabon und Akarnanien, in: Stra Thollard, P, 1987 Baladie, R ., 1980 bone e la Grecia, a cura di A.M.Bi Bm·bare et civilisation chez Strabon. Le Peloponnese de Strabon. Paris. raschi, Napoli, 93-118. Etude critique des liures III et IV de la Geographic, Annales Litteraire de Cabanes, P., 1979 Hatzopoulos, M. B ., 1997. l'Universite de Besancon, Centre Frontiere et rencontre de civilisa The Boundaries of Hellenism in d'Histoire ancienne, vol 77. Paris. tions clans la Grece du Nord Epirus during Antiquity. in: Ouest, Ktema 4, 183-199. Sakellariou, M . B. (ed.), Epirus, van der Vliet, E. Ch. L., 1984, Athens 1997, 140-145. L'ethnographie de Strabon: ideolo Clarke, K., 1997 gie ou tradition? in: FProntera In search of the author of Strabo's Lang, F, 1994 (ed.), Strabone. Contributi a la studio Geography,JRS 87, 92-110. Veranderungen des Siedlungsbildes de/la personalita e dell'opera, I, Peru in Akarnanien von der klassisch gia, 27-87. Clavel-Leveque, M., 197 4 hellenistischen Zeit, Klio 76, 239- Les Gaules et les Gaulois: pour une 54. Zilkowski,A., 1986 analyse du fonctionnement de la The plundering ofEpirus in 167 Geographie de Strabon, DHA 1, Nicopolis I 1987 BC. Economic considerations. 75-94. Nicopolis I. Proceedings of the first PBSR 54, 69-80. International Symposium on Nicopolis (23-29 September 1984). Edited by E. Chrysos. Preveza.