{pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Roseate Tern(Sterna dougallii) »n~¥KtM 2013 »{†v 09 R¹Y 1 khu;fop 2013 09k; ,jo; ,y 1 December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 ISSN 1391-8761

Ur»nŠ|Y vj‰hzx MNyhrid rig Advisory Board Eng. Udeni Wickremasinghe – Secretary for MWRC1 H. D. Ratnayake – Director General of DWC2 W. S. K. Pathirathna – Director Operations of DWC2 Dr. Th araka Prasad – Director Wildlife Health of DWC2 S. R. B. Disanayake – DDVSM3 of DWC2 U. L. Th aufeek - DDR&T4 of DWC2

~¹~ˆY£ùY£ Mrpupah; Editor Hasini Sarathchandra

~¹~ˆY£yY vj‰hzx Mrpupau;fs; rig Editorial Board P. K. P. M. Pradeep Kumara U. V. Rohitha Gunawardena Samantha Wickramaratna Sandamal Rashmi Sri Buddhika

~¹~ˆY£yY Ur»nŠ|Y MNyhrf Mrpupah;; Consultant Editor Vidya Abhayagunawardena

r‹frl‰ ~¹~ˆY£yY{y¥ ciu Mrpupah;fs; Copy Editors rù{MlY{y¥ nkhopngah;g;ghsh;fs; Translators Premakumara de Silva Niluka Subramaniam Dinusha Wickremasekera Christy Kakuluthotuwage R. Srikanthan A. M. M. Ziyad Fareena Ruzaik Fareena Ruzaik Chinthaka Ranasingha Roshan Abeywickrama M. A. M. Isthikar Narmatha Th ilagarajan Romano Pereira Wimal Swaminadan ëMv£j ~ƒ b£x£y¦rYyjx Gifg;glk; Photography and Design Anna Winterbottom U. V. Rohitha Gunawardena Marcel Fallu A. M. M. Ziyad Y£f§p‰ Çl² |Œzˆrš Nfypr; rpj;jpu tiuGdu; Cartoonist Ashirdini Bhagya Attanayake Samantha Kumara Gamage Roshan Abeywickrama ~‹lª{K tpsf;fg;glk; »~£‰ãrl‰ ÃxþK rhpghh;j;jth;fs; Proof Readers Illustrations

Amal Sudesh Sandamal Rashmi Sri Buddhika Gishani Rajapaksha r‹f§ ~¥Y¥~¨K ƒ£ v¨æjx tiuglk; tbtikg;G mr;Rg;gjpT Narmatha Th ilagarajan Page Layout and Printed by Prashanthi Arampola Dinusha Wickremasekera Commercial Printing Department, Th e Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd, Ganesamoorthy Suganya Colombo 10, Sri Lanka. Senani Samaranayake r²Y£|jx ntspaPL Published by ~‹‹ÜxK ~¥Y~¨K tiugl jahhpg;ghsh;fs; Maps Prepared by GIS Unit of DWC2 Publicity Unit Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka Kamani Abeyasiriwardhana Renuka Samanthi

MWRC1 – Ministry of Wildlife Resources Conservation | DWC2 – Department of Wildlife Conservation | DDVSM3 - Deputy Director Visitor Services Management | DDR&T4 - Deputy Director Research and Training |›² z¹Y£»N r±mv {yf ~‹¹ƒz, »nv… ~ƒ S¹[›²~‹ l²õ u£|£ lª…‹p‰ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}jx r‹…‹tq r…{p ~¹[²ƒx '{pÌþ' »N. 'tdtpyq;F" vd;w ,jo; ,yq;ifapy; tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf Ok;nkhopfspSk; rpq;fsk;> jkpo; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk; ntspaplg;gLfpd;w Kjy; rq;rpifahFk;. The ‘Wildlife’ is the fi rst journal to be published in tri-lingual Sinhala, Tamil & English in the area of wildlife conservation in Sri Lanka.

~¹~ˆY£yY ~fƒp Mrphpah; Fwpg;G Editor Note

ƒŒl{l‰ r£gY, md;Gs;s thrfUf;F> n™»pp‰ n™p »{p~ˆ {p pþp »z¤Y»xˆ ~šñl ~KrlY‰ ',yq;if tdtpyq;F" vd;w rQ;fpifapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf miktJ etPd cyfpd; jpdKk; {« {pÌþ ~Kr»lƒŒ ~¹yY‰}jxf àxY þv "|›² z¹Y£ khw;wj;Jf;Fs;shfp mUfptUk; tdtpyq;F {pÌþ" ~¹[²ƒ»xƒŒ v¬z‹Yv tz£»r£»y£l‰lª{õ. tsq;fspd;; ghJfhg;ghFk;.

|›² z¹Y£»{p‰ ~nƒfv {qþ»K lMcpxf zY‰{ Ü»tp ,yq;ifapy; epyk; kw;Wk; ePhpy; thOk; mUfptUk; td tdtpyq;Ffis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd {pÌþ ~Krl WƒŒ u®ñx lª…l‰ ~£[y»xˆl‰ ~¹yY‰}jx midj;J r%fj;jpdJk; ftdj;ij Ãúvf ~‹xû cp»Y£f~ˆ {z ~ƒ»x¤[x ~ƒ R{o£px G+uz Mjutpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ',yq;if »x£v¨ Yy [¥ìvf "|›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ" ~¹[²ƒxf ƒ¥Ã {p‰»p‰ tdtpyq;F" rQ;fpifapd; ntw;wpahf fUJfpNwhk;;. pK Wx Rr ztp cx[²ƒpxY‰ »z~ ~zYv¨. epy caph;g; gy;tifikAld; xg;gpLifapy;; mofpa caph;g; gy;tifikiaAila »[£hïvfl‰ {h£ ~¨p‰ny »vp‰v »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ Rp«p ,yq;ifapd; fly; tyaj;jpd; fly;rhh; |›² z¹Y£ ~£[y Yz£r»xˆ ~£[y {pÌý r‹…‹tq »v{y tdtpyq;Fg; gpur;rpidia fUj;jpy; nfhz;ljhf "|›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ" Y…£rx lª…‹p‰ R{o£px »x£v¨ Yy Ü»J. ,e;j ',yq;if tdtpyq;F" rQ;fpif mikfpwJ. Rr ~¥v ýfv "|›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ" »{l z¥»tp r£gY ehk; vg;nghOJk; thrfh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F r±Üa£y Sl£ R[x Yyp Rly A r‹…‹tq ~lªf§ {p‰»pv¨. kjpg;gspg;gNjhL fopg;gilfpNwhk;. mLj;j "|›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ" òz` Y…£rx l{ ãyfl‰ p¥{§K »z~ vkJ ',yq;if tdtpyq;F" rQ;rpifapd; r£gY Xt »{lf »[p Avf Rr‹ tz£»r£»y£l‰lª »{v¨. gpuRuj;ijAk; NkYk; rpwg;ghf;fp tbtikf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;Nshk;. |›² z¹Yp‰ [ª{p‰ »~ˆ{»xˆ [vp‰ [p‰p£ [ª{p‰ v[›p‰f "|›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ" ~¹[²ƒx [ª{»p‰nŸ Ãxþ»K R{~ˆm£{ Un£ jw;NghJ ,yq;if tpkhd Nritapy; gazpf;Fk; gazpfSf;F ',yq;if tdtpyq;F" Yy »nñp‰ |›² z¹Yp‰ [ª{p‰ ~v£[v ý~‹p‰ r~¨[Œx Y…£r»xˆ rQ;rpifapid thrpg;gjw;fhd tha;g g;gpiz (Y…£r R¹Y 8) ~‹f "|›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ" T cMpzxY‰ »z~ ngw;W je;j ,yq;if tpkhd Nritf;F ed;wpia r±~‹nŠo Ãúv ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ Rr‹ |›² z¹Yp‰ [ª{p‰ ~v£[v njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. »{l ~ˆlªÜx r§n Yyv¨. `rpdp rur;re;ju ƒ~‹ë ~yl‰ap‰æ Mrphpah; ~¹~ˆY£ùY£

Dear Reader,

The aim of the “Sri Lankan Wildlife” journal is to support the conservation of scarce resources of wildlife in the modern world which changes on a daily basis.

The journal “Sri Lankan Wildlife” also aims at mobilizing all communities and get their utmost support and attention for the conservation of Sri Lanka’s land and sea wildlife resources, and especially the critically endangered species of Sri Lanka.

This issue of “Sri Lankan Wildlife” is focused on marine wildlife in Sri Lankan waters which has vivid diverse biodiversity compared to land biodiversity.

We always value and appreciate reader's comments. We hope to release the next issue of “Sri Lankan Wildlife” in a new format.

“Sri Lankan Wildlife” is now available onboard Sri Lankan aircraft as an e-journal starting with the previous issue (Volume 08). This was made possible by the Sri Lankan Airline Limited and we are thankful to them.

Hasini Sarathchandra Editor rf¨p

»n~¥KtM 2013 »{†v 09 R¹Y 1 khu;fop 2013 09k; ,jo; ,y 1 December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1

~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹»xˆ r±Üz£ux v¨† »z£{fv [y¥ [£ñÚ ýËl‰ ýcxv¨Ú »~£õ~£ 01 {pÌý ~¹yY‰}jx »{p§»{p‰v p{ {pÌý ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j Rv£l³¹|x þv S¹Ë. U»nŠë ýY²v~‹¹ƒ 05 x¨nŠox ëv£þv ~ƒ Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒŒy {pÌý ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}jx R¥yôv WD. Ö. yl‰p£xY 10 |›² z¹Y£{f Rxl‰ ~v¨æ {pÌþ Un³£p v¹c§z Rvyyl‰p 16 v¨ƒ¨ã Y‰}šyr£õp‰ r‹…‹tq ƒ¥q™p‰þvY‰ r|ª »»{n³ l£yY r±~£nŠ 22 R»rˆ 냥ùxp‰»[‰ {l»[£l ƒ£ ~¹yY‰}jx vƒ£a£Mx ~yl‰ »Y£f[v 26

{p Rz‹ ñë~ˆ [¥f§K ý~nŸv ~qƒ£ {« tƒ¨ýo r±»N|x R£a£Mx x¬. »Y‰. zY‰}ˆvp‰ ršù~ˆ 31

“yK»t¤” R»rˆ Y£z»xˆ Rz‹ þyx£ r|ª »»{n³ ýËl »r»My£ 37 Yƒvzˆ ([¹c£) {[£»{p‰ {¥p»~p |›² z¹Y£»N »»c{ ýýol‰{x Rõ. WD. ~‹~‹y Yªv£y n ~‹zˆ{£ 43 “{zˆz£ rGf£” |›² z¹Y£»N R£MÞYxf v£ƒ¥`Œ |Y‰ÜxY‰ R£a£Mx Ur§zˆ ~¨t~‹¹ƒ 48 v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px-R£nŸ{£~š ~ƒÌ{px hJ. »ƒp‰n£ýl£yj 52 R£|‰aMxvl‰ p¥»[pƒŒy {pn™ýx »Y‰. A. Rvylª¹[ 58 »n£»…£~ˆ {~Ãp‰ vzˆ r‹ä »pû v»zˆ (Strobilanthes spp.) Yl£{ R£M. WK. R£M. ëzp‰Ü y£crY‰} 64 ëƒk {p»rl R{n™ Yyp£ ýƒ` ñlª»y¤ ~qvzˆ y|‰ñ |›² t¨nŠéY 68 |›² r£n yY‰}‹l»xp‰ ƒv¨ {« r¼ãy¥ v¥¾Õ»x¤ Wzˆ. »F. »vp‰Õ~ˆ ýY²v~‹¹ƒ ~ƒ ãz£p‰ y¹[ ýàp rÜyj 74 »~£t£ nƒvf Rp§{ rùp£vx {p ý|‰{ rùr£zp Y²vx Ur£z‹ [ªj»~ˆYy 80

neLe;jPtpd; fhl;Lf; Fjpiufs; v. ee;jFkhud;> v. gtpj;jpud; 85 ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhz fz;ly; jhtuq;fspd; ,og;G vk;. vy;. ngsRy; mkPh; 87 ,yq;ifapd; KUiff; fw;ghiwfspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mit vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s rthy;fSk; vk;.v];.vk;.uhrpf; 93 ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahu kw;Wk; fly;tho; capupdq;fs; mNdh[h ,yl;Rkzd; 98 flw;ghk;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpAq;fs; mgpuhkp rptUgd; 104 Fornt Cover Picture Kjw;gf;f Gifg;glk;

Vass Coral - Pigeon Island v¨zˆ Y{y»xˆ b£x£y¦rx

“{pÌþ” ~¹[²ƒ»xƒŒ rz{p z‹r‹ Rnƒ~ˆ ƒ¨»nY‰v Yl¯{y¥p‰»[‰ Rnƒ~ˆ {p Rly Wx ~¥výfv |›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N Rnƒ~ˆ »p£»N. ,t; “tdtpyq;F” rQ;rpifapy; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fs; E}yhrpupah;fSilajhFk>; kw;Wk; mJ ,yq;if tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsj;jpdJ fUj;Jf;fis mtrpak; gpujpgypg;gdthf ,y;iy. The views expressed in "Wildlife" journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka cs;slf;fk; Contents »n~¥KtM 2013 »{†v 09 R¹Y 1 khu;fop 2013 09k; ,jo; ,y 1 December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 ISSN 1391-8761

Rejuvenating Lagoons in Bundala National Park; A Must to Remain as a Ramsar Wetland M. G. C. Sooriyabandara 111

Looming Th reat of Lantana (Lantana camara L.) on Biodiversity Amal Sudesh 115

Approaches to Environmental Conservation G.N.Chandrasiri 118

WHAT IS THE ‘MINDSET’? Arun Dias Bandaranaike 123

BIODIVERSITY; WHY SHOULD WE CARE? Rukshan Jayewardene 128

Land Uncleared of Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War Still Pose Th reats to Wildlife and Other Animals in Sri Lanka Vidya Abhayagunawardena 134

Change of Atmosphere Changes Feeding Habits and the Eco-system Ashirdani Att anayake 142

Marine Mammals of Sri Lanka Howard Martenstyn 146

Review of the Status of Some Selachians Ambiguously Reported from Sri Lanka Rex I De Silva 152

Why Protect Marine Megafauna? Asha de Vos 156

Sea Turtle Conservation and Research Focus in Sri Lanka R. S. Rajakaruna & E. M. L. Ekanayake 159

Coral Reefs: Th e Rainforests of the Ocean Roshan Abeywickrama 165

Sri Lanka Customs’ Law Enforcement Role in Relation to the Exportation of Marine Wildlife Samantha Gunasekara 168

Linking Landscapes, Nature and People Dilmah Conservation: Pioneering Connectivity Conservation in Sri Lanka 171

Macro Photography U.V.Rohitha Gunawardena 174 [²p‰m ývM|p Ehy; tpku;rdk; Book Reviews 178 Back Cover Picture gpw;gf;f Gifg;glk;

Black Tip Reef Shark (Carcharhinos melanopterus) - IUCN Red Listed r~¨ Y{y»xˆ b£x£y¦rx Sloth Bear (Melursus Ursinus) ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹»xˆ r±Üz£ux v¨† »z£{fv [y¥ [£ñÚ ýËl‰ ýcxv¨Ú »~£õ~£ Benefi ts of the Conservation for the Entire World Hon. Gamini Vijith Vijayamuni Zoysa

|›² z¹Y£»N {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}jx U»n~£  {« r±mv Rv£l³¹|»xˆ Rv£l³{yx£ {p‰»p‰ [y¥ [£ñÚ ýËl‰ ýcxv¨Ú »~£õ~£ v¥Ülªv£x. Wlªv£ 2013 cp{£ù 31 n™p RuŒp{»xp‰ p{ Rv£l³¹|»xˆ {¥h R£yKu Yyp znŸ. r±mv {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j Rv£l³{yx£ {|»xp‰ S܃£~xf WY‰{p ýcxv¨Ú »~£õ~£ v¥Ülªvp‰ ~v` |›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ ~¹[²ƒ»xˆ ~¹~ˆY£ùY£ ƒ~‹ë ~yl‰ap‰æ Yyp zn »YÑ r‹…‹~qyY ~¹}‹rˆlxõ »K.

~¨u »ry ëñl‰lY‰ »z~ {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j nŸv ~¥t¥ýp‰v RuŒ»x¤[xÃ. |›² z¹Y£{ ~¹{Mopx »{ñp‰ Rv£l³¹|x  Ãúv - Setting up a new Ministry r{Üp yfY‰ {|»xp‰ ~¦v ýfv ~¹{Mop òx£{z‹x for Wildlife Resource Conservation as an ƒv¨»N {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹x RuŒ»x¤[xf zY‰ »N. Indicator. W»~ˆ {§{ n Rr‹ ~¦v R{~ˆm£{Yv ~¹{Mop òx£{z‹xl‰ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}jxl‰ ~vty{ r{l‰{£»[p x£vf »v»lY‰ ýýo Rv£l³¹| xf»l‰ WY‰ ý}xY‰ {|»xp‰ Yfx¨lª Yyp‰»pv¨. v¦l Y£z»xˆ nŸ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j rvjY‰ r¥{¥Ü {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j ý}x ~qƒ£ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ v¨ƒ¨jãp‰ r±o£pv [¥f†{Y‰ {p‰»p‰ c£p »{pvv Y¥ïpG Rv£l³¹|xY‰ r‹ƒŒf§þ»K R{|³l£{x v¹»Y£zˆzxõ. »z¤Y»xˆ r±o£p »{…n£K »z~ Rý R£x¨o, R{»t¤o Yy[l‰ RÜ[y¥ cp£érÜ vƒŒp‰n y£crY‰} vƒl£ vl‰ æ{³ ~ƒ c£p »{…àv ~¥…Ãx ƒ¥Ãõ. r~¨[Œx Y£zx »v{y p{ Y¥ïpG Rv£l³ o¬yxY‰ {pÌþ ~Krl‰ Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena Hon. Minister Vijith Wijayamuni Zoysa Taking Duties as fi rst Minister of Wildlife Resources Conservation on 31st January 2013.

~¹yY‰}jxf zt£ nŸv RÜ|õp‰ v R[x Y… x¨lª Yy¥jÃ. ‘{pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}jx’ xp‰p r§†zˆ {|»xp‰ KO cyfpw;Fkhd ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffspd; ed;ikfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fs; kjpgpw;;Fhpa RMmYmpx Y… ƒ¥Ã ý}xxÃ. Wv`Œp‰ »vyf R£MÞYxf mikr;rUldhd Neu;fhzypd; %yk; zt£»np n£xYl‰{x ~¨†rf§ »p£»N. y»G p£xYl‰‰{x ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gj; »vƒŒ R{|³l£{x »vlyK »ƒ£q™p‰ R{»t¤o Yy[¥ìv jpizf;fsk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila Vida mjpfhurigfSld; ,ize;J gy;NtW »vyf {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ Rp£[lxf ~¨t »ry eltbf;iffspy; jhtutpyq;F rl;lq;fspy; jpUj;jq;fs;> rl;ltpNuhjkhd Kiwapy; ,lk;ngWk; Fl;bahidfspid tpw;gid nra;Ak; c£p v¹»Y£zˆzx - Gene Robbery eltbf;iffspid jLj;jy;> #oy; rhu; Rw;Wyh eltbf;iffs; %yk; fpuhkpakf;fs; r%fj;jpd; |›² z¹Y£{ »z£{ Rp‰ yf{zˆ RuŒt{ñp‰ »»c{ ýýol‰{x tho;f;ifj;juj;jpid cau;j;Jjy; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;fhf td capu; tsq;fspid RÜp‰ Sl£ Sƒz ~ˆm£pxY ~‹Ñp Rly Wx »»c{ ýýol‰{x ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; ,f;fl;Liuapy; RÜp‰ »z£{ ‘Uj©~¨K ~ˆm£pxY‰’ (Hot Spot) »z~ r‹…‹[¥»p‰. Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. »v{p‰ yfY Wv {Ñp£Yv Rp£[l ryr§yf Uy¥v Yy

1 ƒ¼ãp£»[p A r‹…‹tq Ro³xpxp‰ ~ƒ rM»xˆ}jxp‰ ~‹ã lª… »vyf, c£p ý|£z {|»xp‰ yƒ~‹[l{ r‹fyff R¥nŸ[Œx Yyñp‰ W{¥ë Ìþ ý»|‰} RuŒcppx Yy Rrpxpx Ãú»K t{ Rrf r¥ƒ¥n™z‹x. »vx Sl£ Yp[£f§n£xY ll‰l‰{xÃ. {¥h r‹…‹»{…Y‰ ~¥Y~šv »Y»yƒŒ Rr»[‰ R{o£px »x£v¨ þ »vv ll‰l‰{x »{p~ˆ Ãúv ~qƒ£ {p~l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰} Ü»J. A Rp§{ {p~l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰}zl£ R£yY‰}Y R£Ð rpl zl£ R£yY‰}Y R£Ð rpl xf»l‰ Rr‹ {¥fzšK y£|ŒxY‰ xf»l‰ R{|³ r±Ür£np ~Y~ˆ Ãú»vp‰ »vyf ~‹ã{p c£p ~‹ãYy c£{£yKYy¥{p‰ ìÜx Sn™ùxf rv¨j©{p§ z¥t¨»{v¨. v¹»Y£zˆzx {¥…¥Y‰ýx ƒ¥Ã {p Rly WƒŒ R£MÞY {£~‹x W»ƒl‰ »vv Y£Mxx {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f »vyf cpl£{f zt£nŸ»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ Uà»N. W»~ˆ »p£v¥Ü{ rvjY‰ lë{ Sf§ Yz »p£ƒ¥Ãx. »K ~qƒ£ »r£z‹~ˆ ápf ~‹ã{p c£p v¹»Y£zˆzx »K R£Y£y»xp‰ ~‹ã {§{»ƒ£l‰ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{, »M[ª »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{, {p ~¹yY‰}j »vyf »»c{ ýýol‰{xf ý|£z ƒ£ëxY‰ ~‹ã {p Rly »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ R£nŸ ýýo R£xlp{z ~ƒ»x¤[x R{|³ ápfv R¥l¥K ý»|‰} {q þ x£»K lMcpxf n v¨ƒ¨j r£ »N. »v{¥ë R£xlp{z r{l‰p£, Rp‰lM ~Ktp‰ol£{x Ü»J. »K {p ýfl‰ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N vl »v{¥ë ìÝý»y¤é Yfx¨lª v¥hzšvf Sn™ù»xˆnŸ Yfx¨lª RêY‰}jx ~ƒ ëx£vpx xf»l‰ nYªj© »{y… Ýy»xˆ Ãúvf Rr Rnƒ~ˆ Yy R¥l. Y¥~ˆt¦ ~¹yY‰}j vo³~ˆm£p ÄrxY‰ òx£l‰vY »{ñp‰ r{Ý. »vv`Œp‰ ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹xf r§nŠ[z‹Y R¹|x n {p~l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰}zl£ R£yY‰}Y R£Ð rplf ~¹»|¤op - n£xY Yy [¥ì»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ z¥ð Ü»J. Amendments for the Fauna and Flora Act Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰ »ƒ£yYvf {¥f t¥nŸv - End to the Illegal {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹»xˆnŸ »»c{ ýýol‰{»xˆ Baby Elaphant Trade r{l‰p£ {¥n[l‰Yv R{»t¤o Yy»[p Wx vp£ »z~ Y… vp£Yyjx Ãúv r±o£p Ryv¨jÃ. Wv`Œp‰ yff zt£[l Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰ ìÜ ý»y¤é »z~ {p£p‰ly{z‹p‰ Rzˆz£ [¥ì»K ƒ¥Ã r£ù~ùY, R£MÞY »vp‰v ~v£Ìx {£~‹x Rrvjx. r±{pl£{xY‰ n »K {p ýf nY‰pf z¥»J. v{ ~v` ënƒ»~ˆ »vyf r{l‰p£ R£MÞY {Ñp£YvÃp‰ x¨lª Ìþ ý»|‰} {pp‰l»M Ì{l‰ {p »v{¥ë r¥f{§p‰ ~£ƒ~‹Y »z~

2 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 {p ëzˆlzˆv~£l‰, v¨ƒ¨ã U°y£, »h£zˆ‡‹p‰ {¥ë ~l‰{ ý»|‰} l‰ ~¨p‰ny »Y£yzˆryl‰ A R£|Œ²l Rz¹Y£y vl‰~³ ý»|‰} ~ƒ v¨ƒ¨ã Ìþ ý»|‰}l‰ y£|ŒxY‰ nY‰pf z¥»J. W»~ˆv yf lª… r{l‰p£ ýýo rù~y rnŠoÜ {£~ u®ñ Yy[l‰ Ìþ ý»|‰} »vp‰v »[£hïv á{¥p‰lx£ Rz‹x£ »vp‰v ãMzu{ nY‰pf z¥»tp »Y£Ñx£, {…ƒ£, Yª† òv£, {zˆ U°y£, v¨{£, »[£‰p£ »vp‰v »z£{ ý|£zv Uy[ ý»|‰}x {p [¥f Ãw¨z£ {¥ë ~lªp‰ n »v£py£, {…‹ YªYª…£, ~‹xY‰Y£yx£ {¥ë »nŠ|›x, AY »nŠ|›x »vp‰v ~¹a£yY rY‰}šp‰ y£|ŒxY‰ n nY‰pf z¥»J. Wt¥ýp‰ |›² z¹Y£{ r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yx ~qƒ£ »z£{ r±v¨Z yfÃ.

|›² z¹Y£»N r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY {³£r£yx ýévl‰{ òx£l‰vY Ãúv lª…‹p‰ »vyff ý»n‰| ýëvx ý|£z {|»xp‰ Urx£[l ƒ¥Ãx. »vyff r¥ñ»jp ~¹a£yYõp‰ ~qƒ£ »{p Ã~‹ã yfY nŸ Rl‰ ýq™x »p£ƒ¥Ã R£Y£y»xˆ {p ~¥ùxY‰ zt£ nŸv ~qƒ£ {px R¥~¨ùp‰v zt£[l‰ Rv¨æ{³ {p á{ nk¨ R£n™x u£ýl£ Yyñp‰ ~¹a£yY t¹[z£ Sn™Ãúvfl‰ Yq{§y¥ ïK, [~ˆ Uh Sn™ Y… r¥… R£n™ ý»|‰}£¹[ WY‰ Ãúv »Y»yƒŒ Rr»[‰ R{o£px »x£v¨Yy Ü»J. W»~ˆv c£ÜY Un³£p R{f Ì{l‰ {p r±c£{f c£ÜY Un³£p R¥~¨ùp‰ R£MÞY {£~‹ ƒŒñYy nŸv n Rr»[‰ WY‰ Ryv¨jÃ. Wv`Œp‰ c£ÜY Un³£p R{f Ì{l‰{p cpl£{ ƒ£ c£ÜY Un³£p Rly r{Üp ~Ktp‰ol£{x áÕ {p Rly Wx {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹x ~£MmY Yy [¥ìvfl‰ Un³£p R£|²‹l{ ~‹ã{p {pÌþ Rry£o v¥hzšvfl‰ UrY£ú {p§ R¥l. W»~ˆv »vyf r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY {³£r£yx vp£ »z~ Y…vp£Yyjx Yyñp‰ {h£l‰ ýévl‰ Ãúv Rr»[‰ l{l‰ Ryv¨jÃ.

Rzˆz£ [¥ìv Ã~‹»~ˆl‰v Yz »p£ƒ¥Ãx. »v{¥ë ìÝ ýx x¨l‰»l‰ YªvY‰n? - ý»y¤é Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰ …[ lt£[l‰ r§nŠ[zõp‰f ýy¥nŠo{ Rr‹ What Should Happen? ìÜvx r‹x{y [l‰ Rly Sn™ù»x‰ nŸ »v»z~ ìÜý»y¤é{ Rr »vyf ~‹ã Yyp‰p£ {« {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹»xƒŒ Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰{ z` lt£ [¥ìv {¥…¥Y‰þv ~qƒ£ Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰ r±Üz£u »vyf rvjY‰ »p£{ v¨† »z¤Yxfv {³£rˆl z‹x£rn™¹Ç Ãú»K ~ƒ {£M}‹Y tzrl² zt£ nŸ»K Y²v»Nnx {p Rly Wx r£ù~ùY {|»xp‰ Sl£ Sƒ… R¥[övYf {h£l‰ ýévl‰ Ãúvf Yfx¨lª Yyp§ R¥l. A Rp§{ Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰ zY‰ýx x¨lªx. A Rp§{ »vyf {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹x z‹x£rn™¹Ç Ãú»KnŸ Ö. Wp‰. A. rúY‰}jxY‰ ~‹ã Ãúvfl‰ A l{ãyfl‰ lƒ{§y¥ Ãúv »Y»yƒŒ »z¤Y cpl£{»[‰ Rp§{ »ƒ£y Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰ z‹x£rn™¹Çx {¥…¥Y‰þvfl‰ W{¥ë R{o£px »x£v¨ ýx x¨lª t{ v£»[‰ Rnƒ~õ. A Rp§{ Rrf Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰ …`lt£ [p‰p{§p‰f ýy¥nŠo{ ìÜvx r‹x{y R{|³ p{ l£Y‰}jx, áp§v r§ƒ¨j©{ ý»nŠ|›x yf{z‹p‰ [¥ìvfl‰ R{|³ Yfx¨lª ~‹ãYyp§ R¥l. »vx Sl£ YÕpñp‰ ƒŒñ{p‰»p‰ pK »vyf {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹x ~‹ã Ãúvf Rr»[‰ R{o£px »x£v¨ þ Ü»J. l{ãyfl‰ ~£MmY »z~ lƒ{§y¥ Yyñp‰ Rp£[l ryr§y r£ù~ùY {|»xp‰ ~¨yY‰}‹l Ãúvf ƒ¥Ã{p§ R¥l. r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª v`Œp‰ r±c£{»[‰ Ì{p ll‰l‰{x p`£ ~‹f§þv - Uplifting the Rural Communities R{~£p {|»xp‰ v£ r±Y£| Yyp‰»p‰ Rr ý~‹p‰ ~‹ã Yyp§ Lives through Eco-friendly Tourism Activities ztp ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹xl‰ {pÌþ ~¨p‰nyl‰{xl‰ Rl‰þnŸv ~qƒ£ ‘W{ tz{’ Wp‰p tzp‰p xp‰põ. ãy ~‹f »t£»ƒ¤ |›² z¹Y£{ ~¥týp‰v ~¨p‰ny {« yfÃ. Rz¹Y£y v¨ƒ¨nÃp‰ »nŠ ý»Napx Yyp{£f {h£ áY tz£»[p ~ƒ»x¤[»xp‰ {f {« »K Yªh£ är»lƒŒ r{l‰p£ u®»[¤zšx ƒ£ r£ù~ùY Yfx¨lª Ãúv v`‹p‰ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}jxf »vp‰v yffl‰ ~£oY »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ |›² z¹Y£{f Rz¹Y£y Ìþ rù~yxY‰ z¥ð szn£õ Y£Mxxp‰ Y… ƒ¥Ãx. Wt¥ýp‰ ‘W{ tz{’. Ü»J. Rr R{f v¨ƒ¨»nƒŒ Ü»tp‰p£ {« ë~ˆYz¹Yu£{xl‰ Y£MòYyj»xp‰ »l£yþvl‰ ë~£ »z£{ á{¥p‰l ~l‰{x£

3 Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) {pÌý{ ~¹yY‰}jx »{p§»{p‰v p{ {pÌý ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j~ Rv£l³£¹|x þv S¹Ë»p‰y¥ U»nŠë ýY²v~‹¹ƒ SettingS up a new Ministry of Wildlife Resources Conservation Dedicated to Wildlife ConservationC Eng. Udeni Wickramasinghe

Document Courtesy the National Archives of Sri Lanka. The Hansard of 1937 retrieved by Vidya Abhayagunawardena.

»z¤Y»xˆ Rp‰ yf{zˆ ƒ£ ~¹~p‰np£l‰vY{ t¥zš»KnŸ |›² z¹Y£{ ý|£z »»c{ ýýol‰{xY‰ Uy¥v {« »~£t£ ,yq;if gy;ypdkhd capu;g;gy;ypdj; jd;ikapid nfhz;Ls;s mNjNtis cyfpd; Kf;fpa capupdr; »~°p‰nMx»xp‰ Rp«p ~¨p‰ny ärlY‹. yf {f£ {« »{y… nrwpTkpf;f gFjpfspy; xd;whfTk; jpfo;fpd;wJ. Ýyxl‰, RÝl |›² ýu®Üxl‰, {pÌþp‰ R¥lª† »~£t£ýY td capupd ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Gjpa mikr;ruit xd;wpid epu;khzpg;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp rù~yxl‰ »vyf ý»|‰} y£|ŒxYf {£~~ˆm£p ~rxp yfY‰ fl;Liu Muha;fpd;wJ. 1937 jhtutpyq;F þvl‰, Yªh£ u®ñ r±v£jxY Sl£ ý|£z »»c{ ýýol‰{xY‰ ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;> 1949 ,y; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l td capu; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;> gpd;du; td tsg; r¥{Ývl‰ »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ »vƒŒ r{l‰p£ r£ù~ùY {Ñp£Yv n ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fskhf ngau; khw;wg;gl;lJ Sl£ Sƒ…x. njhlu;ghd tdtsg; ghJfhg;G tuyhw;W tplaq;fs; Mrpupaupdhy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. tdtsg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J 2013 {pÌý ~¹yY‰}jx ~qƒ£ ìÜ úÜ R¥Üþv - tiuahd fhyg;gFjptiu gy;NtW mikr;Rf;fspd; fPo; ,aq;fptUfpd;wJ. tdtsg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf 2013 Establishing of Rules and Regulation for ,y; murhq;fj;jpdhy; tdtsg; ghJfhg;G mikr;R cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; Gjpa mikr;ruitapd; Wildlife Conservation Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mjd; ,yf;Ffs; gw;wpAk; ,f; fl;Liu Muha;fpd;wJ. »vyf {pÌþ ~Krl R£yY‰}£ Ãúv ~qƒ£ ýévl‰ ìÜ rnŠoÜxY‰ ~Y~ˆ »Y»yp‰»p‰ 1937 nŸx. A {p ~l‰{ ƒ£ 5 {¯Y‰}zl£ R£yY‰}Y R£Ð rpl  þvl‰ ~v`x. A xf»l‰ v¨† u®ñ u£[»xp‰ 14%Y rvj r±v£jxY‰ c£ÜY yY‰}‹l 1938 »rty{£ù 25{p n™p r²mv {yf c£ÜY yY‰}‹l ~ƒ Ruxu®ñ »z~ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ~ƒ Rux u®ñ ÃŒrxY‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ »Y»yÚ. W»z~ xf»l‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy Ü»J. r±Y£|xf rl‰ »Yy¥j© c£ÜY yY‰}‹l xf»l‰ »K {p ýf c£ÜY Un³£p 22Y‰ n, áÕ ~ˆ{u£ýY yY‰}‹l 03 Y‰n ~ˆ{u£{ Rp£[lx U»n~£ {pÌý ~Krl ~¹yY‰}jx Ãúv yY‰}‹l 05Y‰ n r²Y£|xf rl‰Yy Ü»tp Rly Rux u®ñ 62 »{p§»{p‰ {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j Rv£l³£¹|x þv r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy Ü»J. W»~ˆv »vv R£Ð rpl xf»l‰ - Toward the Future Conservation of Wildlife, {p Rz‹ Y…vj£Yyp yY‰}‹l, ~v¨èx c£ÜY Un³£p, {p Setting up the Ministry for Wildlife Resources r‹ý~¨K, R£yY‰}£ ~ˆm£p ƒ£ ~šv£p‰ÜY Yz£r {|»xp‰ c£ÜY Conservation yY‰}‹l r±Y£| Ãú»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ r{Ý. |›² z¹Y£»N {pÌþ ~Krl ~¹yY‰}jx Ãú»vƒŒz£ {« r±v¨Z {p ~l‰{ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ þv - Initiation y£c³ R£xlpx {p {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ of the Department of Wildlife Conservation R£yKu Y‹ú»vp‰ Rplªy¥{ Wv »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ýýo Rv£l³£¹| xf»l‰ òx£l‰vY ýx. A Rly ShK, ShK {p ~l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰}zl£ R£yY‰}Y R£Ð rpl òx£l‰vY ~¹{Mop Rv£l³£¹|x, y£c³ Rv£l³£¹|x, ~¹a£yY Ãúv ~qƒ£ 1949 XY‰»l¤tM 01 {p n™p {p ~l‰{ Rv£l³£¹|x, ShK, ShK ~¹{Mop ƒ£ vƒ{¥z‹ ~¹{Mop

~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ R£yKu Yyp znŸ. Rv£l³£¹|x, y£c³ rùr£zp ƒ£ ~ˆ{»nŠ| Yfx¨lª {Mlv£p»xˆnŸ {p ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ »z~ Rv£l³£¹|x, r£ù~ùY ~ƒ ~ˆ{u£ýY ~Krl‰ Rv£l³£¹|x, ƒ¥q™p‰»{p‰»p‰ WÄ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{õ. R£MÞY ~¹{Mop Rv£l³£¹|x ~ƒ »[£ýcp »~ˆ{£ ƒ£ {pÌþ Rv£l³£¹|x R£nŸ Rv£l³£¹| y£|ŒxY‰ xf»l‰ |›² z¹Y£»N r~¨ Y£zšp{ R£yKu {« »[£ýcprn {³£r£yxl‰ òx£l‰vY {« »vv »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ~qƒ£ 2013 cp{£ù r~¨{ R£yKu {« ~¹{Mop {³£r¯Ü ƒv¨»N {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j v£~»xˆnŸ ~‹ã Y… Y¥ïpG ~¹»|¤op»xˆnŸ RÜ[y¥ cp£érl‹ »nr£Ml»Klª»N Y£Mxu£Mx Sl£ ý|£z {r~ùxY òx£l‰vY vƒŒp‰n y£crY‰} vƒl£ ý~‹p‰ »{pvv Rv£l³£¹|xY‰ {p‰pf {« Rly v¨ƒ¨j nŸvf ~™ã {« RuŒ»x¤[n y£|‹xÃ. |›² z¹Y£»N Yyp znŸ. A Rp§{ 2013 cp{£ù 28 {p n™p {pÌþ

6 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j Rv£l³£¹|x pñp‰  {« p{ Rv£l³£¹|x xflf {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ rl‰ýx.

{pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}jx U»n~£v »vv ~ˆ{£êp R£xlpx {p‰»p‰ RÜ[y¥ cp£érl‹lªv£»[‰ vƒ‹p‰n Çp‰lp Sn™ù áY‰v Rp§{ rù~yx ý~‹p‰ v£p{x£l‰ v£p{x£ ý~‹p‰ rù~yxl‰ R£yY‰}£ Yyõ xp ~¹Yzˆr»xˆ r±ÜszxY‰ {|»xp‹. A Rp§{ {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j Rv£l³£¹|»xˆ r±mv Rv£l³ o¬yxf rl‰ {p‰»p‰ [y¥ [£ñÛ ýËl‰ ýcxv¨Ú »~£õ~£ v¥Ülªv£x. »vv Rv£l³£¹|xfv {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ »vp‰v {pÌþ u£yx n Rxl‰ »N. {pÌý u£yx tdtpyq;F nghWg;Gf;FO Wildlife Trust ~ˆ{u£ýY ~ƒ ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY R[xp‰ r‹…‹tq{ c£ÜY ƒ£ c£l³p‰ly R{»t¤ox {Mopx {¥Õn™x¨j© Ãúvfl‰, Rz‹-ñp‹~ˆ [¥f§v »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ ršh£{f Ãúv {pÌþ u£y»xˆ v¬z‹Y Y£Mxu£yxõ. »vv R£xlp rl‰{p cpl£{ »{p§»{p‰ ~ƒp ~¥z~švfl‰ v¨nzˆ r±Ür£np »n»YƒŒ Yfx¨lª c£ÜY SzY‰Yxp‰ Yy£ »v»ƒx þv »vv ý|£z r±v£jxY‰ zt£nŸ Ü»J. Rv£l³£¹|»xˆ {[Äv »N. |›² z¹Y£{ R£~‹x£»N {pÌþ ~¹a£yY vo³~ˆm£pxY‰ t{f {pÌý ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j Rv£l³£¹|»xˆ Y£Mxu£yx - rl‰ Ãúv - Sri Lanka to Become Asia’s Best Missions of the Ministry of Wildlife Resources Wildlife Destination Conservation |›² z¹Y£»N r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx v`Œp‰ ý|£z {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j Rv£l³£¹|»xˆ v¬z‹Y Y£Mxu£yx R£àxvY‰ yff zt£ [¥ì»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ »vv Rv£l³£¹|x {p‰»p‰ {p ~lªp‰, {¯Y‰}zl£ R¥lª† »vyf »»c{ ýýol‰{x ~lª »N. A Rp§{ c£ÜY Un³£p lª… ~¹a£yY rƒ~¨YK {¥Õ »vp‰v c£l‹Y yY‰}‹l lª… r{l‰p£ {« r¨y£ýn³£l‰vY ~ˆm£p n™x¨j© Ãúvfl‰, ~¹a£yYõp‰»[‰ rƒ~¨{ ~qƒ£ p{ l£Y‰} R£nŸ »u°ÜY ~Krl‰ ~‹xzˆzv ~v` ~ˆ{u£ýY rù~yx j Y²»v¤r£xp‰ u£ýlxf [¥ìvfl‰ Wv`‹p‰ |›² z¹Y£{ Rp£[lx ~qƒ£ ~¹yY‰}jx Ãúvx. p{ Rv£l³£¹|x R£~‹x£»N r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY ry£nŸ~xY‰ t{f rl‰ Ãúvl‰ R£yKu þvl‰ ~v` {pÌþ ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}j Yfx¨lª {h£l‰ »Y»yƒŒ Rr»[‰ R{o£px »x£v¨ þ Ü»J. r§†zˆ »z~ òx£l‰vY Ãúvf r‹x{y [¥ëÚ. »Y»~ˆ {«{n »vv Rv£l³£¹|»xˆ v¬z‹Y Ryv¨j {p‰»p‰ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| R£|‹²l [Kv£p{z r{l‰p£ Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§K c£ÜY SzY‰Yxp‰ Yy£ {pÌþ Y‰»}ˆl²x [vp‰ Yyþvõ. R{v Ãúv »Y»yƒŒ Rv£l³£¹|»xˆ R{o£px »x£v¨ýx. A WƒŒnŸ {pÌþ ~Krl Rp£[l ryr§y ~qƒ£ ~¹yY‰}jx Rp§{ Rz‹, [Kv£p »{l Yh£ {¥qŸv {¥…¥Y‰þv ~qƒ£ »K {p Ãúv u£yo¬y Y£Mxx RvlY Y… »p£ƒ¥Y‹x. A Rp§{ ýf n™{õp r§y£ r‹ƒŒÑ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| {f£ Ã. ò. 2000 Yf {pÌþ Y‰»}ˆl²x lª… rM»xˆ}j ~ƒ Ro³£rp Yfx¨lª RéY ýãz‹ {¥f Sn™Ãy Ü»tp Rly p{ ýãz‹ {¥f Sn™Ãúv, ~‹ãYyñp‰ n {pÌþ ~Krl ~¹yY‰}jx Ãúv »Y»yƒŒ r±Ü~¹~ˆYyjx Ãúv, phl‰lª Yfx¨lª r‹…‹tq{ ~¥z~¨K vƒcp R{o£px {¥Õ {|»xp‰ »x£v¨ Yyþvfl‰ R{|³ »N. ~Y~ˆ Yy òx£l‰vY Yyñp‰ r{Ý. ý»|‰}»xp‰v Rz‹-ñë~ˆ A Rp§{ p{ Y²»v¤r£xp‰ y£|ŒxY‰ R¥lªzl‰{ ~¥z~¨K ~Y~ˆ [¥f§v R{v Ãúv v¬z‹Y Yy»[p 2014 Rx{¥x »zˆZp»xp‰ Yy òx£l‰vY Ãúv »Y»yƒŒ Rr Rv£l³¹|»xˆ R{o£px RÜ[y¥ cp£érÜlªv£ ý~‹p‰ yY‰}‹l r²»nŠ| lª… ~¨»r¤}j »K {pýf »x£v¨ þ Ü»J. Yfx¨lª ~‹ãÃúvfl‰, »nr£Ml»Kp‰‰lª»N xÑlz rƒ~¨YK

Eng. Udeni Wickremasinghe‹•–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‡•‘—” ‡•‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‹ ‡ʹͲͳͶ™Š‹ Š‘˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡”‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘”‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘˜‡”•‡‡–Š‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Š‡™ƒ•–Š‡‹”‡ –‘” ‡‡”ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ”‘ʹͲͳͳ–‘ʹͲͳʹǤ ‡ƒŽ•‘•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‡ˆ‡ ‡‹”‹ƒƒǤ

7

Leopard (Panthera pardus) Yala National Park x¨nŠox ëv£ þv ~ƒ Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒŒy {pÌþ Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena ~¹yY‰}jx R¥yôv WD. Ö. yl‰p£xY Wildlife Conservation in North and East Regions After the End of the War H. D. Rathnayake {~y 30Yf R£~p‰p Y£zxY‰ lª… »vyf r¥{Ü x¨nvx Ãz‹»p£DÇx, {{§ëx£ ~ƒ ܲYªj£vzx {pÌþ Yz£r {£l£{yjx ëv£{f rl‰ þ yff ~£vx Uàþvl‰ ~v` r‹ƒŒf£ Ü»tp‰»p‰ Ulªy¥ ~ƒ p¥»[pƒŒy r±»nŠ| {zx. {~y »vyf R»pYªl‰ Y‰»}ˆl² {zf »vp‰v {pÌþ Y‰»}ˆl²xf n [jp£{Y‰ r¨y£ Ã~‹¼ã ~¹yY‰}j òx£ v£M[xYf R{ÝMj xƒrl‰ Y£zxY‰ Uà {«»xˆ {~y [jp£{Y‰ l²~ˆl{£nŸp‰»[‰ ýx »p£ƒ¥Ã{ r¥{Ü Ulªy¥ - p¥»[pƒŒy r±»nŠ|{z r{l‰p£ Rj~Yf xfl‰{ r¥{¥Ü Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒŒy {pÌþ yY‰}‹l {pÌþ Uy¥vx ~¹yY‰}jx Ãúv r‹…‹tq{ »K {p ýf »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N R{o£px »x£v¨{ Ü»J. »vv r±»nŠ| lª… r±»nŠ|{zf p{ Ì{xY‰ zt£ »nñp‹. {pÌþ Y…vp£Yyj Yfx¨lª x£{l‰Y£zšp Yyñp‰ p{ {pÌþ Y£Mx£z  Ãúvfl‰ A ~qƒ£ {pÌþ ëzo£úp‰ vƒ‹p‰n Çp‰lp r±Ürl‰Üxf Rp§{ “vƒ»r£…{, [ƒ»Y£…, Rp§x¨Y‰l Ãúvl‰ r~¨[Œx Y£zx lª… ~‹ã»YùÚ. »vv`Œp‰ ~l£ ~‹{§r£{£ ~v` t¥¼ãj© Üy~£y ~¹{MopxY‰” xp Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒ‹y yY‰}‹l lª… »Yy¥j© Rp{~y òx£ ~¹Yzˆrxl‰ vƒŒp‰n Çp‰lp Sn™ù áY‰vf Rp§{ “v£p{x£ v¥hzšvf {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f ƒ¥Ãx£{ ý~™p‰ rù~yxl‰ rù~yx ý~‹p‰ v£p{x£l‰ ~¨yÃõ” xp z¥ïÚ. rnp»K ~‹f {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ »vyff Uy¥v {« {pÌþ ~Krl Rp£[lx ~qƒ£ ~¹yY‰}jx 2009 ,y; Aj;jk; epiwT ngw;w gpd;dh; kPz;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l td capu; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; Ãú»K RuŒ»x¤[xf v¨ƒ¨j nŸ ~‹Ñõ. »z¤Y»xˆ Sl£ Yªh£ gw;wp ,f; fl;Liu Muha;fpd;wJ. %d;W jrhg;j fhykhf ,lk;ngw;w cs;ehl;LAj;jk; fhuzkhf ärlY‰ {«{n |›² z¹Y£{f Sl£ ý|£z »»c{ ýýol‰{xY‰ tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F td capupd gpuhe;jpaq;fspy;> Uy¥v þ Ü»J. »nŠ|[ªj‹Y Yz£r [jp£{Ãp‰ x¨lª {« tdtsg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; jkJ flikfspid epiwNtw;w ,ayhj epiyik r£ù~ùY rnŠoÜ y£|ŒxÃp‰ ~vp‰ýl {« n™{õpl‰ Wx {f£ {« fhzg;gl;lJ. ePz;lfhykhf %lg;gl;L ,Ue;j tpy;gj;J NjrpaG+q;fh tdtsg; ghJfhg;Gj; vƒ v¨ƒ¨»nƒŒ r{l‰p£ »»c{ ýýol‰{xl‰ ~¨yY‰}‹l Ãú»K jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. Fkz {[Äv {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ »{l r¥{ú Njrpag; G+q;fh> Gwhj;jPT cs;spl;l Vida Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fspYk; Njrpag;G+q;fh njhlu;ghd R¥l. ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;r;rpahf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 2011 ,y; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F td capu; gpuhe;jpaq;fspidAk; Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒŒy {pÌþ Y…£rxp‰ - Wildlife Regions cs;slf;fp ehLjOtpauPjpapy; ahidfs; njhlu;ghd fzf;nfLg;G elhj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l in the North and East ,uz;L gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; cs;s tdcapu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd vjpu;fhy rthy;fs; gw;wpa |›² z¹Y£»N {pÌþ ~ƒY£y Ro³Y‰} Yz£r Rly tplaq;fSk; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

10 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 ýzˆrl‰lª c£ÜY Un³£px p¥{l r‹ïnŸv - Re-juven plªYy»[p r¥{Ü »vv c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ ápf v£M[ nation of Willpattu National Park. rnŠoÜx ~Y~ˆ Yy R¥Ü Rly Un³£p»xƒŒ ~¹a£yY R£àxv v£~‹Y{ n… {|»xp‰ ñz‹xpxp‰ rvj »N. WƒŒ r¥{Ü »t£»ƒ¤ Y£zxY‰ lª… ëæ£|›zš{ r¥{¥Ü |›² z¹Y£»N ý|£zlv lªp‰v¨zˆz ~¹a£yY ë{ƒp p¥{l Sn™Yy ~¹a£yYõp‰f ~ƒ r¥yÚv c£ÜY Un³£pxY‰ {p ýz‰rl‰lª c£ÜY ý{¯l Ãúvf r‹x{y [¥ëë. W»~ˆv Yq{§y¥ ïK 05 Y‰ Un³£pxl‰ R£~‹x£»N Yªy¥† r£y£nŸ~xY‰ t¼ã Yªvp c£ÜY òx£l‰vY {p Rly p{ Yq{¨y¥ ïK Sn™Ãúv »Y»yƒŒ n Un³£pxl‰ x…‹ rp[p‰{ñp‰ WƒŒ ~¹yY‰}j Yfx¨¨lª »vp‰v R{o£px »x£v¨ þ Ü»J. W»~ˆv Yªvp c£ÜY Un³£px lª… r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª n n™xl‰ Yyp zn™. ýzˆrl‰lª{ r{l‰p£ {¥N r‹…‹~Yy Ãúvl‰ l¯ju®ñ Y…vp£Yyjx c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ v£M[ rnŠoÜx Rûl‰{¥Õx£ Ãúvl‰ Ãúvl‰ ~‹ãYy R¥Ü Rly »vƒŒ Y£Mxx vj‰hzx ~qƒ£ ëz ~¹a£yY rƒ~¨YK {¥Õn™x¨j© Ãúvl‰ ~‹ã Yyp zn Rly WƒŒ ë{£~, ðGf§ Y£Mx£z, Rhý Y£Mx£z »vp‰v WƒŒ xÑlz r¥{Ü ~¹a£yY t¹[z£ ~‹xzˆzv p¥{l Sn™ Yy »K {p ýf rƒ~¨YK n {¥Õn™x¨j© Yy Ü»J. þ {z, vƒ{¥{, vƒýz, lzýz, rëY‰Yýz, v£ëY‰Y»r£… Ul‰lª, »Y£Y‰»v£»G xp {pÌþ t¹[z£ ~‹xzˆzvl‰ ryý ärl - Pigeon Island vyqp‰vh¨{ ënp |£z£{l‰ p¥{l Sn™Yy ~¹a£yYõp‰ ~qƒ£ ý{¯l Yy Ü»J. W»~ˆv ýzˆrl‰lª{ c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ |›² z¹Y£ »{y… Ýy»xˆ r‹ƒŒÑ nM|ìx r»yý ärl Rux r{l‰p£ Yq{§y¥ ïK ~‹xzˆzv n ~¹a£yYõp‰ ~qƒ£ ý{¯l{ u®ñx 2011 nŸ c£ÜY Un³£pxY‰ t{f r±Y£|xf rl‰ »Yùë. r»yý ãrl {f£ r{l‰p£ nM|ìx »Y£yzˆ ry R¥l. ýzˆrl‰lª{ c£ÜY Un³£p»xƒŒ v£~‹Y ~¹a£yY R£n£xv ~ƒŒl rù~y rnŠoÜx R£yY‰}£ Ãúvl‰ »vyf r£ù~ùY n… {|»xp‰ ñz‹xp 2.5Y‰ SY‰v{p§ z¥»J. {¥N r‹z‹~Yy ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx r§†zˆ Ãúvl‰ »vƒ‹ Ryv¨j© Rly »N. Ãúvl‰ l¯j u®ñ Y…vp£Yyjx Yy Un³£p»xˆ ~¨»r¤}j »vƒŒ »z¤Y»xˆ ãMzu »Y£yzˆ ry r{Üp Rly Blacktip Yfx¨lª {¥Õn™x¨j© Ãúvf n r‹x{y [¥Úë. Reef Shark, (Carcharhinus melanopterus), Emperor Angelfi sh - (Pomacanthus imperator), Yªvp c£ÜY Un³£px - Blackwedged Butterfl y fi sh (chaetodon falcula), Kumana National Park Sperm Whale, Scaly Rock Crab (Grapspus albolineatus), Knotted Fan coral - (Melithaea »n~ˆ ý»n~ˆ ~¹a£yYõp‰»[‰ R£YM}jx n™p£[l‰ Yªvp ochracea) R£nŸ »z¤Y»xˆ ãMzu vl‰~³ ý»|‰} ~ƒ c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆn ~¹yY‰}j òx£ v£M[ n™x¨j© Yy R¥Ü »Y£yzˆ ry YYª†{p‰, lzˆv~¨p‰, ryýxp‰ »vƒŒ nŸ áY‹x Rly ý»|‰}»xp‰v ~¹Y²vÚY ~l‰{ ý»|‰} ~¹yY‰}jx ƒ¥Ãx. r»yý ärl c£ÜY Un³£px |›² z¹Y£»N ~¹a£yY Ãú»K Ryv¨»jp‰ Y¥~ˆt¦ ~¹yY‰}j vo³~ˆm£pxY‰ n »vƒŒ R£YMjx n™p£ [l‰ c£ÜY Un³£px Rlùp‰ »n{¥ë {p‰»p‰ ~ˆm£r‹l Yy Ü»J. l²~ˆl{£nŸp‰ ý~‹p‰ X{§p‰»[‰ [²ƒpxf x£z c£ÜY Un³£pxf rvÚ.

The DWC Offi cials Discussion on Elephant Survey. From L to R, S. Wijeyamohan, Senior Lecturer, Vavuniya Campus, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka; Bruce Read, Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation, USA; H.D. Ratnayake Director General, Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka; S. R. B. Disanayake Deputy Director Visitor Services Management of DWC; Prof. R. Sukumar Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science and Charles Santiaillai, Professor of Zoology at the Department of Zoology at University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Pic by Ro hitha Gunawardena Black Cheeked Lizard (Calotes nigrilabris) Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena Sn™ù RuŒ»x¤[ - Challenges Ahead

~š[²»xp‰ ~¹{Mopx Yy£ r‹xp`p Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒŒy r±»nŠ|xp‰ƒŒ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j Y…vp£Yyj Yfx¨lª n™xl‰ Ãúv WY‰ RlÃp‰ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ v¨ƒ¨j »np ý|£z RuŒ»x¤[xY‹. W»ƒl‰ Wv r±»nŠ|xp‰ƒŒ r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx »Y»yƒŒ {¥Õ p¥w¨y¥{Y‹p‰ x¨lª{ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j Yfx¨lª òx£l‰vY Ãúv lª…‹p‰ {h£l‰ ~£MmY r²Üsz zn ƒ¥Ã t{ Rr»[‰ ý|‰{£~xõ. A Rp§{ »vyf »»c{ ýýol‰{x ~¹yY‰}jx {p{£ »vp‰v Pigeon Island r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY {³£r£yx {³£rˆl þv lª…‹p‰ »vyff R»pYªl‰ c£ÜY Un³£p - Other National Parks ý»nŠ| ýëvx [z£ Avn A ƒyƒ£ {p ÷Ãx£ R{~ˆm£

Sƒl c£ÜY Un³£pxf Rvly{ {p~l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰} zl£ R£yY‰}Y R£Ð rpl xf»l‰ r±mv»xp‰v r²Y£|xf rl‰ Y… Rux u®ñx {p 1938 »rty{£ù 25 {p n™p r±Y£|xf rl‰ Y… a¨j‰ÕYªzK Ruxu®ñx, »Y£Ãz£õ Rux u®ñx, {NëYªzK Ruxu®ñxn p¥{l {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N RêY‰}jxf rl‰ýx. {£p‰Y»zõ Rux u®ñx c£l³p‰ly yK~£ »ll‰ ïvY‰ »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúvn 2011 {~»MnŸ ~‹ã ýx. Ulªy¥ r²»nŠ|»xƒŒ ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx n™x¨j© Ãúv U»n~£ Yªy¥† r£y£nŸ~xY‰ t¼ã {« a§j‰ÕYªzK Rux u®ñ»xƒŒ {pÌþ ~¹a£yY ë{£~xY‰ Sn™Yy ~¹a£yYõp‰ ~qƒ£ ý{¯l Ãúv »vv {~»MnŸ (2013) ~‹ã »YùÚ.

Rz‹ ~¹[jpx - Elephant Survey Kumana National Park Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena

Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒŒy rz£l‰ R¥lª†{ z¹Y£»N nŸr {³£rˆl Rz‹ »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ Wv r²»nŠ|xp‰ƒŒ Ì{l‰ {p cpl£{»[‰ R£àxv ~¹yY‰}jxY‰ 2011 nŸ ~‹¼ã Ãúvf n {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j Sƒ… x£v n ~‹ã»N. »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f ƒ¥Ãx£{ z¥ïÚ. W»lY‰ |›² z¹Y£»N nŸr{³£rˆl Rz‹ ~¹[jpxp‰ ~‹ã Yy »p£Üt¨j© Rly 1993 nŸ ~‹ã Yyp zn Rz‹ R¥lªp‰ ~òY‰}j»xˆnŸ Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒŒy r±»nŠ|{z r¥{Ü x¨nvx {£l£{yjx »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ Wv r²»nŠ|x Rlƒ¥y ~òY‰}jx r{l‰{£ R¥l. 2011 nŸ ~‹ã Yyp zn Rz‹ ~òY‰}j»xˆnŸ Ulªy¥ {pÌþ Yz£r»xp‰ Rz‹ 233 Y‰n p¥»[pƒŒy {pÌþ Yz£r»xp‰ Rz‹1573 »n»pY‰ n {£Ml£ ýx. »vv Rz‹ [ƒpx Wv {£~~ˆm£pxp‰ƒŒv ~¹yY‰} jx Ãúv »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N {[Äv {p t¥ýp‰ X{§p‰»[‰ {£~~ˆm£p ~¨»r£‰}j Yfx¨lª ~‹ã Ãúvl‰ Ulªy¥ p¥»[pƒŒy r±»nŠ|xp‰ƒŒ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| Y…vp£Yyjx Ãúvl‰ »Y»yƒŒ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N R{o£px »x£v¨ þ Ü»J. Newly built Chundikulam Wildlife Bungalow Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena

H. D. Ratnayake‹•–Š‡‹”‡ –‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ‘ˆ”‹ƒƒ•‹ ‡ʹͲͳʹǤ ‡Œ‘‹‡† –Š‡ƒ•‡’—–›‹”‡ –‘”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†”ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ†Žƒ–‡”„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡‹”‡ –‘”’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ–ƒ›ƒ‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‡‰”‡‡‹‘–ƒ›ƒ†Š‹Ž‹ ‘Ž‘‰›ˆ”‘‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡”ƒ†‡‹›ƒǡ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ Ǥ‹‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡ƒ†‹‰‹–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘Ǥ ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–†‰̷†™ Ǥ‰‘˜ǤŽ

13 kalp lp itiya

Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) Ussangoda National Park with Sea Boarder Pic © Manjula Amararathne |›² z¹Y£»N ~v¨æŸx yY‰}‹l v¹c§z Rvyyl‰p Marine Reserves of Sri Lanka - Manjula Amararathne ƒ¥n™p‰þv - Introduction {¥n[l‰: »vv z‹r‹x rù|›zpx Ãú»KnŸ cMpz»xˆ {M[ ûz¤ òfM 65610 Ãp‰ x¨l‰ ärlY‰ {p |›² z¹Y£»N v¨zˆ r‹f§»{ƒŒ Ü»tp |›² z¹Y£ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j r‹ƒŒÒv »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ Rp«p ~v¨æŸx rù~y rnŠoÝp‰ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ xf»l‰ r{Üp ~v¨èx yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| y£|›xY‰ ëMv£jx þvf »ƒ‰lª þ R¥l. ûz¤ òfM 1620 r‹…‹tq ~‹Üxv Ro³px Yyp‰p. (Yzr§ ƒ¥y) ãyÃp‰ x¨l‰ Yh»l£† ~ƒŒl »{y…Y‰ r‹ƒŒÒv ë~£ »vyf »{y…th Y…£rx v¨ƒ¨ã »t£Yª, Y…r§, »v¤x, ~v¨æŸx ƒ£ ~v¨æ£~p‰p rù~y rnŠoÜ - Marine and z{j ƒ¥zˆ, {¥z‹ Y¼ã R£n™ ýýo u® ý}vl£ zY‰}j {z‹p‰ Marine Border Environmental Systems »r£»ƒ£~l‰ »N. l{n »{y…£~p‰p »p£[¥w¨y¥ v¨ƒ¨ã Yz£rx »vp‰v Sp‰ XJtf r‹ƒŒÑ [¥w¨y¥ ~£[yxl‰ »vyff rù~y |›² z¹Y£»N »{y… ƒ£ ~v¨æŸx Y…£rx lª… v¬z‹Y rù~y rnŠolšp‰ y£|ŒxY‰ Uy¥v Yy nŸvf àxY þ R¥Ü Rly »K{£ rnŠoÜ 07Y‰ ƒ¼ãp£ »[p R¥Ü Rly A ~Ktp‰o{ »l£ylªy¥ »z¤Y»xˆ ~v¨æŸx »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ z¹Y£{ Sƒzf X~{£ rƒl áY‰»N. l¥ðvf ~vl‰ þ R¥l. »vv »»c{ ýýol‰{xp‰ RéY rù~y Yz£r R£yY‰}£ Yy vlª ryr§y »{l n Uy¥v Yy nŸv ~qƒ£ »vyf ~v¨æŸx {pÌþ yY‰}‹l R¥Ü Ãúvf »ƒ‰lª þ R¥Ü ,f;fl;Liuapy; ,yq;iff;F..nrhe;jkhd fly; rhh;e;jxJf;Ffs; Rly, Sn™ù»xˆnŸ ~v¨æŸx yY‰}‹l »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Y… x¨lª gw;wptpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Jehd;FgFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. mit fly;rhu;Njrpag+q;fhf;fs;> fly; rhu; ruzhyaq;fs;> r±»nŠ| y£|ŒxY‰ ƒ¼ãp£»[p R¥l. fly; vy;iyAldhdNjrpag+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fly;xJf;Ffs; vd;gdthFk;.NkYk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; ,yq;iff; fly; ePhpYs;s fly; tho; Kiya+l;bfspd; gy;tifikgw;wpgFg;g n|Y lªpYf RéY Y£zxY‰ »vyf Ulªy¥, p¥»[pƒŒy ha;Tnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tha;tpy; Kiya+l;bfs; vd;wtifapy; nghpa fly;tho; Kiya+l;bahfpacyfpd; ePyjpkpq;fpyq;fSk; r±»nŠ| {z r¥{Ü x¨ovx {£l£{yjx ë~£ Wv r±»nŠ| {z Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.fly; td capu;fshdittpyq;F - r‹ƒŒÑ »»c{ ýýol‰{x»xp‰ »r£»ƒ£~l‰ ~v¨æŸx Yz£rxp‰ jhtu2009 Mk; Mz;bd;ghJfhg;Gr;rl;l,y 22 ,d; fPo; ,f;fly; tho; caphpdq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ,it ~Ktp‰o{ zn »l£ylªy¥ R{v {« Rly x¨nŠox ëv {« r~¨ cyfghJfhg;Gxd;wpaj;jpd;; rptg;Gg;gl;baypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd .,f;fl;LiuahdJfly;tho; Kiya+l;bfs; njhlh;ghdKf;fpakhdr {Mlv£p»xˆ Wv r±»nŠ|{z ~‹ã Yyñp‰ r{Üp »»c{ l;l%yjpUj;jj;jpy; Fwpg;ghffly; KiyA+l;bfs; njhlu;ghdMa;T kw;Wk;mgptpUj;jp>Kd;nkhopag;gl;l fly;xJf;Ffs;Rw;wwpf;ifaply; ýýol‰{ ~òY‰}j ƒ£ rM»xˆ}j {z r±ÜszxY‰ »z~ kw;Wk;fye;Jiuahly;fspy; ,it njhlh;ghdKf;fpagFjpfis..gw; »»c{ ýýol‰{x Sƒ… R[xp‰ [p‰p£ ~¹yY‰}jx Y… x¨lª wpaghJfhg;Gk;Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; gbAk; ghpe;Jiunra;fpd;wJ. r±»nŠ| [jpY‰ Rp£{yjx þ R¥l.

16 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 1.1. YY»h£z£p (Mangroves) òf Rvly{ v¨ƒ¨nf v£õK {« {pÌþ yY‰}‹l y£|ŒxY‰ 2.2. »»Y£yzˆry (Coral reefs) r{Üp Rly A{£ ~Ktp‰o »l£ylªy¥ rƒl áY‰»N. 3.3. vv¨ƒ¨ã¨ l¯j ïK (Sea grass beds) v¨ƒ¨nf v£õK {« {pÌý yY‰}‹lxp‰ 4.4. »»v£‰x ƒ£ Yzr§ (Lagoons and Estuaries) yY‰}‹l»xˆ pv r±Y£|Œl {M[ 5.5 zz{j ƒzˆ (Salt marshes) n™px r±v£jx (Ha) 6.6 {{¥z‹ Y¼ã ƒ£ »{y… (Sand dunes and beaches) x£z c£ÜY Un³£px 1938.02.25 97880.70 7.7. vvh l¥ëlz£ (Mud fl ats) ýzˆrl‰lª c£ÜY Un³£px (Rp‰lM c£ÜY yK~£ »ll‰ïv) 1938.02.25 131667.1 t¨p‰nz c£ÜY Un³£px (Rp‰lM c£ÜY yK~£ »ll‰ïv) 2004.07.28 3698.01 ~~v~v¨æŸxv¨ {pÌþ yY‰}‹l - Marine Wildlife Reserves Yªvp c£ÜY Un³£px (Rp‰lM c£ÜY yK~£ »ll‰ïv) 2006.09.25 35664.74 ëvz{ Rux u®ñx 1993.02.18 1065.8

{{p{p~l‰{p ƒ£ {¯Y‰}zl£ R£yY‰}Y rp»l‰ c£ÜY yY‰}‹l v¨lªy£c»{z Rux u®ñx 1996.10.31 1285.40

{{M{M[›YyjxM xflf ~v¨æŸx c£ÜY Un³£p p£vx WY‰{«»xˆ r£pv-Yªh¨Kï[z Rux u®ñx (Rp‰lM c£ÜY yK~£ »ll‰ïv) 2006.02.20 6533.91 220090 {~»M ~‹ã Yz ~¹»|¤op {z‹p r~¨{x. W»~ˆ pv¨ã TTff »ry ~‹fv Sƒ… »»c{ ýýol‰{x {Ñp£YvY‰ ~ƒŒl l{n {p ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ý~‹p‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ ~~v~v¨æŸxv¨ rù~y rnŠoÝp‰ »vv rpl xf»l‰ c£ÜY yY‰}‹l Y… R£p‰np‰YªzK {p yY‰}‹lx (15,177ha) n v¨ƒ¨nf v£õK ƒƒ££ Rux u®ñ »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy R¥l. W»z~ »v»lY‰ {« yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|xÃ. ||›|›²² zz¹Y£»N r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yyp zn ~v¨æŸx {pÌþ yY‰}‹l ~~K~Ktp‰oK »l£ylªy¥ rƒl áY‰»N. »x¤Ël ~v¨æŸx {pÌþ yY‰}‹l - Proposed Marine Wildlife Reserves |›² z¹Y£»N r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yyp zn ~v¨èx yY‰}‹l yY‰}‹l»xˆ pv r±Y£|Œl {M[ r±v£jx ~v¨æŸx yY‰}‹l Ãúvf »ƒ‰lª{ ápf r±Y£|Œl {pÌþ ~v¨æŸx yY‰}‹l {zf Rvly{ n™px (Ha) Sn™ù»xˆnŸ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúv ~qƒ£ ~v¨æŸx {pÌþ yY‰}‹l ƒŒY‰Yh¨{ c£ÜY 2002.10.08 101.60 »Y£yzˆry r±v¨Z »»c{ ýýol‰{ Un³£px ~¹yY‰}jx ƒ¼ãp£»[p R¥l. r~¨[Œx n|Y 03 r§y£ Ulªy¥-p¥»[pƒŒy ryý ärl‰ c£ÜY 2003.06.04 471.43 »Y£yzˆry r±v¨Z ~v¨æŸx ƒ£ »u°ñY r±»nŠ| {z r¥{Ü x¨ovx {£l£{yjx ëv þ»vp‰ r~¨{ Un³£px »»c{ ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx Ulªy¥ r…£l ~qƒ£ ~Y~ˆ Yz Y²»v¤r£õY r£ù~ùY R¥[x¨v U~ˆ~p‰»[£h c£ÜY 2010.05.06 349.077 ~v¨æŸx ƒ£ »u°ñY »»c{ Un³£px ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx ƒ£ xf»l‰ »vp‰v {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{n RûÜp‰ ~¨ý»|‰} u® ýn³£l‰vY/ r§y£ýn³£l‰vY {Ñp£YK r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúv ~qƒ£ {pÌþ yY‰}‹l [jp£{Y‰ R£yY‰}£ Ãúv ƒ¼ãp£»[p R¥Ü Rly A ~Ktp‰o »l£ylªy¥ rƒl áY‰»N. {¥z‹ry Rux u®ñx 1992.04.03 30669.9 »Y£yzˆry, v¨ƒ¨ã l¯j ïK r±v¨Z ~v¨æŸx »»c{ ýýol‰{x »x¤Ël ~v¨èx {pÌþ yY‰}‹l ~¹yY‰}jx »x¤Ël yY‰}‹lx Rxl‰ {p {¥n[l‰Yv r»yõÜN Rux 1973.05.18 97.01 ~v¨æŸx ƒ£ »u°ñY »»c{ n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Yx u®ñx ýýol‰{x ~¹yY‰}jx R£nK»[‰ r£zv yY‰}‹lx vp‰p£yv »nŠ|Œx ƒ£ ~¹Y²vÚY rY‰}šp‰»[‰ ÷Y{ Rux u®ñx 2006.05.25 271.20 v¨ƒ¨ã Y¥~ˆt¦{p‰ {£~~ˆm£p R£yY‰}£ Ãúv ƒ£ ~v¨æŸx »»c{ ~¹yY‰}jx ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx

»[£h{£x Rux u®ñx 2006.05.25 231 v¨ƒ¨ã Y¥~ˆt¦{p‰ ~¹yY‰}jx »hzˆ‡‰ ärl yY‰}‹lx x£rpx ~v¨æŸx rù~y rnŠoÜx, »Y£yzˆry ƒ£ Y¥z¦ R|‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx y¦v~ˆ~z Rux u®ñx 2003.01.03 170.7 »Y£yzˆry ƒ£ »u°ñY ƒ£ ~v¨æŸx »»c{ ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx »{ÕYzÜN yY‰}‹lx vp‰p£yv Y»h£z£p |£Y ƒ£ ~¹Y²vÚY rY‰}šp‰ ~¹yY‰}jx Yªh£ »~¤tM Rux 1963.06.21 6.5 »u°ñY, ~v¨æŸx »»c{ ýýol‰{ u®ñx ~¹yY‰}jx x£rpx Yzr§{ yY‰}‹lx x£rpx rY‰}šp‰ ƒ£ »»c{ ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx

vƒ£ »~£tM Rux 1963.06.21 64.7 »u°ñY, ~v¨æŸx »»c{ ýýol‰{ pp‰ÜYh£zˆ yY‰}‹lx v¨zÜN »nŠ|›x ƒ£ ~¹Y²vÚY rY‰}šp‰ ~¹yY‰}jx u®ñx ~¹yY‰}jx p£[M »Y¤ýzˆ yY‰}‹lx x£rpx Y»h£z£p rù~y rnŠoÜx ~¹yY‰}jx {p‰Y£»zõ Rux 2008.09.08 4838.95 ~¹Y²vÚY ƒ£ »n‰|›x czc rY‰}‹ u®ñx {£~~ˆm£p ~¹yY‰}jx Y£xp‰YMë yY‰}‹lx ܲYªj£vzx »Y£yzˆry ~¹yY‰}jx (Rp‰lM c£ÜY yK~£ »ll‰ïv) vƒ£ y£{p£ ƒ£ Yªh£ y£{p£ ƒKtp‰»l£f »Y£yzˆry ~¹yY‰}jx yY‰}‹lx »Y£Ãz£õ Rux 1951.05.18 1995 ~¹Y²vÚY ƒ£ »n‰|›x czc rY‰}‹ u®ñx {£~~ˆm£p ƒ£ »»c{ ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx ~v¨æŸx yY‰}‹l {zf R¥Ü lMcp ƒ£ tzr¦K - a§p‰ÕYªzK Rux 1938.02.25 11149.1 ~¹Y²vÚY ƒ£ »n‰|›x czc rY‰}‹ Threats u®ñx {£~~ˆm£p ƒ£ »»c{ ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx and Impacts Faced by Marine Reserves

ryr§f§{ »v»ƒÛ/ 1988.08.17 189.6 Y»h£z£p/ »»c{ ýýol‰{ »n£hp‰ä{ Rux ~¹yY‰}jx z r£ù~ùY ä}jx u®ñx p¥N ƒ£ x£l²£ {z‹p‰ WYlª {p »lzˆ ƒ£ ýýo Rræ{³ [zˆry ärl‰ Rux 1940.10.25 1.2 »y¤~ v¨ƒ¨ã z‹ƒŒÚ r±v¨Z v¨ƒ¨ã u®ñx z‹ƒŒÚ ïc§pz ~ˆm£p ~¹yY‰}jx »vp‰v »[£hïñp‰ [¹[£ X~ˆ»~ˆ WYlª {p ýýo Rræ{³ v¨ƒ¨nf WYlªþv. 17 Pic © Manjula Amararathne Pic © Manjula z ~v¨æŸx yY‰}‹l lªz‹p‰ ý~‹lªy¥ v~¨p‰, »Y£yzˆry R¥lª† ~v¨æŸx Ìþp‰ S{l‰ Ãúv.

z »{y…£~p‰p»xˆ Sn™Yyp »[£hp¥[Œz‹R£n™»xp‰ »{yzf Wzˆz{p Y¯Ýv ýãz‹ rƒp‰, R£»z¤Yo£y£ R£n™x ë~£ Y¥~ˆt¦{p‰f RƒŒlYy tzr¦K ~‹ãþv.

z ~ˆ{u£ýY ýrl‰ ƒ£ R£rà. Uà : ~¨p£ñ, ~v¨æ Z£npx

Adams Bridge Propose Marine Wildlife National Park z v¨ƒ¨»nŠ ~‹ã{p ZÚc z Rp{~y ƒ£ RƒŒlYy ê{y UrY²v ƒ£ UrYyj Y¥ÛK, r‹r‹yþv R£n™»xp‰ ~v¨æ Ìýp‰f tzr¦K R¥Üþv. u£ýlx. Uà : ƒ¥óz‹ ázˆ, hõp‰võG, RéY »z~ v~¨p‰ R¥zˆzšv ~v¨æŸx yY‰}‹l{z {¥n[l‰Yv - Importance of Marine Reserves z v¨ƒ¨ã cz»xˆ U}‰jl‰{x Sƒ… x£v ƒ£ rƒ… x£v. Uà : Wzˆì»p¤ pK, v¨ƒ¨ã czx U}‰jl‰{x Sƒz x£v z ~v¨æŸx ƒ£ »{y…£~p‰p »»c{ ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx ë~£ »Y£yzˆry ýp£| þv. Ãúv.

z RY²v{l‰ ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª. Uà : þãy¥ rlªzˆ »t¤Gf§, z {nþ»K lMcpxf zY‰ {« ƒ£ ~¨ý»|‰}‹ {Ñp£YK ~ƒŒl »Y£yzˆry vl R¥ýnŸv ë~£ »Y£yzˆry ýp£| þv, ý»|‰} ~¹yY‰}jx. Uà : »Y£yzˆry, ~v¨æŸx Y‰}šyr£õp‰, ~¹a£yY x£l²£ ë~£ »h£zˆ‡‹p‰ ƒ£ lzˆv~¨p‰ R£nŸ v¨ƒ¨ã rY‰}šp‰ Y‰}šyr£õp‰f ~‹ã{p Rplªy¥. z r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª r±{Mopx v`Œp‰ »nŠ|›x z R£Y²vj|›zš ~l‰{ ý»|‰}. v¨ƒ¨ã r~[Œzˆzp‰ (Crown of R£M R£MÞY ll‰l‰{x Sƒ… áòvf àxY þv ƒ£ »nŠ|›x ÷Ãx£ R{~ˆm£ tƒ¨z Ãúv. Thorn) ë~£ »Y£yzˆry ýp£| þv. ~ˆ{u£ýY R£rà {z‹p‰ R£yY‰}£ Ãúv. Uà : x£z, t¨p‰nz z »{y»zˆ ~‹ãYyp RY²v{l‰ Sn™ÃúK. Uà : Ro³pxÃp‰ z »l£y{ »{yz£~p‰p{ Sn™Yyp t¥ñ, ê{y {y£x R£n™x yY‰}‹l {z r‹ƒŒÑ {¥z‹Y¼ã ë~£ ~¨p£ñ {³~p»xp‰ Rà… ë~£ ~v¨æŸx yY‰}‹l, »Y£yzˆry R£n™xf {¥z‹ WYlªþv, r±»nŠ| R£yY‰}£ þv. ~v¨æŸx Z£npx Sƒz x£v. z ýn³£l‰vY rM»xˆ}j ~qƒ£ R{~ˆm£{p‰ ~¥z~šv

Pic by Ro hitha Gunawardena Pic © Manjula Amararathne Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN), and The International Water Management Institute (IWMI): Sri Lanka. z vl‰~³ R~ˆ{¥p‰p Sƒ… p¥¹þv ~qƒ£ RuŒcpp ~ˆm£p »z~ òx£Ãúv. Uà : Y»h£z£p, »Y£yzˆry. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (2009), Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No 22 of 2009. rù|›zp [²p‰m - References Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1996), Fisheries and Amararathna, Manjula (2012), “Uthuru Palathe Yojitha Nawa Vanajeevi Rakshitha,” Aquatic Resources Act No.2 of 1996. – (Proposed Wildlife Sanctuaries in Northern Province), Wildlife, Vol.8 No.1, Sri Lanka: Department of Wildlife Conservation. Sector Vulnerability Profi le: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Strengthening Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation, ADB TA 7326 (SRI) Ministry of Coast Conservation and Coastal Recourses Management Act, No 57 of 1981. Environment, Climate Change Secretariat. [Accessed on December 1st Managing Marine and Coastal Protected Area, a tool kit for South Asia- 2008, 2013]. International Union for Conservation of Native (IUCN) Ecosystem and lively hoods group (IUCN-ELG) IUCN Global Marine Programme (IUCN-GMP) Coastal Ocean Sri Lanka’s Amazing Maritime (2013), Anatomy of an Island Indian Ocean (CORDIO), and International Coral lk/#!about/c1ktj> [Accessed on November 12 2013]. Reef Action Network (ICRAN). The Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (2013),National report of Map Atlas Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment, Northern Province Sri Lanka on the Formulation of a Trans Boundary Diagnostic Analysis and (2011), Central Environment Authority, Disasters Management Centre, United Strategic Action Plan for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Programme, Nations Development Programme and United Nations Environmental Programme [Accessed on st Sri Lanka. December 1 2013].

Martenstyn, Howard (2013), Out of the Blue: A Guide to the Marine Mammals of Sri Weerakkody.P, Subhashana.S, & Lakmal.K, (2012), Preliminary Survey of Lanka, Southern India and Maldives: Printed in Singapore Kayankerni Reef, Ocean Resources Conservation Organization (ORCA) Sri Lanka: Dilmah Conservation. National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka (2006), The Central Environment

Manjula Amararathna is the Deputy Director of Natural Resources Management at the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka. He recived a Bsc from University Sri Jayawardenapura (Sri Lanka), further he recieved MSc (Forestry and Enviormental Management), Post Gragudate Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication from the same university, and Wildlife Diploma from Wildlife Institute of India. He can be reached at [email protected]

19 Jaffna naLagoon

Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus ruber) Jaff na Lagoon Pic © Sri Lanka Navy Whale watching cruise|›² in Mirissa,z¹Y£ Sri Lanka ~v¨æ Y…£rx lª… ~¥ù~yp lzˆv~¨p‰ r|ª »»{n³ l£yY r±~£nŠ An About Whales Roaming in Sri Lankan Waters Dr. Tharaka Prasad zˆv~£ xp§ cetacea [pxf Rxl‰ v¨ƒ¨ã Y‰}šyr£õ rƒ~¨ Yyõ. »rpƒû v`Œp‰ ~ˆ{~px Yyp »vv ~l‰{ l~»là »N. Rn {p ýf »z¤Y»xˆ ~£[y {z »vv ý»|‰}x {£x¨»[¤zšx XY‰~‹cp‰ zt£ [¥ìvf ƒŒ~ vlªr‹f [pxf Rxl‰ ý»|‰} 76 rvj Ì{l‰ »N. X{¨p‰ ý{y r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. »v£ƒ¨p‰ Razl£rš ~lªp‰{p Rly lv ~lª{ czx lª… r‹ƒŒìv rƒ~¨ Yyp ~‹p‹ã ƒ£ pv³|›zš {´ƒ r¥fN vN Y‹»yp‰ »r¤}px Yyõ.

|›² z¹Y£ ~v¨æ Y…£rx lª… ~¥y~yp lzˆv~¨p‰ ,yq;ifapd; fly; rhh;tyaj;jpDs; thOk; jpkpq;fpyq;fs; Whales found in Sri Lankan Waters

No. lzˆv~£»[‰ pv jpkpq;fpyg; ngah; Whale Name Scientifi c Name 1 ëzˆ lzˆv~£ ePyj; jpkpq;fpyk; Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus 2 {yzˆ lzˆv~£ gpd; jpkpq;fpyk; Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus 3 ~õ lzˆv~£ nra;j; jpkpq;fpyk; Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis 4 Jy¦h~ˆ lzˆv~£ G&l]; jpkpq;fpyk; Bryde’s/Eden’s whale Balaenopter aedeni 5 v¥ëY‰ lzˆv~£ kpd;Nfj; jpkpq;fpyk; Minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata 6 Yp‰h lzˆv~£ $d;KJFj; jpkpq;fpyk; Humpback whale Megapteran ovaeangliae 7 »Y£vh£ tpe;Jj; jpkpq;fpyk; Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus 8 Sl »Y£vh£ Fs;sh; tpe;Jj; jpkpq;fpyk; Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps 9 Yªy¥ »Y£vh£ Fs;stpe;Jj; jpkpq;fpyk; Dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima 10 n™[ª »ƒ£f Uzˆ lzˆv~£ Longman’s beaked whale Indopacetu spacifi cus 11 »Y£f »ƒ£f Uzˆ lzˆv~£ %f;Fj;jpkpq;fpyk; Cuvier`s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris 12 áyÚx[z»[‰ »ƒ£f Uzˆ lzˆv~£ njuzpafiy %f;Fj;jpkpq;fpyk; Deraniyagala’s beaked whale Mesoplodonhotaula, Deraniyagalagé 13 J»zˆp‰{õzˆ »ƒ£f Uzˆ lzˆv~£ gpiyapd;tpy;iy%f;Fj;jpkpq;fpyk; Blainville’s beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris Source:www.slam.lk

~¥z¥~‰vYf rùp£vpx þ R¥l. lzˆv~¨p‰ r±o£p Ur [p »nYYf »tà »{p‰ Y… ƒ¥Y. Wv »{p‰ Ãúv lzˆv~£»[‰ v¨Zx jpkpq;fpyq;fs; njhlu;ghd mwpKfk;> mtw;wpd; tiffs;> ,dg;ngUf;fk;> ,lk; ngau;T lª… nl‰ »ƒ¤ rp£{Yf ~v£p »Yn™ {z‹p‰ ~vp‰ýl »ry£ t¨nŸv gw;wpa tplaq;fs; ,f; fl;Liuapy; tpupthf Rp§{ {M[ »Y»M. $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;iff; flypy; fhzg;gLk; 16 tifahd jpkpq;fpyq;fs; kw;Wk; 10 tifahd nlhy;gpd;fs; gw;wpa tplaq;fSk; {´ƒ£l‰vY »{p~ˆYK - Taxonomy ,f;fl;Liuapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ePyj;jpkpq;fpyk;> $d;KJFj; jpkpq;fpyk;, tpe;Jj; {´ƒ£l‰vY »{p~ˆYK »z~ cetacea [pxf Rxl‰ {p jpkpq;fpyk; Mfpait ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit. jpkpq;fpyq;fs; nghJthf vjpu;Nehf;Fk; ~lªp‰»[‰ r«M{ [£l²£ {yzˆ »z~ ýY~px þ R¥l. »v£{§p‰»[‰ rthy;fs; gw;wpa tplaq;fSk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; r~¨ {yz Üy~ˆ rlª »nYY‰ »z~ ~¥Y~š Üðv rùj£vpx ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. þv þ Üðv lª…‹p‰ l{ ãyfl‰ X{§p‰»[‰ ~vty{ r‹ƒŒÛv

22 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 R£ƒ£y yf£ ~ƒ ~p‰ë»Nnpx - Eating Habits and |›² z¹Y£»N v¨ƒ¨ã Y…£rx lª… ~¥ù~yp lzˆv~¨p‰ - Whales Communication Roaming in Sri Lankan Sea Waters

~vf xÑp‰ l¥p‰rl‰ þ R¥Ü »Kn ~ˆly v`Œp‰ X{§p‰ »[‰ |›² z¹Y£ v¨ƒ¨ã Y…£rx lª… v¨ƒ¨ã Y‰}šyr£ö ~l‰{ 28 rvj |Y‰Üx ƒ›p»p£þ r{l‰{£ [¥ìvf UrY£ú {p Rly {£Ml£ {p Rly Sp‰ 16 rvj lzˆv~¨p‰n, »h£zˆr‹p‰ »t£»ƒ¤vxY‰ lzˆv~¨p‰ {M[ Y‰}¨æ cz|£Y ƒ£ ~l‰{ ~lªp‰10, »r£»r£õ~ˆ {M[ WYY‰ ~ƒ v¨ƒ¨ã U°y£ (Dugong) r±{£¹[, Y®ë~ˆ~p‰ (krill) R£ƒ£yxf [p§ ztõ. ý»|‰}xY‰ Rxl‰ »N. |›² z¹Y£ v¨ƒ¨ã Y…£rx lª… lzˆv~¨p‰ ~¹yY‰}jx »t£»ƒ¤vxY‰ lzˆv~ˆ {M[ |£Y R£Ð rpl Tf Rvly{ nl‰ ~ƒŒl lzˆv~¨p‰ R£ƒ£y {|»xp‰ u®{zˆzp‰, xf»l‰ ~¹yY‰}jx Yy R¥l. ázˆzp‰, Yªh£ v~¨p‰ ~ƒ Y®ë~ˆ~p‰ R£ƒ£yxf [ì. x¨nŠox ëv£ þvl‰ ~v` R¥Ü {« v¨ƒ¨ã ~¹a£yY {³£r£y»xˆ »t£»ƒ¤vxY‰ R{~ˆm£ {znŸ r~¨{yz cz r¯}ˆgx vlf rƒy {Mopxl‰ ~v` lzˆv~¨p‰ p¥yô»K {³£r¯l‹ xK xK nŸv v`Œp‰ R£rà ll‰{xp‰ r‹…‹tq Rjlªy¥ R[{õ. lzˆv~¨p‰ r±»nŠ| {z ~š]² »z~ {Mopx ýx. Wv »ƒ‰lª{ v¨zˆ Yy»[p y»G cpl£{ ~ƒ ý»nŠ| ~¹a£yYxp‰ lª… {¥Õ R{o£pxY‰ »t£»ƒ¤ýf X{§p‰»[‰ ~p‰ë»Nnpx RÜ o{Ûx |JnxÃp‰ lzˆv~¨p‰ p¥yôv r‹…‹tq R¥Üýx. ñp‰ r±o£p {|»xp‰ |›² Yyp§ ztõ. Wv |Jnx ~¥lr§K [jp£{Y‰ ãyf ýƒŒ»np‰»p‰ z¹Y£ v¨ƒ¨ã Y…£rx lª… tƒ¨z{ ~¥ù ~yp lzˆv~ˆ ý»|‰} WƒŒ R¥Ü Ré ~¹Z³£lx ë~õ. 03 r‹…‹tq »YÑ ƒ¥q™p‰þvY‰ {Ò.

~¹aypx - Migration ëzˆ lzˆv~£ - Blue Whale Balaenoptra musculus »t£»ƒ¤ lzˆv~¨p‰ ~¹aypx Sl£ n™M] {« ~¹aypxY‰ {p Rly »t£»ƒ¤ R{~ˆm£ {znŸ X{§p‰ Yj‰h£xK {|»xp‰ z¹Y£ v¨ƒ¨ã Y…£rx lª… ý»|‰}v R{o£pxf zY‰{ R¥l‰»l‰

An illustration of Blue Whale Balaenoptra musculus Courtesy: “Out of the Blue” book. ~¹ayp»xˆ »x»nõ. »vv òx£{z‹x |›l czo£y£ ~‹f »z£{ ý|£zlv Y‰}šyr£õ ~l‰{x£ »z~ ƒ¼ãp‰{p ëzˆ Uj©~K cz o£y£, ~šlz cz o£y£ nY‰{£ »p£p{l‰{£ lzˆv~£x. òfM 18-25 r±v£jxYf {¥»hp ëzˆ lzˆv~£ ~¹aypx ~‹ã»N. »vƒ‹ r±o£p Ryv¨j {p§»xˆ R£ƒ£y ~£v£p³»xp‰ »f£p‰ 80-130 tyÃp‰ x¨Y‰l»N. »v£{§p‰ ƒf »~£x£[¥ìv »N. òfM 500 rvj [¥w¨yY‰ v¨ƒ¨»nŠ Ãñ»np Rly r¥x 1/2 Y RéY Y£zxY‰ ƒ¨~ˆv Rzˆz£ lt£[l ƒ¥Y. X{§p‰ Sl£ nŸM] RuŒcppx - Breeding »Nz£{Y‰ R£ƒ£y [¥ìv n{~ r§y£v Yyp Rly vo³ƒp»xˆ Rh¨ Y£Mx¿}v t{Y‰ nY‰{p{£ R¥l. ~£v£p³ {¥h¨p§ ~»lYª ~¦v {~y 1-3 WY r¥Ñ»xYª Yyõ. r¥f{£ {« ý[~ r‹ƒŒp£ x£ ƒ¥Ã Rly Sp‰ r~¨ ~£v£p³ {¥h¨p§ ~»lYª Sl£ Yªh£ Y®ë~ˆ~p‰ ý|£z »f£p‰ v{l‰ ~v` {~yYf {¥Õ Y£zxY‰ Yzˆ »[{õ. ~£v£p³»xp‰ r±v£jxY‰ n™pY‰ lª… R£ƒ£yxf [p§ ztõ. WƒŒnŸ »vv RuŒcppx vN lzˆv»~Yª ƒ£ lv r¥Ñx£ Rly nŸM] Y£zšp ~l‰{x£ czxl‰ ~v` R£ƒ£y v¨Zx lª…f [ëñp‰ czx ~Ktp‰oxY‰ r{Ý. {~yYf RéY Y£zxY‰ vN lzˆv~£ »ry£ ƒùñp‰ Y®p‹~ˆ~p‰ R£ƒ£y[p¨ ztõ. »t£»ƒ¤vxY‰ ëzˆ lzˆv~¨p‰ czx vlªr‹f r¥ñj Sƒz p[Œp Rly p¥{l ý~‹p‰ lv r¥Ñx£ ÷Y tz£ [p‰p£ Rly R£ƒ£y {|»xp‰ {l£{Y‰ czxf rÜl þv Sl£ r‹±x Yypt{Y‰ nY‰pf ƒ¥Y. ÃùnŸv ~™ãYyõ.

23 An Illustration of Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae. Courtesy: “Out of the Blue” book. Yªh£ {yzˆ »Y£vh£ - Sperm Whale Physeter lzˆv~¨p‰f R¥Ü lMcp - Threats to Whales macrocephalus R£ƒ£y ~qƒ£ lzˆv~¨p‰ nhxK Ãúv Sl£ ý|£z {|»xp‰ |›² z¹Y£p§ v¨ƒ¨ã Y…£rx lª… tƒ¨z{ nY‰pf z¥»tp lzˆv~¨p‰ r¥{¥Ýv RÜ|õp‰ R{£~p£{p‰l ll‰{xY‰ t{f rl‰ þ R¥l. ý»|‰}l‰{xY‰ {p Yªh£ {yzˆ »Y£vh£ nl‰ ~ƒ‹l lzˆ v~¨p‰ c£l³p‰ly ~¹ýo£p ÃŒrxY‰ »K ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ òx£Yyp Rlùp‰ ý|£zlv ~l‰{ ý»|‰}x »N. »ƒ£q™p‰ {¥h¨j© r‹ùñ Rly {Mlv£px {p ýf cr£px, RxMzp‰lx, »p¤M»N ~»lYª Wv {M[»xˆv [¥ƒ¥j© ~»lYªf {h£ ý|£z {p R¥lªû yf{zˆ [pp£{Y‰ v~ˆ ~qƒ£ lzˆv~¨p‰ nhxK Yyõ. Rly ~£v£p³»xp‰ òfM 20 nY‰{£ ý|£zl‰{xYf {Mopx l{n Y£z[ªjx »{p~ˆþv ~ƒ v¨ƒ¨ã U}ˆjl‰{x »{p~ˆþv »N. Urùv ty »f£p‰ 55 Y‰ ýx ƒ¥Ã »~ˆv ~£v£p³ ty »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ »v£{§p‰»[‰ R£ƒ£y v¬z£|² ýp£| þ»vp‰n »v£{§p‰f »f£p‰ 15-45 l‰ Rly »N. »v£{§p‰»[‰ |úy {Mjx ln R† lMcp R¥l‹þ R¥l. r£»G ~‹f ln ãw¨y¥ r£f nY‰‰{£ {Mj ry£~xYf ýƒŒ»nŠ.

An Illustration of Sperm Whale Physeter macrocephalus. Courtesy: “Out of the Blue” book. y¹a§ {|»xp‰ n™ý »[þvf Y¥v¥l‰lY‰ nY‰{p »v£{§p‰ x¨[z ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰l»xˆ ~š[² {Mopxl‰ ~v` lzˆv~¨p‰ {|»xp‰ ~¥ù~yõ. »v£{§p‰»[‰ R£ƒ£y {|»xp‰ t¬{zˆzp‰, p¥yô»K »~ˆ{£ ý|£z {³£r£yxY‰ »z~ {Mopx þvl‰ ázˆzp‰ ~ƒ Yªh£ v~¨p‰ R£ƒ£yxf [¥ìvf áÕ y¥ÇYl‰{xY‰ ý|£z x£l²£ r²v£jxY‰ A ~qƒ£ »xnþvl‰ WƒŒ »~ˆ{x Yyp nY‰{p »~ˆv Sl£ [¥w¨yf r‹ƒŒìvf n áÕ R¥zˆvY‰ R¥Ü ~l‰{ »~ˆ{Y r‹ù~f ë~‹x£Y£y lzˆv~¨p‰ r‹…‹tq ~ƒ X{§p‰»[‰ ý»|‰}xÃ. aMx£ yf£ r‹…‹tq áp§v ~ƒ vn R{»t¤ox ë~£ lzˆv~¨p‰»[‰ ~ˆ{u£ýY aMx£ yf£ {zf áÕ tzr¦vY‰ Wzˆz þ R¥l. Yp‰h lzˆv~£ - Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae |š² z¹Y£ v¨ƒ¨ã Y…£rx lª…nŸ n™»{p c£l³p‰ly p¥N v£M[x v[Œp‰ R¥Ü þ R¥Ü tzr¦v lzˆ v~¨p‰f RÜ vƒl‰ {p n™[Œp‰‰ òfM 15 rvj {¥»hp »vv ~l‰{ ý»|‰} ý»|‰}»xp‰ Rly ~‹xzˆzp‰»[‰v R{o£px »K ~qƒ£ »x£v¨ þv Y£zšp r‹ƒŒp£ x£vf ~vl‰ YvY‰ nY‰{õ. Yj‰h£xK {|»xp‰ Ì{l‰ R{|³l£{xY‰ þ R¥l. þvf r±‹x t{Y‰ nY‰{p »v£{§p‰ òfy 250 rvj [¥w¨yYf r‹ƒŒëx ƒ¥Y. ~£v£p³ {¥h¨p¨ ~»lYª »f£p‰ 25-35 Rly tyÃp‰ x¨Y‰l »N.

Dr. Tharaka Presad‹•–Š‡‹”‡ –‘”‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ–‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡ ‘‹‡†‹ͳͻͻ͸ƒ•ƒ ••‹•–ƒ–‹”‡ –‘”ˆ‘”‡–‡”‹ƒ”›‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ˜‹•‹–‹‰Ž‡ –—”‡”ƒ––Š‡‡–‡”‹ƒ”› ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡”ƒ†‡‹›ƒ”‹ ƒƒǤ ‡–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ‹ƒŽ–”ƒ“—‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡•–”ƒ‹‹‡›ƒƒ†ƒ•ƒ‹›ƒǤ ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Šƒ––Šƒ”ƒƒ’”ƒ•ƒ†̷›ƒŠ‘‘Ǥ ‘

24 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 MOTH

Oleander Hawk - Moth (Daphnis nerii) R»rˆ 냥ùxp‰»[‰ {l»[£l ƒ£ ~¹yY‰}jx ~yl‰ »Y£f[v Facts and Conservation of Migrant Birds Sarath Kotagama |›² z¹Y£{ r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l‰»l‰ Sp‰n™x£p§ RMonŠþr»xˆ nYªj© »{p‰ Y… ƒ¥Ã {§{l‰, [¥ƒ¥j© »n»n»pY‰ Rly »ƒ¤ r‹ùñ R[²»xˆ x. »vv r‹ƒ‹Òv ë~£v »z¤Y»xˆ Sl£v R£|ˆaMxvl‰ »n»n»pY‰ Rly »{p‰ »Y£f ƒãp£[l »p£ƒ¥Y. »K Ì{ ýn³£l‰vY òx£{z‹xY‰ {p »{p~ˆ {p ~¯lª Rp§{ ý|£z »ƒ‰lª{ ë~£ ~ˆm£p t¥nŸv »ƒ¤ r‹x£~yv¹ »x£à[p‰p£ {|»xp‰ lv ~¨{¥qŸ»K ïK ƒ¥yxp, Yªy¥zˆzp‰f lv R£ƒ£y r§nŠ[z‹Y Yªy¥û [ƒp »ƒ¤ Yªy¥zˆzp‰ ƒãp£[l »p£ƒ¥Y. zt£[¥ìvf u®ñxY‰ þvõ. »vv [vp‰ òx£{f »v»lY‰ »vv ll‰l‰{x v[ƒy{£ [¥ìvf c£l³p‰ly ýn³£ r±»N|x ~qƒp‰ Y… “~¹a£yY òx£{, rMxfpx” xp {apxp‰f Yªy¥zˆzp‰f v¨ã (Ringing as Banding) áòv ~‹ãYyõ. {h£ »x¤[³ ‘냥úv (Migration) xp‰p v¨z‹p‰v ƒ¼ãp‰{£ ýýo {Mj ~¹Yzp {z‹p‰ r§nŠ[z‹Y{ Yªy¥zˆ»zY‰ ƒ¼ãp£ »nñ. Yªy¥zˆzp‰»[‰ »vv 냥ù ƒ¥~‹úvf »ƒ‰lª{p ~¨ý»|‰}š [¥ì»K Y²v»NnxY‰ »K Rp§{ ëMv£jx þ R¥l. c£l³p‰ly ~£oY ƒ£ ƒ¥~‹ú»K ~¨ý»|‰}š zY‰}j n R¥Ü ë~£, ~¹a£yY r±ñÝp‰f Rp§Y®z{ ~‹ãYyp »vv òx£{ ƒyƒ£ Yªy¥û »ƒ¤ rMxfp” xp {ap{z‹p‰ ~ý~ˆly£l‰vY{ ý~ˆly ~¹yY‰}jxf R{|³ »l£ylªy¥ ý|£z r±v£jxY‰ zt£»[p »p£{p ë~£ »{pl‰ {npY‰ R{|³ t{ {¥»f»ƒp§ R¥l. R¥l.

Yªy¥zˆzp‰»[‰ 냥úv ~‹ã{p‰»p‰ ~¯lª »{p~Yf ƒ£ »v»~ˆ ~fƒp‰ Yy [p‰p£ v¨ã áòv »YÑ Y£zšp, ~šñl r±»nŠ| r±u£Ý²{²l£{xp‰f r±Üa£yxY‰ »z~fx. (Seasonal (Short term, Restricted range) »ƒ¤ n™[ªY£zšp, R~šñl r±»nŠ| (Long term, Unrestricted range) {|»xp‰ ƒ¼ãp£»[p »x£np v¨nŠ»nŠ ~ˆ{y¦rx ƒ£ »l£ylªy¥ »{p~ˆ »N. »YÑY£zšp {¥h{znŸ ~£v£p³»xp‰ ‘h£ýY‰’ »ƒ¤ ~v£p ~¥ƒ¥zˆû rˆz£~ˆÑY‰ {Mj v¨ã n, n™[ªY£zšp {¥h{znŸ »l£ylªy¥ ~ƒŒl "»z¤ƒvx v¨ã" n nvp§ z¥»J.

{Mj v¨ã »t£»ƒ¤ýf Rr nvj© ztp‰»p‰ r§nŠ[z ƒ¥¼ãp§v lƒ{§y¥ Yy[¥ìvfx. {Mj yf£ Rp§{ ýýo ~Ktp‰ol£{z‹p‰ ý|£z Yªy¥û ~¹Z³£{Y‰ r§nŠ[z‹Y{ ƒ¼ãp£[l ƒ¥Y.

»z¤ƒ v¨ã{z “inform DWC Sri Lanka” xp RYªy¥ ƒ£ ë|ˆÇl R¹YxY‰ Uà. Z00002 {|»xp‰ »x£à R¥l. »K Rp§{ »vv v¨nŠn zt£[l‰ r§nŠ[zxYªf R¹Yx ~fƒp‰ Yy inform DWC Sri Lanka

Pic © Upul xp v¥õp‰ z‹x¨K Y{yxYf nv£ l¥r¥zˆ Yz ýf, z¹Y£»N {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f »n{p§{ »vv òx£{z‹»xˆnŸ and Photo - periodism). z‹r‹x z¥»J. »v»~ˆ Yªy¥zˆzp‰»[‰ ý~ˆly ƒv¨ {« l¥p »{z£{ Yªy¥zˆzp‰ ë|ˆÇl r‹x£~y v¹ (Fly - ways) X~ˆ»~ˆ lv ll‰l‰{x xp£n™x ~v[ R¹Yx zt£ »np‰»p‰ pK ý|£z ~¨{¥q™ ~ˆm£px (Breeding Site) ƒ£ R£ƒ£y [p‰p£ ~ˆm£px r‹f§{ƒzY‰ {p‰»p‰x. 냥ù Yªy¥zˆzp‰ ~qƒ£ »vv Y²vx (Feeding Site) Rly nŠþ n™~£ [vpY‰ (Bidirectional) c£l³p‰ly{ »x£à[ì. »K Rp§{ Yªy¥zˆzp‰»[‰ ~¹yY‰} ~‹ãYyõ. ~£v£p³»xp‰ »v»lY‰ Yy R¥Ü Ro³xpxp‰f Rp§{ jxf ý|£z »l£ylªy¥ ~v¬ƒxY‰ zt£ [l ƒ¥Y‹x. »vv Yªy¥zˆzp‰ ƒ¼ãp£[l‰ ~¨{q™ ~ˆm£pxYf ƒ£ R£ƒ£y [p‰p£ ~ˆm£pxYfv r¥ñ»j‰. »vv òx£{ “~ˆm£p t¥nŸv” (Site »~ˆ ƒ¼ãp‰{õ. 냥ù Yªy¥zˆzp‰»[‰ ~¹yY‰}jxf ,f;fl;Liuapy; Gyk; ngaHe;j gwitfspd; Tenacity) cz;ik epiyfs; kw;Wk; ciuahly;fs; »K ë~£ “r‹x£~yv¹” ƒ£ ~¨{¥qŸ ƒ£ R£ƒ£y [p‰p£ ~ˆm£p gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;> ,jpy; Sl£v {¥n[l‰x. A{£ ƒ¼ãp£ [¥ìv ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ {¥n[l‰ ,yq;if;g; gwitfspd; xypfs; njhlHghd R{|³l£{Y‰ {p‰»p‰x. epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;J gFg;ghag;gl;Ls;sJld;> ,yq;iff;F Gyk;ngaUk; gwitfspd; »vx Y… ƒ¥Y‰»Y‰ Yªy¥zˆzp‰ r§nŠ[z‹Y{ ƒ¼ãp£[l»ƒ£l‰ tiffs; kw;Wk; mitgwf;Fk; fhyq;fs;> gwf;Fk; topfs;> czTj; jsq;fs;> ghypd rvÚ. Yªy¥zˆzp‰ ~£v£p³»xp‰ W»~ˆ r§nŠ[z‹Y{ ƒ¼ãp£[l NtWghLfs;> jsq;fspd; gw;W Nghd;wd gw;wpAk; »p£ƒ¥Y. ~vƒy Yªy¥zˆzp‰ “z‹¹[ nŠýy¦rš” u£{x (Sexual cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. dimorphism) »rp‰{õ. »výf [¥ƒ¥j©-r‹ùñ »z~

26 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Pic © Upul

{~y 2002 c£ÜY Yªy¥û v¨ã áò»K {¥h~fƒp (National Bird Ringing Programme) {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ƒ£ »Y£…w ý|‰{ýn³£z»xˆ rY‰}‹ »¿}‰l² Ro³xp Y{x rfp‰ »[p »K {p ýfl‰ {~yY R{é 4 YnŸ t¨p‰nz c£ÜY Un³£px lª… 냥ù ƒ£ {p Yªy¥zˆzp‰f v¨ã nv£ R¥l.

»~£x£[l‰ »l£ylªy¥ ïnY‰ - Information Findings in a Nutshell

y~ˆm£p t¥nŸv (Site Tenacity) lƒ{§y¥ Ãúvf ~£Y‰}‹ z¹Y£»N Yªy¥zˆzp‰ v¨ã áò»K {¥h~fƒp - Sri Lankan »[£p§þ R¥l. »K Rp§{ WYv l¥pf p¥{l {~y (»ƒ¤ Birds Ringing Programme ~¯lª Rly) [jp£{Y‰ r¥ñÛv {£Ml£ þ R¥l. r±mv»xp‰ z¹Y£»N Yªy¥zˆzp‰f v¨ã áòvY‰ {£Ml£{pˆ»p‰ yz¹Y£{f r¥ñ»jp 냥ù Yªy¥zˆzp‰ Ulªy¥ o²¥{»xˆ 1963 rvj ƒŒ`ªy£j r±»nŠ|»xˆ {p ƒ¥…»rp‰np‰f (Forest p¥»[pƒŒy ƒ£ t~ˆp£ƒŒy »~ˆ »t£»ƒ¤ýf ƒ¼ãp‰{p Wagtails) z¹Y£ Yªy¥û ~¹[vx (Ceylon Bird Club) [ƒp{z‹p‰ ~vp‰ýl {p t{. Uà. yl‰r£ ~‹z‹ïzˆz£ ý»nŠ| R£xlp ~v` {£x{ {õy~ˆ ƒ¼ãp£ [¥ì»K ý»|‰} (RedShank). R£~‹x£p§ {¥h~fƒpY‰ xf»l‰ Yyp zn R{~ˆm£{õ. y»nŠ|›x {|»xp‰ [ƒpj n, ~vƒy 냥ù [ƒj n ~‹Ñp r~¨{ 1972 »ƒ¤fp‰ l¥p‰»p‰nŸ, r~¨{ 1977 ~‹f {pÌþ yf£~võp‰ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹{ ~‹Ñp t{. Uà. Yªh£ {¥z‹o»zýx£ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ~ƒ »Y£…w ý|‰{ýn³£z»xˆ (Lesser Sand Plover) rY‰}‹ »¿}ˆl² Ro³xp Y{x v[Œp‰ ýýo ~ˆm£p {znŸ ~šñl »r»n~ˆ {z v¨ã nv£ R¥l. Yªy¥zˆzp‰ [¥p Y… r|‰a£l‰ Ur£é »v»lY‰ nl‰l {£Ml£ »~ˆ Üt¬»nŠ nM|Y v[Œp‰ Ro³xp {znŸ n »v»~ˆ v¨ã nv£ R¥l. y (Rzˆz£[l‰) lƒ{§y¥ Ãúvf ƒ¥Ãþv. Uà Wryneck, White-cheeked tern

yr±»nŠ| lª… R{v [ƒp R¥~ˆl»Kp‰lª zt£ [¥ìvf ƒ¥Ãþv.

yãy~ˆm ~‰m£p ƒyƒ£ Yªy¥zˆzp‰»[‰ 냥ù {[¡¡ ƒ¼ãp£ [¥ìv. Uà. Sooty - tern R{§y¥ã 22 Yf »ry ~š»}zˆ~ˆ ärl‰ {z áv¬ v¨ã ~ƒŒl Yªy¥zˆ»zY‰ {~y 2010 nŸ ƒv¨ þv.

y»vv {¥h~fƒp Y²v»xp‰ y»G »{pl‰ {¥n[l‰ Yz£r {zf n Rp£[l»xˆnŸ {³£rˆl Yyp Rly »K Rp§{ Yªy¥† r‹x£~y v¹ lƒ{§y¥ Yy [¥ìvf Rrf ƒ¥Ã{p§ R¥l.

A Bird with a ring Pic © Upul

Sarath Kotagama‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡ƒ† ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‘„‘ ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡™ƒ•–Š‡‹”‡ –‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ͳͻͻͲ–‘ͳͻͻʹǤ‘–ƒ‰ƒƒŠƒ• ‘†— –‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  •–—†‹‡• ƒ† ”‡†‡”‡† Š‹• •‡”˜‹ ‡• –‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† ‘ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ• ƒ œ‘‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹•–ǡƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹•–Ǥ

27

Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Minneriya National Park {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ v[Œp‰ ~ˆm£r‹l ƒ£ »x¤Ël {p v¹»rl‰. tdtpyq;FghJfg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;Lj; jhgpf;fg;gl;ltz ,izg;G Forest Connectivity Established and Prepared by the Department of Wildlife Conservation

GIS Unit of DWC

A - Dahaiyagala - Udawalawe National Park to Bogahapattiya Forest Reserve I - Mahawewa - Madurupya to Flood Plain National Park B - Koholankala - Bundala National Park to Maththala J - Digampothana - Sigiriya to Ritigala and Kahalla Pallekele C - Unathuwewa - Maththala to Lunugamwehera National Park K - Sooriyapura - Somawathiya National Park to Chunnankadu forest Reserve D - Wetahirakanda - Lunugamvehera to Udawalawe National Park L - Puliyankulam - Wavnikulam to Padaviya Sancturary E - Rathnalla - VRR Sanctuary to Knuckles M - Madu Road - Wilpattu National Park to Madu Road Sanctuary F - Puwakpale - Galoya to Maduruoya National Park N - Naachchaduwa to Mahakanadarawa G - Ulhitioya - Maduraoya to Wasgomuwa National Park O - Naachchaduwa to Wilpattu H - Hungamlaoya - Maduruoya to Flood Plain National Park P - 5th Post - Kalawewa to Naachchaduwa

30 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 {p Rz‹ ñë~ˆ [¥f§K ý~nŸv ~qƒ£ {« tƒ¨ýo r±»N|x x¬. »Y‰. zY‰}ˆvp‰ ršù~ˆ Multi-disciplinary Approach to Mitigate Human – Wild Elephant Confl ict U. K. Lakshman Peiris {Mlv£p»xˆnŸ |›² z¹Y£»N rƒlyf »ll‰ Yz£ršx {p£p‰ly »z~ {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j ~¥z~¨K ~¥z»Y‰. {³£r¯Üx R£|‹²l{ {p Rz‹p‰ ý~‹ú R¥l. r{Üp yY‰}‹lxp‰»[‰ R£yKu»xˆnŸ r£ù~ùY lY‰»~ˆy¥ R¥[õK {£Ml£»N {p [ªj£l‰vY t{ ƒ£ {p Rz‹pf ~¥r»xp ìl³£p§Y®z Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j ~¥z~¨K ~qƒp‰{ Üt¨j n {³£r¯Ü»xˆ R£yY‰}£{ ~v` ~¥zÃx x¨lª {p Rz‹ [ƒpxY‰ |›² z¹Y£{ vo³v ƒ£ r~¨Y£zšp{ »vv ~¥z~¨K ë~‹ rùn™ lª… ~¹yY‰}jx »N. W»ƒl‰ ýýo v£p{ òx£Y£yYK ë~£ òx£l‰vY »Nn xp‰p [¥f†{Ã. W»~ˆv r~¨ýryvY‰ {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ {£~~ˆm£p Y²vY²v»xp‰ Rh¨»{ñp‰ r{Üp ~qƒ£ ë~‹ Y²v»NnxY‰ »p£v¥Ü{£Y‰ »vp‰v ë~‹ Rly WƒŒ r±ÜszxY‰ »z~ {p Rz‹ ñë~‰ [¥f§v ëMv£jx RêY‰}jxY‰ n ~‹ã »p£þv [¥f†{Ã. þ R¥l. A Rp§{ {£M}‹Y{ ñë~ˆ Ìýl 75Y‰ {p Rz‹ 170 Y‰ rvj »vv [¥f§v ë~£ RƒŒñ {p t{ {£Ml£ þ R¥l. iv. {p Rz‹ {£~~ˆm£pxp‰»[‰ r±v£j£l‰vY ƒ£ [ªj£l‰vY ƒ£xpx - Reduction of Quantity and Quality {p Rz‹ ñë~ˆ [¥f§vf »ƒ‰lª {p r±o£p Yy¥j© - Major of Wild Elephant Habitat Reasons for Human-Wild Elephant Confl ict {£~~ˆm£p ~¹]fY »z~ R£ƒ£y, czx, R£yY‰}£{ ƒ£ {r~ùx ~¥z»Y‰. yY‰}‹l Yz£rxp‰ lªz Y²vY²v»xp‰ i. {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ ë{£~ ry£~xp‰ Zj‰hpx þv. - Range R£Y²vÚY |£Y {Mopx þv [¯ƒ£|‹²l [{xp‰ l¯j of Wild Elephant Habitats Being Disturbed Uz£ Y¦v ƒ£ »{pl‰ ñë~ˆ òx£Y£yYK ë~£ R£ƒ£yvx {p£p‰ly r±»nŠ| WY‹»pY x£ Yyp Yªh£ {pv¹ Ýy¥ {« |£Y Y²vY²v»xp‰ Rh¨þv ëúY‰}jx Y… ƒ¥Y. »t£»ƒ£vxY‰ »K {pýf ñë~¨p‰»[‰ R£Y²vjxf z¹Y£»N »t£»ƒ¤ yY‰}‹l Yz£r R£|‹²l{ {M}x zY‰þ R¥l. »vv u®ñ{z ~ˆ{£u£ýY ll‰l‰{x v¨†zˆ»zˆ czx r{Üp [¹`£, {¥N ~ˆm£r‹l{ R¥Ü t¥ýp‰ »{p~ˆ Yy ñë~ˆ òx£Y£yYK {¥Õþ»K »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ czx r±tz [¥f†{Y‰ »z~ ~¥zÃx »p£ƒ¥Y. »Y»~ˆ WY‰ yY‰}‹lxY ~‹f l{l‰ yY‰}‹lxYf R¥Ü »{ll‰ r±o£p {£~~ˆm£p ~¹]fYxY‰ {p ~lªp‰f ~Ktp‰ol£{x ïqŸ xõ. Wv[Œp‰ {p Rz‹p‰ ~qƒ£ R{|³ R{|³ Yyp {r~ùx r±v£j{l‰ »p£þv [¥f†{f ~¹ayj {r~ùx ~šv£{f zY‰ »N. r±v¨Z »ƒ‰lª{Y‰ þ R¥l.

ii. ë|‰Çl u®ñ rù»u¤cp ~¥z~¨K »p£v¥Üþv - Lack v. ýn³£l‰vY »l£ylªy¥ - Scientifi c Information of Specifi c Plans for Land Use R»pYªl‰ R£~‹x£ÜY yf{zˆ ~v` ~¹~p‰npx Yyp ý»|‰}»xp‰ {p Rz‹ [¥{»~p [²£òx r±»nŠ|{z u®ñ ýf |›² z¹Y£»N {p Rz‹ ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ ~‹ãYz ƒ£ ~‹ã Yyp rù»u¤cp ~¥z~¨K ë~‹ rùn™ òx£l‰vY »p£»N. WƒŒ rM»xˆ}j ~¥zÃx x¨lª lyvY Sƒ… vGfvY‰ r{Ý. r±ÜszxY‰ »z~ RY²v{l‰ {p£p‰ly R£Y²vjxl‰ W»ƒl‰ {p Rz‹ Y…vp£Yyjx U»n~£ ~¯c§{v ~Ktp‰o {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ ~¹Y²vÚY v£M[ {zf t£o£ {p v£p{ Yy[l ƒ¥Ã |›² z¹Y£»N {p£p‰ly ~qƒ£ {p Rz‹‹p‰»[‰ òx£Y£yYK R¥Ü þvl‰ ~‹ã»N. oyÛx o£ùl£{x ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ Rnƒ~Y‰ »v»lY‰ R¥Ü þ »p£v¥l. W»~ˆv r£zpx ƒ£ RêY‰}jx ~qƒ£ p{ iii. ~¹{Mop »x¤cp£ {znŸ ƒ¼ãp£[l‰ {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j l£Y‰}ÚY Y²v»Nnxp‰ Rl‰ƒà t¥z‹x x¨lª»N. Ur£x v£M[ ë~‹ rùn™ òx£l‰vY »p£þv - Ineffective Implementation of Identifi ed Wild Elephant Conservation Strategies in Development Proposals ,e;j Muha;r;rpf; fl;LiuahdJ vƒ£ rùv£j ~¹{Mop »x£‰cp£ {znŸ r£ù~ùY fhl;LahidfSf;Fk;> kdpjHfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fSf;F gd;Kfj;jPHTfis mZFk; R¥[öK lY‰»~ˆy¥ Yyp òx£{z‹»xˆ r±o£p R¹[xY‰ Kiwfisg; gw;wpNa fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> ,jpy; kdpjHfs; kw;Wk; fhl;LahidfsJ An elephant killed by a gunshot Nkhjy;fspd; jw;Nghija epiyf;Fwpj;J Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdpj fhl;Lahidfspd; Nkhjy;fis Fiwg;gjw;F mikr;ruitahYk;> tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; nfhs;if mZFKiw kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Wjpahf vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,g;gpur;rpid njhluhky; ,Uf;f rhjfkhd eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;ld.

31 Pic © Kithsiri Mevan {p Rz‹ r±Ürl‰Üx Rp§{ ƒ¼ãp£[l‰ r±o£p Ryv¨j© ƒxÃ.

* n™M]Y£zšp {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}jx. * {p Rz‹ ñë~ˆ [¥f§K r£zpx Ãúv. * {p Rz‹ ƒ£ ~Ktp‰o ~v£c R£MÞY r±Üz£u ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúv. * {p Rz‹ ƒ£ë ~qƒ£ {p‰n™ r±àpx

Pic © Sudheera Kasun * Y…vp£Yyj Y£Mxxp‰ ~qƒ£ [¥z»rp rùn™ {p A house damaged by wild elephants Rz‹p‰ S{l‰ Ãúv. vi. cpl£ ~ƒ£x r±v£j{l‰ »p£þv - Insuffi cient * rM»xˆ}j Yfx¨lª r±{Mopx Support from Communities yY‰}‹l Yz£r R£~p‰p»xˆ [Kv£p ý»|‰}»xp‰ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ý~‹p‰ {p Rz‹ [¥f§K cp[ƒpx {¥Õþvl‰ ~v` X{§p‰»[‰ ShK R{|³l£{ r£zpx ~qƒ£ »[p R¥Ü òx£v£M[ - Actions Taken ~r§y£ zšv ~qƒ£ [Kv£p Y²vY²v»xp‰ {³£r‰l »{ñp‰ by the Department of Wildlife Conservation to yY‰}‹l Yz£r ƒ£ r{Üp {p£p‰ly u®ñ R£Y²vjx ~‹ã»{ñp‰ r{Ý. A ~v` {Mopx {p [¥f§»vp‰ Mitigate Human-Wild Elephant Confl ict [Kv£p R£yY‰}£ Yy [¥ìv ~qƒ£ [Kv¨p‰ ~lª{ r±o£p {[ÄvY‰ R¥l. {p Rz‹ ƒ£ë R{v Yy [¥ìv 1. {p Rz‹ ~¹ayj t£oY ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúv. - Establishing ~qƒ£ R{|³ l£Y‰}ÚY ~ƒ£x {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j Barriers for Wild Elephant Movement »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ v[Œp‰ ~¥rõx ƒ¥Y. »vv v¬z‹Y ýãz‹{¥f ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúv ~ƒ R[zˆ Y¥ršv {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ ~¹Yzˆrxp‰»[p‰ t¥ƒ¥y {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ [Kv£p R£yY‰}£ ~¹ayj t£oYxp‰ »z~ {Mlv£p»xˆ u£ýl£ Yyp Yy [¥ìv ~qƒ£ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j p‹…o£úp‰ r±o£plv Y²v»Nnxp‰ »N. ýãz‹{¥f Ã. ò. 2200 Y‰ »K »xnþvf ~‹ãþ R¥l. ~šñl {« ë…o£ùp‰ ƒ£ ~Krl‰ {p ýf ~ˆm£r‹l Yy R¥l. ë~‹ Ro³pxÃp‰ »l£y{ ~v` »vv ll‰{x ny£ [¥ìv WY‰ R£xlpxYf R¥l¥K ~ˆm£p{z Sn™ Yy R¥Ü ýãz‹ {¥f [¥f§K r£zpx Rrƒ~¨ Y£MxxÃ. ~¹ÄMj Yy R¥l. W»~ˆv ë~‹ rùn™ phl‰lª »p£{p ýãz‹{¥fn [¥f§K U[² Yyp t{ ƒ¼ãp£ »[p R¥l. {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§»K r±{jl£{x - Current Tendencies of the Human-Wild Elephant 2. {p Rz‹ rz{£ ƒ¥úv. - Chasing Wild Elephants Confl ict Rz‹ rz{£ ƒ¥úv ~ˆÞy ƒ£ l£{Y£z‹Y »z~ R{~ˆm£ »nYYnŸ ~‹ã»N. ~ˆßy rz{£ ƒ¥ùK »K nY‰{£ ~£MmY þ r~¨[Œx {~y rƒY Y£zx lª… {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »p£v¥l. pv¨l‰ l£{Y£z‹Y {p Rz‹ rz{£ ƒ¥ùK ~£MmY »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ zn »l£ylªy¥ vl ƒ£ ~‹ã Yyp zn Y²vxY‰ »z~ ~¥z»Y‰. Y£zxYf lv {[£ïK {zf ~òY‰}jxp‰»[‰ r±Üsz vl |›² z¹Y£»N r±£»nŠ|›x »zˆYK »ƒ¤ [Kv£p R£|Œ²l{ r¥ñ»jp {p Rz‹p‰ {[£ïK ƒ£ »Y£Gg£~ 107Y {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§K {£Ml£»N. Sp‰ [Kv£p R£yY‰}£ Yy [¥ìv ~qƒ£ rz{£ ƒ¥úK »K Rp§{ {¥zˆz{£x, ûj©[K»{»ƒy, RKr£y, Uƒp, »r£‰yÜNrl‰lª, »Y¤y»zõrl‰lª, vƒŒx¹[px, »nƒŒRl‰lYj‰Õx, ýzˆ[v¨{, òx£l‰vY »N. n™w¨z£[z, »Y£y»zõrl‰lª (tfƒŒy), {¥z‹Yp‰n, Y¥Ãy£{, r†[~ˆ{¥{, [zˆ[v¨{, »Y£f»{»ƒy ƒ£ ëY{¥yÑx r±£»nŠ|›x 3. {p Rz‹p‰ Rzˆz£ »{pl‰ {p£p‰lyxYf v¨à ƒ¥úv - »zˆYK »Y£Gg£~ {z [¥f§K ëyp‰ly»xp‰ {£Ml£ »N. Capturing Wild Elephants and Releasing them into Jungles away from Villages {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§v r£zpx ~qƒ£ {« r±Ürl‰Üvx r±»N|x {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§vf áÕ{ ~Ktp‰o {p Rz‹p‰ Rzˆz£ - Policy Approach to the Mitigation of the »{pl‰ {p£p‰lyxYf r±{£ƒpx Yy v¨à ƒ¥úv ~‹ã Human-Wild Elephant Confl ict A grocery store damaged by wild-elephants {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}jx ƒ£ {p Rz‹-ñp‹~ˆ [¥f§K r£zp»xˆ R¥Ü {¥n[l‰Yv ~¥zÃzˆzf »[p 2006.09.20 n™p Y¥ïpG vj‰hzx ý~‹p‰ {p {p Rz‹ c£ÜY r±Ürl‰ÜxY‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy R¥l. WƒŒ r±o£p Yy¥j© »nYY‰ r‹…‹tq ~£YDb£ »N.

* {p£p‰ly lªz ~£n³ {p {p Rz‹ [ƒjxY‰ Y… vj£Yyjx Ãúv. * {p Rz‹ ñë~ˆ [¥f§K r£zpx

32 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Pic © Sudheera Kasun Yyp zn Y£MxxÃ. W»ƒl‰ r~¨[Œx Rl‰áÄK ƒ£ rM»xˆ}j »l£ylªy¥ {zf Rp§{ {p Rz‹ Rzˆz£ S{l‰ Ãúv ~Kr§Mj»xp‰v R~£MmY r±xp‰lxÃ. Rzˆz£ S{l‰ Yyp Rz‹x£ áÕ r±aj‰hY£ú »z~ p{ r±»nŠ|»xˆnŸ ƒ¥~‹ú»vp‰ [¥f§KY£ú ll‰{xY‰ {Mopx {p t{l‰, r~¨[Œx Y£z»xˆ ~‹ã Yz ~òY‰}j {znŸ ƒ£ rM»xˆ}j {znŸ lƒ{§y¥ þ R¥l. Pic © Vidya Abhayagunawardena Vidya Pic © An electric fence 4. Rz‹ »{Õ zt£ nŸv - Providing Elephant Fire A Rp§{ {Mlv£p»xˆ Rýévl‰{ ~‹ã{p [²£òx ~¹{Mopx Crackers {h£l‰ ýévl‰ »z~ {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§vY‰ R¥Ü »p£{p [Kv£p {pRz‹p‰»[p‰ R£yY‰}£ Yy [¥ìv ~qƒ£ Rz‹ R£Y£y»xp‰ ~‹ã Yz ƒ¥Ãx. »{Õ zt£ nŸv ~‹ã Yyõ. l£{Y£z‹Y Rz‹ r…{£ ƒ¥úv ~qƒ£ »vv Rz‹ »{Õ u£ýl£ Yyõ. 3. Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j Yz£r ƒ£ ý»|‰}‹l ~¹yY‰}j Y…£r ƒ¼ãp£[¥ìv - Identifi cation of Elephant 5. {p‰n™ r±àpx - Awarding Compensation Conservation Areas (ECA) and Special {pRz‹p‰ ~‹ã Yyp Ìýl ƒ£ »n‰rz ƒ£ë ~qƒ£ {p‰n™ Conservation Area (SCA) v¨nzY‰ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ý~‹p‰ »[{p§ ztõ. »[{p§ ztp v¨nz Ýyjx Yyp§ ztp‰»p‰ ƒ£ë»xˆ r±v£jx |›² z¹Y£{ lª… ýýo R£xlp v[Œp‰ Y…vp£Yyjx Yyp ~¥zÃzˆzf [ëñp‰ {p‰n™ Yñf§{Y‰ v[Œë. {£M}‹Y{ {p£p‰ly r±»nŠ| WY‹»pYf x£{ rƒlyf ýx…‹ Yz£rx y¥r‹xzˆ ñz‹xp 55Yf {¥Õ r±v£jxY‰ »K ~qƒ£ {¥x»N. r§y£ {³£rˆl{ R¥l. Yªh£ {pv¹ Ýy¥{z‹p‰ »{p‰ {p rùn™ WûpYf x£tn{ r‹ƒŒfp »vv {p£p‰ly lë AYYxY‰ {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§K r£zpx ~qƒ£ [lƒ¥Ã ~£oìx »z~ ~zY£ {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j Yz£r (ECA) ƒ¼ãp£ [l òx£v£M[ - Positive Steps Could be Taken for ƒ¥Y. A Rp§{ {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j Yz£r ƒlyY‰ ƒ¼ãp£ »[p the Mitigation of the Human-Wild Elephant R¥l. Confl ict * nYªj© {pRz‹ ~¹yY‰}j Yz£rx - Uh{z{ c£ÜY 1. ~‹x† r£M|{Yy¥{p‰ ~Ktp‰o {p r±£»nŠ|›x ƒ£ c£ÜY Un³£px, »t¤[ƒrGÑx yY‰}‹lx ƒ£ A R£|Œ²l{ r{Üp vGf»K Ýyj [¥ì»K Yñf§ ~ˆm£r‹l Yy A{£ |Y‰Üvl‰ {p£p‰ly r±»nŠ|. Ãúv - Establishment of ‘Decision Making Committees’ Consisting of all Stakeholders * U°{ ~ƒ p¥»[pƒŒy Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j Y…£rx - at Regional and National Levels and the ûj©[K»{»ƒy, x£z, Yªvp, [zˆ Xx ƒ£ A R£|›²l Strengthening of Such Committees {p£p‰ly Y…£rx. r±£»nŠ|›x »zˆYK»[‰ r±o£pl‰{»xp‰ Ýyj [l ƒ¥Ã * vo³v, »r£»z£p‰py¥{, ܲYªj£vzx Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j Yñf§{Y‰ ~‹xû r£M|{Yy¥{p‰»[‰ ~ƒu£[Œl‰{»xp‰ ~ˆm£r‹l Y…£rx - {~ˆ[v¨{, »~¤v£{Üx, ñp‰»p‰ùx, Y{§h¨zˆz, Y… x¨lªx. ShK rùƒyjx, [¥f§K r£zp òx£v£M[, ýãz‹ ƒ¨y¥† yY‰}‹lx ƒ£ R£|Œ²l {p£p‰ly Y…£rx. {¥f Sn™Ãúv ƒ£ phl‰lª{, Y‰}ÚY R£o£y ~¥röv R£nŸ òx£ v£M[ »võp‰ [l ƒ¥Y. r±£»nŠ|›x Yñf§{ v[Œp‰ ý~n™x * Rp§y£or§y, {{§ëx£ ƒ£ Ã…‹»p£DÇ Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j

»p£ƒ¥Ã Yy¥j© n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Y ƒ£ c£ÜY Yñf§{f Ýyjx A DWC offi cer providig advice to a villager on a newly installed electric fence. Y… ƒ¥Ã Rly ~¦v vGfvYnŸv ëyp‰ly RêY‰}jx Sl£ {¥n[l‰ »N.

2. r±£»nŠ|›x »zˆYK »Y£Gg£~ ~qƒ£ ShK rùƒyj ~¥z~¨K ~¥Y~šv - Effective Planning of Utilization of Existing Land

[²£òx r±»nŠ|{z ~¦v r±£»nŠ|›x »zˆYK »Y£Gg£~xY‰ R£|²Œl{v ShK rùƒyp ~¥z~¨K ~Y~ˆ Yz x¨lª »N. »vƒŒnŸ {p Rz‹ {³£r‰l{ ~‹Ñp r±»nŠ|xp‰ ƒ£ X{§p‰»[‰ ~¹{yjx ~¥zÃzˆzf »[p ñë~ˆ òx£Y£yYK ~¥z~¨K Yz x¨lª »N. Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena Y…£rx - ýzˆrl‰lª, Rp§y£or§y, {{§ëx£, Ã…‹»p£DÇ r±»nŠ| R£|Œ²l {p£p‰ly Y…£rx. * ýãz‹{¥f ë~‹ rùn™ phl‰lª Ãúv ýãz‹{¥»G szàöl£{ ë~‹ rùn™ r{l‰{£»[p x£vf pK Tf Rvly{ {p Rz‹p‰ ~ƒ ñë~¨p‰ xp Y£j‰h »nYv Wx ë~‹ rùn™ phl‰lª Yz x¨lªx. ë~‹ phl‰lª{Y‰ ~‹ã {p tƒ¨z{ [¥{»~p r±»nŠ| áÕ Y…vp£YyjxYf zY‰ ýãz‹{¥fY‰ v[Œp‰ {p Rz‹p‰ [K {¥nŸv tz£»r£»y£l‰lª Yyñp‰ r£zpx Ãúvf ~‹ã{ R¥l. {p vGfñp‰ r£zpx Yy [l ƒ¥Y. {Mlv£p»xˆ r{Üp Y²vx Rp§{ Ã. ò. 20,30 ƒ£ Tf {¥Õ n™[Ãp‰ W{¥ë r±»nŠ| lªpY‰ ý»|‰} ~¹yY‰}j Y…£r »z~ x¨lª ýãz‹{¥f lp‹ W‰YYxY‰ »z~ phl‰lª{ ã}ˆYy ƒ¼ãp£ »[p R¥l. Y£MxxÃ. W»~ˆv W{¥ë ýãz‹{¥fY‰ WY‰ ~ˆm£pxY‹p‰ ïq {¥f§j»ƒ£l‰ ý|£z r±»nŠ|xY‰ {p Rz‹ lMcpxf * nYªj© ý»|‰}‹l ~¹yY‰}j Yz£rx - t¬p‰nz, ýzˆv¥p‰p, ëy£{yjx »N. Wt¥ýp‰ ýãz‹ {¥f Urùv Ã. ò. 10 AYY vl‰lz, r±»nŠ|x »z~ ~ˆm£r‹l Yyñp‰ ë~‹ phl‰lª{ ƒ£ RêY‰}jx Y… x¨lªx. * {xw ý»|‰}‹l ~¹yY‰}j Yz£rx - Yƒzˆz rzˆ»zY¥»zˆ, lJ»t¤{ ~ƒ A R£|Œ²l {p u®ñ-ëY{¥yÑx, [zˆ[v¨{, 6. Y£Mx tzY£ ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúv - Establishing ‘Task S`ŒëñÑx xp r±»nŠ|x Forces’

* vo³v ý»|‰}‹l ~¹yY‰}j Yz£rx ýY‰»f¤ùx£, Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j r±»nŠ|xp‰»[p‰ r‹flf r¥ñ»jp {p yp‰»në[z, y¹f¥»L Rux u®ñ r±»nŠ|x Rz‹ xz‹ yY‰}‹lx lª…f rz{£ ƒ¥úvf »ƒ¤ »{pl‰ ýYzˆrxp‰ òx£l‰vY Ãúv ~qƒ£ ëyp‰ly»xp‰ 4. {p v¹ »rl‰ ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúv - Establishing Forest ~¬àpñp‰ ~‹Ñp Yj‰h£xvY‰ |›² z¹Y£{ r§y£ ýƒŒ»np rùn™ Connectivity ~ˆm£p ƒlyY ~ˆm£r‹l Yz ƒ¥Ãx. »v{¥ë Yj‰h£xK r|ª »»{n³{y¥p‰»[‰ r±o£pl‰{»xp‰ ƒ£ {p~l‰{ Rhý {pRz‹p‰»[‰ r±o£plv {£~~ˆm£p ~¹]fYxp‰ »z~ R{|³ R£yY‰}Y{y»xYª»[‰ rùr£zpxÃp‰ x¨Y‰l þv {h£l‰ {r~ùx phl‰lª Ãúv ~qƒ£ SÜù{ R¥Ü WYv ýYzˆrx ~¨ã~¨ »N. Bp¦v R{~ˆm£{Yf v¨ƒ¨j nŸvf ~¨ã~¨ {p rùn™ {p‰»p‰ ~¨ã~¨ {p v¹ »rl‰ ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúvõ. »vv {p v¹ r‹ù~Y‰ »vv Y£Mx tzY£xf R¥lªzl‰ ýx x¨lªx. »rl‰ v[Œp‰ r±v£j»xp‰ ý|£z {« yY‰}‹l »nYY‰ WûpYf ~Ktp‰o Yzƒ¥Ã t¥ýp‰ Wv[Œp‰ {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ ~¹ayj 7. [¥f†Y£ú {p Rz‹ S{l‰ Ãúv ƒ£ RMo {pvx ll‰l‰{x Sh r±~ˆm£ {¥Õ »N. ƒ¼ãp£[l‰ {p v¹»rl‰ 30 r‹f§»N R¥Ü xf»l‰ r§py¥l‰m£rpx Ãúv - Capturing Wild ~‹Üxv v[Œp‰ nY‰{£ R¥l. »vv r±»nŠ| ñë~ˆ R£Y²vj{z‹p‰ Elephants for Rehabilitation Under Semi-wild »l£y{ {p Rz‹ ~¹Y²vjx ~qƒ£ ~‰m£r‹l Yz x¨lªx. Condition

5. {p Rz‹ ~¹ayp t£oY ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúv - Creating ëyp‰ly»xp‰ ýãz‹{¥ff ƒ£ëYyp W»~ˆv {[£{p‰ {zf ƒ£ Deterrents for Wild Elephant Movements »nŠrz {zf ƒ£ë Ãúvf r§y¥ã {« [¥f†Y£ú {p Rz‹ Rzˆz£ X{§p‰ RMo {pvx ll‰l‰{xY‰ xf»l‰ r§py¥l‰m£rpx {p Rz‹ ñë~ˆ {£~~ˆm£p {zf r¥ñÛv {¥z¥Y‰þv ~qƒ£ Ãúv {h£l‰ »x¤[³ »N. »K ~qƒ£ {pRz‹ ÷q{§K vo³~ˆm£p »u°ÜY t£oYxY‰ »z~ ápf ƒ¼ãp£»[p R¥Ü »ƒ£qv u£ýl£ Y… ƒ¥Ãx. ýYzˆrx pK ýãz‹{¥f ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúvõ. {h£l‰ szàõ »z~ Ryv¨j© …`£ Yy [¥ìvf pK ýãz‹{¥f Sq™ Ãú»KnŸ r±o£p 8. r{l‰p£ {p£p‰ly{z ~¹yY‰}j ll‰l‰{x {Mopx Yy¥j© lªpY‰ r‹…‹tq ~¥zÃz‹vl‰ ýx x¨lªx. Ãúv - Consolidation of Conservation Standards for Existing Forests * ýãz‹{¥»G ë~‹ ëv£{ c£ÜY yY‰}‹l {Mlv£p»xˆ r{Üp ìÜx Rp§{ áÕ * ýãz‹{¥f Sq™ Yyp ~ˆm£px »z~ R£yY‰}£ þ R¥l. W»ƒl‰ Rux u®ñ ƒ£ R¥l¥K {p [Kv£p {p Rz‹p‰»[p‰ R£yY‰}£ Yy [¥ìv ~qƒ£ yY‰}‹l{z ìÜvx ll‰l‰{x WlyK |Y‰Üvl‰ »p£{p ýãz‹{¥f [Kv£p R£|Œ²l{ Sq™ ýx x¨lªx. A Rp§{ ë~£ »vv u®ñ R£Y²vjx Ãúvf »ƒ¤ ýYzˆrxY‰ ~qƒ£ {Mlv£p»xˆ {p£p‰ly lª… Sq™ Yy R¥Ü ýãz‹{¥f u£ýl£ Y‹úvf »t£»ƒ¤ ãyf »r…»L. W»ƒl‰ {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j Yz£r RZj‰h {p {¥~ˆvY‰ »z~ r{l‰{£ ~‹xzˆzv [Kv£p v£õvf ÷»[p x£ x¨lªx. Wv[Œp‰ [¥ìvf »vv u®ñ nŸM]Y£zšp{ R£yY‰}£ ýx x¨lªx. {p£p‰lyx ƒ£ [Kv£px Rly r¥ƒ¥n™…‹ t£oYxY‰ »z~ A ~qƒ£ ~¹yY‰}j ll‰{»xp‰ Rh¨ {p£p‰ly c£ÜY ýãz‹{¥f Rz‹p‰ ý~‹p‰ ƒ¼ãp£ [p§ R¥l. yY‰}‹l »z~ ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúv {¥n[l‰x.

34 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 9. {p Rz‹ {£~~ˆm£p ~¨»r¤}j³ - Improvement of Elephant Habitats

~£v£p³»xp‰ |›² z¹Y£{ lªz {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ »~°Z³ ll‰l‰{x xƒrl‰ ll‰l‰{xY r{Ý. Y‰»}ˆl² Rl‰áÄK Rp§{ ƒ£ {p£p‰ly lª… ~‹Ñp£ »t£»ƒ¤‰ {pRz‹ y¹a§{z ~¹x¨Üx Rp§{ [ƒjx Y²vY²v»xp‰ {¥Õ {p t{ ýn³£v£p »N. »Y»~ˆ »{ll‰ yY‰}‹lxY‰ lª…

Urùv [jpxY‰ Y…vp£Yyjx ~qƒ£ An illustration by Shaveen Shehara Wijesinghe, a school boy R£ƒ£yvx »p£{p |£Y ƒ£ r¥…¦Ñ r£zpx r±tz áp§{l‰ ÃúvY‰ ƒ£ YÞY£{lY‰ »[£h p¥[šv Sl£ Yz x¨lª »N. ~ˆ{u£ýY ll‰l‰{ xf»l‰ ~‹Ñp {p Rz‹p‰ {¥n[l‰x. ý»|‰}»xp‰ »vv [¥f§v ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ r±ÜszxY‰ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|xYf ny£ [¥ì»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ Üt¨jn ñë~ˆ »p£{ ~¹{Mop»xˆ r±ÜszxY‰ t¥ýp‰ A ƒ£ ~Ktp‰o {£~~ˆm£p R£|‹²l{ ƒ£ ~¹{Mopx {p u®ñ R£|Œ²l{ R£xlp ƒ£ r§nŠ[zõp‰ áp§{l‰ {p rùn™ ~p‰ë»Nnpx Yz ~¥ù~yj {pRz‹p‰ »vv yY‰}‹l {zf ~šv£ Ãúvf x¨lªx. A ~qƒ£ {Mlv£p»xˆ r{Üp v¨çl ƒ£ ýn³¨l‰ v£o³n Ul‰~£ƒ Yyp‰»p‰ pK X{§p‰f R{|³ Yyp {£~~ˆm£p Tf Rvly{ r±£»nŠ|›x vGfñp‰ ~‹ã Yyp ýýo {¥h~fƒp‰ ~¹]fYxp‰ ~¨zu Yz x¨lªx. ý»|‰}»xp‰ R£ƒ£y Ur»x¤[› Yy[l ƒ¥Y. ~¨zu Ãúv ~qƒ£ »l£‰y£ [l‰ r±»nŠ|{z Tf [¥z»rp {r~ùxY‰ lª… R£Y²vÚY |£Y S{l‰ Ãúvl‰ r£z‹l ý»|‰}»xp‰ R†Üp‰ Sn™ Yyp cp£{£~ ƒ£ A{£»xˆ ll‰l‰{x xf»l‰ [Œë lt£ R£ƒ£yvx |£Y {Mopx rn™¹ÇYy¥{p‰ {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ ƒ¥~‹úv ƒ£ òx£Y£yYK r‹…‹tq rƒ~¨ Yy ývl‰ {h£l‰ »x¤[³ »N. ý»|‰}»xp‰ yY‰}‹l áp§{l‰ »p£»N. W»~ˆv {¥Õ ~‹ãþK ~¹Z³£{Y‰ {£Ml£ Yz£rxp‰ lª… v£M[ »nr~ cz£| R£|›²l{ ~ƒ ý|£z{ {p‰»p‰ n »v{p‰ [Kv£p R£|Œ²l{õ. »v{p‰ [Kv£p{z {¥h¨j© {¯Y‰} R£|Œ²l{ l¯ju®ñ ~Y~ˆ Ãúv {¥n[l‰ rn™¹ÇYy¥{p‰ ëyp‰ly{ áp§{l‰ Yy X{§p‰»[‰ R{o£px Y£MxxÃ. {p Rz‹p‰»[p‰ ~‹ã ýx ƒ¥Ã Rplªy¥ {zY‰{£ zšv ~qƒ£ »x£v¨ Yyþv {¥n[l‰ »N. »vv r±o£p Yy¥j© {zf Rp§{ r±£»nŠ|›x 10. rM»x‰}j - Experiments vGf»K Ryv¨nzY‰ r‹ƒ‹f§þv v[Œp‰ Y‰}ÚY R{~ˆm£{znŸ R£o£y ~¥rxšv Y… ƒ¥Y. W»~ˆv [²£òx R£MÞY»xˆ ~¹] p{ Rl‰ƒà t¥zšK ëyp‰ly»xp‰ {p Rz‹ Y… fYxY‰ »z~ ƒ¼ãp£[ëñp‰ {pRz‹ ~¹yY‰}jx Ãúv vp£Yyjxf R{|³ »l£ylªy¥ ~rxp‰pY‰ »N. {¥n[l‰ Y£MxxÃ. ý»|‰}»xp‰ ýãz‹{¥f RéY‰}jx ~qƒ£ WƒŒ ll‰l‰{ ëúY‰}j Y²v»NnxY‰ pþp l£Y‰}jx Ur»x¤[Œ Yy »K Rp§{ {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§v r£zpx ~qƒ£ ~yz ƒ£ ~¯c§ [ëñp‰ ~ˆm£r‹l Ãúv {¥n[l‰ »N. ýãz‹{¥f phl‰lª rƒ~¨ Y²v»NnxY‰ »p£v¥l. ~‹x† r£M|{xp‰»[‰ òx£Y£ú ƒ£ Ro³Y‰}j Y²v»Nnxp‰ ƒ£ Rh¨ ýxnK t£oY ƒ¼ãp£ ~ƒu£[Œl‰{xY‰ ~v` tƒ¨ýo r±»N|xY‰ v`Œp‰ [¥f†{ [¥pšv »vƒŒnŸ {¥n[l‰ »N. |›² z¹Y£»N {p Rz‹ [ƒp»xˆ ý~q™x ƒ¥Y. {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ ~¥t¦ r²Üz£u yff RÝl, {Mlv£p ƒ£ Rp£[l »{p~ˆþK ~v£»z¤apx z¥ðvf pK c£ÜY ~KrlY‰ »z~ {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}jx Yy Yyñp‰ r{l‰{p {p£p‰ly {zf [¥z»rp rùn™ ~£n³ [ëñp‰ {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§v r£zpx Yy X{§p‰ r±£»nŠ|›x [ƒpx r‹…‹tq Rnƒ~Y‰ zt£ [¥ìvf {¥n[l‰ Y£MxxÃ. cpl£{»[‰ R£MÞYx {Mopx Yyp »v{zvY‰ »z~ ~ˆm£r‹l Yzx¨lª »N. 11. szàö ~p‰ë»Nnpx - Productive Communication »vv z‹‹r‹x ~Y~ˆ Ãú»KnŸ Multi-Disciplinary Approaches to {pRz‹ ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ {¥n[l‰Yv Rz‹ñp‹~ˆ [¥f§vf »ƒ‰lª ƒ£ Control the Human-Elephant Confl ict in Sri Lanka (draft) of nŸM]Y£zšp{ Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§v r£zpx ~qƒ£ [p‰p£, [lx¨lª DWC {£Ml£{ R¥~¨y¥ Yy [¥ëë. ƒ£ Tf R»pYªl‰ r£M|{xp‰ ~Ktp‰o ýx ƒ¥Ã R£Y£yx r‹…‹tq

Lakshman Peiris‹•ƒ••‹•–ƒ–‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ––Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋ‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡ Šƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‡†ƒƒ‰‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›‹–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆƒ”ƒ”†‡Ǥ ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹–Š–”ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆ ‘ˆϐ‹ ‡”•‹•ƒ‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ––Š‡‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†”ƒ‹‹‰‡–‡”‘ˆƒ– ‹”‹–ƒŽ‡Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡŠ‡ —””‡–Ž›•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ‡„‡” ‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰’ƒ‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‘•– ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡”ƒ†‡‹›ƒǡ”‹ƒƒǤ—””‡–Ž›ƒ•Šƒ‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —ƒŽ‡’Šƒ–‘ϐŽ‹ –‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Žƒ‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡š–Ǥƒ•Šƒ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ǡ ƒ†Šˆ”‘–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ”‹ ƒ›ƒ™ƒ”†‡ƒ’—”ƒǡ”‹ƒƒǡ‘•– ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡‹’Ž‘ƒ‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ†’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹’Ž‘ƒˆ”‘‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ‘Ž‘„‘ǡ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–Žƒ•Šƒ̴’‡‹”‹•̷›ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘

35 (Memecylon umbellatum) Pic © Dr. Vijitha Perera

“yK»t¤” R»rˆ Y£z»xˆ Rz‹ þyx£ r|ª »»{n³ ýËl »r»My£

"Rambo" The Elephant Hero of Our Times Dr. Vijitha Perera {p tl‰, r£p‰, të~ˆ {¥ë â Y¦vf n Rz‹ y¥Çx. »K »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ z¹Y£»N {p Rz‹ 6000Y‰ rvj Ì{l‰ »{Ü. A Rlªùp‰ {p Rz‹ [¥{»~p r±»nŠ|{zf »[p»[£~ˆ nvp Y~z t¨n™p Rz‹ Rz‹ 600Y‰ rvj Uh{z{ {»p¤n³£px ƒ£ A R£|›²l rù~y r‹…‹tq{ ýýo r±»nŠ|{z‹p‰ {£Ml£ »{õ. »v{p‰ ~ˆm£p{zf rnŠoÜ»xˆ {£~x YyÜ. v¦lYnŸ Uh{z{ Un³£p»xˆ ~‹Ñ {p Rz‹ r§y¥ã þv ë~£ Rz‹ Rplª»M {¥»fÜ. R{f ñë~¨p‰ n Ìýl Rz‹ ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ [¥fû{Y‰ r¥p p¥[ªÚ. Wxf v¬z‹Y {«»xˆ R{o£pvYf zY‰»{Ü. Uh{z{ {»p¤n³£p»xˆ »{»~p ñë~¨p‰ ý~‹p‰ zt£ »np Y¦v zt£ [¥ìvf {p Rz‹ ƒ¨y¥ þvõ. Rz‹, ñë~¨p‰ RƒY nvp Y¦vf r§y¥ã {«»{¤ »p£»{Ü. X{§ƒ¬ ñë~¨p‰ »np R£ƒ£y [¥ìvf r§y¥ã {«»{¤ {«ƒ. Uh{z{ Uh{z{ {p Rz‹p‰f ñë~¨p‰ Y¦v nŸ»K R£yKux - The Rz‹, ñë~¨p‰ ý~‹p‰ »np Y¦v zt£ [¥ìvf r§y¥ã {«»xˆ Commencement of People Feeding Elephants Y²vY²v»xë. Wx R£yKu {«»xˆn {~y 12 Yf rvj »ry in Udawalawe WY‰ Rz‹»xYª»[ë. ñë~¨p‰f y¥Ç |£Yvx Y¦v Rz‹p‰f n y¥Çx. Rz‹ ñë~¨p‰»[‰ {[£ JK{zf {¥nŸ {[£ »u¤[ Y¦vf Yfx¨lª Yyp‰»p‰ »K ,f;fl;LiuahdJ cltyit Njrpa G+q;fhtpYs;s XH ahidiag; gw;wpajhFk;. cltyit ë~£x. vp‰n XJtf »[£~ˆ ñë~¨p‰ r‹…‹»xz Yy[l‰ R£ƒ£y gpuNjrkf;fs; kw;Wk; cltyit Njrpa G+q;fhtpw;F ghHitapl tUifj;jUNthH kj;jpapy; uk;Ngh vDk; ahidahdJ kpfTk; gpugy;akhdjhFk;. uk;NghthdJ jdJ tho;ehs; KOtJk; td;KiwahfNt nraw;gl;Lte;Js;sJ. mjd; ,sk; tajpy; kf;fs; mjw;F cztspf;fj; njhlq;fpafhyk; Kjy; tdtpyq;F jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; kf;fs; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpw;F mg;ghy; kpd;rhu Ntyp mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; uk;Ngh mQ;rhky; mt;Ntypfis jfHj;njwpe;jjpdhy; kPz;LnkhU kpd;rhuNtypapid jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. rpyfhyq;fspw;F Kd;dH ,de; njhpahjeghpd; Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;Lf;F ,yf;fhfp ,jw;F Vw;gl;lfhaj;jpw;F jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; rpfpr;ir mspj;J Fzkhf;fg;gl;lJld;> jw;NghJ uk;Ngh jdJ tho;tpd; filrp fhyq;fspy; tho;e;Jf;nfhz;L tUfpwJ.

37

People offer food to Rambo Perera Vijitha Pic © Dr. Pic © Dr. Vijitha Perera Vijitha Pic © Dr. Rz‹x£ »nY »{nŠnŸ »nY lªp »{nŠnŸ »vx [¥fû{Y‰ »z~ nÃp‰pf ýx. {p~lªp‰f R£ƒ£y nŸv ìÜ ý»y¤é t{ ~qƒp‰ áp‰þK r¨{y¥ r±nM|px ýx. Rz‹ [¥{»~p ~ˆm£p{z »{…àK Yyp‰pp‰ ~ƒ Yh ƒŒñxp‰f R{{£n ÃúK ~‹ã Y»zˆx. òf Rvly{ Rz‹ »{Õ nvñp‰ {¥f R{f Rz‹ rp‰p£ áòvf Yfx¨lª »xnŸx. ~vƒy R{~ˆm£{z Rz‹ [¥{»~p ~ˆm£p R{f n™[Œp‰ n™[f ÷nŸ ~‹Ñ {pÌþ ëzo£úp‰ Rz‹p‰f Y¦v [¥ìvf R{~ˆm£{Y‰ zt£ »p£»nñp‰, Rz‹ {¥f R~…f r¥ñÛv R»»oMxf rl‰ Ãúvf "Rambo" with small elephant Yfx¨lª Y…ƒ. Uh{zf Un³£p»xˆ tfƒŒy v£õ»K n™»{p ljvzˆýz Uh{z{ v£M[»xˆ UY‰ [~ˆ r§y{£ [l‰ f±¥Y‰fy ëlyv [vp‰ »K ~‹xû UrY²v ry£cx Yyñp‰ Rz‹ ñë~ˆ ~¨ƒnl‰{x [ì. »K{£õp‰ {¥»fp UY‰ [~ˆ r£y n™»[‰ áY [l ƒ¥Y. »vv {Mopx ýx. Rz‹ lv n™{ r‹p{p R£ƒ£y »{p§»{p‰ Y¥r UY‰ [~ˆ Un³£p»xˆ »{»~p Rz‹ »{l ý~‹ Ãúv ë~£ Rz‹ ÃúK Y…ƒ. ñë~¨p‰ ìÜx r‹…‹tq{ áp§{l‰ {§{n, zn ñë~¨p‰»[‰ Y¦v [¥ì»K R£yKux ~ëf§ƒp‰ ýx. ñë~¨p‰ ƒ¥Ã l¯rˆÜx p‹~£ n™[Œp‰ n™[fv Rz‹p‰f R£ƒ£y ý~‹ Y…ƒ. Rz‹ »{l R£ƒ£y ý~‹ Y…l‰ WY‰ Rz‹»xYª ƒ¥»yp‰pf R»pY‰ ~vƒ»yYª Rz‹ »{l R£ƒ£y ý~‹ Y»…ˆ r‹pY‰ »z~ ~… Rz‹p‰»[p‰ r±Üa£yxY‰ z¥t¨»j‰ p¥l. ïx~¨û{ ñë~¨p‰»[‰ Y£»[px. Un³£p»xˆ R£ƒ£y »p£v¥Ü ë~£ Rz‹ R£ƒ£y R£ƒ£y [¥ìv R£yKu Y… Rz‹x£ WƒŒ y~xf vl‰{ [Œ»xˆx. xn™p‰»p‰ th[Œp‰p ë~£ t{ X{§p‰»[‰ Rnƒ~ ýx. Rplªy¥{ ñë~ˆ R£ƒ£y tz£»r£»y£l‰lª»{p‰ ýãz‹ {¥f Rõ»p‰ ÷nŸ ~‹Òv nY‰{£ »vv r§y¥nŠn ãy n™[ [Œ»xˆx. ñë~‰~¨ UY‰[~ˆ rvjY‰ »p£{ »Y»~zˆ, »Y£vh¨, n™{§zˆ xp£nŸ r…lªy¥ n »vv Rz‹x£ »{l ý~‹ Y»…ˆx.

{p Rz‹p‰»[‰ ~ˆ{u£ýY Ì{p yf£{ »{p~ˆ Ãúv - Changing of the Natural Lifestyle of Wild Elephants

lvp‰ »np Y¦v Yp {zˆ Rz‹x£ áÄ»vp‰ ñë~¨p‰ Yªzˆvl‰ ýx. Rz‹x£ ù~‹ »~ˆ áY [¥ìvf ƒ¥Ãþvl‰, Rz‹x£ r~¨ïKYy b£x£y¦r [¥ìvf ƒ¥Ã þvl‰ »vv ~Ktp‰ol£{x l{ l{l‰ {Mopx Y»…ˆx. »K Rly Rz‹x£ »Y‰p‰æYy [ëñp‰ »{…q r±c£{Y‰ n R¥Ü»{ñp‰ Üt¨j‹. Rz‹x£ [¥{»~p ~ˆm£px R{f r…lªy¥ "Rambo" in between two electric fences Pic © Dr. Vijitha Perera Yh{z »{…àv ~y¥ýx. W»~ˆv ~vƒy r‹ù~‰ ~¹a£yY »{»…p‰»n¤ »z~ »Y»~zˆ ƒ£ th Sù`ª ýYªjp‰pf Yfx¨lª »n{p ýãz‹ {¥f Sn™ þv - Erection of the Second Y…ƒ. Electric Fence

Uh{z{ Un³£p Y…vj£Yy¥{p‰ v¨zˆ R{~ˆm£»N »vv »vv Rz‹ ñë~ˆ ~Ktp‰ol£{»xˆ R¥Ü {£~‹ ~ƒ R{£~‹ ~Ktp‰ol£{x r‹…‹tq{ Yztz {«»xˆ p¥l. »Y»~ˆ »{ll‰ WY r‹…‹tq{ ~vƒ»yY‰ vl r… Yz Y…ƒ. »Y»~ˆ »{ll‰ ~šv£{Y‰ »p£v¥Ü{ Sƒ… xp Rz‹ ~¹Z³£{ r‹…‹tq{l‰, R£|‹²l »~°Z³ [¥fû ~ƒ Rz‹ {¥f Yh£ »[p Un³£p»xp‰ r‹flf x£»K R{o£pv ~zY£ Rz‹ ~ƒ ñë~ˆ ~Ktp‰ol£{x ïq áò»K ~£MmY UrY²vxY‰ òx£{f p¥¹{§Ú. r{Üp ýãz‹ {¥ff R¥lª…Üp‰ l{l‰ ýãz‹ {¥fY‰ Sn™ýx. Rz‹p‰f r£y R~zf r¥ñÛvf »p£ƒ¥Ã {« Rly Rz‹p‰f R£ƒ£y zt£ nŸv R{~p‰ ýx. Rz‹p‰f Y¦v nŸv SzY‰Y Yy»[p Sn™ {« Yh r£û{f [Œ»xˆx. Pic © Dr. Vijitha Perera Vijitha Pic © Dr. A wildlife offi cer given wounded "Rambo" Food - Suger canes ýãz‹ {¥f lª…‹p‰ yK»t¤ vlª þv - "Rambo" Emerging yK»t¤ r£zpxf cz£| t¥K»K Rvly ýãz‹ {¥f Sn™ þv - Through the Electric Fence Second (additional) Electric - Fence Erected on the water Bunt to Keep ‘Rambo’ Away »vv [¥fû{ W»~ˆ ëy£Yyjx {§{n ñë~¨p‰»[‰ Y¦vf »z£zˆ {« r…v¨ Rz‹x£ {~y 10 Yfl‰ {h£ lv£f ƒ¨y¥{ Üt¬ yK»t¤{ »Y»~ˆ »ƒ¤ p¥{¥l‰þv ~qƒ£ p{lv UrY²vx y~ ~ƒ ñë~ˆ R¥~¨y Rl‰ƒ¥úvf ~¬àpK {«»xˆ p¥l. “yK»t¤” {«»xˆ cz£| t¥K»K Rvly ýãz‹ {¥fY‰ Sn™Ãúvx. »vv pñp‰ pvY‰ rft¥q™ Üt¨ Wv Rz‹x£ ýãz‹ {¥f n™»[‰ Wƒ£f z‹r‹x ~¥Y»~p »v£»ƒ£l {p ýf cz£|»xˆ v¥n »Y£f~ »vƒ£f [vp‰ Yy Yn™v UrY²vxY‰ »~£x£ [l‰»l‰x. ƒ¥y R»pY‰ r±»nŠ| R£{yjx {p »~ˆ ýãz‹ {¥f Sn™Yy Uh{z{ cz£|»xˆ »Nz‰z vl Üt¨j ýãz‹ {¥f R¥lªzl ~‹f R¥l. n™»xˆ r‹ƒŒp£ Wp yK»t¤ Rvly ýãz‹ {¥f p¥Ü l¥ëp‰ yK»t¤ R£ƒ£y xn™p‰pf rfp‰ [l‰»l‰x. R£ƒ£y xn™p WYv »[£hþ l{vl‰ R£ƒ£y xn™õ. Rz‹x£ t¥ýp‰ yK»t¤f R£ƒ£y xƒñp‰ z¥»tp‰pf ýx. {»yY yK»t¤ R£ƒ£yxf [l‰»l‰ »l£‰y£[l‰ r…lªy¥ rvÚ. {p‰np£ {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j ý}»xƒŒz£ yK»t¤ ~ƒ ~¹yY‰}Yõp‰»[‰ ph »vp‰v ý»p¤n [vp‰ xp r‹ù~ˆ »{Üp‰ Wrvj R£ƒ£y Ru‹z£|xp‰ Rly r±Üýy¥nŠol£{xY‰ R¥l. »Y»~ˆ »{ll‰ yK»t¤f z¥t¨Ú. yK»t¤ r~¨JK Yy nƒ~ˆ [jp‰ b£x£y¦r Uh{z{ R¥l‰ Rlªy¥ »~{»j‰ y£cY£ú Yyp r‹ù~ˆ ~ƒ ~fƒp‰ ýx. yK»t¤ Rly WlyK ýy~YxY‰ »p£v¥l. cz£| t¥K»K ~‹Ñp yK»t¤ r…{£ ƒùp ýf ~¥[þvf n™{ Wp‰»p‰ Uh{z{ yK»t¤ b£x£y¦r [l þv - "Rambo" Becoming a R¥l‰ Rlªy¥ »~{jfx. R¥l‰ Rlªy¥ »~{»j‰ »~ˆ{Yõp‰ Photogenic Model ~v[ R¥õ »ƒ£nõxY‰ »p£v¥Ü {§{l‰, R¥l‰ Rlªy¥ »~{»j‰ ÷Y{yjx ztp Rz‹ r¥f{§p‰ yK»t¤»[‰ ñlªyp‰x. ý»fY »Nzˆz vl {£ƒp p¥{¥l‰þv ~ƒ ~‹x[jp‰ cpl£{ yK»t¤ ïq »ƒ…p »z£Yª [~ˆ {f£ ÷~ˆþ r¥f{§p‰ ~ƒ yK»t¤ {£ƒp{z‹p‰ t¥~ yK»t¤ p¥yôv ë~£ {£ƒp lntnxY‰ Rlª ~ƒ [»~ˆ »r£lª Y¦vf [p‰p£ R{~ˆm£ R¥l. {¥f Rõ»p‰nŸ R¥Ü {« Rly v£M[ Rplªy¥ ~‹ã þ»K R{n£pvY‰n R¥Ü ýx. RƒŒ¹~Y{ ~‹Ñxl‰ {¥»fp‰ R¥lª…lnŸ yK»t¤ ñë~¨p‰ »Y»M »K ë~£ yK»t¤ ë~£ r¥p p¥[ªj v£M[ lntnx ~vpxf nY‰{p‰»p‰ xƒrl‰ r±Üa£yxY‰ »p£»N. yK»t¤ »vv z‹r‹x »r£zš~‹xf r{£ v¥n™ƒl‰ þvf ~‹ã ýx. »K Rly yK»t¤f z‹xp z‹x¨KYy¥ ~ƒ R¥l‰ Rlªy¥ »~{»j‰ l{l‰ »~ˆ{Yõp‰ ënƒ»~ˆ R£ƒ£y x¥nŸvf Sh »p£ãp‰ {pÌý ëzo£úp‰ Är »n»pYª r~¨ r~ rƒynŸvf Wz{« R{~ˆm£ ÄrxY‰ R¥l. yK»t¤ r…{£ ƒ¥úvf Yfx¨lª Y…ƒ. yK»t¤{ n™prl£ rz{£ ƒ¥ùx n yK»t¤ lv ~¨r§y¥ã aMx£{ Rl‰ƒ¥ù»xˆ p¥l. cz£|»xˆ »Nzˆz vl lë{ ~‹Ñp Rz‹x£ nÃp »t£»ƒ¤ r‹ù~ˆ »z¤u p¥Ü{ [Œ[ªK »{Õ rl‰lª Yyp {pÌý ëzo£ùp‰ yK»t¤{ nÃp‰»p‰ R~yj»xYª »z~x. R{§y¥ã 45Y‰ rvj v[ ƒùp yK»t¤ l{l‰ ÑY »Nz£{Ãp‰ r£y Rõ»p‰ »rì {x~¥Ü{ lv ~¥â ~vx »[{p yK»t¤»[p‰ n™~ˆ{p‰»p‰n ~‹Ñ»xˆx. R¥l¥K n™p{z n™p ÄrxY‰ »p£Yh{£ ÷nŸ ~‹Ññp‰ RƒŒ¹~Y»xYª»[‰ ~ˆ{y¦rxÃ. »vv ll‰{x l{l‰ U[² yK»t¤f Avf Sh »p£nŸ r±|‰px ý~ä t{f ~ëf§ƒp‰ Y… Yyp‰»p‰ yK»t¤»[‰ R¥~ˆ »n»Yp‰ Yh£ {¥»fp Yãûx. n, yK»t¤ p¥{ll‰ »rì ~‹Ñ»xˆ {pÌý ëzo£úp‰ R~yj Yãû {¦~ˆ»~p R¥~ˆ yK»t¤ r‹ƒŒf z¥ïx x¨lª ~»lYª t{f Yyñë. ñë~¨p‰ lª… Rnƒ~Y‰ R¥Ü YyÜ. »K ë~£ yK»t¤f r‹ƒŒf {p »z~ Uh{z{ R¥l‰ Rlªy¥ »~{jf ~¯c§{v ƒ£ {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j r±o£p Y£z[ªj ýrMx£~xp‰ yK»t¤f [¥f†{Y‰ »p£v¥Ü þv - Y£Mx£zx ƒyƒ£ z¥»tp SzˆzšK »t£»ƒ£vxÃ. »Y»pYª Changing Weather Conditions did not Make a áp§K »np‰»p‰ »vv Rz‹x£ »p£ƒ¥Ã{ lë þ ~‹Ñp t{x. Difference to "Rambo" l»{»YY‰ nÃp‰»p‰ r‹ƒŒìvf »p£ƒ¥Ã{ »Nzˆ»zˆ Rlyv¹{ ~‹Ñp ~»lYª »z~x. ýx…‹ Y£zx rƒ{ »[£~ˆ cz£|»xˆ n™x r‹»yp Y£zx r¥ñ»jnŠnŸ yK»t¤f {¥N t¥Kv Yy£ r¥ñÚx »p£ƒ¥Ã ë~£ [¥f†{ ý~»nŠ x¥õ {pÌý ëzo£úp‰ tz£»r£»y£l‰lª ýx. "Rambo" swimming in Udawalawe Tank Wx W»~ˆ ~‹ã »p£þx. n™x r‹y¥j© cz£|»xˆ {£p‰ nvnŠn™ r{£ n™»xˆ r‹ƒŒp£ r¥ñÚ yK»t¤ lvp‰f ~¨r§y¥ã cz£| t¥Kvf »[£hþ ñë~ˆ R£ƒ£y Szˆzp‰pf ýx. {pÌþ p‹…o£úp‰»[‰ r…{£ ƒ¥úvf zY‰ {« ýf yK»t¤ ~‹ã Y»…ˆ r»~Ãp‰ {« cz£|xf t¥~švõ. cz»xˆ t¥~ lMcpx rƒ{ xp»lY‰ tz£ ~‹Òv »ƒ¤ Y¥…¦{ »n~f r‹ƒŒp£ »[£~ˆ r~¨ R{~ˆm£{Y p¥{l r¥ñÛv yK»t¤»[‰ ~‹ùl ýx. {pÌþ ë…o£úp‰f yK»t¤{ p¥{¥l‰ýx »p£ƒ¥Ã t{ {¥fƒ¨Ú. yK»t¤ Rzˆz£ »[p »[£~ˆ »{pl‰ {»p¤n³£pxYf áòvf r‹w¨y¥rl‰ ~¥Y~¨jl‰ ý»y¤ol£ »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ Wx òx£l‰vY {«»xˆ p¥l. Pic © Dr. Vijitha Perera Vijitha Pic © Dr. l{ ÑY n{~Ãp‰ cz£| »Nzˆ»zˆ Rvly {¥f ~Kr«Mj Ãú»vp‰ Rplªy¥{ yK»t¤»[‰ R£ƒ£y r§y¥nŠn p{Üp§ R¥l¥õ ~‹Ýv yK»t¤»[‰ ƒ¥Ãx£{p‰ R{lY‰»~ˆy¥ ÃúvÃ. yK»t¤ l{l‰ Y²v»NnxY‰ »~£x£[p§ R¥l. ñë~¨p‰»[‰ R£ƒ£y zt£ [¥ìv ~qƒ£ lv n™ýx R{àpvYf zY‰{p R£Y£y»xˆ òx£n£vxYf {§{n yK»t¤ R{ÝMj ýx ƒ¥Y. W{p‰ R£Y£y»xˆ SyjvY‰ yK»t¤f ƒŒñ {§{»ƒ£l‰ Wx {p Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j òx£n£v»xˆ Yû r¥zˆzvY‰ {p§ R¥l. »K ë~£ Healed gun shot on Rambo’s body Pic © Dr. Vijitha Perera »vv vƒû Rz‹x£ r‹…‹tq{ ~£p§YKr‹l{ t¥zš»K R£Yzˆrvx »{p~Y‰ ~‹ãýx x¨lª{ R¥l. p£ãpp lª{Y‰Yª Yy¥{Yª yK»t¤f »{Õ ltõ - Unknown gun-man Shot at "Rambo" yK»t¤ ~¥â ~vx »[{ñp‰ ~‹Ñõ - "Rambo" is in the v¦lYnŸ yK»t¤ vyjx RuŒx~fv »[£~ˆ p¥{l n™ý z¥ðx. Last Stage of his Life yK»t¤f Y{»yYª »ƒ¤ »{Õ lt£ Üt¨Ú. Yªvj »ƒ‰lª{Yf yK»t¤f »{Õ l¥t¨{£áõ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ p¥Ü {§{l‰ R£~p‰p»xˆ ~‹f yK»t¤ áp‰ »[{£ nvp‰»p‰ vƒû n™ýxõ. »vv vƒzˆz£ l¥t¬ r»l£yK »{ÕzˆzY v¬ë~ˆ~K 09 Y ~fƒp‰ yK»t¤»[‰ x£aY»xY‰ Yyp§ z¥t¨»N ƒŒÝ»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ R¥Ü ñë~¨p‰x. Uny»xˆ ýx. yK»t¤ R~ìr{ ~‹Ñp t{ R£y¹Ç {« Rr‹ yK»t¤ yK»t¤f y~ R£ƒ£y nŸ Wv y~xp‰f {ƒzˆ »Yy¥»N »~£x£ [Œ»xv¨. yK»t¤ ñë~¨p‰»[p‰ {~p‰{ ƒ¨nYz£{ ñp‹~¨p‰x. »vv y~ ~¹»NnŸl£{x ë~£ »K nY‰{£ yK»t¤ ~‹Ñ»xˆx. yK»t¤»[‰ Uny»xˆ rƒl r±»nŠ|x ~Kr«Mj»xp‰v ýn R¥Ü [¥ƒ¥f Rpp‰lx. vyjx R£~p‰pxfv »[p [Œx Sn™ò Üt¨Ú. lª{£z{z‹p‰ ~¥y{ {¥ƒ¥úvf rfp‰ »[p Üt¨Ú. »{Õ rƒy{z ~‹f Yp‰ RÕ »nny{ñp‰ r§r§y£ [Œx [Œ[ªK »{Õ »Nnp£{ ë~£ x£vf Avf »p£ƒ¥Ã{ ~‹Ñ yK»t¤ ƒùƒ¥Ñ R£ƒ£y »p£v¥Ü{ {¥ƒ¥ú ~‹Ñ»xˆx. yK»t¤ vyj»xˆ »n£yYh ~‹Ñp t{ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ ýx.

yK»t¤f p¥{ll‰ Ì{x z¥»tõ - "Rambo" Gets Well Quickly

n™p [jp£{Y‰v yK»t£‰f »t»ƒl‰ Yyp§ z¥ðx. {»yY ëæ£{f rl‰Yy n l{l‰ ý»fY r£p‰ ~ƒ r…lªy¥{z ~[{p zn X°}o Y¦vf ~z~ˆ{£n yK»t¤f r±ÜY£y Yyp§ z¥ðx. »K Rlylªy n™prl£ UY‰ ~ƒ R»pYªl‰ r…lªy¥ ûz¤ ~‹x [jp£{Y‰v n™prl£ zt£ nŸvfn

Yfx¨lª Yyp§ z¥ðx. »Nnp£{ ny£ [¥ìvf Tears on Rambo’s face Pic © Dr. Vijitha Perera »p£ƒ¥Ã{ {lª»M t¥~ ~‹Ñp yK»t¤ R£ƒ£y áv¬ r~¨ »[£hf ýl‰ Wx Y¦»vp‰ r~¨ p¥{ll‰ cz»xˆ z¥[ªK [¥ìvf r§y¥ã ýx. ~Ü »nYÃp‰ rvj yK»t¤»[‰ »~°Z³ yK»t¤{ »t£»ƒ¤ ršh£{p‰f zY‰ Yy R¥l. »K z‹x¨KYy¥f ll‰{x »ƒ£q Rlf rl‰ ýx. Rplªy¥{ Rv£y¥»{p‰ Rv£y¥»{p‰ Rp§{ yK»t¤ R»r‰ Y£z»xˆ þy»xÃ. lv RuŒz£}xp‰ cz£|»xˆ »Nzˆz vlf »[£hþ ~¨r§y¥ã R£ƒ£y r§y¥nŠnf ~r§y£ [¥ìv ~qƒ£ lë{ ~fp‰ {n™p »vv Rz‹x£ ~¦v R{ÝMj ýx. »vv Y£z»xˆnŸ »{Õ ~…Yªj© R¥Ü yK»t¤{ ýfv ëy¦rpx Yyp‰»p‰ »p£r~¨tf Ul‰~£ƒxY‰x. »vv nÃp »t£»ƒ¤ r‹ù~ˆ »{Üp‰ z¥t¨j© r¥ñÚz‹ »t£»ƒ¤x. n™[Œp‰ Rz‹x£»[‰ n™ýx Ro³xpx YynŠnŸ yflª… U[²{ r{Üp {p n™[f Y¦v ~v` r±ÜÌ{Y z¥t¨j© ë~£ yK»t¤»[‰ lª{£zx Rz‹ ñë~ˆ [¥f§vf ý~¼ãK zt£ nŸvf S`Œxp‰n zt£ »nŠ. áp‰ ~Kr«Mj»xp‰v ~¨{ þ R¥l.

Dr. Vijitha Perera‹•ƒ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‡–‡”‹ƒ”‹ƒƒ––Š‡Ž‡’Šƒ–”ƒ•‹– ‘‡‹†ƒ™ƒŽƒ™‡ƒ†‘—–Šƒ†˜ƒ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǤ”Ǥ‡”‡”ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ˜‹•‹–‹‰Ž‡ –—”‡”ƒ––Š‡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ‡–‡”‹ƒ”›‡†‹ ‹‡ƒ† ‹ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡”ƒ†‡‹›ƒȋ”‹ƒƒȌǤ ‡Šƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ„‘‘•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š’ƒ’‡”•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–˜‹Œ‹–Šƒ̴™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡̷›ƒŠ‘‘Ǥ ‘

40 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 INSECTS

Lady bird Beetles (Coccinella spp.) Yellow - Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus malabaricus) Yƒvzˆ ([¹c£) {[£»{p‰ {¥p»~p |›² z¹Y£»N

»»c{ ýýol‰{x Rõ. WD. ~‹~‹y Yªv£y n ~‹zˆ{£ The Endangered Biodiversity of Sri Lanka due to ‘Cannabis’ (Ganja) Cultivation I. H. Sisira Kumara De Silva

ƒ¥q™p‰þv - Introduction ý»|‰}»xp‰ rƒlyf ýx…‹ Y…£ršx {pÌý yY‰}‹l{z »vv Yƒvzˆ {[£{ xp§ Rr Y{§y¥l‰ np‰p£ ƒ¼ãpp |›² z¹Y£»N ll‰{x áÕ »z~ r{Üp Rly, »z£{ {h£l‰ r±Yf ƒ£ {pÌý {¥Õ {|»xp‰ rƒl yf ýx…‹ Yz£r»xˆ ƒ£ p¥»[pƒŒy »z¤z‹p‰»[‰ Svƒl‰ »[°y{xf ƒ£ R£nyxf r£l² {« y¥ƒ¨j© Y…£r»xˆ Rp{~y»xp‰ {[£Yyp “[¹c£” »ƒ¤ Y¹~£ c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ (x£z c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ) Y…£r R¹Y I, pñp‰ »nŠ|›x {|»xp‰ ƒ¼ãp‰{p vl‰æ{³ ë}‰r£npx Yyp Y…£r R¹Y II, x£z c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ Y…£r R¹Y II v£õK{ |£YxY‰ »N. R¥Ü áÕ yY‰}‹lx, Y…£r R¹Y III, IV, V xp yY‰}‹l {z [¹c£ »ƒ{l‰ Y¹~£{z |£Y ýn³£l‰vY {M[›Yyjx rƒl »vp‰v ûj©[K»{»ƒy ƒ£ Uh{z{ »vp‰v t¨p‰nz yK~£ rùn™ »N. ïK nY‰{£ n »vv Rp{~y [¹c£ {[£Yy¥{p‰»[‰ [²ƒpxf plª þ Ü»J. Kingdom - Planate Order - Rosales »vv [¹c£ »ƒ‰p‰ {M}£ cz»xp‰ »vp‰v [¹`£, R¥z »àz Family - Cannabacea v[Œp‰ cz »v£‰fM »x£à ytM »ƒ£‰~ˆ v[Œp‰ czx »[p vƒ£ Genus - Cannabis rùv£j {|»xp‰ ~‹ã Yyp§ ztp t{ ~‹ã Yyp zn {¥fzšK Species - Cannabis sativa {zn™ Rl‰Rh¹[ª{f rl‰{p u£j‰h {z‹p‰ Rp£{yjx »N. »vxf Rvly{ …‹¹ Yr£ SÑ »Y£… u£ýl»xp‰ {lªy R¥n Üt¬ »vxf Rvly{ Cannabis indica ƒ£ Cannabis R{~ˆm£{p‰ n áY [¥ìvf ƒ¥Ã{ Ü»J. ruderalis xp ý»|‰} n nY‰pf R¥l. R¦l RÝl»xˆ ~‹f v »vv [¹c£ |£Yxp‰ »Yn™ (fi bre) zt£ [¥ìv ~qƒ£ n ðc ïK ~¥Y~š»K nŸ ~‹ã{p r£ù~ùY ~¹ƒ£yx - Destruction v[Œp‰ »lzˆ zt£ [¥ìvf n, R£x¨M»Nn r±ÜY£y ~qƒ£ »vp‰v of Environment in Land Preparation vl‰æ{³xY‰ »z~ n u£ýl£ Yy R¥l. »vv Cannabis »ƒ{l‰ »nŠ|›x {|»xp‰ [¹c£ »z~ ƒ¼ãp‰{p |£Yx vMc§{£p£ »z~ »vv {[£{ ~qƒ£ ïK ~¥Y~šv R»[¤~ˆlª v£~»xˆn™ n R£yKu n (Marjuana) ƒ¼ãp‰{õ. Yyp Rly, XY‰»l¤KtM - »p£{¥KtM v£~{z {M}£{ R£yKuxl‰ ~v[ ðc ~‹f§þv R£yKu Yyp t{ {£Ml£ »N. Rp{~y [¹c£ {[£»N {³£rˆÜx - Expansion of Illegal »vv ïK ~¥Y~š»KnŸ ~‹ã {p rù~y ƒ£ëx ~¨†rf§ »p£»N. ‘Cannabis’ Cultivation »K ~qƒ£ yY‰}‹lx lª… Sl£ R£yY‰}‹l ~ˆm£p »~£x£ [p‰p£ Rly, »vƒŒ R¥Ü r±v¨Zlv |£Y r±c£{ {p rû (Manilkara |›² z¹Y£»N »ƒ»y£õp‰ (Heroin), Xr‹x¨K (Opium) - ƒ£ hexandra), þy (Drypetes sepiaria), t¨y¥l [¹c£ (Cannabis) {¥ë vl‰ æ{³ tƒ¨z »z~ u£ýl£ {p (Chloroxylon swietenia), ñzˆz (Vitex altissima), Rly, »K Rlªùp‰ [¹c£ rvjY‰ |›² z¹Y£»N ~£MmY{ ƒzˆñzˆz (Berrya cordifolia) {¥ë |£Y Yr£ ýp£| Yy {[£Yz ƒ¥Ã»N. [¹c£ p¥l»ƒ£l‰ »vv Cannabis {[£{ {Mlv£p»xˆn™ |›² z¹Y£»N rƒl yf ýx…‹ Yz£ršx r±»nŠ|{z ,f;fl;Liuapy; ,yq;ifapd; capH gd; Ì{l‰{p cpl£{»[‰ r±o£p R£n£xK v£M[x t{f rl‰{p Kfj;jd;ikf;F Mgj;jpid tpistpf;ff;$ba fQ;rh gapHr;nra;if Fwpj;J gFj;jhuhag;gl;Ls;sJ. lyvfv »vv Rp{~y {[£{ {³£rˆl{ r{Ý. NkYk;> ,jpy; rl;ltpNuhj gapHr;nra;if gw;wpa tphpthf;fk;> epy Kd;Ndw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf #oy; Grown Ganja land mopT> tptrha ,urhazq;fspd; gad;ghl;bdhy; Rw;whly; ghjpf;fg;gly;> nghypj;jPd;> gpsh];jpf; Nghd;w fopTg; nghUl;fshYk;> nghwpJg;ghf;fpfs; kw;Wk; rl;l tpNuhj MAjq;fspd; gad;ghl;bdhYk; #oy; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghy;> kiwKfkhf ,e;jg; gapHr;nra;ifahdJ kdpj-fhl;Lahidfspd; Nkhjy;fisAk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. mj;NjhL> ahy Njrpa G+q;fh vy;iyfspy; ,lk;ngWk; fQ;rh gapHr; nra;if njhlu;ghfTk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. NkYk;> ,e;j fl;Liuapy; fQ;rh EfHtpypUe;J ,isQHfis ghJfhg;gJld;> mjid MAHNtj %ypifahf khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;Jk;gbAk; MNyhrid toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

43 Pic © Sisira Kumara de Silva Pic © Sisira Kumara de Silva (TSP) {¥ë y~£xëY »r£»ƒ£y n ý|£z {|»xp‰ x¬ùx£ {¥ë »r£»ƒ£y ñÑ [jp‰ n, Y£»t£‡‹x¨y£p‰ (Yª»MfM) {¥ë Y¯ñp£|Y n Rà… »ƒ‰p‰ {z‹p‰ »~£x£ [¥ìvf {pÌý ëzo£ùp‰f ƒ¥Ã þ Ü»J. »vv Y¯}‹ y~£xëY æ{³ u£ýlx ë~£ Wv ~ˆm£p»xˆ rvjY‰ »p£{ R{f v¨† rù~y»xˆ ~‹Ñp {pÌýp‰f ëyp‰ly»xp‰ Y¯ñp‰»[‰ Ì{p aY²xp‰f ~¯c§ ƒ£ RƒŒlYy tzr¦vY‰ R¥Ü þ Ü»J. »K ë~£ {p£p‰ly»xˆ n »v{¥ë yY‰}‹l rù~y rnŠoÝp‰n rù~y ã}jxp‰f zY‰{ Üðv lª… R¥Üþ Ü»tp RƒŒlYy ll‰{x »l‰y¥K [¥ìv Rrƒ~¨ »p£{p t{ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ »N. »vx rù~y»xˆ

Wildlife offi cers their way to raid a Ganja land ~vlªz‹l£{xf t£o£{Y‰ {p Rly, »K ë~£ ýýo r£ù~ùY ~Kr«Mj»xp‰v [Œë l¥ðv ~‹ã Yyp§ ztõ. »K ë~£ ~‹ã{p [¥f† ëMv£jx þv {¥Õ R¦lY »p£{p t{ Ã{x¨lª »N. »»c{ ýýol‰{»xˆ ƒ£ëx Ã{ »p£ƒ¥Ã {p Rly, ýýo {pËýp‰»[‰ ~¨ã~¨ rù~y rnŠoÜp‰ ýp£| ývYf zY‰ »N. »r£z‹Üp‰, rˆz£~ˆÑY‰, SÑ »yn™{¥ë Rræ{³ v[Œp‰ ~‹ã{p »vv |£Y r±c£{ ýp£| Ãúv »Dp‰ »}¤ (x£p‰Ü²Y Ãxl‰) rù~y ä}jx - Environmental Pollution Due to Rl‰Ãxl‰ »vp‰v »r£»y¤ n u£ýl£ Yyõ. Sp‰ Rplªy¥{ ïK Polythene, Plastic Waste Materials ~¥Y~šv ~£v£p³»xp‰ ñë~ˆ |²v »x£à ~‹ã Yyõ. {pÌý yY‰}‹l{z xp‰l² ~¬l² u£ýl£ »Y£f ïK ~¥Y~¨ t{f [¹c£ {[£Yy¥{p‰ ý~‹p‰ vƒ£ rùv£j {|»xp‰ SÑ»yn™ »v»lY‰ {£Ml£ þ p¥l. yY‰}‹l lª… u£ýl£ Yyp§ ztõ. {lªy R¥nŸvf “l{£p‰ ~Y~ˆ Ãúvf” ïvf W…‹vf [¹c£ ~Y~ˆ Ãúvf u£ýl£ Ãúv ë~£ {p£p‰lyx ýp£| Yy ïK ~¥Y~š»K nŸ R¥Ü þ R¥Ü sz ýr£Y {p‰»p‰ {p~lªp‰f {p {¥~ˆvY‰ »p£v¥Ü þvl‰ ëyp‰ly »~£‰à r£û{Yf r~ zY‰ þvl‰ R{~£p»xˆ A{£ [¹[£ R¥… »àz »[£h þ r‹f£y [¥zšvl‰ ~‹ã »N. l{n Wv r±»nŠ|x xz‹l‰, W{¥ë |£Y r±c£{p‰ R¥Üþvf lyK ~£y{l‰ r~Y‰ »p£v¥Ü þ»vp‰, ýýo {zˆ r¥z¦Ñ R¥Üþv R£yKu »N. »K ë~£ ý»|‰}»xp‰ {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ r¥{¥l‰vf ñp‰ R¥Ü{p RƒŒlYy tzr¦v RÜ vƒl‰ »N. W»~ˆv r£¹|ª Ìýp‰f n »vx ý|£z lMcpxY‰ t{n Ãx x¨lªvx.

Y¯}‹ y~£xëYxp‰»[p‰ {p r£ù~ùY ƒ£ëx - Environmental Damage Due to the Usage of Agro-Chemicals Waste plastics found in Ganja cultivated land Pic © Sisira Kumara de Silva

l{n »vv {[£{p‰ ~qƒ£ »{»…q »r£»zp‰ r{Üp ~‹xû ý|£z {|»xp‰ »vv {p£p‰ly lª…f WYlªþv tyrlz Y¯}‹ y~£xëY »r£»ƒ£y, Y¯ñ p£|Y, {zˆ p£|Y »x£n£ RMt¨nxÃ. »vxf Rvly{ y~£xëY »r£»ƒ£y ÷»[p [p‰p£ t{f Rl‰Rh¹[ª{f [p‰p£ zn UrYyj {z‹p‰ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ Wp »r¤y t¦[‰ WƒŒ lª… R¥Ü SÑ»yn™, Y¯ñ p£|Y »t»ƒl‰ »[»pp rˆz£~ˆÑY‰ Y¦p‰, »r£z‹Ýp‰ Uy »vp‰v »}£r‹p‰ t¦[‰ »N. ñx¨»MG X‡‰ »r£f¦}‰ (MOP), ѱrzˆ ~¨rM »r£~ˆ»rˆG, »l£[xY‰ »vv yY‰}‹l{z WYlªþv. ý»|‰}»xp‰ »K{£ n™y£»p£»xp æ{³ ë~£ (Non-degradable) tyrlz Fertilizers found in Ganja cultivated land rù~y RMt¨nxY‰ »vp‰v SÑ»Y£z »}£r‹p‰ t¦[‰ {p Rz‹p‰ »vp‰v R»pYªl‰ {pÌþp‰ R£ƒ£yxf [¥ìv ë~£ ýýo »y¤[£t£o »vp‰v vyjxp‰n ~‹ãýx ƒ¥Y. {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ {~¨y¥{z (Rz‹ »tÑ) ý|£z {|»xp‰ »r£z‹Üp‰ Y¥t¥z‹, »}£r‹p‰ t¦[‰ Y¥tz‹ áÃx ƒ¥Ã þv ({p£p‰ly lª…n™) »vxf »ƒ£qv UàƒyjxÃ; {M}xYf SÑ»Y£…, »r£z‹Üp‰ »f£p‰ ~‹x [jpY‰ rù~yxf WYlª{p t{ »vv ~‹ã{p Rp{~y [¹c£ »ƒ‰p‰ {[£ ïK r²v£jxp‰ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ »N. Pic © Sisira Kumara de Silva {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§vf ~¯c§ »z~ àxY þv - Direct (Manis crassicaidata), Sl‰l¦{p‰ (Hystrix indica), Infl uence on Human-Wild Elephant Confl ict {¥ë {pÌýp‰»[‰ v~ˆ Rl‰Rh¹[ª{f »[p R¥Ü Rly, A ~qƒ£ {£Õ {z v~ˆ ýx¥zšv ~qƒ£ v¥~‹ n ~Y~ˆ Yy R¥Ü l{n »vƒŒ l{l‰ ux£pY ~¯c§ r±ÜszxY‰ {p‰»p‰ »vv t{ nY‰pf z¥»J. »vƒŒ »[£‰p£, Y¥t¥zˆz¦{£ {¥ë ~lªp‰ {pÌý yY‰}‹l R{f [Kv£p{zf {p Rz‹ ñë~ˆ[¥f§K {pÌý R£Ðrplf Rp§{ áÕ R£yY‰}‹l ~lªp‰»N. »v{¥ë Y²v»xp‰ U[² þvõ. »vv Rp{~y [¹c£ {[£{ ë~£ {M} ýp£|xY‰ ë~£ {pÌýp‰»[‰ r¥{¥l‰vf »vp‰v ~‹ã{p xYf ~‹ã {p {p£p‰ly ýp£|x »ƒY‰fxM nƒ~ˆ [jpY‰ »»c{ ýýol‰{»xˆ ~¹ƒ£yx ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ n ~‹l£ [¥ìv »N. »K ë~£ {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ ~ˆ{u£ýY {£~~ˆm£p, R£ƒ£y, Rrƒ~¨ »p£»N. »vv tq™p lª{Y‰Yª ë~£ {pÌý ë…o£ùp‰, r±cpp ~ˆm£p RƒŒñ þv {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ r¥{¥l‰vf Sl£ »r£zš~‹x, x¨o ƒv¨à, {p ë…o£ùp‰ »vp‰v ~£v£p³ {¥~‹xp‰f RƒŒlYy »z~ tzr£ Ü»J. »vv {p ýp£|x ~‹ãþ»vp‰ n Ìýl ƒ£ë »vp‰v ~à R¹[ ýYzl£{xp‰ n R¥Ü þ Ü»J. r~¨ {p r£¹|ª Z£np»xp‰ »vv r±»nŠ|»xˆ {Mopx {p§»xˆ {M} 2003 cp{£ù v£~»xˆnŸ x£z Y…£r R¹Y III ƒŒ Rp{~y [¹c£ »ƒ‰pY‰ {¥fzšvYf [Œx ëzo£ú Yj‰h£xv u£y{ ~‹Ñ x£z c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ ë»x¤c³ Un³£p u£yYy¥ WD. »Y‰. ~š. Yªv£y~‹¹ƒ vƒl£ Rp{~y [¹c£ {[£Yy¥{Yª»[‰ »{Õ rƒyÃp‰ ÌýlY‰}xf rl‰þv »vxf ën~¨pÃ.

x£z c£ÜY Un³£px R£|Œ²l [¹c£ {[£{ - ‘Cannabis’ Cultivation in the Border Lands of the Yala National Park

x£z c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ I»Y£f»~ˆ »Y£DÇrl£p r±»nŠ|xf R£~p‰p»xˆ [zˆR£y r±»nŠ|»xˆnŸ RY‰Yy 02 Y rvj ý|£z [¹c£ »ƒ‰pY‰ n x£z Y…£r R¹Y II nŸ RY‰Yy 05 Y rvj ý|£z »ƒ‰p‰ r‹…‹p‰p£{ R`y R£y r±»nŠ|»xˆnŸ {pÌý S܃£~»xˆ r±mv {l£{f ýp£| Ãúvf U°{ Y…£r»xˆ {pÌý ëzo£ùp‰f 2013 {M}»xˆnŸ ƒ¥Ãýx. »vƒŒnŸ Sl£ ~¨Y‰}v »z~ »r£»z£{ Illegal fi rearms and processed Ganja found during raid Pic © Sisira Kumara de Silva xf tp‰YM{z ~`{£ Üt¨ [¹c£ »[¤ë 08 Y‰ »r£H~‹dŠÍvy¹ (Eupatorium ageratoides), [qr£p Rl‰Rh¹[ª{f [¥ìvf {pÌý ëzo£úp‰ ~vl‰ ýx. »vxf (Lantana canara) {¥ë {p Rz‹p‰ »vp‰v R»pYªl‰ Rvly{ Wv {M}»xˆn™v l{l‰ RY‰Yy 05 Y rvj »~¤z£ {pÌý (v¨{p‰, »[¤p§p‰) R£ƒ£yxf »p£[p‰p£ R£Y²vj|Œz‹ r¥pzˆ »x£à »[p ~Y~ˆYy Üt¨ [¹c£ {[£{Y‰ lzˆ[~ˆv¹Yh {zˆ r¥…¦Ñ »N. R£ƒ£y ãzt {pýf »vv {p Rz‹p‰ Tz`f r±»nŠ|»xˆnŸ ýp£| Ãúvf ƒ¥Ãýx. »x£v¨ {p§»xˆ R~z Ü»tp »[£ý ïK Yy£ »N. Rplªy¥{ ëvY‰ »p£{p {p Rz‹-ñë~ˆ [¥f§K l{ãyfl‰ Ý{± {p t{ »vƒŒz£ ~qƒp‰ Yy R¥l‰»l‰ {pÌý yY‰}‹l{zf ~‹ã{p »rp‰{£ »nñ. [¹c£ {[£{p‰ ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ »l£ylªy¥ »N. W»ƒl‰ {p ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª ~lª yY‰}‹l{z Rp{~y [¹c£ tn™p lª{Y‰Yª ƒ£ [Œë Rý u£ýl»xˆ RƒŒlYy r±Üsz ý|£z {|»xp‰ ~‹ã{p t{ x¨n ƒv¨à, ~¨y£tã ëzo£ùp‰ ý~‹p‰ - Adverse Affects of the Usage of Illegal ~‹ã Yyp zn {¥fzšK {z‹p‰n r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ »N. Ammunition Such as Trap Gun and Fire Arms »K Rp§{ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ {p§»xˆ |›² z¹Y£»N ýx…‹ Y…£ršx ~ˆ{u£ýY l{n »vv Rp{~y {[£Yyp‰pp‰ »vv [¹c£ {[£{p‰ yY‰}‹l{zf ~‹ã{p »»c{ ýýol‰{»xˆ ýp£|xp‰ »N. »vx R£yY‰}£ Yyzšv ~qƒ£ »Y£fp lª{Y‰Yª, r»l£yK lª{Y‰Yª Rp£[l»xˆ v¨†vƒl‰ rù~y rnŠoÜxfv RƒŒlYy »z~ »vp‰v tn™p lª{Y‰Yª n u£ýl£ Yyõ. ~‹ã Yyp zn tzr£ R¥Ü t{ ápfvl‰ {ùp‰ {y ~‹ã{p ýýo r£ù~ùY {¥fzšK {zn™ »[¤pv~ˆ (Cervus unicolor unicolor), »{p~ˆYK {z‹p‰ ~p£m »N. v¨{v~ˆ (Axis Axis ceylonensis), U°y£ (Suscrofa chirstatus), SJtp‰ (Lissemys punctata), Y¥t¥zˆz¦{£ 45 »vxf Rvly{ »vv [¹c£ |£Y»xˆ Y»qƒŒ r{Üp lp‰lªvx ~ˆ{u£{x »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ Sl£ U~~ˆ ll‰{»xˆ »Yq™ (fi bre) ë}ˆr£npx Ãúv ~qƒ£n »z¤Y»xˆ ýýo yf{zˆ »vƒŒ ýýo ý»|‰}xp‰ u£ýl£ Ãúvn {Mlv£p»xˆnŸ áÃx ƒ¥Y.

ly¥j ryKry£{ [¹c£ vl‰ U{ãùp‰ »Jy£[¥ìv - The Protecting Youth from ‘Cannabis’

Wildlife offi cers removing Ganja plants in a nursery »vx r£ù~ùY{ rvjY‰ »p£{ ~£v£Ìx {|»xp‰n [¹c£ u£ýl»xˆ r¥ÜYhxp‰ - vl‰æ{³xY‰ ƒ£ R£x¨M»Nn tyrlz »JncpY ll‰{xY‰ {Mlv£p»xˆnŸ Uà þ Ü»J. »t»ƒl‰ »z~ - Cannabis Use as a Drug and »vv “[¹c£” vl‰æ{³ u£ýl£ Yyp§»xˆ vyj v¹aY»xˆ ~‹Ñp Ayurevedic Medicine ñë~¨p‰ »p£{ y»G Rp£[l ly¥j ryKry£{ »N. [K, ëxK [K, p[y »vp‰v ~¨r±~‹nŠo p[y{z y£Ü² ~v£c |£z£ “[¹c£” »ƒ{l‰ AY z‹¹[ŒY |£Y {p Rly, Cannabis Yy£ r¥ñ»jp‰»p‰n »vv r±»nŠ|{z {[£ Yyp [¹c£ »N. r§}ˆr ƒf [¥ì»KnŸ r‹ùñ |£Yxp‰ U[ªzˆz£ áòvfl‰ ~‹ã »K lªz‹p‰ Rp£[l»xˆ Rrf SÜù {p Rp£[l ryKry£{n Yyp§ ztõ. Wxf »ƒ‰lª{ {p‰»p‰ Wv |£Yxp‰ »[‰ z¥»tp vp‰n v£p~‹Y l£{»xp‰ »r»zp ryKry£{Y‰ »N. »K R~ˆ{¥p‰»p‰ p¥v¥Ü ý} THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) Rp§{ [¹c£ »ƒ{l‰ Yƒvzˆ {[£{ ýp£| Ãúvf c£ÜY y~£xëYx {¥Õ {|»xp‰ Rp‰lM [l »p£þv ë~£x. vGf»K {¥h ~fƒp‰ òx£l‰vY »p£{§p »ƒ£l‰ Rp£[l»xˆ Rrf SÜù {p§»xˆ r£ù~ùYvx {|»xp‰ »»c{ ýýol‰{x »vv y~£xëY æ{³ ë~£ [¹c£ {z ý} [Üx »ƒ{l‰ THC ýp£| {« »vp‰v vp‰n v£p~‹Yl‰{»xp‰ »r»zp ly¥j vl‰ [Üx R¥Ü {p t{ »~£x£ »[p Ü»J. »K{£ r£p»xp‰ ryKry£{Y‰ ~ƒŒl ~v£cxY R¼ãy¥ »~{p¥z‹ rvjY‰ t{ »vv ý} y~£xëYx |úy [l þ»vp‰ v£p~‹Y R£t£o {¥ë R{~£p {|»xp‰ z‹x£ ltñ. ýýo ýY¯Ü ll‰{xp‰ R¥Ü ýx ƒ¥Ã t{ »»{n³{y¥ »rp‰{£ nŸ Ü»J. [¹c£ Yªh¨ Uy£ ðv, ãK R¥zˆzšv, »lzˆ u£ýlx (Y¦v ~¦nŸv ~qƒ£) »vp‰v R£ƒ£y{zfn »x£à u£ýl£ Yyõ.

Bp¦v Rxƒrl‰ »nxY xƒrl‰ r±Üsz n p¥Ü{£v »p£»N. »vv [¹c£ »ƒ{l‰ Y¹~£ R¦l RÝl»xˆ ~‹fv »nŠ|›x R£x¨M»Nn Y²v»xˆnŸ u£ýlxf »[p R¥Ü t¥ýp‰, »vv |£Y»xˆ »y¤[ ~¨{ Ãú»K ƒ¥Ãx£{Y‰ (Medicinal Value) R¥Ü t{ ~p£m »N. Wv ë~£ {Mlv£p»xˆ vƒl‰ [¥f†{Y‰{ r{Üp r‹…‹Y£ »y¤[, »h¹[ª, n™x{¥Õx£{ »vp‰v ënp‰[l {Yª[h¨ »y¤[, vMopx ~qƒ£ »K{£ »x£à [¥ì»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ rM»xˆ}j ~‹ã Ãúvf Y£zx W…w R¥Ü t{ »rp‰{£ n™x x¨lªx. Wv rM»xˆ}j ~£MmY {§{»ƒ£l‰ »vv Yƒvzˆ {[£{ A ~qƒ£ »x£à [¥ìvf ƒ¥Ã{p{£f Ã~‹ã ~¥YxY‰ p¥l. »vv rM»xˆ}j ~‹ã Yz x¨l‰»l‰ yc»xˆ áÕ ìÜ úÜ v£z£{p‰ xf»l‰ ƒ£ yc»xˆ r«Mj RêY‰}jx xf»l‰ t{ »rp‰{£ »nñ. Wildlife offi cers burning Ganja after removal them Pic © Sisira Kumara de Silva

I. H. Sisira Kumara de Silva‹•ƒ••‹•–ƒ–‹”‡ –‘”ˆ‘”˜ƒ‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡™‘”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡•‹ ‡ͳͻͻ͸Ǥ ‡‹•–Š‡”‡ ‹’‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘Ž†‡†ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡‹’Ž‘ƒ‹‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†„›–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‘„‘ƒ†–Š‡Ǥ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡™”‹–‹‰ˆ‘”‡™•’ƒ’‡”•‹”‹ƒƒ‹–Š‡ ϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–†‡•‹Ž˜ƒ•‹•‹”ƒ—ƒ”ƒ̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘

46 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) “{zˆz£ rGf£” |›² z¹Y£»N R£MÞYxf v£ƒ¥`Œ |Y‰ÜxY‰ Ur§zˆ ~¨t~‹¹ƒ “Gyrinops walla” Contributes to the Sri Lankan Economy Upul Subasinghe

~qƒ£ Sl£ cpr±‹xl‰{xY‰ U~¨zp R[£{§H u£ýl£ Yyõ. Tf Rvly{ ñz RéY ~¨{q ýz{§p‰ ërnþv ~qƒ£ R¥vùY£ WY‰~l‰ cprnx ƒ£ x¨»y¤ršx yf{z »vx u£ýl£ »Y»M. »vƒŒ {Ñp£Yv »y~‹px lª… r{Üp Xz‹»x£»y~‹p pK y~£xëY ~¹»x¤[ ƒ£ WƒŒ Yû r¥ƒ¥x vl yà r{Ý. Wt¥ýp‰ r…v¨ {M[»xˆ R[£h¨H ûz¤[‰øvxY‰ Rp‰lM c£ÜY »{…q»r£z lª… R¥vùY£p§ »h£zM 30,000.00 Y rvj ñ… Yf R»zý »N. R[£h¨H rfY {z‹p‰ ë~ˆ~£yjx Yy [p‰p£ »lzˆ {zfn Sƒl ~qƒp‰ Yy R¥Ü R£Y£y»xˆ ñ…Y‰ »{…q »r£»zˆ ëxv »N.

Rp‰lM c£ÜY »{…q »r£z ~qƒ£ R[£{§H tƒ¨z {|»xp‰ ërn{p‰»p‰ Aquilaria pK Sp‰n™x£»N R¥~¦K r±£p‰l»xˆ ~‹f Èpx ƒ£ r‹z‹ršpx nY‰{£ yf{z »ƒ£q™p‰ {Mopx {p |£Y [p»xˆ ~vƒy ý»|‰} v[Œp‹. Aquilaria [pxf Rvly{ Gyrinops, Aetoxylon ƒ£ Gonystylus xp [p {z ~vƒy ý»|‰} n R[£{§H ërn{p |£Y Rlyf [¥»p‰. Sƒl ~qƒp‰ Y… ý»|‰} Rlùp‰ {zˆz£ rGf£ »p£»ƒ£l‰ Gyrinops walla xp ý»|‰}x |›² z¹Y£»N rƒl yf »ll‰ Yz£r»xˆ »ƒ£q™p‰ {Mopx {p Rly »vv ý»|‰}x Rr yff R£»NÚYx¥õ ý|‰{£~ Ãúvf »ƒ‰lª r{Ý.

{zˆzrGf |£Y»xˆ r±o£p zY‰}j - Main Features of the “Gyrinops walla” Plant

{zˆz£ rGf£ xp§ òfM 15 Y rvj vo³v r±v£j»xˆ U~Ãp‰ x¨l‰ »[£‰z£Y£y »ƒ¤ hK»tzˆ ƒ¥h¥Ü ýxpY‰ ~ƒŒl{ {¥»{p |£YxÃ. »vƒŒ ý»|‰} zY‰}jxY‰ {p§»xˆ »Yq™ ~ƒŒl{ ln™p‰ WYf t¥qŸ R¥Ü »p£Y¥»hp »r£l‰l {p Rly Wv ~ˆ{u£{x ë~£ RÝl»xˆnŸ [¥ñxp‰ ý~‹p‰ {zˆz£ rGf£ |£Y »r£l‰l ýýo æ{³x [¥f [¥~švf rGfxY‰ »z~ u£ýl£

Pic © Upul Subasinghe Yyp znŸ. Tf Rvly{ »vv |£Y»xˆ Sl£ Yªh£ ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥ r§}ˆr v¹cùxY‰ ƒf [p‰p£ Rly Yªh£ S~ˆ»[Õxp‰ ƒ¥h¥Ü {zˆzrGf |£Yx - “Gyrinops walla” Plant ðc »nYÃp‰ x¨l‰ szxY‰ ƒf [ì. Gyrinops [p»xˆ R[£{§H ƒ£ {zˆz£ rGf£ lyK v¦l Y£z»xˆ Rr y»G cpl£{ ýýo ý»|‰} RfY‰ rvj ƒ¼ãp£»[p R¥Ü Rly A{£õp‰ Rly Yl£ tƒf zY‰{« »{pl‰ xvY‰ »~£x£ [¥ìvf »p£v¥Ü Gyrinops ledermanii ƒ£ Gyrinops versteegii xp lyK »N. R[£{§H xp§ Thymalaeaceae Yªz»xˆ |£Y lª… ƒf [p‰p£ ~¨{q™p‰ Rp«p {« »y~‹p {M[xÃ. »vv »y~‹p ,e;j Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liuapy; ty;yg;gl;il ~ˆ{£u£ýY{ ë}‰r£npx »p£{p Rly Wx ~‹ã {p‰»p‰ |£Y jhtuj;ijf; Fwpj;J tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> lªzf xK R£Y£yxÃp‰ R¥lªû {p n™zšy {¥ë R£[p‰lªY Y‰}§ã mJ vt;thW ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Ìþ {Mopx v¥h r¥{¥l‰þv ~qƒ£ Wv |£Y lª… ~‹ã {p‰p£ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ vd;gJgw;wpAk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> ,f;fl;Liuapy; {« R£yY‰}Y òx£{z‹xY r±ÜszxY‰ »z~ rvÚ. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jhtuj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;> kw;Wk; kpf mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; vt;thW kpfTk; {zˆzrGf ~¨{q ýz{§p‰ ërnþ»K Rv¨æ{³xY‰ þv - gpugy;akile;jJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghfTk;> rHtNjr “Gyrinops walla” Raw Material for Perfume re;ijapy; mjpf Njitf;Fk;> Nfs;tpf;Fk; cl;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghfTk;> jw;NghJ Production ,yq;ifapypUe;J mjid flj;jp Vida ehLfSf;F nfhz;L nry;tjw;F kf;fs; [Œë»Y£j n™[ R£~‹x£»N »{»~p »t°nŠoxp‰ ƒ£ v¥n »ryn™[ Kaw;rpg;gJ gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. v¨~ˆz‹K c£ÜYxp‰ Rly R£[ñY Yfx¨lª ƒ£ ~¨{q zt£ [¥ìv

48 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Sp‰ãì~‹x£»N {¥»{p ý»|‰} »nY rvjY‰ R[£{§H ë}ˆr£npx rvjY‰ ~‹ã {p Rly Wv ~¹~‹nŠéx {zˆz£ rGf£ {zf n ~qƒ£ ñp‰ »ry u£ýl£ Yy ÜïÚ. »r£ã »N. ~ˆ{£u£ýY »ƒ‰lª ë~£ Wv »y~‹px ë}‰r£npx {§{n, ~Kr«Mj |£Yx r§y£{f r¥ÜúvY‰ ~‹ã þv áY[l {zˆzrGf |£Yx ~òY‰}jxf u£cpx þv - Research »p£ƒ¥Ã lyK »N. Wv ë~£ R[£{§H |£Y {[£ Yyp on “Gyrinops walla” [ŒÚ»Y£j n™[ R£~‹x£»N yf{z Wv R[£{§H ërnþv ~qƒ£ ýýo£Y£y Y²v»Nnxp‰ u£ýl£ »Y»M. »vv Y²v Sl£ v¦lY‰ {p lªy¥v {zˆz£ rGf£ {z R[£{§H ërnþ»K r£yKrùY ƒ£ ýn³£l‰vY »z~ {M[›Yyjx Yz ƒ¥Ã Rly ƒ¥Ãx£{ »ƒ¤ WƒŒ {£Úcvx {Ñp£Yv [¥p Ã~‹»{Y‰ ñp‰ Y²v »nYY‰ ~qƒ£ R¥vùY£{ ƒ£ l£õzp‰lx xp yf{z »p£áp ~‹Ñ Rly Wt¥ýp‰ lv »[{lª {z »vv »p£{Ñp£ rM»xˆ}Yxp‰ ý~‹p‰ »rˆfp‰G tzrl² n zt£»[p R¥l. |£Yx lt£ [¥ìvf »t£»ƒ¤ [¥ñ»x¤ »p£~lªf§ {«ƒ. »Y»~ˆ ~£MmY Y²v»Nnxp‰ u£ýl£ Ãúv ƒyƒ£ »YÑ Y£zxY‰ lª… {§{n, 2012 {~y v¥n u£[»xˆ rvj ~‹f y»G ýýo r±»nŠ| nŸ ~Kr«Mj |£Yx r§y£{fv R[£{§H »y~‹p {Mopx Y… {z‹p‰ {zˆz£ rGf£ ìÜ ý»y¤ê c£{yvY‰ [¥p v£o³x ƒyƒ£ ƒ¥Y. {£Ml£ þv R£yKu {« Rly Tf ~v[£ò{ |›² cx{Mopr§y ý|‰{ ýn³£z»xˆ {p ƒ£ r£ù~ùY ýn³£ Ro³xp R¹|»xˆ |›² z¹Y£{f ý»nŠ| ýëvx Srõx ƒ¥Ã |£YxY‰ þv - Sri »vv z‹x¨KYy¥ n R¥lª†{ rM»x‰}j Yj‰h£xvY‰ {zˆz£ Lankan Could Earn Foreign Exchange through rGf£ |£Y lª… R[£{§H ërnþ»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ r‹…‹tq{ this Plant X{§p‰»[‰ ýn³£l‰vY rM»x‰}j r±Üsz »z£{ r±mv {yf Wz‹nY‰{p znŸ. X{§p‰»[‰ v¬z‹Y rM»xˆ}j {zf Rp§{ Wt¥ýp‰ Yy¥j© ƒù R£Y£y{ »p£np Sl£ Yªh£ »y~‹p {zˆz£ rGf£ lª… ërn»{p R[£{§H »y~‹p »{…q»r£»zƒŒ r±v£jxY‰ zt£ [¥ìv ~qƒ£ Rr yff R£»NÚY Ü»tp Aquilaria ý»|‰} {z‹p‰ zt£[p‰p£ R[£{§H {zf t{f ý|‰{£~ »Y»yp {zˆz rGf£ |£Y ~¹ƒ£yx ë~£ ~‹xû R£Y£y {z‹p‰ ~v£p {p t{ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ þ Ü»J. »K Rp£[l»x‰nŸ yff zt£ [¥ìvf Ü»tp Sl£ {Ñp£ {p ýf »vv z‹x¨KYy¥ R¥lª† Yj‰h£xv {zˆz£ rGf£ ~KrlY‰ ëYy¥»j‰ ýp£| þv »K {p ýf R£yKu þ {z‹p‰ ërn»{p R[£{§H »y~‹p {zf rvjY‰ R£»NÚY Ü»J. »vv »ƒ‰lª ë~£v Thymalaeaceae r{§»zˆ R[£{§H y~£xëY æ{³ r‹…‹tq{l‰ {zˆz£ rGf£ lª… Y¯Üv{ R[£{§H »y~‹p ërnýx ƒ¥Ã ýýo Y²v r‹z‹tq{l‰ rM»x‰}j {z ëx¥»zˆ.

Rp‰lMc£ÜY »{…q »r£»zˆ RéY Szˆûv - High Demand on the International Market

»z£‰Y »{…q»r£zf R[£{§H {¥Õ {|»xp‰ ë}ˆr£npx Yyp Aquilaria ý»|‰} {z {p£p‰ly {¥ë ~ˆ{u£ýY {£~~ˆm£p lª… {³£rˆÜx RÝl»xˆnŸ ~‹ã Yyp zn ìÜ ý»y¤é ~¹ƒ£yxp‰ ë~£ »K {p ýf Sl£ ~š]² »z~ R{v þ Ü»J. Wt¥ýp‰ Rp‰lM c£ÜY »{…q »r£…f ~‰{£u£ýY{ ërn»{p R[£{§H ~¥rx¨v R{v þ R¥Ü Rly A ƒyƒ£ {zˆz rGf£ lª… ~ˆ{£u£ýY{ ërn»{p R[£{§H {zf áÕ SzˆûvY‰ z¥ð Ü»J. Sƒl nŸ pK Yy R¥Ü ~‹xû |£Y ý»|‰} lª… ~ˆ{u£ýY{ R[£{§H ërnþv Sl£ R{v r±v£jxÃp‰ Pics © Upul Subasinghe

An imature "Gyrinops walla" plant Forbidden felling of "Gyrinops walla" tree {p ~l‰l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰}zl£ R£yY‰} j (~¹»|¤op) rp»l‰ {zˆz£ rGf£ r‹…‹tq{ ý»|‰}‹l ~qƒpY‰ nY‰pf »p£z¥»tp Rly 2012 »n~¥KtM v~ »»c{ ýýol‰{ »zˆYK Y£Mx£zx ý~‹p‰ »vx “R{àpvYf zY‰{«“ |£YxY‰ »z~ ylª nl‰l »r£lf R¥lªzl‰ Yyp znŸ.

Rp£[l r±Üz£u - Future Benefi ts

v¦l Y£z»xˆ {zˆz£ rGf£ r‹…‹tq{ Yyp zn rM»xˆ}j {z r±Ürz Rp§{l‰, {p£p‰ly ƒ£ A R{f r±»nŠ| {z ~‹ã Yyp‰p£ {« {zˆz£ rGf£ ~¹ƒ£yxp‰ Rp§{l‰, SY‰vp‰ Y²v»NnxY‰ ycx ƒ£ »{pl‰ {[Ã{ x¨lª R¹|{z‹p‰ Sn™ùrl‰ Pic © Sri Lanka Customs »p£Yyp‰»p‰ pK, c£ÜY R£MÞYxf v£ƒ¥`Œ àxYl‰{xY‰ ~¥rövf ƒ¥Ã »vv {Ñp£ ~Krl p§ãy¥ Rp£[l»xˆnŸv Rr yÑp‰ lªyp‰ {p§ R¥l. Aquilaria |£Yx [ŒÚ»Y£p n™[ R£~‹x£»N »v{p‰ lMcpxYf v¨ƒ¨j ãp‰ ýf, Wv ycxp‰ ýýo Y²v»Nnxp‰ ƒyƒ£ Wv |£Yx {£Úcvx r±Üz£u zt£»np‰pY‰ t{f rù{Mlpx Yyp znŸ. Wv òx£{p‰ Rlùp‰ r±v¨Z {p‰»p‰ {£Úc {p {[£ R¥Ü Yy A ~qƒ£ R£»x¤cYxp‰ »x£v¨ Yy{£ áÕ ìÜ y£v¨{Y‰ ƒyƒ£ {p£p‰ly {z {¥»{p |£Y ~¹yY‰} jx Ãúvõ. W»vp‰v Aquilaria |£Y {z‹p‰ ë~ˆ~£yjx Yy zt£ [p‰p£ R[£{§H »y~‹p ƒ£ ýxü rlªy¥ l£õ{£px, ~‹¹[rˆr«y¥{, l£õzp‰lx {¥ë yf{zˆ ƒyƒ£ Rà… r£ù»u£‰[ŒY yf{zˆ »{l »x£v¨ Ãúvfn R{|³ ìÜ Wv yf{z R¥Ü Yyp znŸ. »K {p ýf c£ÜY ~KrlY‰ t{f rl‰{ R¥Ü {zˆz£ rGf£ |£Yx ÷Y [¥ìv ƒ£ Wõp‰ Urùv r±Üz£u zt£ [¥ìvf pK W{p‰ Y²v

Pic © Sri Lanka Customs »NnxY‰ Rr yf lªzn SY‰vÚp‰ òx£l‰vY Yz "Gyrinops walla" confi scated by the Sri Lankan Customs x¨lª Rly Wv[Œp‰ {l‰vp‰ yc»xˆ ƒùl R£MÞY ërn{p »t£»ƒ¤ |£Y xp§»{p‰ ƒ¥q™p‰»{p CITES r±Ürl‰Ü{zfn Rp§Y®z{ ý|£z RàxK v£M[xY‰ n Rr "lMcpxf zY‰{« |£Y ƒ£ ~l‰l‰{ »{…q£v r‹…‹tq Rp‰lM yff ý{y »{p§ »p£Rp§v£jx. c£ÜY ~Kv¨Üx" v[Œp‰ R£yY‰}£ Y…x¨lª |£Y »z~n z¥õ~ˆlª [l Yy R¥l. »Y»~ˆ {§{n, 2009 {~»MnŸ ëYªl‰ Yz |›² z¹Y£»N

Upul Subasinghe ‹• ƒ ‡‹‘” ‡ –—”‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ‘”‡•–”› ƒ† ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ  ‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ”‹ ƒ›‡™ƒ”†‡‡’—”ƒǡ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡‹•ƒ’‹‘‡‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹ƒ‰ƒ”™‘‘†”‡•‹•ƒ†•ƒ†ƒŽ™‘‘†‘‹Ž•‹”‹ƒƒƒ†™ƒ•–Š‡ϐ‹”•––‘ ’—„Ž‹•Š–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ”™‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒŽŽƒ’ƒ––ƒȋ ›”‹‘’•™ƒŽŽƒȌǤ•”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š™‘”‘ ›”‹‘’•™ƒŽŽƒŠ‡ ™ƒ••‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ•ƒ‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹™ƒ‰ƒ”™‘‘†••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒ‰ƒ”™‘‘†ƒ†•ƒ†ƒŽ™‘‘†ǡ—„ƒ•‹‰Š‡ Šƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ›’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡˆ‘”‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ„‹‘ƒ••ƒ† ƒ”„‘‘ˆˆ‘”‡•––”‡‡•ƒ– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ ‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒŠ‹ ‘”‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‰‘”‹–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘‹ ͳͻͻͺǤ ‡ ƒ„‡ ‘–ƒ –‡†˜‹ƒ—’—ŽǤˆ‘”‡•–”›̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘ƒ†—’—Ž•̷•Œ’Ǥƒ ǤŽǤ

50 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px-R£nŸcp ~ƒÌ{px hJ. »ƒp‰n£ýl£yj Maduruoya National Park and Sysbiosis of Inhabitant Peoples - "Vaddhas" W. Hendawitharana

ƒ¥n™p‰þv - Introduction

v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px [¥~G v[Œp‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ »vxf Rvly{ »YlyK »»c{ ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}j Yy 2013.11.09 n™pf {M} 30Y‰ ~Kr«Mj »N. vƒ{¥z‹ Y£Mxxp‰f àxY {«{n Un³£p ~¹a£yYxp‰»[p‰ z¥»tp ~¹{Mop {³£r¯l‹»xˆ YÕpK ~¹{Mop ~¥z¥~ˆv xf»l‰ R£n£xv vl Wv Un³£p»xˆ R[x xKl£Y‰ ãyYf Ýyjx r±mv»xp‰v r±Y£|Œl »vv {»p£‰n³£px ~ˆm£r‹l Ãú»vp‰ Yyp§ ztp Rn {¥ë n™pY ~¹a£yY R£YM}jx »p£~zY£ ~r§y£ [¥ìvf ~¥z~¨K Yy Üt¬ R»rˆY‰}£{p‰ y£|ŒxY‰ ƒ¥ùx »p£ƒ¥Ã ~£oYxY‰ þ Ü»J. W»~ˆv |›² z¹Y£»N c£ÜY R£àxñp‰ »Y£f~Y‰ »vv c£ÜY Un³£px r‹ƒŒf§þv ƒ£ WƒŒ phl‰lª{ ~qƒ£ {¥x Yy R¥Ü ƒ£ {£M}‹Y{ l{ãyfl‰ {¥x Yyp r~¨ïvY‰ lª… Sp‰ Urxp R£n£xv szàõl£»N ëMj£xYxY‰ »z~f ~¥zÄv {ynY‰n ýx »p£ƒ¥Ãx.Wt¥ýp‰ xf Yš ~p‰oMux lª… »vv »YÑ z‹r‹»xp‰ vlª Ãúvf R»rˆY‰}‹l r±o£p Yy¥j© ÃŒrxY‰v »N.

z r~¨[Œx {M} 30Y Y£zx lª…v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£p»xp‰ R»rˆY‰}‹l {« R£MÞY ƒ£ ~v£c r±Üz£u r±£»nŠ|›x cpl£{f zt£nŸv ƒ£ ~¹a£yY R£YM}jx zt£ [¥ìv lª…‹p‰ Wx »YlyK ãyYf ~£MmY þn xp‰p ýv~£ t¥zšv.

Maduruoya National Park Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena z {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j Rly R£MÞY ƒ£ ~v£c ~¹{Mop »vp‰v »~°p‰nMx£l‰vY »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N {£M}‹Y R£n£xv {Mopx Yyñp‰ {Ñp£YK {zfn {¥n[l‰ l¥pY‰ ƒŒñ»N. Wt¥ýp‰ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY R£MÞYxf Sp‰ z¥t¨j© àxYl‰{x ýv~£ t¥zšv. c£ÜY Un³£pxf {M} 30 Y‰ ~r‹»yp »vv »v£»ƒ£»l‰ R»rˆY‰}‹l R£MÞY ƒ£ ~v£c ~¹{Mop Ryv¨j© »YlyK R»rˆY‰}‹l Ryv¨j© Sf§ Yy [¥ìv ƒ£ l{ãyfl‰ {Mopx ãyYf z[£ Yy»[p Ü»Jn xp‰p p¥{l r~¨ ýryvY z Yyzšv ~qƒ£ Sn™ù»xˆnŸ [l x¨lª p{ Ur£x v£M[ YªvY‰n »xnŸv Y£»z¤Çl xõ ~‹lñ. W»~ˆv Wv c£ÜY {»p¤n³£px xp‰p r‹…‹tq{ YÜY£{lY‰ R¥Ü Yyzšv v¬z‹Y »N. ~¥z~¨K Yy [¥~G v[Œp‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yyzšv ~qƒ£ v£ Wn£ »r°nŠ[z‹Y{v y£cY£ú {|»xp‰ àxY {« ë~£ »vv r~¨ ýryv v£»[‰n ~‹l‰[l‰ ~¹~‹nŠéxY‰ »N. ,f;fl;LiuahdJ khJU Xah Njrpa G+q;fh ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹»xˆnŸ c£ÜY Un³£pxY‰ »z~f xK kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapYs;s NtlHFy r%fj;jpd; u®ñxY‰ pK Yyp§ ztp‰»p‰ Wv u®ñ»xp‰ »»c{ ýýol‰{ tho;tplk;> mtHfsJ $l;Ltho;f;if R£yY‰}£{f Rvly{ »{pl‰ “u£ýlxp‰” y£|ŒxY‰v Sf§Yy njhlHghfTk; gFj;jhuag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> [¥ì»K R»rˆY‰}£»{ë. A Rp§{ W{¥ë u®ñxY R{~y zl‰ ,jpy; khJU Xah Njrpa G+q;fhtpd; tuyhw;W gFjpfs;> cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; rHtNjr gz;ila ~¹a£yYxp‰f xK xK ë|‰Çl ~šv£{p‰ lª… Wx rùƒyjx kf;fspd; cUtq;fs;> mtHfsJ $l;L tho;T Y… ƒ¥Ãx. W»~ˆv rƒ~¨YK Ü»J pK y£Ý² p{£l¥p‰ [¥ìv Kiwgw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mNjNtis> »vp‰v ápf »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N ~Kvl ìÜ úÜ xf»l‰ mg;G+q;fhtpw;F tUifj;je;j NtlHFyk; Wx u£ýl£ Y… ƒ¥Ãx. A Rp§{ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px kw;Wk; xd;wpatho;tpd; tpA+fq;fs; gw;wpAk; »nŠ|›x ƒ£ ý»nŠ|šx ~¹a£yYxp‰ ý~‹p‰ tƒ¨z{ u£ýl£ Yyp§ Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. ztp‰»p‰ pK Wv Un³£px ~ˆm£r‹l Ãú»K Ryv¨j© Sf§þvY‰ »z~f Rrf RMm ëy¦rpx Y… ƒ¥Ãx.

52 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 R{§y¥ã 30 “ly¥j” v£ãy¥Xx - Thirty Years "Young" ý»|‰}»xp‰v c£ÜY {»p¤n³£pxY‰ ~¹a£yYxp‰ Rly Maduruoya cpr±‹x Yyzšv ~qƒ£ A lª… rvjY‰ R¥Ü (Rp‰ l¥pY p¥Ü) xKÃ~‹ Rpp³l£{xY‰ vlªYy »rp‰þv Rl³{|³ Rnf {x~ R{§y¥ã 30Y‰ {p v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY {»p¤n³£px »N. »vv Rpp³l£{ A Un³£p»xˆ R¥Ü RÜý»|‰} ~¹a£yY Wv Y£z ry£~x lª…nŸ ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx »ƒ¤ ~¹a£yY rƒ~¨YK, ~¹a£yY ~‹l‰[l‰ â »ƒ¤ RvlY Yyz‹x »p£ƒ¥Ã R£YM}jx »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ c£ÜY R£MÞYxf ~rxp zn ƒ£ ƒ£ ~‹‹ƒŒ{fp lt£ [l ƒ¥Ã xK »»p~M[ŒY [ªjxY‰ ýx r±£»nŠ|›x cpl£{»[‰ |ªu ~£opxf, R£MÞY ~¹{Mopxf ƒ¥Ãx. »vv p{ Rl‰áÄK »ƒ¤ ~‹ƒŒ{fpxY‰ p¥{l p¥{l àxY þ R¥Ü r±v£jx r‹…‹tq{ u£ýl£ Y… ƒ¥Ã ñj©K zt£ [¥ìv ~qƒ£ ~¹a£yYxp‰ tƒ¨z{ Wv {»p¤n³£px nh¨ Rp§{ ~¥~ä ýf ~¦ƒ›vYf rl‰ýx »p£ƒ¥Ãt{ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ SzˆûK Ãúv ë~£ {»p¤n³£px R{f rn™¹Ç r±£»nŠ|›x cpl£{ {p§»xˆ |›² z¹Y£»N {h£l‰ ~¹a£yY R£YM}jx ~ƒŒl »{ln ~¥zÃx x¨lª R£n£xvY‰ [z£x£v R¥y»L. ~vƒy ýf {»p¤n³£p{z R£àxv ~v` [zr£ t¥zš»KnŸx. »Y»~ˆ X{§p‰»[‰ ë}ˆr£np ~qƒ£ ~ˆÞy »{…qrzY‰ ëMv£jx þv {§{n ~¹a£yY r¥ñÛv ~¹Z³£l‰vY{ ƒ£ Sp‰ Urxp zn »~ˆ{£{p‰ ~¥rö»K R{~ˆm£ R¥Ü þv Uàƒyj »N. »K Rp§{ R£n£xv r±v£j£l‰vY{ »v»~ˆ Rh¨ R[xY‰ [¥»pp§»xˆ Wv r±£»nŠ|›x ~¹{Mop»xˆnŸ R£MÞY Ul‰»l‰cYxp‰ »z~f {»p¤n³£p»xˆ (Marketing »ƒ{l‰ R»zý Ãú»K) cpr±‹x c£ÜY {»p¤n³£px òx£l‰vY þv vl ƒf [p‰p£ ~v£c ƒ£ Yyzš»K nŸ R¥Ü {« Rh¨r£h¨{Yf {h£ r£zpx Y… »p£ƒ¥Ã R£MÞY t¥nŸK ýýo r£M|{xp‰»[‰ ~ƒ r¥{¥l‰v ~qƒ£ n™[ª lyK r±tz {« »{pl‰ t£ƒŒy ~£oY »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ þv »vƒŒz£ Y£zšp{ àxY »N. |›² z¹Y£»N Rn r{Üp c£ÜY {»p¤n³£p ~qƒp‰ Y… x¨lª WY‰ ~l³Ã. ý»|‰}»xp‰v r~¨[Œx {M} ÃŒrxY‰ »Y»yƒŒ ~¹a£yY Szˆûv »Y‰p‰æ[l þv ~qƒ£ 30Y rvj lª… nŸ r¥{Ü Ulªy¥ ƒ£ p¥»[pƒŒy x¨ovx Wv zY‰}j »ƒ¤ [ªj£¹[xp‰ »Y»~ˆ tzr£ Ü»Jáõ ll‰{xl‰ ë~£ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª Uàƒyj {|»xp‰ ëúY‰}jx Y… ƒ¥Ãx. v¨†vëp‰v ïn {¥Ò ÜïÚ. W»~ˆv Un³£p»xˆ ~£v£p³ rùr£zpx r{£ Sl£ R~šy¥ »z~ r{l‰{£»[p xp zn t{ »vv ~p‰oMux lª… v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px R»zý »r»pp‰pf ÜïÚ. xfÄ ll‰l‰{x Rn{p ýf v¨†vëp‰v Ãúv U»n~£ Rr ý~‹p‰ p{ Ul‰»l‰cYxY‰ vlªYy áY‰ýx rƒþ »[£~ˆ R¥Ü ë~£ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px R»zý x¨lª{ R¥l. »vl¥pnŸ v£ãy¥Xx RëYªl‰ c£ÜY {»p¤n³£p Yyzšv ~qƒ£ xK ë|‰Çl ~¥z~¨K ~v` Sn™ùxf x£ x¨lª{ ~v[ ly` Yyñp‰ lv Rpp³l£{x lƒ{§y¥ Yy[l x¨lª Ü»J. {p ë~£ A lª… R¥Ü ~ˆ{Äx [ªj£¹[xp‰ »ƒ¤ R£YM|ìx c£ÜY {»p¤n³£p»xˆ pv ~¹a£yY Szˆûvf àxY »{l¥õ ~‹Üx ~p‰~‹nŠêp‰ ÃŒrxY‰ Rrf »[p ƒ¥y r¦vf ~‹ã »N. »vl¥pnŸ ƒ¥Ã »»p~M[ŒY [ªj£¹[xp‰ u£ýl£ Y… ƒ¥Ã »ƒ£qv “R£»x¤cpx” R£n™ {£~šp‰ ápf ƒŒñYy»[p R¥Ü »nŠ|šx ý»nŠ|›x r±Üy¦rxn xp‰p »vƒ‹z£ 1. »ƒ¤Mfp‰ l¥p‰p Un³£px |›lz rù~yx, Yªy¥ ƒ£ ñÑ l{ãyfl‰ rúY‰}£ Yy tzp§ {Ò. {p£p‰lyx, »[¤p [ƒjx, n™ýxp‰ áÃx ƒ¥Ã þv, r£ [vëp‰ Yyp ~¹a£yY »z£‰Y£p‰lx ƒ£ v£ãy¥Xx ƒ£ R£n™{£~š c£l³p‰ly r±Üy¦rx - Maduruoya U~ˆ Yã v¨ãp‰ and the International Image on Ancient Inhabitants 2. ñp‰»p‰ùx Un³£px {M}»xˆ ëx¹~v»xˆ RÜ ý|£z Rz‹ y¹a§ ƒ£ ñp‰»p‰ùx cz£| rù~yx òf n|Y ÃŒrxYf »ry {« R£n™{£~šp‰ »ƒ¤ {¥n™cpx£»[‰ cp {³£rˆÜx Rn {p ýf ý|£z rù{MlpxYf u£cpx þ 3. Uh{z{ Un³£px »Y£…wf {h£l‰ z[Œp‰ r‹ƒŒÑ Ü»J. »{y… thf ~¹Y²vjx {« {¥n™ cpl£{ ê{y Yfx¨lª {»p£‰n³£px. R¥l‰ Rlªy¥ »~{»p‰ Yyñp‰ r±£»nŠ|›x æýh cpl£{ ~v[ ~Kñ|²jx þ R¥l. Rl‰ n¥ÄK, n™{£Yz r{£ Rz‹ yf Ru³p‰ly»xˆ ý~¬ {¥n™ cpl£{ “[K {¥nŠnp‰” »z~f p¥yô»K ƒ¥Ãx£{. »ƒ¤ ~‹¹ƒz cpl£{ ~v` Ì{l‰ »N. »K Rp§{ vƒ£a£Mx 4. x£z Un³£px Yf§ rãy¥ |£Y ~ƒŒl »{y… th »~z‹[‰v£p‰ x¨{z r²v¨Z ýnŠ{lªp‰ ƒ£ »n£~ˆly ~ˆr‹Gzˆ vƒl£ u® nM|px ýýo {p~lªp‰ tƒ¨z{ ý~‹p‰ Ro³px Yyp zn [zˆ x¨[»xˆnŸ {¥n™ cpl£{ |›² n{~ r§y£ n¥Y[l ƒ¥Ã þv. z¹Y£»{p‰ ýx¥Ä »[£~ˆ »t£»ƒ¤ Yzˆx. “vƒ{¥n™yf” pñp‰ r±az‹l þ Üt¨j© r±»nŠ|x vpKr‹Ñx ~‹f vƒ{¥z‹ [¹[£{f 5. ýzˆrl‰lª{ Un³£px ýzˆû ~ƒŒl »{y… th u® nM|px ƒ£ n™ýxp‰ tƒ¨zþv. p¥»[pƒŒùp‰ R£yKu þ {Mlv£p {~ˆ[v¨{ c£ÜY Un³£px tfƒŒy ~šv£{ Yy[ëñp‰ vƒ‹x¹[px ƒyƒ£ »~‰p£p£xY 6. t¬p‰nz Un³£px »nŠ|›x ƒ£ ý»nŠ|›x rY‰}šp‰ tƒ¨z{ ~v¨æ»xp‰ xf {« ïK X~ˆ»~ˆ p¥»[pƒŒy »n~f ýƒŒnŸ Üð áY[l ƒ¥Y þv. R¥l. (pp‰n»nŠ{ ý»F»~ˆYy) ënƒ~‹p‰ r~¨{ Sn™Yyp zn »~ˆp£p£xY ~v¨æx ƒ£ [zˆXx c£ÜY Un³£px v[Œp‰ 7. {~ˆ[v¨{ Un³£px |£Y Ul‰YM|px ƒ£ Rz‹p‰, {z~¨p‰ áY[l ƒ¥Ã þv. vƒ{¥n™y»G p¥»[pƒŒy »Y£f~ X{§pf Rƒ‹ñ Yy R¥l. 53 Image from the book of “Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon” 1907. Courtesy: Library, Social Scientists’ Association, Colombo. Image from the book of "{¥nŠà {¥n™cp rM»xˆ}j ~£uŒl³ ývM|p ~ƒ »l£ylªy¥ p£v£{z‹x." "These four images symbolically indicate that how "Vaddah" people have historically transformed from a hunting and gathering (bow and arrow)

»vv c£ÜY Un³£px lª… ëMv£jx þ R¥Ü cz£|x ë~£ ý~‹p‰ ápf nyj© z¥ðv »vƒŒnŸ WY‰ tz{l‰ op£l‰vY (»~ˆp£p£xY ~v¨æx ) »{y…th {¥nŠnp‰ ƒ£ yf Ru³p‰ly»xˆ ~£oYxY‰ »z~f »[pƒ¥y r¦ ƒ¥Ãx. WY‰~l‰ c£Ýp‰»[‰ rn™¹Ç{ ~‹Ñ {¥nŠnp‰ ~v` r¥{Ü ~Ktp‰ol£{ ïn nv£ R¥l. R£nŸ{£~š Y£Mx£¹|x ý~‹p‰ {ùp‰ {y r{l‰{p§ ztp c£l³p‰ly ƒ£ r±£»nŠ|›x ~Kvp‰l²j ~qƒ£ ÃŒr {l£{Y‰v Sp‰ r~¨{ R¥Ü {« vƒ{¥z‹ ~¹{Mop »x¤cp£ Y²vx v[Œp‰ {Mlv£p {¥n™ p£xY {p‰ëxz¥l‰lp‰ »r°nŠ[z‹Y{v vpKr‹Ñx ƒ£ n†Y£p R{f r‹ƒŒÑ {¥n™ cp£{£~ ~‹xzˆz ~ƒu£[› þ lv Rpp³l£{x lƒ{§y¥ Yy»[pn Ü»J. vƒ{¥z‹ ~¹{Mop {³£r£y»xˆ »[£ýcprn t{f rl‰ Yyp znŸ. »vv »x¤cp£ Y²vx xf»l‰ r‹ƒŒf§{p zn v£ãy¥Xx R£nŸ{£~š - {¥n™cpl£ »nŠ|›x r±Üy¦rx - Local Image of c£ÜY Un³£px v[Œp‰ X{§p‰»[‰ ëc ïv »ƒ¤ »[£ãy¥ ïv Ancient Inhabitants - "Vaddhas" »z~f rùƒyjx Yyp zn ý|£z u®ñ r±»nŠ|xY‰n RƒŒñ Yy Ü»J. xfÄ »x¤cp£ Y²v{z ~v~ˆl r±Üszx »z~f nw£p R£n™ {£~šp‰ ~lª{ ápf R¥Ü »nŠ|›x r±Üy¦rxn Sl£ “vƒ{¥n™ yf” pñp‰ Wà r±az‹l {« r±»nŠ|»xp‰ {Mlv£p {¥n™ |Y‰Üvl‰ {p t{ ýýo {¥n[l‰ R{~ˆm£ {znŸ X{§pf z¥»tp cpl£{f SÜù þ R¥l‰»l‰ nw£p, ylª[z, »r£zˆ»zt¥nŠn {¥ë r‹…‹[¥ì»vp‰ »v£p{f r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ »N. ý»|‰}»xp‰v {Mlv£p R£p‰ÜY ïK »Y£f~ˆ ƒ£ »ƒ‰p£p‹[z {¥ë ( p{ {¥n™ cprnx) {¥n™ p£xY {p‰p‹x£f c£ÜY ƒ£ r±£»nŠ|›x »nŠ|r£zp Sl£ ~šñl r±»nŠ|xÃ. r±o£ìp‰»[‰ r‹…‹[¥ìv ƒ£ »[°y{x ƒŒñ{p r~¨ïv lª… Wv ~l³ xm£Ml{£nŸ »p£»N x¥õ l{ãyfl‰ lMY Ãúv szàõ »K Rp§{ {Mlv£p R£n™{£~š »ƒ¤ {¥n™ cpl£{ r‹…‹tq »p£»N. »Y»yp YÜY£{YnŸ nw£p, »ƒ‰p£ë[z ƒ£ v£ãy¥Xx rn™¹Ç R£n™{£~šp‰ ël¥Üp‰v Sn™ùxf r¥ñ»j‰. nw£p R£nŸ òf Rvly{ n™{õ»p‰ r±o£p R£[ñY ƒ£ ~¹~‰Y¯ÜY Ul‰~{ {£~šp‰»[‰ {£~~ˆm£pxY‰ »p£»{l¥õ n Wx WY‰ly£ {³£c [jp£{Yv R¥Ü R£n™{£~š ë»x¤cpx nw£p R£n™{£~šp‰ ý~‹p‰ ëMñlxY¥õn »Y£»lY‰ lMY Sn™ùrl‰ Y… ƒ¥Ã {§{n n¥úv Rr»[‰ R{o£pxf zY‰ ýx x¨lªx. Uàƒyj {|»xp‰ ~£v£p³ |›² z¹Y£ {£~š cpl£{ Rn {p ýf {¥n™ Rpp³l£{ vƒŒx¹[px vƒ»ryƒ¥»M {¥n™ ~¹~ˆY¯Üx ýnƒ£ áY‰»{p vƒŒx¹[px ƒ£ nw£p lª…‹p‰ »l‰y¥K [ì. Wt¥ýp‰ »vv R¹[xY‰ R¥lªzl‰x. »vv R¹[x t¨ãp‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆ vƒŒx¹[pxf {Mlv£p xm£Mmxf W»yƒŒþvf {h£ Wxf Rp§[l þv {¥hvþv ƒ£ ~Ktp‰o t{ {p‰ëx£ ý~‹p‰ v£ »{l r{~£ R¥l. r±e£»[¤ay {p§»xˆ Sp‰ zn ƒ¥Ã r±Üz£u ~v~ˆl c£Üxfv vƒp§{y |›² n…à »ryƒy ƒ£ t¥ãj© ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY R¹[{zf z`£Yy[l ƒ¥Ã t¥ýë. Rp§{ X{§p‰ »ryƒ¥yf ~ƒu£[›þvf Rvly{ »p£õ¼ãzˆ ò r¥Ú r«c£{Y‰n r¥{¥l‰þv Rë{£Mxx þ Ü»J. W»~ˆv ý»|‰}»xp‰v Rn {p ýf |›² z¹Y£»N R£n™{£~š Rpp³l£{x Yly[v vƒ »ryƒ¥»MnŸ nw£p R£n™{£~špf z¥»tp§»xˆ nw£p ƒ£ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£p lª…p‰ lƒ{§y¥ þv »nŠ|Œx{ Svƒl‰ r±v¨Z ~ˆm£pxÃ. Yly[v »nýxp‰»[‰ WY‰ ïùxY‰ rvjY‰ »p£{ ý»nŠ|Œx{ r{£ r±nM|px {p r~¨ïvY Wv {zˆz‹RKv£ pK {« {¥n™ R`pY t{f r±az‹lx. r±Üy¦rxf rƒy nŸ ïq »ƒ…‹vf {h£ Wv r±~‹nŠéx ~v` WY‰{ [vp‰ Ryw£ Wƒ£ [Œx r±ÜszxY‰ »z~f v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY ápf {M} ÃŒrxYf r±mv {Mlv£p {¥n™ p£xY Un³£px »nŠ|Œx{ ƒ£ ý»nŠ|›x “R»zý Ãúv” {h£l‰ {f»p‰x. {p‰ëx£»[‰ v¬z‹Yl‰{»xp‰ nw£p »Y£ftÃÚx r±»nŠ|»xˆ WY‰~l‰ c£Ýp‰»[‰ ~¹ýo£p»xˆ R£n™{£~š »z‰YK Y£Mx£zx v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px lª… Sn™Yy R¥Ü “R£n™{£~š r‹…‹[l‰ |›² z¹Y£ R£n™ {£~š ë»x¤cpx nw£p R£n™{£~š p£xY ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY vo³~ˆm£px” »nŠ|›x ƒ£ ý»nŠ|šx ~¹a£yYxp‰»[‰

54 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Pic © Premakumara de Silva Pic © Premakumara de Silva

lifestyle through Chena cultivation or slash and burn (axe) to paddy farming (sickle) settled lifestyle" - Premakumara de Silva -

áÕ R{o£px n™p£[l‰ ~ˆm£pxY‰ þ R¥l. »vv vo³~ˆm£px (UzˆƒŒÑx cz£|xf p¥»[pƒ‹ùp‰) ~ˆm£pxÃ. ~¥t¥ýp‰v Sn™Ãúv ~qƒ£ U°{ r…£l‰ ~u£{ ƒ£ rù~y Rv£l³£¹|»xˆ »vv v£M[»xp‰ Sl£ r±|~ˆl »z~f {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »»c{ ýýol‰{ AYYx ý~‹p‰n r±Ür£np ~z~£ nŸ Ü»J. »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f Un³£p r±»N| [£~ˆlª »[{£ R¥lª† þ W»~ˆv òf Rvly{ U°{ r…£l‰ ~u£{ ý~‹p‰ U°{ Uy¥vxY‰ R£n™{£~šp‰ ƒ£ X{§p‰»[‰ ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY vo³~ˆm£px ([£~ˆlª{Y‰ »z~f nw£p {¥n™ cpl£{ ƒ¼ãp£»[p pK Yy Üðv {pÌþ Rx Yy»[p) pyw£ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ Yp‰n[p‰ýz ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f l{ãyfl‰ »p£~zY£ ƒ¥ùx nY‰{£l‰ »[£~ˆ (v£M[ rnŠoÜx Sn™Yy Ü»JpK) v£ãy¥Xx »p£ƒ¥Ã Yy¥jY‰ »N. c£z£| t¥Kv nY‰{£n [vp‰ Ãúvf ShYh ý{y Y… ƒ¥Ãx.

R£n™ {£~šp‰ p¥yôv ƒ£ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px - Visiting Sƒl Ä r±~ˆm£{p‰ u£ýl£ Yyñp‰ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j "Vaddhas" in Maduruoya National Park »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ƒ£ R£n™{£~šp‰ xp »nr£M|{xv ~ƒ»x£‰[›{ cx[²£[› v£{lf r±»N| þv ~qƒ£ (2005 {M}»xˆnŸ rvj) Rn{p ýf pp‰»n~‹p‰ r¥ñ»jp »nŠ|›x ƒ£ ý»nŠ|›x »vv z‹r‹x yaYx£»[‰ y£cY£ú ~v»xˆnŸ {p‰ëx£ WY` þ ~¹a£yYxp‰ nw£p, R£n™{£~š p£xY ƒ£ Xƒ¨»[‰ ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY ~‹Ñxn Y²ñY{ ƒ£ r~¨{ ƒf[l‰ ýýo r±Üý»y¤ol£{x ƒ£ vo³~ˆm£px »Y‰p‰æYy»[p lv ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª Sf§Yy r£zpx Y… »p£ƒ¥Ã xm£Mmxp‰ vl Xƒ¨ ý~‹p‰ r~¨ Y£zšp{ [p§ z¥»J. »vv ~¹a£yY R£YM}jx nŸM] ë{£h¨ ~ƒŒl ~Ü »vv WY`l£{ S{l‰ Yy»[p ÜïÚ. »vƒŒ r±ÜszxY‰ Rp‰l {znŸ {h£l‰ Sƒ… ~¹Z³£l‰vY R[xY‰ [ì, nw£pf {|»xp‰ vƒŒx¹[px ƒ£ nw£p r±»nŠ|»xp‰ Wp »nŠ|›x ƒ£ r¥ñÚ {£ƒp ƒ£ ~¹a£yYõp‰ r‹…‹tn nl‰l Rr ~lª{ p¥ll‰ ý»nŠ|›x ~¹a£yYõp‰ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£pxf r±»N| Wv r±v£jx ~¥zÃx x¨lª lyK {p t{ t¥û t¥zˆvf Sl£ Yyzšv ~qƒ£ 2006 {M}»xp‰ r~¨{ ([zˆYh r±»N|x) pK r¥ƒ¥n™z‹x. p{ r±»N|xY‰ ý{¯l Yyp znŸ.

»vl¥pnŸ ~fƒp‰ Y… x¨lª Sl£ Yf§Y xm£Mmx {p§»xˆ »vv yaYx£ ý~‹p‰ »r°nŠ[z‹Y{v Yyp zn Un³£p ëúY‰} ~‹x†v {£ƒp ƒ£ ~¹a£yYõp‰ áp§{l‰{ »ƒ¤ »p£áp§{l‰{ jxYnŸ »ƒ…š {« Yy¥jY‰ {«»xˆ WY‰ n™[ª ~Ü Rp‰lxYnŸ ìl³£p§Y®z v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px lª…f Ã~‹ã [£~ˆlª{Y‰ nw£p »Y£ftÃÚx xp ~ˆm£p»xˆ {£ƒp 25 Y‰ rvj n{zˆ »[þvÃp‰ »l£y{ R¥lª†þv ƒ£ {£ƒp [£zˆYy l¥ðvõ. 11.00-01.30 l‰ Rly [£zˆYy Üt¨jn Wn™p ~{~ 4.00 f {Mlv£p {¥n™ p£xY ƒ£ Xƒ¨»[‰ r‹x£ ý~‹p‰ lv ryr§»M rvj [zˆYh Un³£p r±»N|»xˆ »r£l‰rl‰ rúY‰}£ Yyp§ “u£ýl” RõÜx ìl³£p§Y®z{ lƒ{§y¥ Yy»[p Ü»tp z¥t¬ ýf »ƒ…‹ {«»xˆ Wn™p Un»xˆ ~‹f ~{~ 4.00 {p»lY‰ r~¨ïv lª… »vv R£n™{£~š r{§zˆ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px WY‰ {£ƒpxY‰ rvjY‰ Un³£pxf R¥lª† þ Üt¨j© t{õ. lª… rn™¹Ç{ ~‹Òv Rr r‹…‹»[p R¥l. A Rp§{ X{§p‰»[‰ Wv {£ƒpxn r¥x 2.00 {¥ë ~¨† Y£zxYf r~¨{ r‹f{ r±»N| v£M[ ~qƒ£ Ã~‹ã t£o£{Y‰ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »[£~ˆ ÜïÚ. v£ ý~‹p‰ »v»lY‰ Sl£ R£x£~»xp‰ lƒ{§y¥ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f ~‹ãY… »p£ƒ¥Ãx. Yyzšvf R»rˆY‰}‹l {« ~¥t¦ xl£Mmx {p§»xˆn »vxõ. Wt¥ýp‰ l{ãyfl‰ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px ƒ¨»nYz£{ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ nYªj© ~šv£»N nw£p ƒyƒ£ Wp R»…ýYy»[p x¦v r{Üp xm£Mmxf r‹f§r¦vY‰ »{l¥õ Un³£p r±»N|»xp‰ WY‰ v£M[xY‰ »vv R£n™{£~š [K»[£h xp‰p r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ Yy[¥ìvf òf {h£ ~£Y‰}‹ R{|³ »Nn? R~…‹p‰ {¥Ò »Y£ftÃÚx r~¨»Y£f Yp‰n[p‰ýz nY‰{£ ýƒŒ»nŠ. Yp‰n[p‰ýz v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px lª… r‹ƒŒÑ

55 Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) v£ãy¥Xx R£n™{£~š ~ƒÌ{px - Symbiosis of Ancient z~¹a£yYxp‰f R£n™{£~šp‰ ~v` Un³£px p¥yô»K Sh Inhabitants in Maduruoya r±~ˆm£{p‰ ƒŒñ þv. (»nŠ|›x ~¹a£yYxp‰f p{ Rl‰áÄvY‰ zt£ »nñp‰ {¥n™ u£}£»{p‰ RMm ëy¦rj zt£n™x ƒ¥Ã ~¹a£yY v[»rp‰{p‰pp‰ »x£à[l ƒ¥Ã þv.) R£n™{£~šp‰»[‰ {Mlv£p r±~‹nŠéx ƒ£ cpr±‹xl£{x r‹…‹[ëñp‰ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£px r±az‹l Yyp‰»p‰ pK Wx |›² ~ƒÌ{p Ur£x v£M[ ƒ£ cpýƒŒãKYyj ~¹Yzˆrx - z¹Y£{ ~lª WYv ƒ£ r…v¨{p R£n™{£~š (rn™¹Çx ~‹Ñp) {»p¤n³£px »{l¥õ r±Y£| Y… ƒ¥Ãx. »K ~qƒ£ ápf Symbiotic Strategies and "Outreach" Concept xK l£Y‰ ãyYf R»rp‰ R¦l‰ þ ~‹Ñp {¥n™ p£xY»[‰ ƒ£ ápf lv r¥{¥l‰v ~qƒ£ Ì{p Ry[zxY »x»np {¥n™ {¥n™ r±c£{»[‰ ý|‰{£~x Rr ý~‹p‰ r±mv»xp‰v lƒ{§y¥ cpl£{ ý»|‰}»xp‰v nw£p, »Y£ftÃÚx, [ªy¥ Yªw¨y ƒ£ Yy[l x¨lª{ Ü»J. »v{¥ë r‹x{yYf x¦v v£ãy¥Xx »ƒ‰p£ë[z {¥n™ cpl£{ ƒ£ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ ƒ£ WƒŒ »»c{ rù~y»xˆ Çy r¥{¥l‰v Çy r¥{¥l‰v ~qƒ£ ìÜx òx£l‰vY Yyp {pÌþ ëzo£ú ~qƒ£ tz{l‰ »~ˆ UrY£y Yyp‰pY‰ rvjY‰ »p£{ {¥n™ xp‰l²jx Rly ~ƒÌ{px »[£h p¥¹þv ~qƒ£ Yfx¨lª r±c£{fn r±Üz£u Urx£»np R»p³¤p³ ~ƒÌ{pxY‰n {p§ R£yKu Y… x¨lª Y£zx r¥ñj R¥l. »K ~qƒ£ Y²ñY{ R¥l. ý»|‰}»xp‰v »v{¥ë r‹x{yY‰ r±mv»xp‰v {pÌþ ~¥z~¨K Yyp§ ztp Ur£x v£M[xp‰ Rp§[vpx Yyp§ z¥ïx ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f {£~‹àxY [j©»np§{Y‰ x¨lª {p Rly r±mv»xp‰v {pÌþ Y‰»}ˆl² ëzo£ùp‰»[‰ »z~f »rj©pn n™[ªY£zšp{ {¥n™ r±c£{»[‰ r¥{¥l‰v ~qƒ£ R£Yzˆr Rn r{Üp R£n™{£~š xm£Mmx ~v` ~v£p§r£l ýx Sl£ Ýyj£l‰vY Y£Mxu£yxY‰ Sf§ Yyp‰pY‰ {p§ R¥l. x¨lª »N. »vv ~l³ {¥n™cpl£{f r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ Yy nŸ X{§p‰»[‰ ý|‰{£~x »n{p§{ {¥n™ cpl£{ ~v` [j©»np§{Yf x£ ƒ¥Ã{p Rly xz‹ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ »Y»yƒŒ pKv£ ~ƒÌ{p ~¹Yzˆrx X{§pf Al‰lª [¥p‰þv ~qƒ£ ápf [¥ìv ~qƒ£ xK ë|‰Çl {¥h r‹…‹»{zY‰ ~v` Rr Sn™ùxf ïnŸ »[£~ˆ R¥Ü ý|‰{£~x p¥{l r±Ü|‰m£rpx Y…x¨lª »N. xp‰»p‰ pK Y£Mxx WlyK R~šy¥ SzY‰YxY‰n »p£{p§ R¥l. W»~ˆv »u°ÜY{ lvp‰f á»pp r±Üz£u X{¨pf ƒŒñýx x¨lª »ry ~qƒp‰ Y… rùn™ Rr »nr£M|{xv lv r¥{¥l‰v ~qƒ£ {p Rly »[£hp¥»[p ~ƒÌ{px lª… nŸ c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ »Mzˆršzš »nYY [vp‰ »p£Yy ~ƒÌ{p ~¹Yzˆrx lª… »»c{ rù~yxf {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j Y‰»}ˆl² ëzo£úp‰f »[£p§ {p‰»p‰ pK, Sp‰ zn ƒ¥Ã r±Üz£uxp‰ Svƒl‰ {p {¥n™ cpl£{f »~ˆv Un³£p ~¹a£yYõp‰f xp ~‹x†v t{ »vƒŒz£ ~qƒp‰ Yyp§ {Ò. Wv r±Üz£uxp‰ {¥n™ r±c£{, r£M|{xp‰f r±Üz£u ƒŒñýx x¨lªx. Wt¥ýp‰ »vv p{ {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ R¥lª† »»c{ rù~yx ~ƒÌ{p Ur£x v£M[ ~‹xzˆzv cpýƒŒãKYyp ~¹Yzˆrx rvjY‰ »p£{ [£~ˆlª n »[{£ r¥ñ»jp ~¹a£yY r±c£{n xf»l‰ Sn™ùxf r¥ñÚx x¨lª {p Rly W{¥ë Y²vxY‰ lª…‹p‰ Rl‰ýn™p§ R¥l¥õ r‹…‹[l ƒ¥Ãx. »v{¥ë r‹x{yÃp‰ r±Üz£u »[£h p[p ~ƒÌ{px rvjY‰ v£ãy¥Xx c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ zn ƒ¥Ã ýýo r£M|{xp‰f »YÑ»xp‰ ~qƒp‰ Y…»ƒ£l‰ ƒ£ {¥n™ cpl£{»[‰ Çy~ˆÞÜx ~qƒ£ àxY »{l¥õ xp‰p r‹…‹»{z‹p‰ »v»~ˆ »N x¥õ ~‹lñ. Rr»[‰ R{~p‰ ý|‰{£~xõ. z{¥n™ cpl£{ {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N ë… r‹…‹[¥ìvf zY‰ þv. rù|›zp [²p‰m - References zýévl‰{ r±»N| [£~ˆlª ƒ£ p¥yw¨K [£~ˆlª RxYy [¥ìv ý»F»~ˆYy pp‰n»nŠ{ (1987), {¥nŠnp‰»[‰ ýY£|p Y²vx (Vaddas in Transition [²p‰l²»xˆ ~‹¹ƒz ƒ£ »tnŸ x£v. rù{Mlpx ~š. A. ý»F»~ˆYy), »Y£…w: ~¹~‰Y¯ÜY Rv£l³¹|x. zUn³£p»xˆ R¥Ü ýýo ÷Ãx£ R{~ˆm£ R£n™{£~špf ý{y n ~‹zˆ{£, »r²‰vYªv£y, yj~‹¹ƒ, Çp‰lY, (2013), {¥nŠà {¥n™ cp rM»xˆ}j ~£uŒl³ ývM|p ~ƒ þv (~¹a£yY v[ »rp‰þv ƒ£ »{pl‰ ÷Ãx£) »l£ylªy¥ p£v£{z‹x, »Y£…w, ‡£~ˆG r±‹p‰fM (r±õ{G) z‹ñfH. ~ˆr‹Gzˆ, R£M. Wzˆ. (1963), v¥Ä [Œx nhv¹ The Last of the Veddas Vanished Trials Y¯Ü»xˆ znw£p R£n™{£~š r±c£{»[‰ R£n£xK Sƒ…x¦v (»~ˆ{£{p‰ ~‹¹ƒz Rp§{£nx A. rš. [ªjyl‰p, vyàp: ~¬ùx r±Y£|Y»x¤. ~¥röv lv ë}ˆr£np R»zý Yy [¥ìv R£n™x) ~ˆr‹Gzˆ, R£M. Wzˆ. (1999), {p ~yj (Sarage Santury Y¯Ü»xˆ ~‹¹ƒz Rp§{£nxÃ. Rp§{£nx: A. rš. z{pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f ápf Rp§vl [ªjyl‰p), vyàp: ~¬ùx r²Y£|Y»x¤. r±»N| [£~ˆlª ƒ£ {£ƒp [£~ˆlª ƒŒñ þv. De Silva, Premakumara (2012), Diminishing for Survival: Case of Vaddas Culture z Un³£p»xˆ R£yY‰}£{ ~qƒ£ {¥n™ cpl£{»[‰ àxYl‰{x in Sri Lanka, SAARC Cultural Journal Vol. 02 No. 01. Un³£p»xˆ ~‹ã{p Rp{~y òx£{p‰ r£zpx þv. z Gankanda, N. &Abayakoon, A. (2013), Indigenous Communities in Sri Lanka/ the z~¹a£yY r¥ñÛv lª…‹p‰ Wv Un³£p»xˆ xÑlz rƒ~¨YK Veddahs. Colombo. Sri Lanka: Ceylon Tea Services PLC. {Mopx þv.

W. HendavitharanaŒ‘‹‡†–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌƒ•”‘Œ‡ –ˆϐ‹ ‡”ˆ‘”ƒŠƒ™‡Ž‹˜‹”‘‡–”‘Œ‡ – —†‡”–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‹ͳͻͺ͵Ǥ ‡†ƒ˜‹–Šƒ”ƒƒ™ƒ•ƒ—”ƒŽ‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–‹ͳͻͻͺ—†‡”–Š‡•ƒ‡’”‘Œ‡ ––‹ŽŽŠ‹•”‡–‹”‡‡–‹ ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ—””‡–Ž›Š‡‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡†™‹–Š”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ”‹‡ƒƒŽ•ǡ–—”–Ž‡•ƒ†‡Ž‡’Šƒ–•‹”‹ƒƒ™ƒ–‡”• ƒ†‹”‹ƒƒǤ ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–™Š‡†ƒ˜‹–Šƒ”ƒƒ̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘

57 R£|‰aMxvl‰ p¥»[pƒŒy {pn™ýx »Y‰. A. Rvylª¹[ Wildlife Wonders of the East K. A. Amaratunga

ƒ¥q™p‰þv - Introduction Y† Yz£rx »z~f p¥»[pƒŒy Yz£rx ƒ¥q™p‰{§{»ƒ£l‰ Wx ë{¥yn™ x¥õ v»[‰ ƒ¥[›vx. »vv Yz£rx lª… rƒl ~qƒp‰ {p£p‰ly ƒ£ ~l‰{ ~Krl R£yY‰}£ Ãú»K Ryv¨j R¥Ü{ {pÌý yY‰}‹lxp‰ r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. 1887 nŸ Y¥z¦ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ R£yKu »Yùë. r~¨{ {p ~l‰{ ~Krl R£yY‰}£ Ãúv ~qƒ£ {¥Õ R{o£pxY‰ »x£v¨ 01. [zˆXx c£ÜY Un³£px »ƒY‰fx£M 25900 {« Rly WƒŒ r±Üsz {|»xp‰ 1937 {p ~l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰} 02. Yªvp c£ÜY Un³£px »ƒY‰fx£y 18148.2 zl£ R£yY‰}£ Ãú»K R£Ð rpl òx£l‰vY þvl‰ ~v` {[ÄvY‰ ~ƒŒl p{ R£xlpxY‰ {|»xp‰ 1949 {~»M 03. z£ƒ¨[z Ãlªz£p c£ÜY Un³£px »ƒY‰fx£y 1554.0 {p ~l‰{ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ r‹ƒŒf{p§ z¥ðx. 04. »~ˆp£p£xY ~v¨æ Rux u®ñx »ƒY‰fx£y 9324.0 1937 {« {p ~l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰}zl£ R£yY‰}Y R£Ð rpl 05. [zˆXx ëKp T~£p n™[ Rux u®ñx »ƒY‰fx£y 12432.0 r~¨Y£zšp{ ~¹»|¤op [jp£{Yf zY‰{« Rly »vƒŒz£ 06. [zˆXx ëKp R[‰ën™[ Rux u®ñx »ƒY‰fx£y 15281.0 1993 R¹Y 49 nyj ~¹»|¤opx {¥n[l‰ ~ˆm£pxY‰ [p§

Gal Oya National Park - Tank z¥ðx. {pÌýp‰ ~ƒ {p~l‰{ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ 07. RKr£y Rux u®ñx »ƒY‰fx£y r‹…‹tq{ vp£ R{»t¤oxÃp‰ Yfx¨lª Y… R£a£Mx ~yl‰. hJz‹N. »Y£f[v vƒl£ {p Ìý ~¹yY‰}j Ro³Y‰} 08. t¨nŠo¹[z Rux u®ñx »ƒY‰fx£y 1841.3 lplª»M ~‹Ñ Y£zx lª… »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N ý|£z 09. ~£[vK Rux u®ñx »ƒY‰fx£y 616.4 »{p~ˆYK y£|ŒxY‰ Yyñp‰ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N Up‰pÜx 10. Yªh¨Kï[z Rux u®ñx »ƒY‰fx£y 4403.0 ~qƒ£ Svƒl‰ Y¥rþvÃp‰ Yfx¨lª Y»zˆx. {p ~l‰{ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ pñp‰ {« »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ pñp‰ n ëzo£úp‰»[‰ ƒ£ »~ˆ{Yxp‰»[‰ ëz p£vxp‰f v¨z‹p‰ {« “{p ~l‰{“ xp ,f;fl;LiuahdJ fpof;F gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; td »Y£f~ S{l‰»Y£f “{pÌý ~¹yY‰}j” xp‰p ëz p£vx mjprak; gw;wp fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ. WY‰»Y£f »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f ƒ£ ëzo£úp‰f »[°y{ìx mj;Jld; Gj;jq;fiy ruzhyak;> fy;Nyhah> yFfy kw;Wk; Fkz Mfpa Njrpa ll‰{xY‰ zt£nŸvf Yfx¨lª Y»zˆx. W»vp‰v {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j g+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; tuyhw;W kjpg;G> »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N rùr£zp Yfx¨lª rƒ~¨ Ãúv ~qƒ£ »v»lY‰ mjd; cUthf;fk;> xt;nthU G+q;fhf;fspdJk; »{p‰Yy Üt¬ Ulªy¥, nYªj©, p¥»[pƒŒy xp Yz£r »{p§{f |›² mgptpUj;jp nrad;Kiw gw;wpa tpguq;f;Sk; z¹Y£»N {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j Yz£r 10 Yf »tà »{p‰Yyp§ Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;NwhL mWfk; z¥ðx. FlhtpYs;s Rw;Wyh ];jyq;fs; njhlHghfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. |›² z¹Y£»N {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j Yfx¨lª rùr£zp»xˆ rƒ~¨{ ~qƒ£ »{p‰ Y… Yz£r Rlùp‰ Sl£vl‰v R~‹ùvl‰ áYªK

58 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 [zˆXx c£ÜY Un³£px - Gal-Oya National Park t¨nŠo¹[z Y¼ã v¨ãp »»al³xY‰ ~ƒŒl v¨† r±»nŠ|xv p¥yóx ƒ¥Ã Sl£vl‰ Rz¹Y£y ~‰m£pxY‰ {p Rly r§y£j»xˆ »t°nŠo |›² z¹Y£»N áYªKY† {p Ìý Yz£rxp‰ {p p¥»[pƒŒy yƒlªp‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆz£ {¥h ý~¬ ~‰m£pxÃ. »vƒŒ ý»|‰}l‰{x r±»nŠ|x lª… Ü»tp ý|£zlv c£ÜY Un³£px [zˆXx {p‰»p‰ »vƒŒ »»al³x lª… Üð ƒv¨ {§ t¨ãp‰{ƒp‰»~ˆ»[‰ ~ƒ c£ÜY Un³£pxõ. 1954.02.12 n™p z¹Y£j‰h¨»N [¥~G ~¥ùx¨l‰ v¨[zp‰ R[~{§ »npv»[‰ o£lªp‰ WYv Yyk¨{Y‰ lª… ë»NnpxY‰ v[Œp‰ »vv c£ÜY Un³£px r±~‹nŠéxf rl‰ Yy Üð ƒv¨þvx. »{pl‰ »z¤Y»xˆ Ã~‹v ~ˆm£pxÃp‰ »v»z~ R¥l. vƒ£v£p³ Ö. W~ˆ. »~ˆp£p£xY R[v¥Ülªv£ S`Œëx£[z o£l®p‰ WYf ƒv¨þ »p£v¥l. l²~ˆl ~v»xˆ ýýo Rl{y{zf r±»nŠ|xf [Œx R{~ˆm£{Y {¥{ R~z Yp‰»nŠ ~‹Ñ S`Œëx£ ƒ£ r±ƒ£yxp‰f zY‰{« »vv ~ˆm£px vƒ£ ~¹]yl‰px ý~‹p‰ p¥v¥Ü {¥nŠnYª ý~‹p‰ Wlªv£f Yz »x¤cp£{Y‰ Rp§{ Sl£v R£yY‰}£ Yyp zã{ cpl£{»[‰ r«cìxl‰{xf rl‰{ R¥l. Yªh£ Ã. ò. 1 rvj t¥KvÃp‰ [zˆXx ƒy~ˆYy »~ˆp£p£xY {M}xY‰ r£~£ »»al³ lª… R¥Ü nŠ{£yx ý{¯l »Y£f ~v¨æx ~¦ã t{ n S`Œëx£ p¥v¥Ü {¥nŠà ~‹ƒŒþv ~qƒ£ Wv »Nn™Y£{Y‰ lp£ o£l®p‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆz£ r±nM|px »Y»M. »vv r±»nŠ|x S[Œëx£[z pñp‰ ƒ¥q™p‰ {« t{ n ~qƒp‰ »N. v¨† Rux u®ñx lªznŸ n {p ~lªp‰ p¥yóx ƒ¥Ãx. p¥»[pƒŒy r±»nŠ|xfv Wà ~‹f Rn nY‰{£ Y¯}‹YMv£p‰lxf ê{y YMv£p‰lxf RKr£y t¨nŠo¹[z Rux u®ñ»xp‰ r‹fl‰ {p Rrf ~ƒ vƒcpl£{f czx »t°nŠoxp‰»[‰ r«cìx ~ˆm£pxY‰ {« t¨ãyc£jp‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆ»[‰ ~rxñp‰ »~ˆp£p£xY ëx o£lª{ l¥p‰rl‰ Yy R¥Ü nŸ]{£rš »»al³x {¥nr§à ~v¨æ»xp‰ »Y»yp‰»p‰ [l ƒ¥Ãx. »vv r±»nŠ|x n l²~ˆl²{£nŸp‰»[‰ r±ƒ£yxp‰f Rp«r»Kx »~ˆ{£{Ã. zY‰{« r±»nŠ|xY‰ {§{n »vv »»al³xf ƒ£ëxY‰ Ãúvf »~ˆp£p£xY ~v¨æ»xƒŒ »ƒ¤ Yh£ ïq áòvf R{~ˆm£{Y‰ Uà þ p¥l. nŸ]{£r‹»xp‰ czx ÷»np r±»nŠ|x r‹fl‰ {p Rrf |›² z¹Y£»N r¥yÚv U† YKƒzY‰ {p »~ˆp£p£xY ~v¨æ Rux Wy[v U† YMv£p‰l|£z£{ n Wx r~¨Yy»[p Wpýf |›² u®ñx {|»xp‰ n, WƒŒ cz z¹Y£»N r¥yÚv ~šë YMv£p‰l |£z£{Y‰ {p ƒŒ`ªy£j ~šë »r¤}Y r±»nŠ| {|»xp‰ YMv£p‰l |£z£{ n ƒv¨»N. ƒŒ`ªy£j r~¨Yy ~‹xwz£j‰h¨{ RKr£y Rux u®ñx, r£»M ƒv¨{p WY‰[zˆR£y¥ {¥{ R~z r‹ƒŒÑ {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j [zˆXx ëKp T~£p n™[ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N Sl£vl‰ Rz¹Y£y t¹[z£{Y‰ {p vƒzˆ Rux u®ñx, [zˆXx ëKp »nYÃp‰ x¨lª WY‰[zˆ Xx ~¹a£yY ë{£~x ƒv¨»N. »vx R[‰ën™[ Rux u®ñx ƒ£ p¥»[pƒŒy r±»nŠ|x pywp ~¹a£yYxp‰f p¥{Ývf ~¨ã~¨ Ry†, t¨û, »pzˆz‹ R£nŸ X°} R¹[ ~Kr«Mj rƒ~¨YK R¥Ü ~¹a£yY ë{£~xÃ. o |£Y {{£ R¥Ü »t»ƒl‰ Y¥z¦{ n ƒ¥q™p‰ýx ƒ¥Ãx. z£ƒ¨[z c£ÜY Un³£px - Lahugala National Park Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena {p Ìýp‰»[p‰ [ƒp »vv c£ÜY Un³£px R£|‹²l{ Rz‹x£, Ül‰v¨{£, n™ýx£, »[¤p£, WY‰[zˆR£y¥ t¹[z£»{p‰ r‹fl‰ þ ~‹xwz£j‰h¨{ ƒyƒ£ ùz{£, {¼ãy£ R£nŸ ~lªp‰ n, rY‰}šp‰ Rly {…‹YªYªz£, {l ylªvzˆ z£ƒ¨[z cÜY Un³£pxf r¥ñÚx ƒ¥Ãx. 1980.10.31 »Y£ƒ£, {l ëzˆvzˆ »Y£ƒ£, »Y£j‰h y£c£z‹x£, Y¦ál‰l£ [¥~G ë»NnpxY‰ v[Œp‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy R¥Ü »vv ƒ£ r‹…‹ƒ¨h¨{p‰ {M[ ÷~Y‰ n Uy[ ý»|‰} {|»xp‰ r‹w¨y£, c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ v¬z~ˆm£p»xp‰ tzrl²xY‰ zt£ »[p »r£…[£, v£r‹z£, l£yY£ SJt£ ~ƒ ~vpûp‰ {[¡¡ ÷~Y‰ n, Un³£px lª…f r‹ý~‹x ƒ¥Ãx. ý»|‰}»xp‰ z£ƒ¨[z Ãlªz£p »vƒŒ áÃx ƒ¥Ãx. {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ {¥N{z {¥»{p “»ty¥” p¥v¥Ü lj»Y£z Y¦vf {p Rz‹p‰ ý~‹p‰ ápf S`Œëx£[z {¥N t¥Kv »Yz{»M Rz¹Y£y r±‹xvp£r t{Y‰ nY‰{p t¥ýp‰ {p Rz‹p‰ ëlyv p¥yóx ~¹a£yY ë{£~xY‰ ~¹a£yYõp‰»[‰ rƒ~¨{ ~qƒ£ Sn™Yy ƒ¥Ã ~ˆm£pxÃ. Ìrˆ ymxÃp‰ »[£~ˆ »vv Un³£px p¥yóx R¥Ü Rly »vv Un³£p»xˆ ~‹ù p¥yôv ~qƒ£ »~ˆp£p£xY ƒ¥Ãx. Wl¥p‰ ~‹f Ã. ñ. 3 Y‰ rvj [Œx ~ˆm£pxY v[ªzˆ vƒ£ ~v¨æ»xˆ »t¤Gf§ »~ˆ{xY‰ n R£yKu Yy R¥l. ýƒ£yx r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. Y£{p‰Ü~ˆ~ yclªv£ v¨ƒ¨ãvƒ£ ýƒ£yx R~zf »[£htf ýƒ£y vƒ£ »nŠýx ÷»[p ýl‰ ý{£ƒ {« t¨nŠo¹[z Rux u®ñx - Budhangala Sanctuary ~ˆm£px »z~ »vx ƒ¥q™p‰»N. »vƒŒ ý»|‰}l‰{x {p‰»p‰ |›² z¹Y£»N Ã~‹v ~ˆm£pxY n¥Ãx »p£ƒ¥Ã ~qYh rƒpõ. S`Œëx£[z »~ˆp£p£xY ~v¨æx R~z‹p‰ r‹fl‰{p Rrf Wõp‰ ~qYh rƒp‰{z ~l‰{ y¦r R¥Ü Rly Rz‹xYª r‹f ~‹Ñp RKr£y »n~f xp ý|£z {£ùv£[¡¡ R¥z X~ˆ»~ˆ RKr£yf R¥l‰»[£N{Yª [z‹p‰ »Y£f£ R¥Ü WYv ~qYh rƒp »vx r¥ñÚx ƒ¥Ãx. RKr£y Ruxu®ñx lª… RKr£y {¥{ R~z »N. »pûKvzY ƒ¥hxf [z‹p‰ »pz£ R¥Ü v[ªzˆ »r¤y¥{Y r‹ƒŒÑ crp‰ ~£v »»al³xx {p‰np£v£p Ãúv »t£»ƒ¤ »n»np£ ý{£ƒ Yy R¥Ü Rly r~¨{ Wx »t¤é[yxY‰ Yz »np£»[‰ ~‹ùlx. RKr£y p[y»xp‰ r‹fl‰{p Rrf Ã. ò. t{ ~qƒp‰ »N. Tf r~¨{ ƒv¨{p »r£lªýzˆ p[y»xˆ ~‹f 4Y‰ rvj »[{£ t¨nŠo¹[z Ruxu®ñxf r¥ñÚx ƒ¥Ãx. Ã. ñ. 3Y‰ rvj ãùp‰ v¨ƒ¨ãvƒ£ ýƒ£yx r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. ýƒ£y 59 Lahugala National Park Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena vƒ£ »nŠýx »[£htf ~ˆm£px »z~ ~vƒy¥ ~zYp »vv ~¨p§ ý~¨p§ þ »[£~ˆ Üt¨Ú. ápf ~š]² n™x¨j©{Yf r£l² »{ñp‰ ~ˆ‰m£p»xˆ t¨ãyc£jp‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆ»[‰ ƒ£ ýƒ£yvƒ£ »nŠýx»[‰ ~‹x†v ýp£| {« ~¹a£yY t¹[z£ r±Ü~¹~ˆYyjx Yy R¥Ü ƒ£ Y£{p‰Ü~ˆ~ yclªv£»[‰ x¥õ ~¥zÃx ƒ¥Ã r‹…‹v lªpY‰ Rly R£y¥[K»J r£zv Sp‰nŸx ycx ý~‹p‰ ~£à ëv YynŸ ~ƒŒl pfw¨p‰ þ [Œx ~ˆm£pxY‰ r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. »vƒŒ Yªh£ R¥l. rp‰~zY‰ R¥Ü Rly »vv r±»nŠ|»xˆ RûÜp‰ Yz Y¥ÚK{znŸ ƒv¨{« r¥yÚ »[£hp¥[Œz‹{z pfw¨p‰ ~ƒ RûÜp‰ Sn™Yz R£y¥[K»J r±»nŠ|xfv ~Ktp‰o {« r±»nŠ|xà Uzˆz, t¨ãr‹z‹v ~ƒ ýƒ£y vƒ£»nŠýx»[‰ r‹…‹v n áÃx ƒ¥Ãx. ëz£»Nz‹, r£~‹Yªh£ ƒ¥y¥j© ýf ~¹a£yYõp‰f v¨ƒ¨n™p‰ n™x p¦v ~qƒ£ Sl£vl‰ ~¨ã~¨ ~ˆm£pxY‰ {p Uzˆz r±»nŠ|x R£y¥[K»J ~¹a£yY ry£nŸ~‹xY‰ þv - ArugamBay ~¹a£yYõp‰ r±‹xYyp “~ˆM‡‹p‰” (Surfi ng) cz IJh£{ ~qƒ£ Tourist Paradise c£l³p‰ly {|»xp‰ r±~‹nŠéxf rl‰ þ R¥Ü Rly c£l³p‰ly “~ˆM‡‹p‰” ly` r{l‰{p ~ˆm£pxY‰ t{f rl‰ { R¥l. Sp‰ r‹fl‰{p Rrf áÃx ƒ¥Y‰»Y‰ |›² z¹Y£»N n¥Ãx ƒ¥Ã Rz¹Y£yv ~ˆm£pxY‰ {p R£y¥[K»J r±»nŠ|xõ. »vv Uzˆ»zp‰ r‹fl‰{p Rrf 1818 U°{ Y¥÷zˆ»zp‰ r~¨t¥~[Œx r±»nŠ|x r~¨[Œx ~¨p£ñxf ýp£| þ [Œ»xˆx. SÜù {«»xˆ ý»|‰} r‹ù~ˆ rn™¹Ç{ ~‹Ñp r£pv r±»nŠ|x ƒv¨»N. »vƒŒ R{§y¥ã rl£ Y£Mx tzY£x ý~‹p‰ ëvYy Üt¬ t¨nŠo r±²Üv£ {ƒp‰»~ˆ ~ƒ t¥Üvlªp‰ r«c£ r{l‰{p r§y£j rl‰Üë »nŠ{£zxY‰ R¥l. R£y¥[K»J ~¹a£yY ë{£~x rvÚ. (»vx ápf ý»|‰} ~¨p£ñxf »ryn™p R»xYª r£pv [v r§y£»[£~ˆ r~¨¨n™p v¨ƒ¨n Y£Mx tzY£»xˆ Wv r±»nŠ|»xˆ r±o£ëx£»[‰ v¬z~ˆm£pxõ.) y†{p t¥ýp‰ r±»N|»vp‰ ~‹Ñp »z~ np‰{£ R¥l. r~¨n™p p¥»[pƒŒy r±»nŠ|x ýp£| Yz ~¨p£ñ»xp‰ r£pv cpl£{ ~¨yr§yxY‰»~ˆ r¥{Ü R£y¥[K»J r±»nŠ|»xˆ r‹ƒŒÑ ~‹x†v »Jú R¥l. [Kv¨p‰ ý|‰{£~ Yyp‰»p‰ rl‰Üë »nýxp‰ ë~£ ~¹a£yY ë{£~xp‰ ~ƒ R£y¥[K»J xYh r£zv Y¥Ö R¥tú X{§p‰ »Jy¥j t{Ã. r£pv ~‹f [vp‰

Arugam Bay [p‰p£ Rrf òz`f ƒv¨{p {¥n[l‰ ~ˆm£px Yªh¨Kï[z l»r¤{pxõ. »vx Ruxu®ñxY‰ {p Rly r§y£j»xˆ yƒlp‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆz£ {¥h ý~¬ ~‰m£pxÃ. ápf R£yj³{£~š uŒY‰}§p‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆz£ {¥h ~‹Ñ. |›² z¹Y£»N n~ »n~‹p‰ r¥ñj »t°nŠoxp‰ n™prl£ àpv£p r‹¹YK Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena »vv ~ˆm£p»xˆ r{l‰{p§ ztõ. l²~ˆl²{£nŸ ~v»xˆ ëyp‰ly r¥yÚ »r£zˆ[~ˆ n™~ˆ»N. R{§y¥ã ~‹xxYf RéY Y£zxY‰ l£hp ršhp{zf »[£ãy¥ {¨{ n uŒY‰}§p‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆz£ »vv »vƒŒ rn™¹Ç{ ~‹Ñ Yªvp [K {¥~‹xp‰f l²~ˆl²{£nŸp‰ ë~£ ~ˆm£px R£yY‰}£ Y…ƒ. Yªh¨Kï[z R£yj³ »~ˆp£~p»xˆ »p£»xYªl‰ ƒ‹¹~£ ršh£{p‰f v¨ƒ¨j nŸvf ~‹ã{« ë~£ ycx [zˆ»zp‰{z ~ƒ YªÑ{z u£{p£»x¤[›{ uŒY‰}§p‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆz£ ý~‹p‰ X{§p‰ S{l‰ Yyp zã{ ápf X{§p‰ vƒ{¥z‹ Yz£r»xˆ Ì{l‰ {¥h ~‹Ñp Rly, »vv rM{l v¨ã»p‰ r§y£j à[¥J n R¥l. »N. X{§p‰f ~‹ã{« »nŠv Yªvp Yªy¥† r£y£nŸ~»xˆ rY‰}šp‰fn ~‹ã{§ t¥ýp‰ ápf Wv r±»nŠ|»xˆ Ì{l‰ {« rY‰}šp‰ n |›² z¹Y£»N ~¦v »vv ~ˆm£px r~¨Yy»[p xpýf XYq Yly[v »nŠ{£zx r±»nŠ|xYv r£»ƒ‰ ~¨†»{p‰ »ƒ¤ áÃx ƒ¥Ãx. l²~ˆl{£nŸ ƒv¨»N. {M}xY‰ r£~£ Yly[v »nýxp‰ {¥n r§à[p‰pf r±|‰px ëy£Yyjx þv ë~£ ápf Wv r±»nŠ|x xm£ t¥Üvlªp‰ r£ [vëp‰ [vp‰ Yyp v£M[»xƒŒ »vx r‹ƒŒf£ ll‰l‰{xf rl‰ »{ñp‰ r¥{Ýv ~lªff Yy¥jÃ. R¥l. Sp‰n™x£»N ~‹f z¹Y£{f Xy¥{Ãp‰ r¥ñj Yly[v »nýxp‰ »[£ht¥~ˆ»~ˆ »vv ~‰m£pxfx. »nýxp‰ r¥ñÚ Yªvp Yªy¥† ry£nŸ~»xˆ ~‹f Ã. ò. 3Y‰ rvj [Œxl¥p x£z yp‰ Xy¥»N ñë~¨p‰ ý~‹p‰ yl²£¹ Yh£»[p xp t¥ýp‰ Wv c£ÜY Un³£px ƒ£ Yªvp c£ÜY Un³£px »{p‰Yyp v£õv Xy¥{ [zˆYz t{n, Wv ~ˆm£p»xˆ »nŠ{£zxY‰ ~¦ã t{n, »vv {p Yªw¨Y‰Yp‰ Xx ƒv¨»N. A R~z Yªh£ Y¥ïz‹l‰l pñp‰ ~ˆm£px Sl£vl‰ ƒ£~ˆYK R¥Ü ~ˆm£pxY‰ t{ n, »K ë~£ ƒ¼ãp‰{p Yly[v »nýxp‰»[‰ ƒ£ rl‰Üë »nýxp‰»[‰ »nýxp‰f u£yƒ£y {p t{n, lvp‰ ~‹lª{ r¥lª{ »nŠ S}ˆg{p »nŠ{£zxY‰ xõ ~qƒp‰ {p Yªh£ Y¥ïz‹l‰l ƒv¨»N. t{ n ñë~¨p‰»[‰ ý|‰{£~xõ. t¥Üvlªp‰»[‰ r¬»c¤rƒ£y{zf (u£yƒ£y{zf) zY‰{p »vv ~ˆm£px n ƒ£~ˆYK R¥Ü ~ˆm£pxY‰ »z~ ~zYp§ ztõ. Wl¥p‰ Yªvp c£ÜY Un³£px - Kumana National Park ~‹f Ã. ò. 52Y‰ rvj [Œxl¥p t¥Üvlªp‰ uY‰l³£ny»xp‰ r§np§ ztp ápf Yly[v »nýxp‰ Ì{v£p{ {¥h ~‹Ñp »vv ~ˆm£px r~¨ Yyp ýf Yªvp c£ÜY Un³£pxf ~ˆm£px »z~ ~zYp vƒ£ Y¥ïz‹l‰l »nŠ{£zx Yªw¨Y‰Yp‰ R¥lª†ýx ƒ¥Ãx. »vx 1970.01.20 |›² z¹Y£ cpyc»xˆ [¥~G Xx R~th r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. ë»NnpxY‰ v[Œp‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰Yy R¥l. |›² z¹Y£»NnŸ áÃx ƒ¥Ã ~¦v {p ~lYªv Kumana National Park r£»ƒ‰ »vv c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆnŸ áÃx ƒ¥Ãx. »vƒŒ ý»|‰} l‰{x {p‰»p‰ »z¤Y r±Yf Yªy¥† r£y£nŸ~x »K lª… r‹ƒŒf£ Üðvõ. ~¹a£yY ~v»xˆnŸ »z¤Y»xˆ ~¦v yfÃp‰v r¥ñ»jp ýýo {M[»xˆ rY‰}šp‰ p¥yóx ƒ¥Ã »vv ~ˆm£p»xˆ rY‰}šp‰ p¥yôv ~qƒ£ Rz¹Y£y RGf£zxY‰ »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ý~‹p‰ Sn™Yy R¥l. Yªvp ýzˆû»{ƒŒ r{l‰p£ r£ù~ùY {Ñp£Yv »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ 2010.10.29 n™p »vx yK~£ (Ramsar) »ll‰ ïvY‰ »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yyp znŸ.

»K ë~£ rù~yx pywp Rrf 1818 U°{ Y¥÷zˆ»zp‰ r~¨{, r~¨ t¥~ R£ ñë~¨p‰ rn™¹Ç {« Yªvp [Kv£p»xˆ Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena

K. A. AmarathungaŒ‘‹‡†–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ‹ͳͻ͹Ͷƒ•ƒ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ‰‡”Ǥ ͳͻͻͲŠ‡„‡ ƒ‡ƒ ••‹•–ƒ–‹”‡ –‘”ˆ‘”ƒ•–‡”‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‡ƒ‰‘Ǥ ‡”‡–‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ʹͲͲ͵Ǥ—”‹‰Š‹••‡”˜‹ ‡’‡”‹‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡•‡”˜‡† ˆ‘”‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”•ƒ•ƒ”ƒ”†‡Ǥ—””‡–Ž›Š‡™‘”•‘ƒ„‘‘‘̶‹Ž’ƒ––—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡ ƒ„‡ ‘–ƒ –‡†‘ͲͲͻͶȋͲȌ͵͵ʹʹͻͲ͸ͷͷǤ

61

Red - Wattled Lapwing (Venellus indicus) Sri Jayawardenapura Sanctury »n£»…£~ˆ {~Ãp‰ vzˆ r‹ä »pû v»zˆ (Strobilanthes spp.) Yl£{ R£M. WK. R£M. ëzp‰Ü y£crY‰}

The Story of the 'Nelu' Flower Blooming After a Period of Twelve Years R. M. R. Nilanthi Rajapakshe

»ƒ¤Mfp‰ l¥p‰»p‰ »pü r‹ršv {£Ml£ þv - Records of »pû ý»|‰}xY‰ 2000 {~»MnŸ ùÑ[z r±»nŠ|x R£|›²l{ Blooming ‘Nelu’ fl owers in Horton Plains {£Ml£ þ R¥l. »v{y »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ ~¹a£yY r±»nŠ|»xˆnŸ »pü ý»|‰} 6 Y‰ rƒ~¨»{p‰ tz£ [l ƒ¥Ãx. |›² z¹Y£{ lª… r‹ƒŒf£ R¥Ü c£ÜY yY‰}‹l ƒ£ Ruxu®ñ r±»nŠ| Rlªùp‰ RÜ|x ~¹ÄMj »»c{ ýýol‰{xY‰ R¥Ü ýn³£l‰vY p£vx c£ÜY ~¹yY‰}j R£»NÚY »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£pxf Rz¹Y£y t{ RÜp‰ ll‰{x ý»|‰} ƒŒñ{p§»xˆ ~¨ý»|‰}‹ ~ˆm£pxÃ. W»vp‰v »ƒY‰fx£y Strobilanthes diandra (Nees) Alston lMcpxf R£~p‰p R£»NÚY 3,160 Y‰ r§y£ r¥Üy R¥Ü z¹Y£»N {¥Õv U~Ãp‰ r‹ƒŒÑ Strobilanthes pulcherrima T. Anders R{àpx Rh¨ R£»NÚY (2,300m) ý|£zlv l¥p‰p n »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p »N. Strobilanthes calycina Nees R{àpx Rh¨ R£»NÚY RÝl»xˆ “»nýxp‰»[‰ Yª~¨K Uxp” »z~ pK ny£ R¥Ü Strobilanthes hookeri Nees R{àpx Rh¨ R£»NÚY »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£px {Mlv£p»xˆ {§{n Wv Strobilanthes viscose (Arn. Ex Nees) R{àpx Rh¨ R£»NÚY p£vx xm£MmxY‰ t{f rl‰Yyñp‰ 2013 R[u£[»xˆnŸ {~y Strobilanthes sexennis (Nees) T. Andrs R{àpx Rh¨ - »n£…ƒYf r~¨{ »pû vzˆ r‹rš vzˆ {l‰lY ~‹ù»[p R¥l. R{§y¥nŠn r§y£v »pû |£Y{z Rlùp‰ rly vzˆ ƒf [l‰l n, »pû Ì{p aY²x - Life-Cycle of the ‘Nelu’ »v»~ˆ »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ {p£p‰ly{z R~ˆ~Y‰ v¨zˆzY‰ p¦y »pû vzˆ r‹r§j {£yx, RÜ|õp‰ ãMzu ƒ£ avl‰Y£y cpY »pû »~p‰Ñòfy ÃŒrxY‰ U~ r¥…¦Ñ, òfM 2-3 U~ r¼ãy¥ nM|px, WpK »pû {~p‰lx r¥ñj R¥l‰»l‰ 2001 {M} ~ƒ »~p‰ÑòfM 6-7 Y Yq ý}ˆYKuxY‰ ~ƒŒl òfM 8Y‰ xf r~¨{ 2013 {M}»xˆnŸx. ï²l£p³ c£ÜY Thomas Farr rvj U~ [~ˆ »z~ {Mopx {p Rly, Rlª R[ r§}ˆr »[‰ Ro³xpxp‰f Rp§{ 1881 {M}»x‰nŸ »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ v¹cùxY vzˆ ƒf [ì. W»vp‰v »pû WY‰ WY‰ ý»|‰}xp‰ƒŒ »pû vzˆ r‹r§j {£yxY‰ r…v¨ {yf {£Ml£ þ R¥l. W»~ˆv vzˆ ƒf[¥ìv n {~y 03,04,06 »ƒ¤ 12 R£nŸ {|»xp‰ »{p~ˆ {~y 12 p‰ 12f »pü vzˆ r‹ršv r‹…‹tq{ Xƒ¨ Ro³xpx Yy »N. »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ ƒv¨{p »pû ý»|‰} ÃŒrxYv vzˆ R¥Ü Rly 2013 nŸ »pü vzˆ {£yx r§»y¤Ympx Yy R¥l. r«n™p‰»p‰ {~y 12 Yf {yÃ. Wvë~£ »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ »pû {~p‰lx W…‹áY‰»{p‰»p‰ {~y 12 Yf {yÃ. »pû |£Y{z »pû 'R¥Y¥p‰»l‰~‹»xˆ' Yªz»xˆ '~ˆ»f±£ïz¥p‰l~ˆ' [jxf Ìýl Y£zx lª… WY {yY‰ rvjY‰ vzˆ ƒf[ì. |£Y»xˆ Rxl‰ þv - The ‘Nelu’ Plant Belongs to Genus – {Mopx, vzˆ ƒf [¥ìv, ðc {³£r‰Üx ƒ£ »pû r¥…¦Ñ R¥Üþv ‘Strobilanthes’ of ‘Acanthaceae’ Family aY²xY‰ R£Y£y»xp‰ ~‹ã»N. vzˆ ƒf [¥pš»vp‰ Rplªy¥{ ðc l¥p‰p r§y£ ý~¨y¥{£ ƒùñp‰ r¥yÚ »pû |£Y ñx xp Rly, »pü |£Yx Rxl‰ {p‰»p‰ R¥Y¥p‰»l‰~‹»xˆ Yªzx (FAMILY ýxz‹ »pû »Y£‰f« ~¨…[Œp‰ {p£p‰lyx vlªr‹f R¥n {¥»G. - ACANTHACEAE) xf»l‰ [¥»pp ~ˆ»f²£ïz¥p‰l~ˆ R†l‰ »pû r¥z ƒf[¥ìv nY‰{£ Y£zx lª… xÑ»y¤rj»xˆ [jxfx »vx |›² z¹Y£»N (GENUS - Strobilanthes). »Y¤z‹x£~ˆ (Coleus spp.) ~ƒ Y®hû (Impatiens spp.) {£Ml£{p ý|£zlv |£Y [j Rlªùp‰ WYÃ. ýýo {¥ë ý»|‰} {Mopx þ A{£»xˆ Ìýl Y£zx ~Kr«Mj Yy {Mjxp‰»[p‰ vz‰ ƒf[p‰p£ »pû |£Y ý»|‰} 300 Y‰ rvj R£~‹x£ÜY yf{zˆ ƒŒ {³£rˆl{ R¥Ü Rly Wõp‰ ƒù RhYfl‰ {¥Õ [jpY‰ Sp‰n™x£p§ Urvƒ£nŠþrx R£|›²l{ ,f;fl;Liu ,yq;if N`hHl;ld; ~šv£ þ Ü»J. »pû ý»|‰} 31 Y‰ z¹Y£»{p‰ {£Ml£þ R¥Ü rkntspapy; ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd;G Rly Sp‰ ý»|‰} 26Y‰ »vyff R£»NÚY x. »pû ý»|‰} kyHe;j neY kyiug; gw;wpajhFk;. Rkhu; MWtifahd neYkyHfs; ,yq;ifapy; 08Y‰ »ƒ£‰Mfp‰l¥p‰»pp‰ »~£x£»[p R¥Ü Rly, Sp‰ ý»|‰} fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpypUe;J 07Y‰ R£»NÚY t{f {£Ml£ þ R¥l. |›² z¹Y£{f R£»NÚY xUtifahd neYkyuhdJ Njrpa ghJfhg;G epiyaj;jpd; fUj;jpw;fpzq;f mUfptUk; Strobilanthes calycina Nees epiyapy; cs;sjhf mr;RWj;jg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> ,f;fl;Liuapy; ,jd; tho;f;iftl;lk;>tpyq;F jhtuq;fSf;fpilNaahd nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa cWjpahd Mjhuq;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;NjhL> neYkyH tsHtjw;F kiy cr;rpapd; tfpgq;F> G+ G+f;Fk; gUtk;> N`hHl;ld; rkntspfspy; neYkyu; tsUk; gFjpfs; vd;gd ,jpy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena ƒ¨»nYz£ t{, RéY Up‰pl£¹|x ~ƒ u®»[¤zšx ~£oY »pü |£Yxf ƒŒlYy {p Rly R£»NÚY »pû ý»|‰} {£Ml£þvf »ƒ‰lª{Y‰ {p‰pf R¥l. òf Rvly{ pYzˆ~ˆ Y¼ã{¥Ñx, ùÑ[z, z»Y‰[z, ƒ¨p‰p~ˆ[Œùx, Y†ly yp‰{zY¥»zˆ, ~šl£Wz‹x, ƒ[‰‰[z, áÕ yY‰}‹lx xp ~ˆm£p{z »pû {£Ml£ þ R¥l. 1845 nŸ z¹Y£{f r¥ñÚ Strobilanthes diandra (Nees) Alston Samuel Baker ý~‹p‰ yÇl “The Rifl e and Hound in Y¯Ü»xˆ »pü |£Yx »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ {£Ml£{p [ì. R†Üp‰ »pû r¥… l¥p‰p r§y£ {Mopx {p Y£zxf Ceylon” t{ ~qƒp‰{ R¥l. ý~‹p‰ yÇl »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ v¨† xÑ »y¤rjxv »Y£… r£f r…~Y‰ Ernst Haeckel “A Visit Y¯Ü»xˆ z‹r‹»xˆ R¥Üy¥{£Y‰ »vp‰ ~ˆ{y¦rxY‰ áY[l ƒ¥Ãx. to Ceylon” “At The World’s End” »ƒ£‰Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ tƒ¨z{ {zˆ Rz‹ [¥{~¨p t{l‰ X{§p‰ »pü R£ƒ£yxf [p‰pf Sl£vl‰ r‹²xY… t{l‰ ~qƒp‰ »N. »pû |£Y-~l‰{ ~tql£{xf ~Ktp‰o þv - ‘Nelu’ – Firm Evidence of Animal-Plant Interaction

»pû |£Yx |£Y-~l‰l‰{ ~tql£{x r{l‰{£»[p xp Yn™v ~£Y‰}‹xÃ. »pû vzˆ{z vo¨ »Y¤}»xp‰ r¥Ú Uy£ðv ~qƒ£ twy¥p‰ (Apis dorsata), ò v¥~ˆ~p‰ (Apis cerana) r¥ñ»j‰. ry£[jx ~‹ã{p‰»p‰ »v»~ˆ r¥Ú Uy£ðvf r¥ñ»jp »vv Y¯òp‰»[p‹. l{n, {z‹ YªYª…£ (Jungle fowl) »pû R¥f Y¦vf Sl£vl‰ y¥ÇYl‰{xY‰ nY‰{p Rly, »pû R¥f R£ƒ£yxf [l‰ r~¨ {z‹ YªYª…p‰ ~‹ƒŒ vq ~‰{u£{xYf rl‰{p R~ˆ{£u£ýY R£Y£yxf ƒ¥hzšvf rfp‰ [ì. Wýf {z‹ YªYª…p‰ v£¹| uY‰}Y rY‰}šp‰ {p Y† UYª~ˆ~£ (Ictinoetus malayensis), Y¼ãYy »Y£j‰h UYª~ˆ~£ (Spizaetus nipalensis) ~ƒ Uy¥z¦{£ (Civet cat), {zˆ t…z£ (Wild cat) {¥p‰pp‰»[‰ »[£ãy¥ t{f rl‰»N. rù~y rnŠoÜ»xˆ ~vlªz‹ll£{x r{l‰{£»[p x£v ~qƒ£ »vv òx£{z‹x S{ƒzˆ »N. »pû {~p‰lxl‰ ~v` rƒl‰ ïK{z ~‹f Y¼ãYy {p£p‰ly nY‰{£ yf Ru³p‰ly»xˆ rY‰}‹ rMxfp òx£{z‹xY‰ n ~‹ã»N.

»pü r‹»rp Sƒz Y¼ãYy r±»nŠ| - Mountains Provide the Ideal Habitat for the ‘Nelu’ Plant

»pû Sƒ… Y¼ãYy r±»nŠ|{z {Mopx {p xÑ»y¤rjx ë»x¤cpx Yyp |£YxÃ. »ƒ£Mfp‰l¥p‰p {p£p‰ly{z Strobilanthes pulcherrima T.Anders Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena xÑ»y¤rj»xˆ r±v¨Z ~£v£ËYx£ »pü {p Rly, ]p »ƒ¤Mfp‰ l¥p‰»p‰ »pü r‹rš r±»nŠ| - ' xÑ»y¤rjxY‰ ~ˆm£r‹l Yy»[p R¥l. »ƒ£‰Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ Nelu' Blooming Areas in Hortons Plains 2,135mm ~£v£p³ {M}£rlpxY‰ R¥Ü{ {~y r§y£{fv {³£rˆl {« {M}£rlpx, 14.7 0 C ~£v£p³ U}ˆjl‰{x, rGÑ»r£z Un³£p r‹ý~¨v R£~p‰p»xˆ ~‹f r±o£p v£M[x »nr~ {p£p‰ly r±»nŠ|»xˆl‰, Xƒ‹x Un³£p r‹ý~¨v R£~p‰p»xˆ ~‹f v£M[x »nr~ {p£p‰ly r±»nŠ|»xˆl‰, »l£f§»r£… Yp‰»nŠ, Ãù[zˆ»r£l‰l Yp‰»nŠ ~ƒ »JYM~ˆ R¥zˆz R£|Œ²l {p£p‰ly r±»nŠ|»xˆl‰ WYv x£xYf Y¼ãv¨ãp‰ {~£»[p r‹rš R¥Ü »pûvzˆ »[£v¨ {¥Õr§y áY[l ƒ¥Ãx. nK, ëzf ƒ¨y¥ z£nK/»y¤~, Yƒ ~ƒ ~¨ã {Mjxp‰»[p‰ x¨l‰ »pû ý»|‰} 06Y‰ áY ƒ¼ãp£[l ƒ¥Ãx. »K Rlùp‰ nKr£f vzˆ »[£v¨ {¥Õr§y R¥Ü Rly, Wv ý»|‰}»xˆ v¹cù RY‰}x n ylf ƒ¨y¥ nKr£Ñp‰ {Mj{l‰ þ R¥Ü ë~£ ~v~ˆmxY‰ {|»xp‰ [l‰ Y… nKr£f S~ˆvlª þ R¥l. 65

Strobilanthes hookeri Nees Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena Spotted Deer (Axis axis) Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena Sƒ…f z‹xz£ {¥Övf R{~ˆm£{ Uà»N. …rÑ »pû |£Y »[£‰p§p‰»[‰ r‹±xlv R£ƒ£yxY‰ »N. »ƒ£q »[£‰p§p‰ [ƒjxY‰ ~‹Òv n™ýxp‰»[‰ [ƒjx {¥Õþv »Y»yƒŒ tzr£õ. l{n »pû |£Y{z {¥h¨j© Y£|‰Óx Rlª ny {|»xp‰ u£ýl£ Ãú»K ƒ¥Ãx£{ R¥ll‰ |£Y Yr£ S{l‰Ãúv »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ Wv r±»nŠ| R£|Œ²l{ R£Y²vj|›zš |£Y {Mopx »pû {³£rˆÜxf lMcpxY‰ {p Rly R£»NÚY »pû ý»|‰} 04Y‰ {qþ»K lMcpxf v¨ƒ¨j r£ ~‹Ò. Strobilanthes sexennis (Nees) T.Andrs {p ~l‰{ ƒ£ {¯Y‰}zl£ R£yY‰}Y R£e£ rpl xf»l‰ 42 »pû {~p‰l Y£zx - Blooming Season for the {¥ë {[p‰Üxf Rp§{ »pû ý»|‰} 09 Y‰ R£yY‰}‹l |£Y 'Nelu' Flower »z~ ƒ¼ãp£»[p R¥l. »K Rp§{ tzp Yz »pû r§}ˆrx {Mlv£p ryr§y ý~‹p‰ R£yY‰}£ Yy Rp£[l ryr§y »{l »vÄ »pû {~p‰lx XY‰»l¤tM ~ƒ »p£{¥KtM »nv£~x u£y Yyp‰pf z¥t¨j© Rñz ~ˆ{u£{ ~KrlY‰ »z~ ~¥zÃx r§y£{fv r{Üñp‰ »ƒ£Mfp‰l¥p‰»p‰ ~¨p‰nyl‰{x ƒ¥Ãx. l{l‰ Xr p¥¹þx. ~¹a£yY R£YM|px Sƒ… áK»Kx. r~¨[Œx {~»M XY‰»l¤tM, »p£{¥KtM »nv£~x ~v` ~~np ýf »ƒ£Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£px p¥yóvf r¥ñÚ, »nŠ|Œx, ý»nŠ|›x ~¹a£yYõp‰»[‰ ~¹Z³£{ 2013 {~»M Wv »nv£~x lª…nŸ 11,552 Ãp‰ Sƒ… »[£~ˆ R¥l. R£|‰aMxx {p‰»p‰ 2012 »p£{¥KtM v£~»xˆnŸ 5,540 Y‰{ r¥{Ü »nŠ|›x ~¹a£yYx‹p‰»[‰ ~¹Z³£{ »v{y »p£{¥KtM v£~»xˆnŸ 12,674 Y‰ »z~ »n[ªjxYfl‰ {h£ {¥Õ Strobilanthes viscose (Arn. Ex Nees)-White Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena R[xÃp‰ Sƒ… x£võ. rù|›zp [²p‰m - References »pû {q þ»K lMcpxf Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena v¨ƒ¨j r£ ~‹Ò - Dassanayaka, M. D., Clayton W.D., (1988), Flora of Ceylon Volume xii, Strobilanthes viscose (Arn. Ex Nees)- New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Light Purple Endangered 'Nelu' Species Ernst Hackle, (1995), A Visit to Ceylon, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi

»pû |£Y»xˆ Ìýl Y£zx lª… WY‰ {yY‰ vzˆ ƒf [¥ìv Gunatilleke, S.V.S., (1996), A Nature Guide to the World’s End Trail; ~‹ãþ Sp‰‰ Rplªy¥{ Wv |£Y ñx x£v »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ WY‰ {yv Horton Plains, Science Education Unit, Sri Lanka: University of {p£p‰lyx xÑ {[£»{p‰ »l£y p[‰p ~ˆ{y¦rxY‰ »[p Peradeniya. ~ˆÞy xÑ»y¤rjxY t£o£ R¥Ü Ãú»vp‰‰, {p£p‰ly»xˆ zY‰v£zˆ r±~p‰p ý»Fyl‰p, (2004), R~‹ùvl‰ »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p, »Y£…w 10: ~vx{Mop lªy¥ »[£v¨{ ~£np nw, Äp, ñƒŒùx R£n™»xˆ …rÑ |£Y{zf r±Y£|Y»x¤.

Nilanthi Rajapakshe‹•ƒƒƒ‰‡‡– ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡••‹•–ƒ–ƒ––Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹ƒƒ •‹ ‡ʹͲͲͷǤŠ‡Šƒ•„‡‡’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹”‹ƒƒƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –•‘ˆ™‹Ž†”‹ ‡ƒ†ƒ‰”‘˜‡•ǤŠ‡ ™ƒ••‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–”‡••‡•’‘•‹˜‡Žƒ–• ‡‡•ƒ––Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–‡”ˆ‘” ‡‡–‹  ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†‹‘‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹‡™‡ŽŠ‹‹ †‹ƒ‹ʹͲͲͶǤŠ‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒ••‹•–ƒ–Ž‡ –—”‡ƒ––Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘–ƒ› ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ—Š—ƒ‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǤŠ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–‹Žƒ–Š‹̴”ƒŒƒ’ƒ•‡̷›ƒŠ‘‘Ǥ ‘Ǥ

67 |›² z¹Y£ ršlYp‰ »Y£j‰hx£ (Xf§p§ r…p‰ Yªv£yx£) ~qvzˆ y|‰ñ |›² t¨nŠéY Bird- Friends Who Awaken the Still Jungle. Crowned Prince – Sri Lankan Yellow-eared Bulbul Sandamal Rashmi Sri Buddhika {p£p‰lyxf l{l‰ n{~Y‰ !, “~¬Ñ r‹±»xˆ... v»[‰ ~¬Ñ r‹±»xˆ...”

~¨Ñl‰»lY‰ ƒŒy¥ Uà{Y‰ ~v`v R{n™ þ lv r‹±x£ýx Rvlõ. WÄ »r±ˆvÛx R¥yx¨vf r±l‹p£nx ltñp‰ ~¨Ñl‰l£ »[‰ …t¥q™x A R~… Äp [»~ƒŒ Rlªrly Rl¥»M ƒŒq™ñp‰v l¥p‰p ~‹~£y£ ýryñp‰ tzõ.

Y‰}‹Üc Sv»lY‰ ëzˆ rz~Y‰ R¥Üy¥{Y‰ ƒ£ ~v¥{ r¥Üy¥j© lj ï~ˆ~ vl z¥[ Uz£Yp ~£-»[¤p y¹a§ n ýryK Yp‰ R¥Ü{ r~¨»{Ü. lj rl‰ t¨n™p£ »[¤p y¹a§»N ýryñp‰ r~¨ {« »[¤pYª»[‰ “fp‰” [¦vl‰ ~v`v »~~¨ r‹ù~n lj r‹Ñ»xˆ ~‹fv {p£l »n~ tzñp‰ WY »r£n™xf [ªz‹ »{l‹. RplªyY »~ˆx£{Y‰ »pl »p£[¥f§pn, ƒv£ Wp ~¨…`f v¨~¨ {« Yªõzx r{~p§»xˆ lv ~p§ƒyxf ýp YÑp Y{»yYª »ƒ¤ {p£»l‰ ~¥`þ lvp‰ »{l Yªy¥v£jv Rzˆzp t{Ã. Wv ë~£ »{p‰»n¤ p£xY »[£‰p£-»[‰ »n{p “fp‰” [¦vf R{pl {« ~¥»{£v …v£-…rÑxp‰ v¥n™ »Y£f »[pv ƒëƒëYf ý{¯l »nñp‰ »Y£Ñ y£…ƒ£ñ {p£l »n~f rzˆzK t~‹ñp‰ ~‹Ñõ. lj r‹Ñ»xp‰ S{l‰þ R£{yjx ~ƒŒl y¥Y‰ »[£v¨{Yf SëY‰ïÜ»xp‰ ~ˆ{Äx ny¥-v¨j©r§yp‰ »ryáù{ [c[£ {¥ãÚ. {p‰pv ~‹ƒ‹rl‰ Yyp£ [vp‰ zl£»N r¥ñ»jp Rz‹- R¥l‰ rp‰Ýƒ¬, SYªl‰{ [Œx y£Ü²x r§y£{fv »[£ãy¥ ïKƒŒ A ƒ£ ~v`v {p£l »n~‹p‰ p¥[š R£ “»[yþ»K” ƒk ëƒk ~yñp‰ r§y{£[l‰ th»[Õ n™x »r£nY‹p‰ n ~¹lMrpx {p »rl R{n™ Yyp‰pY‰v ýx. »v»lY‰ »{z£ [~ˆv¨ãp‰{z Yy [¥ìvf ~¥v ý»fYnŸv {[ tz£ [ëÜ. vp‰nxl‰ {p Sƒz Rlª-SÜ vl »Y£… Rlª»M ~¥`{ ~‹Ñ {p£p‰ly»xˆ Rz‹p‰»[‰ Ì{p yf£{ ƒ£ ~v` czx n, ëyp‰ly{v t¥qŸ Xl‰lªYy¥»{¤ »~ˆ r±Yf {¼ã»y¤ Sp‰ v¦l‰ »{ñp‰ lv “t¨Yª”..... r{Üõ. {p£p‰ly»xˆ v¹ »rl‰ lpp‰pp‰ {p, Rz‹-R¥lªp‰ “t¨Yª” ƒ¾Õp‰ Rp‰ly£»xˆ rÚ{§hx {p£p‰lyx r§y£{fv ý~‹p‰ [vp‰ [p‰p£ ~‹xû v¹»rl‰ R{~p‰ {p‰»p‰n n™x÷q™ R¥»~p‰pf Y¦ [¥~¨ƒ. WÄ rÚ{§hx Yp {¥»fp {p{¥~‹»x¤ ~ˆm£pxp‰ »Y‰p‰æ Yy[ëñp‰ x. »vl¥p‰ rfp‰ ýv~‹zˆ»zp‰ r~¨»{p§ R¥l. vp‰nxl‰ “tz{l£f ãtzx£ xfl‰x” xp {p£p‰ly»xˆ úÜxf »K ~¥»{£v xfl‰ ƒŒy¥ lv y£cY£ùx Rywp ƒŒñn™ù Uâ~pnŸl‰ lv y£cY£ùx »{Ü. R{~p‰ Yyp£ »[£Kvp‰ ~¥â ~v»xˆnŸl‰ Xƒ¨ Sf§ Y… Rp`Œ

SYªl‰ y£Ü²x r§y£{fv ù~‹ nhxvÃp‰ lv Yª~ r§y{£ [l »v»ƒ{y R[xp§{~ˆ lªÜ [›xY‰ [x£ r±|¹~£ Ãúvf {p{£~š »p£ƒš »Y¤r»xp‰ r~¨{« »Y£Ñx£ ƒ¨p‰ ~¥`{§K ~ˆm£p»xp‰ ~¥»{£v {[ tz£ [ëÜ. Rlª-SÜl‹ ~‹q‹ [Œx [~Y Sƒzv v¦l‰ þ R¥`v¦zš Yhñp‰ vnY‰ r~¨ýx. Rplªy¥{ n™x »r£nÃp‰ ~£-r{~ ë{£ [p‰p£ RÑ»xp‰ ï…£z Yªzxf Rxl‰ z¥~‹ [vëp‰, pv¨ã R{f r‹…‹tq{ ýryñp‰ n™x YÕl‰lf ,f;fl;Liuapy; ,yq;ifapy; kQ;rs; fhJs;s z¹ ýx. »r£…{f »p£á»pp »~ˆ r§ûp‰ »Y£Gf Rl‰-r£ Gy;Gy; gwitiag; gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> ,jpy; mg;gwitapd; kuG top gw;wpa tpguq;fs;> lt£ n™x Yy£ …p‰ {« »ƒ‰ n™xf »p£á»pp‰pf lv n™{`Œp‰ tho;tplk;> Mz; ngz; jdpj;Jtj;jd;ik> r¥p‰ »l£…[£ñp‰v n™x r£px Y»…ˆx. Sq™p‰ »{»ƒ~Yy czTg;gof;fk;> cly; tbtikg;G> nghJthd {« n tz£»r£»y£l‰lª Yh {«n SYªl‰{ [Œx y£Ü²xf ~v¨ nŸ elj;ijKiwfs;> $Lfspd; cUthf;fk; R£{yjxY‰ »~£x£ x£ x¨lª{ R¥l. l{l‰ ~¨û »v£»ƒ£lÃp‰ Mfpad Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;NjhL> n™xl‰l RyY‰ [¥ìvf lvp‰ v` r¥ñ»jñp‰ ~‹Ñp t{f gwitapd; gz;GrhH tphpthf;fq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; np‰{p§ {~ˆ R{f {p£»lp‰ Rz‹ R¥lªp‰ Yª¹ap£nx Ryw£ Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;L Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. R¥Ü»~ˆx. Wt¥ýp‰ {p£p‰ly»xˆ ycny¥{p‰f ycnƒp u£y

68 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Rl‰lf þ “rš...»ƒ¤p‰” “rš...»ƒ¤p‰” ~ùp‰ »v£jy£l‰ “f¹” [£p£ »[¤p£l‰, “»Y¤N” [£p£ v¨{£l‰, “R¥`Œù r£p£” Yª…£l‰, S¹[›²~‹ pv - Yellow eared bulbul, “Yª¹ap£” r£p£ Rz‹x£l‰, »p‰Yýn Yªy¥û Y®cp»xp‰ [› [xp£ ýn³£l‰vY pv - Pycnonotus Penicillatus, ~‹»x£l‰ Y¥zl‰ R£nŸ {« ~‹xû {p ny¥»{¤ {¥N r‹Ñ, l¯j ïK Rxl‰ Yªzx - (‡õY‰»p£»p£Ñ»H) R£nŸ ý{¯l l¥p‰ƒŒ ~yñp‰ {p »rl Rz¹Y£y»xp‰ r§y{Ü. PYCNONOTIDAE »z~‹p‰ ƒ¼ãp‰{p§ ztp “»Y£j‰h” Yªzx, »~£t£nƒ»K Rr«M{l‰{»xp‰ Rp«p {« Rp`Œ ëv¥{§K {p[»l‰ R£»nŠ|Y pK - YƒYp‰ »Y£j‰hx£, [ªy¥ »Y£j‰hx£ 냥¾Õx£{ ƒ£ ~v` RÜpl‰ t¥q»[p ~¥[{ r{Ýx xp R£ƒ£y r§y¥ã - Eating Habits - r±o£p {|»xp‰ sz {[¡¡ ëMj£xYxv, {pÌþp‰ »[‰ ëƒk {l»[£l »Yt¼ãáõ t¨n™õ. Tf Rvly{ Yªh£ - Yªh£ Y¯ñ ý»|‰} n R£ƒ£y »Y£f xp‰p ýv~£ t¥zšvf ly»K Rr ~‹l‰ ëyp‰ly Yªlªƒz»xp‰ [ëõ. r§y{£zš»vƒŒz£ »{»~~ˆ l¥pY‰ [ëÜ. Yªy¥zˆz£ ~ƒ Ãùzˆz‹x »{p‰ »{p‰{ ƒãp£ [¥ìv - ~šlzf r‹±x Yyñp‰ »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‹lz£»N r«n™p yl‰vzˆ Distinguishing the Male and Female Bird |£Y»xˆ »zˆ r£f yl‰ r¥ƒ¥xl‰, {z£Yª† {p£p‰lyxYnŸ ëtq{v »pl [¥»fp ‘vƒ£y£{j£ ÷{§z’ pv¥Ü »rq »~p‰ÑòfM 18l‰ 21l‰ Rly {p |úy r±v£jxÃp‰ »ƒï r£~‹ ý»|‰}xl‰, {plªy¥rl‰ vl ~‹f “vv nëñ Wx”.... “vv Yªy¥zˆz£l‰ - Ãùzˆz‹xl‰ WY ƒ£ ~v£p »~ˆ ëúY‰}jx {«{n nëñ Wx” xp§»{p‰ r{~ñp‰»à ëƒk{v ƒŒ~ {pp£ ‘R¹- ëyp‰ly Ro³xpxp‰ lª…nŸ Yªy¥zˆz£ Ãùzˆz‹xf ~£»rˆY‰}{ Yf§~ˆ~£l‰’ xp ~¥»{£v ñƒŒãK »~{p¥z‹ Rly ~¥`þ, {O{l‰{ - Tf ~vy¦rš{ Ãùzˆz‹x R¼ãy¥ r£fÃp§l‰ »{p‰ r¥{~švf lpp {p»xˆ ƒk YªvY‰ n? »{p‰ {|»xp‰ ƒ¼ãp£[l ƒ¥Ãx. Wp‰p... {p»rl Xtf R¼h [~õ... {p»r»l‰ ~¥`{§j© |›² z¹Y£{ lª… rn™¹Ç ~ˆm£p - Habitats in Sri Lanka ~‹xzˆzv ý{yjx Yyp‰p... Wxv... Rnf »p£{, »ƒff »p£{, Rp£[lxf Xt SÜù Yy xp Rñz {« ~Krl‰ {p§ »ll‰ ~‹ƒ‹zˆ Y¼ãYy {p »rl‰ R¥~¨»ynŸ ~ˆ{Äx »»nëY R¥l. n{~¥ùx r{l‰{£ »[p x£vf {¥ÕvpY‰v r‹±xx. Wë~£ »{p‰v»n¤ vo³v Y¼ãYy»xˆ Sƒ… »Y£f~ˆ {z {¥Õ |›² z¹Y£{f R£»NÚY Yªy¥zˆzp‰ - Birds Endemic to {|»xp§l‰, Y¼ãYyxf tfƒŒy t¦{§»K r‹ƒŒf£ R¥Ü »ll‰ Sri Lanka Yz£ršx r±»nŠ| {z ãzu ]pl‰{xÃp§l‰ {£~x Yyõ. {p »rlY‰ rvjY‰v »p£{ lv {£~x ~qƒ£ òfM 1000f Sq™p‰ |Œ² z£¹»Y‰x Rpp³l£{»xˆ Yªy¥û ~zYªj© »~£x£ Sƒz Yz£r»xˆ |£Y {¥~ˆvY‹p‰ »ƒï »[{lª R£|Œ²l{ {«{n ~r¥ñÚ [v»p‰nŸ »~£x£ ápÃx£[l‰ {[lª[ »r…[¥~ˆþvf Ë{l‰ »N. ~¨zu òfM 1300f Sƒz r±»nŠ| R£|Œ²l{x. »vv Y£zx »v»~ˆ Wz¥ô R¥l. Rr yff R£»NÚY rY‰}‹p‰ 33 rY‰}šp‰ r‹…‹tq{ ëúY‰}jxf ~ƒ Ro³xpxp‰ ~qƒ£ »np£ r‹…‹tq{ ~¥Y»~p ý»|ˆ}£¹[ z‹r‹ v£z£»N r…v¨ Yhõv Yn™v ~ˆm£pxp‰ {|»xp‰ ƒr§l»zˆ, l¹[v»zˆ, ƒY‰[z, |›² z¹Y£ {l~¨ã |£ùY£{£»[‰ Ì{p llª 2012 {pÌþ Yz£rx [¥zˆ»{~ˆz¦p‰H, »ƒ¤Mfp‰ l¥p‰p, ~‹¹ƒy£cx R£nŸ {§ {p[l lªz‹p‰ ý{yjxY »x»nñp‰v r~¨ Y»…v¨. SëY‰ïÜ»xp‰ »K {p Ìþ yY‰}šlxp‰ r±Yfx. Uà þ R¥l‰»l‰ WÄ a£ùY£»N »n{p Yhõv r~¨ Ãúvfx. vv A ~qƒ£ |›² z¹Y£{f R£»NÚY rY‰}šp‰ Rlªùp‰, y¦r ~‹y¥»M ƒ¥hx - Shape of the Body »~£t£»{p‰ R[l¥p‰rl‰ l¥»pƒŒz£ ~¥z»Yp |›² z¹Y£ ršlYp‰ »Y£j‰hx£ r‹…‹tq{ ~‹ã Y… {l»[£l ývM|pxY Y¥rš »r»pp r±Yf zY‰}jx {|»xp‰ ƒŒ~ »nr~f {p‰pf, llª »vl¥p‰ ~‹f ~fƒp‰ Yy ltò. A n™»pp‰ n™p Rûl‰ R¥~ˆ {zf r‹f§ r~f {p‰pf r‹ƒŒf£ R¥Ü ‘[Œë~‹†’ »nYY‰ ƒ£ {p {pÌþ aMx£yf£ Ro³xpx ~qƒ£ Xtfn R£y£opx ~v Yƒ r¥ƒ¥Ü r‹ƒ£f§ »[£v¨ »nY, »vv rY‰}‹x£ »~~¨ Yyñp‹. rY‰}šp‰»[p‰ »{p‰ Yy ƒ¼ãp£ [¥ì»Kz£ v»ƒ¤rY£ú »N. Wxv ~{p‰ rl‰ {|»xp‰ r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l¥õ xp‰p »vv rY‰}‹x£ Xf§p§ rzp‰ Yªvy¥ »ƒ{l‰ ršlYp‰ »Y£j‰hx£ - Crowned ãf§ rvÚp‰v R¥l¥»vY‰ ë[vpx Ãúvf n r¨†{p. pv¨ã Prince Yellow-eared Bulbul »vx ~{p‰rl‰ (Yp‰»rÜ) »z~f {yn{£ {fƒ£ »p£[l x¨lªx. ƒŒ~ Yû r¥ƒ¥Üx. R¥~ˆ {zf Sƒz‹p‰ ~ƒ p…z »nr~‹p‰ |›² z¹Y‹Y Yªy¥zˆzp‰ Rl»M “Xf§p§ r…p‰ Yªv£yx£” xp ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥Ü r¥zˆzK ~ƒ‹lx. ëYf ~ƒ »tzˆz n ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥Üx. rft¥q™ pv zn ƒ¥Ã WYv ýƒ` ñlªy£ {p§»xˆ |›² z¹Y£ Wv {O ~¥Y¥~ˆv ƒ¥y¥j© Yz r±o£p {|»xp‰ |úyx R¼ãy¥ ršlYp‰ »Y£j‰hx£ rvjvx. A U»n~£v »[l‰lK Y…, »Y£…, ãw¨y¥ ~Kñ|²jxÃ. xÑYx ë»x¤cpx Yyñp‰ …x »~£t£nƒ»vp‰ ëv¥{§K Y… r‹±x¹Yy {« ~ûr‹…‹»xp‰ »ƒ‰ ~ƒ th{l r±»nŠ|x Yƒ, »Y£… {O WYlª þ z£ Yƒ r£Ñp‰ ƒ¥h{ ~‹Ñõ. ƒ¥hþ R¥l. Rl‰lf§ x¨[z»xˆ xÑ r¥l‰l ln Yƒ, »Y£… 69 ñ|²‹lx. »ƒ£f Yû r¥ƒ¥Ü Rly r£ x¨[…x Yû, Rû ~ƒ ãw¨y¥ R{~ˆm£{p‰ »{»l£l‰ r‹xYy¥{ ~‹x¨y¥{K »nñp‰ lvp‰ ~lª xp {Oxp‰»[‰ ~¹YzpxÃ. r±»t¤ovl‰ t{ ~¥vl rlªy{£zõ. Wýf r‹±x Urn{p ~¨û y¦rY£xÃp‰ »ƒï{ y£cÄx zšz£»{p‰ lv {¥õY‰Ã»xˆ »r£ã {« ƒ¥~‹úK yf£{ - Common Behavioral ƒ¥~‹»yp Xf§p§ r…p‰ Yªv»yYª ƒ£ ~n™~‹ n~¨pY‰ vp¥~f Patterns p¥»[p§»xˆ ël¥Üë.

»n»np£ {|»xp‰ ~ƒ R¥l¥K ýf Yªh£ Yªh£ ÷… {|»xp§l‰ Y¥nz‹ l¥ìv - Making Nests ƒ¥~‹»M. ñx¨y¥ ~ùp‰ [› l£z [xp£ ýƒ`ªp‰ Rl»M …»ll‰ [› [xp£ Yªy¥zˆ»zYª »p£»{ll‰, ~ˆ{Äx …t¥q™x RuŒv¨{ nŸ ý»|‰}»xp‰v ~ˆ{Äx Y¥n™z‹ R£{yjx {p rùn™ ~¥`{ [l‰ »r±ˆv£p‰ýl{ p[p£ ƒh ƒ¨»nYz£ {pn™ýxf »[»pp§»xˆ ~ˆm£pxp‰ƒŒ »ƒ¤ Y¥nz‹ ~¥`{ r{Üp‰p£x¨ùp‰ ~Y~ˆ Ãúvf Rr¬M{lv {« ñƒŒyÃ. ‘ýG’.... ‘ýG’.... ‘ýG’..... ~ùp‰ p[p£ ƒk {[tz£ [p§»xˆ t£ƒŒy ~lªy¥ ýrl‰Ýp‰ Y¥nz‹ »Y»yƒŒ »x£v¨ RvyÛxx. ~¥Y ~‹Üp‰-ïxY‰ »ƒ¤ Ìýlxf lMcpY£ú þv R{v Yy[¥ìv ~qƒ£x. W»~ˆ {§{l‰ Rr Ã~‹»z~Ãëã R{~ˆm£{Y‰ Wzˆz {« ýfnŸ lyƒ ~ˆ{y¦r»xp‰ “Y²M”..... “Y²M”..... tz£»r£»y£l‰lª »p£{p v£pxY {«{n »vÄ Y¥nz‹ ƒk AYëp‰p£n »N. »~~ˆ~pf Rplªy¥ R¥`þv ~qƒ£n WÄ Üïx ƒ¥Ãx. W{¥ë {« R£{yjxp‰ yƒŒl ~ˆm£pxp‰ƒŒ {«{ pq »x£à [ì. rù~yxf v¨~¨{p rùn‰»np‰ ~vp‰ýl {« {O ~¹Yzp»xp‰ R£{yjx z¥t Y¥nz‹ lpp§»xˆ R£yY‰}‹l Ur£x v£[¡¡xY‰ ënƒ~ˆ{ r‹x£ ~yñp‰ {p»r»l‰ Xt»v£t ƒ¥~‹»yp {|»xp‰ ýx x¨lªx. vp‰n xl‰ R£yY‰}‹l »p£{p‰p£ »~ˆ n™~ˆ

70 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 þvv, R£yY‰}‹l r¥ñÚ»xˆ x¥õ ~‹lp‰p. {ƒ {ƒ£ òx£l‰vY {p »vv Ur£x v£[¡¡xY‰ n {p rY‰}‹x£ WY‰ {yv Y¦[~ñp‰ ƒ¨p‰ l¥ëp‰ ëY‰v r‹x£~yp§»xˆ, ë~£»{ë. R£[p‰lªYx£ (~lªy£) »[‰ R{o£px ~ˆ{Äx ë{~ˆp ~òr»xp‰ »{plYf »x£v¨ Yyzp RÑ»xë. Wxv Yn™v U~‹p‰ Rh¨ [~Y R£yY‰}‹l UrY²vxY‰ n {p‰»p‰vx. »ntzY‰ vl »ƒ¤ r¼ãyY lpp£ xƒrl‰ {³£r‰ÜxYf R¥Ü lMcpxp - Threats to »Y¤rˆr£Y£y ƒ¥hÜ Qualititative Expansion Y¥ázˆz R¥lª…l »vp‰v r‹fll‰ v¯ã |›² z¹Y£{ xp§ ~¹{Mopx »{ñp‰ r{l‰p£ yfÃ. R£MÞYvx ƒùl r¥ƒ¥ (»Y£… p³£xY‰ vl rnpK {« ~¹{Mop òx£àvx »~£t£nƒvf {O»xp‰) r£~‹ Rp§Y®z{ ~‹ã þv xp§ ì»y¤[Œvl‰, |Y‰Üvl‰ áxY ~ˆm£{y ý»|‰}xp‰»[p‰ rnpvõ. ~v~ˆl »z¤Y ~‹Üx»vƒŒ |›² z¹Y£nŠþrx xp§ »»c{ ~Y~ˆ Yy [ëõ. ýýol‰{»xp‰ Rp«p {« {£~xf ~¨ã~¨ ~£oYxp‰»[p‰ r‹ùr¨p‰ A ~Y~px vln ïvÄ. »vƒŒz£ v¨zˆl¥p‰ »[p R¥l‰»l‰ ãy£Ýl»xˆ r¥÷p‰»p¤ ~‹x¨K {« v¨zˆ Y¥tz‹, »{Ü. X{§ƒ¨ y»fƒŒ ~¹{Mopx cpl£{f ~òr Yyû»xˆ »Yn™{[¡ R£n™x »~£t£nƒvf [y¥ Yyñp‰ ~ƒ »~£t£nƒ»K ùÜp‰f Rp§Y®z u£ýlxf »[p »{ñë. »~£t£~y r±Ürl‰Ýp‰ ë~‹ Rx¨ùp‰ r‹…‹rq™ñp‰ lv ~¨{ rƒ~¨ »~ˆ lv Rp£[l ryr§y »{lf {¥N »r£Yªj©, à[¥J, [¯ƒ ëMv£j, ë{ƒp lp£ [ëõ. »[£ýl¥p‰ R£n™»xp‰ »r¤}‹l {« ë»y¤[Œvl‰ áxY‰ Uy¥vYy SY‰ïÜ Ãùzˆz‹x nŸvf X{§ƒ¨ ~vl‰ {«ƒ. ý~‹p‰ {yYf ïl‰ly 2 Y‰ rvj WpK Rr »vn{~ ëyl{p‰p£{« ~‹xzˆ»zƒŒv r±Üszxp‰ Wlª…nŸ nvp§ ztõ. t¨Y‰Ü ýnŸvf tz£ ƒŒq™p§»xˆ y»fƒŒ Rp£[l ryr§yx. Sq™p‰ {~»M »rty{£ú ~‹xzˆz X{§p‰ [¥p ~‹l£ Sf§Y… x¨lªx. WÄ x¨lªYv {[ÄvY‰ v~ ~‹f v¥õ v~ »~ˆ »[p Rr‹ Yfx¨lª Y…x¨lª {p‰»pv¨. nY‰{£l‰ R»[¤~ˆlª ~‹f XY‰»l¤KtM |›² z¹Y£»N ƒn{l t¼ã{« »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ Rp«p v£~x nY‰{£l‰ ~¹»NnŸ rù~y rnŠoÝp‰ ƒŒ {£~x Yyp£ Rr ýƒ` ñlªy£, »vv rY‰}‹x£»[‰ {l¡¡v£px {p ýfnŸ ~‰{Äx {£~u®ò ýp£|{ x£»K ux£pY RuŒcpp »n{£yx »Càp‰lxf v¨ƒ¨j »nñp‰ ~‹Ò. {|»xp‰ {£Ml£ Pic by Rohitha Gunawardane »N. WpK {~yYf Rr Rn n™p»xƒŒ {pÌý ~¹yY‰}jx U»n~£ òx£l‰vY »n{yY‰ ïl‰ly Yyp£ ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹x vl Tf R{¥~‹ r‹…‹lªy¥ nv£ - r¥f{§p‰ ƒà lv »n{p ryKry£{ »r¤}jx Ãúv »Yt¼ã»Náõ xp‰p Rp£[l»xˆnŸ Ýyjx {p§ R¥l. ~qƒ£ W ~vxp‰ lª…nŸ r±v¨Z~ˆm£px zt£»nõ. rù|›zp [²p‰m - ïl‰lyxY‰ r±v£j»xp‰ »~p‰ÑòfM 1 l‰ 2.5l‰ Rly References {« ý|£zl‰{ ry£~xY‰ [p‰p£ Rlyv ~¨ã ñ|² »y¤~ Kotagama, S. and Rathnavira, G. (2010), An Illustrated Guide to the r¥ƒ¥Ü r~¨ï»vƒŒ nKr£f, ãw¨y¥r£f, ylª ~ƒ Rûr£f xp Birds of Sri Lanka: fi eld Colombo: Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka. {Oxp‰»[p‰ ~¨~¥q™ ~zYªj© {z‹p‰ Rp«px. ïl‰ly ÷Äv, ý»F~¨p‰ny WK, (2006), ~‹¹ƒz Yªy¥† ý|‰{ »Y¤}x 1 Y£j‰hx (R-r), vyàp: ~¬ùx r¥f{§p‰ »r¤}jx Ãúv ~ƒ Y¥ázˆzf R{¥~‹ R£yY‰}£{ A r±Y£|Y»x¤. R~zv [¥{»~ñp‰ Yªy¥û v{l‰ - r‹x£l‰ »p£Rh¨{ zt£»nõ. ý»F~¨p‰ny WK, (2007), ~‹¹ƒz Yªy¥† ý|‰{ »Y¤}x 2 Y£j‰hx, (X-‡‰), vyàp: ~¬ùx r±Y£|Y»x¤. lv£ Y¥nz‹ ~òr»xˆ ëyp‰ly{v ÷»nñp‰ R{f r‹…‹tq{ ýryK Yyp Rl»M Y¥ázˆz ~òrxf R£[p‰lªY {« xvY‰

Sadamal Rashmi Sri Buddhika‹•ƒ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ —ƒ”†ƒ––Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ”‹ƒƒǤ ‡Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ ‹ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ ‡Šƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹‹ŠƒŽƒ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡Šƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ —‹‘”‡”–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‡‘—”•‡‹‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ––Š‡ ‹”‹–ƒŽ‡‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ‹‹‰‡–”‡‘ˆǤ

71

Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Yala National Park |›² r£n yY‰}‹l»xp‰ ƒv¨ {« p{ r¼ãy¥ v¥¾Õ»x¤ Wzˆ. »F. »vp‰Õ~ˆ ýY²v~‹¹ƒ ~ƒ ãz£p‰ y¹[ ýàprÜyj Eight New Species of Pseudophilautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sripada World Heritage Site (Peak Wilderness) L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe & Dulan Ranga Vidanapathirana rù~y Rv£l³¹|»xˆ »»c{ ýýol‰{ »zˆYK YMx£zx, »p£ñz»xˆ zt£»np »r£z‹Üp‰, rˆz£~ˆÑY‰ R¥~¨y¥K n{fp Nagao Natural Environment Foundation ~ƒ ~ƒŒl czc Ìþp‰f RƒŒlYy y~£xëY æ{³ Rh¹[ª }¥Kr§ Dilmah Conservation xp R£xlp ܲl‰{»xƒŒ v¬z³ ë}‰r£np p‹~£ czc rù~y rnŠoÜ»xˆ [ªj£l‰vY u£{x Rp§[²ƒx xf»l‰ |›² z¹Y£ Uy[ ƒ£ UuxÌý rnpv v[Œp‰ ýp£| »{ñp‰ r{Ý. vo³ Y¼ãYy »z¤Y Uy¥v {pu®ñ Yz£rxf Rxl‰ |›² r£n yY‰}‹l»xƒŒ “UDal‰{x »{p~ˆþvf Rp§{ Uy[ ƒ£ p§ãy¥ Rp£[l»x‰nŸ Sn™Ãúvf r‹w¨y¥rl‰ ~Y~p »Y‰tzˆ Y£M UuxÌþp‰»[‰ ýýol‰{x »{p~ˆ{p¨ ztp R£Y£yx “r‹…‹tq{ {³£r¯Üx ~ƒ »ƒz‹»Y£rˆfM R¹[px ý|£z {r~ùxY‰ ~‹ãYyp§ z¥t¬ rM»xˆ}j»xƒŒ r±ÜszxY‰ »z~ r¼ãy¥ v¥Õ ýp£| »Y£f Sn™Yyp‰p£ {« v£M[ Ìýp‰»[‰ r¥{¥l‰vf [pxf Rxl‰ p{ UuxÌýp‰ ý»|‰} 08Y‰ [(tty»nÚx»[‰ lMcpxY‰ »[p »np l{l‰ WY‰ rù~y ýp£|xY‰ {p§ R¥l. rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ (bambaradeniyai), nx£{¹|»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ ( c[l‰ [ªj{Mop»[‰ rãy¥ P. dayawansai), Mtwy»nÚx»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ - Pseudophilautus v¥¾Õx£ (P. jagathgunawardanai), Yy¥j£yl‰p»[‰ bambaradeniyai rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ (P. karunarathnai), ëNfp‰ cx{Mop»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ (P. newtonjayawardanei), r§yp‰ Rrˆr§»[‰ twy»nÚx»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õ ý»|‰}x |›² r£n »z¤Y Uy¥v rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ (P.puranappu), ~vy»Y¤p‰»[‰ rãy¥ {pu®ñ Yz£r»xˆ v¨ƒ¨ã vGf»K ~‹f òfM 1330 Y v¥¾Õx£ (P.samarakoon) ~ƒ ~‹ùzˆ ý»F~¨p‰ny»[‰ rãy¥ Up‰pl£¹|xY R¥Ü YãYy {p£p‰ly lªy¥ »[£v¨ lª… v¥¾Õx£ (P. siril wijesundarai)] 2013 v£Mlª 13{p n™p Ì{l‰{p |›² z¹Y£{f R£»NÚY ý»|‰}xÃ. Journal of Threatened Taxa ýn³£l‰vY cMpz»xˆ 5(4): 3789-3920 Yz£r»xˆ “EIGHT NEW SPECIES OF |›² z¹Y£{ lª… »ll‰ïK ~ƒ »»c{ ýýol‰{ ~¹yY‰}jx PSEUDOPHILAUTUS (AMPHIBIA:ANURA: »{p§»{p‰ ~‹ãYz ÄMl‹vl‰ »~ˆ{£{ »{p§»{p‰ rù~y RHACOPHORIDAE) FROM SRIPADA WORLD ýn³£e»xYª {p R£a£Mx "ap‰p twy»nj‹x"f [y¥ HERITAGE SITE (PEAK WILDERNESS), ÃúvY‰ {|»xp‰ »vv rãy¥ v¥¾Õ ý»|‰}x ýn³£l‰vY{ pK A LOCAL AMPHIBIAN HOTSPOT IN SRI Yyp znŸ. LANKA: xp |ŒM}x xf»l‰ »vv ýn³£l‰vY rܲY£{ v[Œp‰ »z£{f ƒ¼ãp‰{£ »nÜ. t£ƒŒy y¦rY£yx - External Appearance

»vv rM»xˆ}j rܲY£{ |›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lª… ƒ¼ãp‰{£ twy»nÚx»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ Yªh£ n™[Ñ ý»|‰}xÃ. ƒŒ~ ãp‰ rãy¥v¥¾Õ ý»|‰}xp‰»[‰ ~ý~ˆly£l‰vY Yy¥j¨, {Mj ý|£z, n™[Ñ »vp‰v r…zˆ {p Rly r¯|‰Ôx{ Ul‰lz b£x£y¦r, y¦r ~fƒp‰ ~ƒ ƒ¼ãp£[¥ì»K rƒ~¨{ lY£ ~‹xû ~ˆ{y¦rxY‰ nyõ. R¥[Œz‹ Rly aMòx {£ÑxY‰ nyp Rly ~p‰ nl‰l {[ª[l »Y£f R¥l. »vv ý»|‰} Rf »np£ ƒv¨{p Yf§{ ~ƒ »»vlªp Uro£px »p£nyõ. r¯|‰Ôx {Mjx ln {£~~ˆm£pxp‰ƒŒ r{Üp lMcp »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ »v£{§p‰»[p‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly WƒŒ Yû r¥ƒ¥ ~zYªj áY[l ƒ¥Ã»N. ý»|‰} ƒlY»[‰ ~¹yY‰}j ll‰{x áÕ Rp‰ly£xYy r~¨r~ r±»nŠ|»xˆ ln ãw¨y¥ ~zYªj nyp Rly Yûr¥ƒ¥ ll‰{»xˆ r{Üp Rly ëNfp‰ cx{Mop»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ YÜy ~zYªjY‰ R¥~ˆ »nY Rly n¥Y[l ƒ¥Ã»N. ãzt llª ƒ›p ý»|‰}xY‰ »z~ Y£j‰h [l»Y£f R¥l.

»vv p{ UuxÌýp‰ Rf»np£ n™ý »[{p‰p£ {« rù~y rnŠoÜx Sl£ ~š[² »z~ ýp£|xf rl‰»{ñp‰ r{Ý. |›² ,t;thuha;r;rpf; fl;Liuapy; rptndhspghj r£n r§nïv »{l {p‰np£»N r¥ñ»jp t¥Üvlªp‰»[p‰ ,aw;if ruzhyaj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s rù~yxf v¨àƒ¥»yp Rræ{³ ~ƒ |Jn ã}jx »vv Gjpa 8 jtisfs; gw;wp fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ìýp‰»[‰ r¥{¥l‰vf vƒl‰ lMcpxÃ. W»z~‹p‰v {p£p‰ly NkYk;> rptndhspghj kiyf;F tUifj;jUk; r~¨ v¥úv ë~£ »v£{§p‰»[‰ {£~~ˆm£p ahj;jphpfHfshy; vwpag;gLk; fopTg;nghUl;fs;> (forest dieback) ,uj;jpdf;fy; mfo;T> fhlopg;G> ePHtsq;fs; ~š[²{ Rh¨þv áY[l ƒ¥Ã»N. {px lª… ~‹ãYyp§ ztp khriljy; Nghd;wtw;why; ,e;j jtisfspd; v¥ÚY‰ [¥úv, á{ ~qƒ£ {px ýp£| Ãúv ë~£ ý|£z ,ay;Gtho;f;if ghjpf;fg;gLtNjhL> mjd; rù~y rnŠoÜ y£|ŒxY‰ ýp£| þ»K lMcpxf r£l²{ R¥l. tho;tpw;F mr;RWj;jyhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. ,e;j W»~ˆv R£Y²vj|›z‹ |£Yxp‰»[‰ r¥Üúv ë~£ »nŠ|Œx |£Y 8 jtisfspd; ngaHfs; KiwNa> gunjdpa> r±c£{ RuŒt{£ Wv |£Y{z r¥Üúv Uux Ìýp‰»[‰ Y‰}§æ jahtq;\> [fj; FztHjd> fUzhuj;d> nenthd; [atHjd> G+ud; mg;G> rkuNfhz; {£~~ˆm£p RƒŒñ þv ~qƒ£ ~¯c§{ tzr£p§ ztõ. kw;Wk; rphpy; tpN[Re;ju; vd;gdthFk;. l{n |›² r£n r§nïv »{l r¥ñ»jp t¥Üvlªp‰ ƒf

74 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 nŸrˆÜvl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥xf ƒ¨y¥x. |úy»xˆ r£M|þY r±»nŠ|»xˆ ln ãw¨y¥ ~ƒ Xz‹N »Y£… r¥ƒ¥»xp‰ x¨lªx. r£n ln ãw¨y¥ »N. Sn™ù r£n, r~¨r~ r£n, R»l‰ R¥[Œz‹ ~ƒ r£ R¥[Œz‹ yl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ ƒy~ˆ Sù ~ƒŒlx. r~¨r~ r£n r£M|ýY{ Xz‹N »Y£… r¥ƒ¥ »N. Unùx{ ln ãw¨y¥ ~ƒ z£ ãw¨y¥ ~zYªj© nY‰pf z¥»tp Rly t¥n™ rfz Rãy¥ r¥ƒ¥ »N.

{³£rˆÜx - Distribution

»vv ý»|‰}x |›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lª… {z£Yª† {p£p‰ly lª… Sƒz lªy¥ ýx»p‰ ïK ~ˆmy»xˆ ~‹f òfM 06Y‰ rvj U~‹p‰ r‹ƒŒÑ Ur ýxp‰ ~ˆmy»xˆ nY‰pf z¥»tp Rly òfM 1600 ~‹f 1750 rvj {« Up‰pl£¹|»xƒŒ r¥Üú R¥l. y£Ü² Pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai Pic © L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe Y£z»xˆnŸ [~ˆ Ynp‰ vl ~ƒ zõYp Rly ~¨zu{ áY[l Rãy¥ ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥ vo³ »MZ£{Y‰ r¯}ˆÔx{ »ƒ£Kt »Yz{y ƒ¥Ã {p Rly n™{£ Y£zx lª… [~ˆ Rly R¥Ü [ªzˆ lª… ~ƒ ~‹f [ªnx nY‰{£ n™»N. |úyx r£M|ýY{ nŸrˆÜvl‰x. r£n ln »r£lª Rlyf þ n™ý »[{õ. ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly Sn™ù r£n, r~¨r~ r£n, ~ƒ Rl‰ r£ R¥[Œz‹ lª… Yû r¥ƒ¥ ƒy~ˆ Sù áY[l ƒ¥Ã»N. Unùx »r»n~ Rãy¥ c[l‰ [ªj{Mop»[‰ r¼ãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ - ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly z£ ãw¨y¥ ~zYªj áY[l ƒ¥Ã»N. Rl‰ r£ O ~ƒ t¥n™ rfz nŸrˆÜvl‰x. Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai |›² z¹Y£»N Uux Ìý ý»|‰} Rlyf WY‰{p c[l‰ {³£rˆÜx - Distribution [ªj{Mop»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ |›² r£n »z£‰Y Uy¥v {pu®ñ»xˆ Up‰pl£¹|x òfM 1600-1700 ~šv£{ lª… n™ý »[{õ. |›² »vv ý»|‰}x |›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lªz òfM 750 ~‹f 1400 z¹Y£»N r£ù~ùY ìÜ ~Kr£npx Ãúv U»n~£ ~‹ãYyp nY‰{£ ýƒŒ»np UDal‰{x lª… R¥Ü {p »[£v¨ lª… {« U~ zn »~ˆ{xf [y¥ ÃúvY‰ {|»xp‰ "c[l‰ [ªj{Mop"»[‰ òfM 1.5 Y‰ rvj {p‰p£ {« rãy¥ vl {£~x Yyõ. p£vxf »vv Uux Ìý ý»|‰}x pK Yyp znŸ.

Nnx£{¹|»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ - Pseudophilautus dayawansai nx£{¹|»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ yl‰pr§y n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Yxf Rxl‰ |›² r£n {p yY‰}‹l»xˆ òfM 1680Y Up‰pl£¹|xY {£~x Yyõ. »vv rãy¥ v¥¾Õ ý»|‰}x pK Yyp§ z¥t¨»N UuxÌý rM»xˆ}j y£|ŒxY‰ »v»ƒx{« »Y£…w ý|‰{ ýn³£z»xˆ ~l‰l‰{ ýn³£ R¹|»xˆ R£a£Mx "냣zˆ nx£{¹|"f [y¥ ÃúvY‰ {|»xë. t£ƒŒy y¦r£Y£yx - External Appearance

»vv ý»|‰}x Yªh£ »nŠƒxY‰ nyp n™[Ñ ý»|‰}xÃ. ƒŒ~ ý|£z, n™[Ñ »vp‰v rzz {p Rly r¯|‰Ôx{ Ul‰lz ~ˆ{y¦rxY‰ nyõ. »ƒ£K»J r¥Ü »rp§v »v£f {p Rly r¯|‰Ôx{ Sp‰pp‰ nyp§ ztõ. lë Üx¨j© Sp‰»pYª ƒŒ~ Pseudophilautus dayawansai Pic © L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe vo³»xˆ r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. R¥[Œz‹ Rly aMòx {£ÑxY‰ áY[l t£ƒŒy y¦r£Y£yx - External Appearance ƒ¥Y. ~p‰Yf§{ Yªh£ »v£f {§{Ã. vo³ r±v£j»xˆ |úyxY‰ nyp‰p£ {« »vv ý»|‰}x n™[Ñ, ƒŒ~ Ìý ~lªp‰»[‰ {Mjx Rp§{ rƒ~¨»{p‰ ƒãp£[l ƒ¥Ã zY‰}j ý|£z »vp‰v rzz‹p‰n x¨lªx. »ƒ£Kt r£M|ýY{ »vp‰v Rly r¯}ˆÔx »rp§v ãw¨y¥ ~ƒ ln ãw¨y¥ r¥zˆzK áúv, z£ Unùx{n y{§K ƒ¥h¥Ü »N. r¯|‰Ôx{ »ƒ£v¨ àyx Üx¨j©x. ~ƒ ln ãw¨y¥ ~zYªj©n nY‰pf z¥»J. Yû{f ƒ¨y¥ RMo r¯|‰Ôx »r»n~ nŸrˆÜvl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly »Y£… r¥ƒ¥ Y{£Y£y zrxY‰ ƒŒ~ r±»nŠ|»xˆ áY[l ƒ¥Ã»N. R¥~f ~zYªj©n »N. ln ãw¨y¥ y{§K ƒ¥h¥Ü ~zYªjY‰ »ƒ£w¨ Sn™ù»xp‰ ln ãw¨y¥ r¥zˆzvY‰ nY‰pf z¥»J. r~¨r~ r±»nŠ|x r±»nŠ|»xˆ nY‰pf z¥»tp Rly R¥ƒŒr‹x Sn™ù»xˆ n™»{p rzzˆ 75 ln ãw¨y¥ ÝyxY‰ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹{ n™~ˆ»N. ln ãw¨y¥ rzz YÜy ~zYªjY‰ [ªn r²»nŠ|xf Sƒ…‹p‰ n™~ˆ»N. r£M|ýY{ Xz‹N t£ƒŒy y¦r£Y£yx - External Appearance »Y£… r¥ƒ¥xÃ. r£n nŸrˆÜvl‰ ãw¨y¥ ~ƒ »Y£… r¥ƒ¥»xp‰ x¨lªx. Sn™ù r£n r~¨r~ r£n ~ƒ R¹[ªz‹Y£ lª… ln ãw¨y¥ ƒy~ˆ Yªh£ |úyxY‰ nyp »vv rãy¥ v¥Õ ý»|‰}x n™[Ñ {p Rly Ýy¥ áY[l ƒ¥Ã»N. R¹[ªz‹Y£ vhz Rãy¥ ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥ {p ý|£z ƒ£ n™[Ñ ƒŒ~Y‰ nyõ. r£M|ýY{ »ƒ£Kt y{§K ƒ¥h¥l‹ Rly Uny r±»nŠ|xn Rãy¥ ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥xY‰ [ì. U[ªy ~ƒ rr§ »N. r¯|‰Ôx {Mjx IJK r¥ƒ¥xY‰ [p‰p£ Rly WƒŒ ãw¨y¥ r±»nŠ|x ãw¨y¥ Ül‰ ~zYªj© r‹ƒŒf£ R¥Ü Rly Unyx, Rl‰, r£ r¥ƒ¥ ~zYªj© áÃx ƒ¥Ã »N. Rãy¥ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ YÜy ~zYªj© ~ƒ t¥n™ rfz ln r¥ƒ¥»xp‰ x¨¨lªx. »vv ý»|‰}»xˆ r¯|‰Ôx R¥~ˆ Rly áY[l ƒ¥Y. l{n Rr¥ƒ¥n™z‹ ƒy~ˆ SyY‰ »ƒ£Kt {Mj»xƒŒ »t£»ƒ¤ »{p~ˆYK áY[l ƒ¥Ãx. Wx Y‰}¨æ r±»nŠ|»xˆ r‹ƒŒfõ. r£M|ýY{ ƒŒ~ r±»nŠ|»xˆ {Mjx Rãy¥ {£~~ˆm£px Rp§{ »{p~ˆ {p Rly yl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥xY ~‹f ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥»xˆ ~‹f ln ãw¨y r¥ƒ¥x nY‰{£ {« ãw¨y¥ Rr¥ƒ¥n™z‹ nŸrˆÜvl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥xY‰ nY‰{£ |úy {Mj»xƒŒ »ƒ¤ {Mj Ül‰ nyõ. YMj rfY rfzxf rƒ…‹p‰ ln ãw¨y¥ ÝyxY‰ yf£»{ƒŒ ý|£z »{p~ˆYK áY[l ƒ¥Ãx. áY[l ƒ¥Ã»N. Sn™ùr~ r£n ~ƒ r~¨r~ r£n IJK r¥ƒ¥Ü »N. R»l‰ R¥[Œz‹ ~ƒ r£ R¥[Œz‹ ln ãw¨y¥ ƒy~ˆ Sù ~ƒŒl {p Rly Uny r±»nŠ|x Rãy¥ ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥ »N. Unyx ~ƒ Rl‰ nŸrˆÜvl‰ {p Rly r£n ~ƒ t¥n‹rfz ln ãw¨y¥ »N.

{³£rˆÜx - Distribution

rãy¥ v¥¾Õ ý»|‰}x |›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lª… v¨ƒ¨ã vGf»K ~‹f UDal‰{x òfy 750 ~‹f 1400 Rly {p rƒlyf {¥~‹ {p£p‰ly lª… ~ƒ {z£Yªzˆ {p£p‰ly lª… »u°ñY vGf»K ~‹f òfM 1.5 Y U~ vGfvY R¥Ü rãy¥ Rly {£~x Yyp Rlyv {p£p‰ly R~th R¥Ü v£p{ {£~~ˆm£p lª…n »vv ý»|‰}x ãzt{ ƒv¨»N.

QëNfp‰ cx{Mop»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ - Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei

Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai Pic © L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe ëNfp‰ cx{Mop»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ |›² r£n »z¤Y Uy¥v {p u®ñ»xˆ òfM 1800 ~‹f 2000 nY‰{£ {« UDal‰{xY r‹ƒŒÑ {³£rˆÜx - Distribution {z£Yªzˆ {p£p‰ly lª… n™ý »[{õ.

|›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lª… v¨ƒ¨ã vGf»K ~‹f U~ òfM 1600- |z³ »»{n³ ý»|‰}e {y»xYª {p "ëNfp‰ cx{Mop" f 1750 nY‰{£ {« Up‰pl£¹|»xƒŒ R¥Ü {z£Yª† {p£p‰ly rù~y ~¹yY‰}jx ~qƒ£ Yyp zn »v»ƒxf [y¥ ÃúvY‰ Rly ïK vGf»K ~‹f òfM 6Y‰ nY‰{£ {« |£Y Rlª vl ~ƒ {|»xp‰ »vv Uux Ìý ý»|‰}x Xƒ¨ »{p§»{p‰ pK Yyp znŸ. zõYp vl »vv Ìýx£ lv Y‰}§æ {£~~ˆm£px Yy[ì.

PYy¥j£yl‰p»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ - Pseudophilautus karunarathnai

Yy¥j£yl‰p»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ |›² r£n »z¤Y Uy¥v {p u®ñ»xˆ UDal‰{x òfM 750-1400 Rly r‹ƒŒf£ R¥Ü lªy¥ »[£v¨ lª… {£Ml£ »N.

{pÌý ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N ~ƒY£y Ro³Y‰} Y {y»xYª {|»xp‰ »~ˆ{x Yyñp‰ v£p{-{pÌþ [¥f§K ëy£Yyjx Yy[¥ìv ~qƒ£l‰ {pÌý r±Ürl‰Ü Y… vp£Yyjx Yyñp‰ ~‹ãYyp zn ý|Œ}ˆg »~ˆ{xf [y¥ ÃúvY‰ {|»xp§l‰ »vv UuxÌþ ý»|‰}x "Y. G. P.

Yy¥j£ yl‰p" »{p§»{p‰ pK Yyp znŸ. Pseudophilautus karunarathnai Pic © L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe

76 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 t£ƒŒy y¦r£Y£yx - External Appearance

vo³v r±v£j»xˆ n™[Ñ |úyxY‰ nyp »vv UuxÌý ý»|‰}»xˆ ƒŒ~ ý|£z »vp‰v n™[Ñ »N. »ƒ£Kt r£M|ýY{ y{§K ƒ¥h¥Ü »N. r¯}ˆÔx{ lw r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly ln ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ ~zYªj© áY[l ƒ¥Y. »Y£ã R¥f »r… r²»nŠ|»xˆ n™»{p »MZ£{ Rãy¥ ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥Ü »N. R¥~ r‹f§r~‹p‰ R£yKu {p Rãy¥ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ r…zˆ Ýy »nYY‰ SÃ…‹x r±»nŠ|x nY‰{£ n™»N. Pic © L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe Yªh£ lw r¥ƒ¥ r¥zˆzvY‰ »ƒ£w¨ r±»nŠ|»xˆ nY‰pf z¥»J. Pseudophilautus puranappu ln ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ ÝyxY‰ »ƒ£v¨ àyx vl nY‰pf z¥»J. R¥~f t£ƒŒy y¦r£Y£yx - External Appearance rƒz‹p‰ lw r¥ƒ¥ ~zYªjY‰ R¥l. r£M|ýY{ nŸrˆÜvl‰ {p Rly »Y£… r¥ƒ¥ r~¨ï»K ln ãw¨y¥ r¥zˆzK ~ƒ Rãy¥ ~¨ã vo³ r±v£j»xˆ n™[Ñ |úyxY‰ nyp ƒŒ~ ý|£z ~ƒ n™[Ñ {p r§zˆz‹n n™~ˆ»N. r£n r¯|‰Ôx{ lw r¥ƒ¥ »N. Rl‰, r£ ~ƒ R¥`Œz‹ Rly »ƒ£Kt r£M|ýY{ y{§K ƒ¥hxY‰ nyp, r£M|þx{ lª… ãw¨y¥ ƒy~ˆ Sù áY[l ƒ¥Y. R¹[ªz‹Y£ vhz Rãy¥ ~¨ã »v£f {«, Unùx{ »v£f ƒ¥h¥Ü »N. r¯|‰Ôx {Mjx r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly Uny r±»nŠ|x Rãy¥ ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥ »N. Rl‰, r£ ~ƒ nŸrˆÜvl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly yl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ n™[Ñ Ýy t¥n™ rfz ln r¥ƒ¥xÃp‰ x¨lª »N. »ƒ£K»J ~‹f [ªnx nY‰{£ n™»N. n™[f »p£ýƒŒ»np vo³ {Mj yf£{Y‰ r¯|‰Ôx{ nY‰pf z¥»tp Rly [ªn r±»nŠ|x Rãy¥ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥xY‰ [pš.

»ƒ£w¨ àyx ~ƒ »ƒ£w¨ »Yz{y nŸrˆÜvl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥xY‰ [ì. nŸrˆÜvl‰ r£M|ýY »r»n»~ˆ »Y£… r¥ƒ¥ ~zYªj© nY‰pf z¥»J. Sn™ù r£n, r~¨ r£n ~ƒ R¥[Œz‹ Yû{f ƒ¨y¥ yl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ Ýy¥ R¥l. Uny r±»nŠ|x Rãy¥ ~¨ã r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly R¼ãy¥ ãw¨y¥ zr nY‰pf z¥»J. Rl‰ r£ ~ƒ t¥q™ rfz nŸrˆÜvl‰x.

{³£rˆÜx - Distribution

»vv UuxÌþ ý»|‰}x Sl£ ~¨zu{ |›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lª… òfM 2000 ~‹f 2100 nY‰{£ {« UDal‰{xY R¥Ü {z£Yª† {p£p‰ly lª… òfyxY‰ rvj {« rãy¥ vl ~ƒ »ll‰ [zˆ vl {£~x Yyõ.

Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei Pic © L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe S~vy»Y¤p‰»[‰ rãy¥ v¥Õx£ - Pseudophilautus {³£rˆÜx - Distribution samarakoon »vv UuxÌý ý»|‰}x |›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lª… v¨ƒ¨ã vGf»K ~‹f U~ òfM 1800 - 2000 l‰ Rly Up‰pl£¹|x lª… R¥Ü ~vy»Y¤p‰»[‰ rãy¥ v¥Õx£ ý»|‰}x |›² r£n {p yY‰}‹lx lª… {z£Yª† {p£p‰ly Rly ýxp‰ ~ˆmy»xƒŒ {£~x Yyõ. òfM 1000l‰ - 1400l‰ Rly Up‰pl£¹|xY R¥Ü lªy¥ »[£v¨ lª… n™ý»[{p Rly {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N ~ƒY£y Ro³Y‰}Y o¬yx nyñp‰ [Œùl»zˆ {pÌý r§ƒ¨j© r§yp‰ Rr‰r§»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ - Pseudophilautus R r£~»zˆ {pÌý ë…o£úp‰ ƒf áp§v zt£»nñp‰ {pÌý puranappu ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹x »{p§»{p‰ ~‹ãYyp§ ztp »v»ƒxf r§yp‰ Rr‰r§»[‰ rãy¥ v¥¾Õx£ |›² r£n »z¤Y Uy¥v {pu®ñ [y¥ ÃúvY‰ {|»xp‰ »vv UuxÌý ý»|‰}x "V. P. A.G. Yz£rx lª… òfM 1800 ~‹f 2000 nY‰{£ UDal‰{x ~ƒŒl V. ~vy»Y£‰p‰" »{p§»{p‰ pK Yyp znŸ. {z£Yª† {p£p‰py Rly {£Ml£ »N. t£ƒŒy y¦r£Y£yx - External Appearance "þy r§yp‰ Rr‰r§" yjýy¥{£ ï²l£p³ r£zYxp‰»[p‰ yf »Jy£ [¥ìv U»n~£ ~‹ãYz »v»ƒxf [y¥ ÃúvY‰ {|»xp‰ Yªh£ vƒl |úyxY‰ nyp, ƒŒ~ ý|£z »vp‰v n™[Ñ ~ˆ{y¦rxY‰ »vv UuxÌý ý»|‰}x Xƒ¨ »{p§»{p‰ pK Yyp zn™. ~ƒŒl »ƒ£Kt r£M|ýY{ »v£f {« »vv UuxÌýx£»[‰ r¯|‰Ôx {Mjx IJK r¥ƒ¥xf ƒ¨y¥{p Rly nŸrˆÜvl‰ »vp‰v 77 t£ƒŒy y¦r£Y£yx - External Appearance

vo³v r±v£j»xˆ n™[Ñ |úyxY‰ nyp, ƒŒ~ n™[Ñ rzzˆ, »ƒ£w¨ àyx Ul‰lz ƒ¥h¥Ü, r¯|‰Ôx{ »ƒ£w¨ r±»nŠ|x »v£f {« »vv UuxÌý ý»|‰}»xˆ r¯|‰Ôx {Mjx Rãy¥ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly ~vñÜY {« »Y£… r¥ƒ¥ ~zYªj© nY‰pf z¥»J. »ƒ£Kt ~ƒ Rp‰lM RY‰}‹ Yªr Yz£r»xˆ yl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ ܲ»Y¤j£Y£y ~zYªjY‰ nyp Rly Yƒ r¥ƒ¥xf ƒ¨y¥ ~¨ã Pseudophilautus samarakoon Pic © L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe R¥zrl r±»nŠ|»xˆ yl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ zr nY‰pf z¥»J. r£n r¯|‰Ôx{ Xz‹N »Y£… r¥ƒ¥ »N. Sn™ù, r~¨r~ r£n ~ƒ Rl‰ Rãy¥ ãw¨y¥ zr áY[l ƒ¥Ã»N. ln ãw¨y¥ ÝyxY‰ R¥~ˆ Rly r£ R¥[Œz‹ r±v¨Z yl‰ ãw¨y¥ ƒy~ˆ Sù {z‹p‰ x¨lª »N. Unúx R¥Ü Rly Rãy¥ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ “ ” ƒ¥h¥Ü ~zYªjY‰ ƒŒ~f M r±»nŠ|»xˆ {Mjx Rãy¥ ~¨ã {p Rly ãw¨y¥ ~zYªj© R¥l. r‹f§r~‹p‰ r‹ƒŒfp Rly r~¨r~ r±»nŠ|»xˆ Rãy¥ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ U[ªy, Rl‰ ~ƒ r£n Rãy¥ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥Ü »N. R¥z Ýy áY[l ƒ¥Ã »N. r£M|ýY{ IJK r¥ƒ¥ {p Rly r£n r¯|‰Ôx{ IJK ~ƒ nŸrˆÜvl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥xY‰ [ì. Sn™ù {³£rˆÜx - r£n, r~¨r~ r£n, ~ƒ Rl‰ ~ƒ R¥[Œz‹ Rly ãw¨y¥ ƒy~ˆ Ýy Distribution nyõ. Unùx r±»nŠ|x IJK r¥ƒ¥{p Rly U[ªy r±»nŠ|x ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥ »N. t¥n™ rfz ~ƒ r£n nŸr‰Üvl‰ ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥xÃp‰ x¨lªx. |›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lª… v¨ƒ¨¨ã vGf»K ~‹f U~ òfM 1600- 1700 Rly {« {z£Yª† {p£p‰ly lª… òfM 10Y‰ U~‹p‰ {« ýxp‰ ~ˆmy»xˆ R¥Ü Rlª vl »vp‰v zõYp vln »vv {³£rˆÜx - Distribution ãMzu rãy¥ v¥Õ ý»|‰}x {£Ml£ »N. »vv UuxÌý ý»|‰}x |›² r£n yY‰}‹lx lª… UDal‰{x òfM 1000 ~‹f 1400 nY‰{£ {« {z£Yª† {p£p‰ly lª… ƒv¨{p òfM 2Y‰ rvj {« rãy¥ Rly n™ý »[{õ. |›² r£n Y¼ã{¥Ñ»xˆ Yû [` R£yKu{p ~ˆm£p»xˆ R¥Ü rãy¥ Rly »vv UuxÌýx£ ~¨zu{ {£Ml£ »N.

T~‹ùzˆ ý»F~¨p‰ny»[‰ rãy¥ v¥Õx£ - Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai

~‹ùzˆ ý»F~¨p‰ny»[‰ rãy¥ v¥Õx£ |›² r£n {p yY‰}‹l»xˆ òfM 1600 ~‹f 1700 nY‰{£ {« Up‰pl£¹|xY YãYy lªy¥»[£v¨ Rly {£Ml£ »N.

|›² z¹Y£»N |£Y ~¹lÜ»xˆ ~¹yY‰}jx »{p§»{p‰ Svƒl‰ »~ˆ{£{Y‰ Sf§Yz ápf »rˆy£»nëx y£cÄx UnŠuŒn Un³£p»xˆ Ro³Y‰}Y o¬yx »ƒ£t{p R£a£Mx "~‹ùzˆ ý»F~¨p‰ny"»[‰ »~ˆ{xf [y¥ ÃúvY‰ {|»xp‰ »vv UuxÌþ ý»|‰}x Xƒ¨ »{p§»{p‰ pK Yyp znŸ. Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai Pic © L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe

L. J. Mendis Wickramasingheǡ‹•–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”ǡ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡”’‡–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǡƒ†‹•–Š‡”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”‹–Š‡ —””‡– ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ ‡Šƒ• Ž‘•‡–‘–™‘†‡ ƒ†‡•‘ˆϐ‹‡Ž†Š‡”’‡–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽȋ”‡’–‹Ž‡ƒ†ƒ’Š‹„‹ƒȌ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹”‹ƒƒ™‹–Šƒˆ‘ —•‘–ƒš‘‘‹ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ†ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ‘˜‡‘‘—••ƒ‡•‹–Š‡‹•Žƒ†Ǥ ‡Šƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‡†Š‹•‡š’‡”–‹•‡–‘™ƒ”†• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•‘‹†‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†•’‡ ‹‡•‹”‹ƒƒǡƒ†Šƒ•ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†–Š‡†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•‹”‹ƒƒǤ ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡š’‡”–•‘‹––‡‡‘Š‡”’‡–‘ˆƒ—ƒ‹”‹ƒƒǡ—†‡”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‡ ‹‡•‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘†˜‹•‘”› ”‘—’ȋ Ȍǡƒ†‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’‡ ‹‡•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘‰”‘—’•‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‘ˆ‘”‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”‡ȋ ȀȌǤ ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–„‹‘‰ƒʹͲͲͲ̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘Ǥ

Dulan Ranga Vidanapathiranaǡ‹•–Š‡‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–ǡƒ†ƒˆ‘—†‡”‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡”’‡–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‹ƒƒȋ Ȍǡ™‹–Š‘˜‡”ͳͲ ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆϐ‹‡Ž†Š‡”’‡–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡƒ†„‹”†‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹”‹ƒƒǡ™Š‡”‡Š‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›‘—”‡ƒ†‡”ƒ––Š‡‹”†ƒ†‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‡ƒǤ —””‡–Ž›Š‡‹•™‘”‹‰‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’”‘Œ‡ –•‘Š‡”’‡–‘Ž‘‰›‹”‹ƒƒ ‘—–”›ƒ––Š‡ Ǥ ‡ ƒ„‡”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–†—Žƒ”ƒ‰ƒ„’̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘

78 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Sri Lanka Purple-faced Leaf Monkey (Semnopithecus vetulus) Sinharaja Forest Reserve Pic © Dushantha Wasala »~£t£ nƒvf Rp§{ rùp£vx {p ý|‰{ rùr£zp Y²vx Ur£z‹ [ªj»~ˆYy Evolution of the Universal Governance in Accordance with the Nature Upali Gunasekara fƒŒy ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY lª… ~Ku{x þ |›² z¹Y£»N R£Yzˆr aMx£ yf£ ~ƒ ~v£c Ìýlx r‹…‹tq{ Yl£ »t°nŠo ~¹~ˆY¯Ü»xˆ R£u£}x zt£ rùp£vx {p Yyp‰»p‰ v£p{ ýn³£{õ. rù~y ~¹yY‰}j»xˆnŸ rù~y t ëztz Y²vx r‹…‹tq ýv~¨vÃ. ýn³£{ ~ƒ v£p{ ýn³£{ WYf WY‰ýx x¨l‰»l‰ Wt¥ýë.

»»c{ ýýol‰{x xp§ r¯Þýx vl {£~x Yyp Ìþp‰»[‰ A vp‰n xl‰ rù~yx, rù~y ýn³£{f n rù~yx ~¹yY‰} ýýol‰{x õ. »»c{ ýýol‰{»xˆ ~¹ayY lªpÃ. A{£ c£p jx Yyp‰p£ v£p{ ýn³£{fn Rxl‰ t¥ýë. {Mlv£p»xˆ ýýol‰{x, ý»|‰} ýýol‰{x ~ƒ rù~y rnŠoÜ ýýol‰{x nŸ rù~y ~¹yY‰}jx {¯l‰ÜxY‰ t{f rl‰ þ R¥l. Wv xp§»{ë. »vv ýýol‰{xp‰ Rlyf ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY ýýol‰{x {¯l‰Ü»xˆ »x»np ~¹yY‰}Yxp‰»[‰ rùr£zp Yfx¨lª xp§»{p‰ p{ ~¹ayYxY‰ c[l‰ rù~y»NnŸp‰ ý~‹p‰ WY‰ ~‹ã ýx x¨l‰»l‰ v£p{ ýn³£»N U[p‰{p ~‹nŠo£p‰l Rp§{ Yy R¥l. ñë~£ ý~‹p‰ »~£t£nƒv uªY‰Ü ýn™p‰»p‰ A A »[£hp¥[ªj© ëztz Y²vx p¥v¥Ü rùr£zp Y²vxf Rp§{õ. ~¹~ˆY¯Ýp‰ lª… r{Üp áp§v R£Yzˆr ~ƒ R{|³l£{xp‰ {ùp‰ {y ~‹ã {p rùr£zp r±Ü~¹~ˆYyj{znŸ ëztz Rp§{x. Wë~£ ~¹~‰Y¯ÜY ýýol‰{»xp‰ »l£y rù~y Y²vx RY²v{l‰ ýx ƒ¥Ãx. W»~ˆ RY²v{l‰ þ R¥Ü pK ëztz ýn³£{Y‰ r‹…‹tq{ Rrf Ym£ Y… »p£ƒ¥Y. W»ƒl‰ |›² z¹Y£»N v¬zoMv Rp§{ Wv rùr£zp Y²vx p¥{l Y²v{l‰ Yz x¨lª{ rù~y ýn³£exp‰ ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY ýýol‰{x r‹…‹tq{ Sl£vY‰ R¥l. Rh¨»{p‰ Yl£ YyÜ. rù~y ýn³£{ r‹…‹tq{ Rr »t£»ƒ¤ ýf Yl£ Yyp‰»p‰ ñë~£ ~l‰l‰{ »z¤Y»xˆ ~£v£ËY»xYª t{ RvlY Yyñp‰x. »vv z‹r‹»xˆ Rp‰lM[l {p‰»p‰ ñë~£ ,aw;iff;F Vw;g cyfshtpa Ml;rpapd; ~l‰l‰{ »z¤Y»xˆ ~£v£ËY»xYª »z~ ~zY£ Yyp§ ztp tsu;r;rp gw;wpa tplaq;fs; ,f; fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. gzpafmikg;G Kiwik> ýýyjxÃ. gzpaf mikg;G Kiwikf;F Vw;w epu;thf xOq;F gLj;jy;fs;> ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdpfspd; ~l‰l‰{ »z¤Y»xˆ ýýo ~l‰l‰{ ý»|‰}xp‰»[‰ aMx£ yf£ xOq;Ffs;> cstpayhsu;fspd; xOq;Ffs; ~ƒ ~v£c Ìýlx r‹…‹tq Yl£Yyp rù~y ýn³£{ rù~y kw;Wk; tu;j;jf A+dpad;fspd; jtwhd ~¹yY‰}Yxp‰»[‰ aMx£ yf£ R£Yzˆr ~ƒ ~v£c Ìýlx tpQ;Qhgzk; gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; r‹…‹tq{ Yl£ »p£Yyõ. Wx ~¹yY‰}Yx£ ý~‹p‰ ~¹yY‰} Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. Yx£fv Yy[p§ ztp vƒ£ R~£o£yjxÃ. ñë~£»[‰

80 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 xK yfY rùr£zp Y²vx ~Y~ˆ{p‰»p‰ Wv y»G ~v£c Yyõ. W»ƒl‰ v¥Y‰~ˆ »NtM ý~‹p‰ »r±£»l~ˆlp‰l²{£n»xp‰ nM|pxf Rp§{õ. ~v£c nM|px ~Y~ˆ{p‰»p‰ Wv y»G UYƒ£[l‰»l‰ WƒŒ r{Üp »nŠ{{£nŸ S[¥p‰þK {zf {h£ WƒŒ v¨zˆ t¥~[l‰ R£[ñY nM|pxf Rp§{õ. R£[ñY nM|px r{Üp v»p¤ýn³£l‰vY »r…wþK ë~£ »nŠ{ ëMv£j{£nx xp§ ñë~£»[‰ ~Ku{x r¥{¥l‰v ƒ£ R{~£px r‹…‹tq{ xK r±ÜY‰»}ˆr Yyp ~v£c{zf {§{n Xƒ¨»[‰ ëztz Y²vx R£[vY‰ Sn™ùrl‰ Yyp Rnƒ~õ. R£[ñY Rnƒ~ lª… R¥l‰»l‰ {z¹[ª »N. t¨nŠo S[¥p‰þvf Rp§{ ëztz Y²vx Rp§{Mlpx »vv ~Ku{x r¥{¥l‰v ƒ£ R{~£px r‹…‹tq ~{u£ýY Yy[l ƒ¥Ã {§{n »v»lY‰ Ã~‹v r§nŠ[z»xYª A ~qƒ£ úÝp‰x. »~£t£ nƒv xp§ »vv úÜp‰»[‰ WYlª{õ. R£[ñY Ã~‹v Ul‰~£ƒxY‰ »[p p¥l. YMl¯ {y¥p‰ RÜp‰ ~‹ã {p‰»p‰ »vv úÝp‰ R{»t¤oYy [¥ìvõ. A A R£[ñY YMl¯{y¥ lv r±e£{f Rp§{ ëztz Y²v»xˆ v¬zoMv {zf Rp§{ rùr£zpx ~Y~ˆþv - »~£t£ nƒ»K úÝp‰ R{»t¤oYy [ëÜ. xK R£[vY Administrative Arrangements According to the R£[ñY nM|px xp§ Wv R£[»K YMl¯ R{»t¤oYy[l‰ Principle of Bureaucracy »~£t£nƒ»K úÝp‰{z WYlª{õ. xK R£[ñY nM|jxY‰ vl »[£hp¥[ªj© rùr£zp Y²vxY‰ l{l‰ yfYf ƒ¼ãp‰{£ lvp‰ R£xlp»xˆ n™x¨j©{ »{p§»{p‰ »{»ƒ~ vƒp‰~‹ þ »np ýf Wv rùr£zp Y²vx »{p~ˆ þK {zf u£cpx »N. R{¹Y{ y£cY£ú Y…»ƒ£l‰ ý|²£v {¥f§r zt£[l ƒ¥Ãx. WpK rùp£vx »N. ý|²£v {¥f§r zt£nŸv xp§ R£xlpx v[Œp‰ r±~£nxf zY‰ ÃúvÃ. r§nŠ[zx£f rl‰þK z‹r‹»xp‰v ý|²£v {¥f§rf ëztz Y²vx - Bureaucratic System ƒŒñYK zt£nŸ»vp‰ r§nŠ[zx£ lª… R£xlpx »Y»M R£~£{Y‰ R¥Ü Yyp§ ztõ. Wýf r§nŠ[zx£ R£xlpxf t¥»qõ. R£~£{ ëztz Y²vx »r±£»l~ˆlp‰l²{£nŸ ë~£ Upp‰ã{ p¥v¥Ü v£p~‹Y |Y‰Üx R{é »{õ. ò~ˆÜx£ë ëY£»xˆ U[p‰{p R£[ñY nM|px ~ƒ »z¤Y»xˆ ýýo rùr£zp U~~ˆþK zt£[¥ìvf ƒ¥Ã tq{£[¥ìK rÑr£Ñx áÄ»vp‰ Y²vxp‰»[‰ ~£yx Rp‰lM[²ƒjx U~~ˆþK »Y»M R¥zšvY‰ R¥Ü»{õ. U~~ˆþK zt£»np »Y£f v¥Y‰~ˆ »NtM (Max Weber) rÑr£ÑxY‰ R¥l. R£xlp»xˆ n™x¨j©{ »{p§»{p‰ »{»ƒ~ r¾Õ{yx£ ý~‹p‰ ëMv£px Yyp zn vƒp‰~‹ þ {¥h Yyp r§nŠ[zx£ R¥[övf rl‰Ãúv ~qƒ£ rùr£zp Y²vxÃ. »vv tq{£ [¥ì»K rÑr£Ñ ~Y~ˆ{ R¥l. U~~ˆþK »Y»M tz£»r£»y£l‰lª lt£»[p U~~ˆþK »Y»M R¥»zp xfl‰ ýËl y£c³{z rùr£zpx »~ˆ{Yx£ R£xlpx ý~‹p‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰Yy R¥Ü tq{£ Y²v{l‰ Ãúv ~qƒ£ ~‹ýzˆ »~ˆ{£{ [¥ì»K rÑr£Ñxf Rp§{ »~ˆ{x Ãúvf »r…»wõ. Xƒ¨ lª… Max Webber R£yKu Yyñp‰ p{ rùr£zp Y²vx UnŠ»x¤[x R¥Ü »{õ. ëztz Y²vxf Rp§{ tq{£[¥ì»K xfl‰ ýËl ~qƒ£n ƒ¼ãp‰{£nŸv ë~£ |›² z¹Y£{f ëztz rÑr£Ñ ~Y~ˆ{p R£xlp{z n™[ªYzˆ r¥{¥l‰v ƒ£ Y£MxY‰} Y²vx z¥t¨Ú. ënƒ~ zt£[¥ì»vp‰ r~¨{ |›² z¹Y£»N Yyp vl£{ Sƒ… x£»K yƒ~ »vxõ. zn rùr£zp r±Ü~¹~ˆYyp ëztz v¬zoMv {zf rfƒ¥ë{ ~‹ã {« ë~£ rùr£zp [¥f† R¥Ü þ Ü»J. »~£t£oMv ýn³£exp‰»[‰ úÝp‰ - Rules of Nature Scientists Y¯}‹Y£MñY x¨[»xˆ ~‹f Y£MñY x¨[xf r¥ñÚ ~v£cx {h£l‰ »N[{l‰ ýx. ly`Y£ú ýx. »vv ly`Y£ú ~v£c»xˆ »~£t£nƒv r‹…‹tq{ ýn³£l‰vY Ro³xpxY‰ Y… ~ˆ{u£{ ë}ˆr£npx ƒ£ »tn£ƒ¥úv »N[{l‰ Ãúvf »N[{l‰ ýn³£exp‰ ý~‹p‰ Sn™ùrl‰ Yyp zn »~£t£nƒ»K úÝp‰ n rùr£zp Y²vxY‰n R{|³ ýx. rùr£zpx »[px£v ~qƒ£ ëztz v¬zoMv ƒ£ Rr«y¥{f ~¥~»nŠ. 'rù~y»xˆ r¥{¥l‰‰v {[Ä»vp‰ t¥¼ãj© r£zYxp‰ ~ƒ r£z‹lxp‰ R{|³ ýx. lƒ{§y¥ þv ~qƒ£ rù~yx ý~‹p‰ UÇlx£ »l¤y£[p‰»p‰x' v¥Y‰~ˆ »NtM r¾Õ{yx£ ý~‹p‰ Y»…ˆ {[Ä»vp‰ t¥¼ãj© xp§»{p‰ úÜxY‰ a£zˆ~ˆ h£ýp‰ pK {« ~ˆ{u£{oMv ýn³£ex£ r£zYxp‰ ƒ£ r£z‹lxp‰ r‹ù~Y‰ ëMv£jx Ãúvõ. ý~‹p‰ Sn™ùrl‰ Yy R¥l. ~ˆ{u£ýY {yjx "»z¤Y»xˆ R£|‰aMxx r‹Ú~ »{»ƒ~ vƒp‰~‹ þ {¥hYyp‰p£ xp§»{p‰ Wx ƒ¥q™p‰»N. »nýxp‰»[‰ R£|ŒM{£nxf zY‰ þ »v¤Y‰}x ~qƒ£ »l¤y£ [p‰p£ Rly W»~ˆ »p£Yyp r§nŠ[zx£ ëyxf x¥þv ëztz Y²v»xˆnŸ ~qƒ£ »l¤y£[ëõ" xp‰p »r±£»l~ˆlp‰l²{£n»xˆ r±o£p U~~ˆþK rÑr£Ñ S[¥p‰þvõ. ~¥Y»~p‰»p‰ n Wv ~ˆ{u£ýY {yjx »nŠ{ëMv£j{£nx r~¨Y£zšp{ tfƒŒy ýn³£exp‰ RÜp‰ r±|‰p ~‹nŠo£p‰lx ƒ£ Rp§y¦r Ãúvf zY‰ýx. t¨ã nƒvn »nŠ{ ëMv£j{£nx r±ÜY‰»}ˆr {p R£Y£yxfõ. Charles Darwin 81 Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) r…r§y¥nŠn ~ƒ R£xlp»xˆ n™x¨j©{ »{p§»{p‰ Yyp zn {¯l‰Ýx ~ñÜ - Trade Unions {¥h {zf zYªj© z¥»tp rùn™ tq{£ [¥ì»K rÑr£Ñ ~Y~ˆ{p‰»p‰ A Rp§{x. ëztz Y²vx |›² z¹Y£{f ƒ¼ãp‰{£nŸ»vp‰ r~¨{ |›² z£¹ÃY ~¹~ˆY¯Üx lª…‹p‰ l{l‰ R¹[ zY‰}j Tf WY‰ýx. r|‰a£l‰ v»p¤ýn³£exp‰»[‰ úÝp‰ - Rules of Psychologist xfl‰ ýËl x¨[»xˆ nŸ y£c³ »~ˆ{£{ lª… Y¥rš»r»pp R¹[xY‰ {p‰»p‰ {¯l‰lšx ~ñÜ Ã²x£Y£úl‰{õ. »~£t£nƒ»K vp»~ˆ ~ˆ{u£{x r‹…‹tq{ Ro³xpx Y… v»p¤ ýn³£exp‰ ~vlªz‹ll£{ ëx£vpx {p úÜxYf Rp§{ {¯l‰Üx ~ñÜ Sn™ùrl‰ Yz úÝp‰ ~v`n ëztz Y²v»xˆ úÝp‰ Rr«y¥{f  þ R¥l. »vv úÜx 'nŠý oMvl£{x' pK »{õ. ~¥~»q‰. pyYf nk¨{K Ãúv ƒ£ »ƒ£q r±~£nxf zY‰Ãúv v[Œp‰ [ªrˆl{ r{Üp v£p~‹Y |Y‰ÜxY‰ R{é {p t{ WûpYf r±Üýy¥nŠo ~ˆ{u£{xp‰ »nYY‰, WûpY ~‹[‰vp‰H »r±£õH pK {« r¾Õ{yx£ »rp‰{£ nŸ R¥l. Wv vl »lyršv R¥ÜYyñp‰ p¥[› ~‹Òvf x£»KnŸ rnŠoÜ»xˆ v£p~‹Y |Y‰Üx ~¨rM T»[¤ pñp‰ Wlªv£ ƒ¼ãp‰{£ R¥l. ~vlªz‹ll£{ R¥Ü »N' xp‰p nŠý oMvl£{xõ. R£xlpx [p‰p£ Ýyj{z‹p‰ »~ˆ{Yx£f xK R{£~‹xY‰ {p‰»p‰ pK ~v£p þ ñƒŒlz£»N Urn™p ñë~‰~¨ ëztz Y²v»xˆ Wp »vv úÜxf Rp§{ Yy¥j© Sn™ùrl‰ Yyñp‰ R{£~‹x {£~‹x o¬y£{z‹xf Rp‰lM[²ƒjx þ U~ˆ rƒl‰ ë…o£úp‰ t{f t{f rl‰Yy [¥ìvf {¯l‰Üx ~ñÜ{zf ƒ¥Ãx. »vƒŒ rl‰»{Ü. xK R£xlpxY r{Üp U~ˆ rƒl‰ lplªy¥ {zf RMmx {p‰»p‰ »vv r±Üýy¥nŠo ~ˆ{u£{xp‰ »nY WûpY r§nŠ[z»xYª U~~ˆ Yyp§ ztp‰»p‰ Xƒ¨ »v»z£{ Url zt£ ƒ£ t¥q™ r{Üñp‰ rnŠoÜx ~vlªz‹l Yy[¥ìv ~qƒ£ ~£Y‰}£l‰ Yy [p§ ztp Y£Mx ~£opx Rp§{õ. Ro³£rp òx£l‰vY ýx x¨lª t{õ. ~¨ã~¨Yv, r…r§y¥nŠn ~ƒ R£xlp»xˆ R£|‰aMxx »{p§»{p‰ Y… »v»ƒ{y R¥[öv »vƒŒnŸ ~‹ã »N. U~ˆ rƒl‰ lplªy¥ {¥yn™ ~fp‰ R£Y¯Ü - Wrong Manifesto Rlùp‰ Yªvp lplªy r§nŠ[zx£f »np‰»p‰n xp‰p ýë|‰ax Y… x¨l‰»l‰ l£MÃY ƒ£ ~£o£yj ýë|‰axYf Rp§{õ. A r{Üp ~v£c Y²vx ýp£| Ãúv r‹Ú~ u£ýl£ {p vp‰n xl‰ ëztz ~v£cx lª… r§nŠ[zx£»[‰ ly£Üyv YªvY‰n R£Y¯Ü»xˆ ~ƒ ~v£cx r{l‰{£ [¥ìv r‹Ú~ u£ýl£ Yyp xp‰p Ýyjx {p‰»p‰ Xƒ¨ nyp§ ztp lplªy ë~£»{ë. R£Y¯Ü»x‰ R¥l‰»l‰ r§¹Ç »{p~Ã. r±Üýy¥nŠo ~ˆ{u£{xp‰ Url Rp§{ »p£{p ë~£»{ë. »nY WYY‰ R»pÃp‰ ñnŸ »{p‰þ »[¤z »nYY‰ »vp‰ v¨ƒ¨jf v¨ƒ¨j [¥»fp R£Y¯ÜxY‰ r{Ý. R£xlp»xˆ n™x¨j©{ »{p§»{p‰ »{»ƒ~ vƒp‰~‹ þ »~ˆ{x Yyp‰p£ rƒp‰ ~‹lY‰ R¥Ü{ R£xlp»xp‰ ~v¨[¥ìvf R£Y¯Ü »n»YƒŒ »{p~ v¥pýp‰ ƒ¼ãp£ »p£»[p Yyp ~z~ˆ{p Y²v»NnxY‰ »K lª… R¥l. {¯l‰Ýx ~ñÜ ~fp‰ v[Œp‰ xK yfY‰ '~ˆ{u£ýY vyjxY‰' Yy£ rƒ~¨»{p‰ »[p x£ ƒ¥Ãx.

Upali Gunesekera‹•ƒ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ‰‡”••‹•–ƒ–ƒ––Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǤ —ƒ•‡ƒ”ƒ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‡‰”‡‡ȋš–‡”ƒŽȌˆ”‘–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ”‹ ƒ›ƒ™ƒ”†‡ƒ’—”ƒȋ”‹ƒƒȌƒ†ƒ‹’Ž‘ƒ‹‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ†‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘’‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ”‹ƒƒǤ

83

Wild Horses on Delft Island Pic © K. N. Lalith Gunawardana neLe;jPtpd; fhl;Lf;Fjpiufs; m. ee;jFkhud;> m. gtpj;jpud;

Wild Horses in Delft Island A. Nanthakumaran and A. Pavithiran

mwpKfk; - Introduction fhl;Lf;Fjpiufs; Equus caballus mir kPl;fhj jhtu cz;zpfs; MFk;. ,it ruhrupahf 1m ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ ngupa jPthf njhlf;fk; 1.6m msthd cauKilait. neLe;jPT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J aho;g;ghz ,tw;wpd; ruhrup tho;f;iff;fhyk; 25 njhlf;fk; fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J fpof;fhf 10km Jhuj;jpy; 30 Mz;LfshFk;. ehnshd;Wf;F jd; mike;j 4,034ha gug;;gsT nfhz;l jPthFk;. cly;epiwapd; 2 njhlf;fk; 2.5 tPjk; tiuahd neLe;jPT cyu; tyaj;jpy; mike;jpUg;gJld; jhtu czit cs;nsLf;fpd;wd (IUCN, SSC ruhrup tUlhe;j kio tPo;r;rp 750mm MfTk;> Invasive Species Specialist Group, 2010). ntg;gepiy tPr;R 26oC njhlf;fk; 33oC tiuahfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhl;Lf;Fjpiufs; ,f;fhl;Lf;Fjpiufs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy;; (Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758) neLe;jPtpd; fhyzpj;Jtf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;iff;F (1660-1675) tdtpyq;F gy;tifikapy; Kf;fpa gq;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;> mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; tfpg;gJld;> mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; milahsq;fspy; neLe;jPthdJ Fjpiufis ,dk;ngUf;fp xd;whfTk; Rw;Wyhg;gazpfisf; ftUk; Vida njw;fhrpa ehLfSf;F mDg;Gtjw;Fk; mk;rkhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;;wd (Goonatilake, et.al, gad;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ Vwj;jho 450 Fjpiufs; 2013). ,j;jPtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

»vv z‹r‹x v`Œp‰ Ulªy¥ r…£»l‰ »hzˆ‡‰ är»lƒŒ Ì{l‰ {p Y¥z¦ R|‰{xp‰ r‹…‹tq{ ~YDb£ »Y»M. X{§p‰»[‰ ~ˆ{u£ýY {£~~ˆm£p ~ƒ [ƒpx r‹…‹tq{ »vƒŒnŸ ý[²ƒxY‰ »Y»M. är»lƒŒ ljr‹Ñ ƒŒ`þv ~ƒ czx ƒŒ`þv R|‰{õp‰f tzr£p R£Y£yx r‹…‹tq{ »vƒŒnŸ ~£YDb£ »Y»yp Rly Y¥z¦ R|‰{xp‰ Y… vp£Yyj»xƒŒ {¥n[l‰Yv r‹…‹tq{ n »vƒŒnŸ R{o£px »x£v¨ þ Ü»J.

85 Pic © Vidya Abhayagunawardena Vidya Pic © Dried Delft Island zKiwaw;w FwpRLk; tof;fk; fhl;Lf;Fjpiufs; mtw;wpd; ,sk;gpuhaq;fspy; xU rpyuhy; gpbf;fg;gl;L mtw;wpw;F Kiwaw;w tifapy; FwpRlg;gLtjhy; fpUkpj;njhw;wYf;F Mshfpd;wd. ,J ,sk;gpuhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,wg;gpw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzpahf mike;Js;sJ (

Pic © Vidya Abhayagunawardena Vidya Pic © Goonatilake, et.al, 2013). Sri Lanka Navy built water tank for the Delft Island wild horses. fhl;Lf;Fjpiufspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; - neLe;jPT fhl;Lf;FjpiufsJ (Equus caballus ) Fbj;njhif vjpu; Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs;; - Management of Wild Horses Challenges to Wild Horse Population in Delft Nghf;Ftuj;J> kpd;rhuk;> FbePu;> fl;Lkhdk; Island Mfpatw;wpy; Nkk;ghL Vw;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; neLe;jPtpy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpaila fhy;eilfspd; kpifahd Nka;r;ry; z $ba tha;g;Gf;fs; cs;sd. #oypay; ,j;jPtpy; fhzg;gLk; cyu; Nka;r;ry; rhu;e;j Rw;Wyh (Eco-tourism) jykhf Gy;ypdq;fs; ( neLe;jPit mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F rhjfkhd Cyperus iria, Sporobolus tremulus, gy fhuzpfs; mikag;ngw;w epiyapy; Peplidium maritimum and Zoysia martella Nghd;wd) fhl;Lf;Fjpiufspd; czthf rkPgfhykhf fhl;Lf;Fjpiufs; Equus miktJld; ,tw;wpd; guk;gyhdJ kpifahd caballus mjpf ftdj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd Nka;r;ry;> mjpf cg;Gj;jd;ik> twl;rp Mfpa (IUCN, 2011). neLe;jPtpy; mikf;fg;glTs;s fhuzpfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; fhl;Lf;FjpiufSf;fhd ruzhyakhdJ tsu;g;gpYs;s fhy;eilfspd; kpifahd mt;tpyq;FfSf;F Njitahd Rw;whly; Nka;r;ry; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; czTg;Nghl;bapy; fhuzpfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtw;wpd; fhl;Lf;Fjpiufs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fbj;njhifapd; mjpfupg;Gf;Fk;> epiyj;jpUf;Fk; ePz;lfhy Nehf;fpw;Fk; gq;fspf;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. zePu; gw;whf;Fiw ,g;gpuNjrkhdJ gpujhdkhf tlfPo; crhj;Jizfs; - References gUtg;ngau;r;rp kio %yk; ePiug; ngWfpd;wJ. Goonatilake, S. de A., Ekanayake, S., Kumara, T.P., Liyanapathirana, D., Weerakoon, epyj;jb ePu; rw;W ctu;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf D.K., and Wadugodapitiya, A. (2013). Sustainable Development of Delft Island: An ,Ug;gJld; mq;Fs;s Mok; Fiwe;j ecological, socio-economic and archaeological assessment. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. viii + fpzWfspy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; 86 pp IUCN. (2011). $bajhfTk; cs;sJ. vdpDk; Nfhil Assessing the Tourism Potential of Delft Island,< http://cmsdata.iucn.org/ fhyq;fspy; Vw;gLk; twl;rp fhuzkhf downloads/delft_1.pdf > [Accessed on 10 January 2013]. mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd fhy;eilfSk;> fhl;Lf;FjpiufSk; ,wf;;fpd;wd. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (2010), Ecology of Equus caballus, [Accessed on 05 January 2013].

A. Nanthakumaran is a Head of the Department of Bio Science and a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Applied Science, Vavuniya Campus of University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. She is currently involved in research on phytoremediation ability of naturally available grass species in constructed wetlands. Nanthakumaran published articles locally and internationally related to tank irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and solid waste management. Life member of Sri Lanka Agricultural Economics Association, Sri Lanka Association of Advancement of Science and the member of Institute of Environmental Professionals. She received PhD in Agricultural Economics from Tamil Nadu Agriculture University in India. She can be reached at [email protected]

A.Pavithiran is an Assistant Lecturer in zoology at the Vavuniya campus of the University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. He can be reached at [email protected]

86 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhz fz;ly; jhtuq;fspd; ,og;G vk;. vy;. ngsRy; mkPh; Mangroves Vanish in Eastern Province of Sri Lanka M. L. Fowzul Ameer mwpKfk; - Introduction nghUl;fs;> jsghlq;fs; Nghd;wd nra;aTk; gad;gLfpd;wd. fz;ly; vd;w nrhy; fsg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; x fz;ly; #ow; njhFjpapy; cs;s fopKfq;fspd; fiufspy; tsUk; tpNrl nkhy];fhf;fspd; XLfs; Rz;zhk;G ,irthf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l jhtu ,dq;fisf; cw;gj;jpf;Fg; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,it Nrw;W epy kz;iz x mtprpdpah Nghd;wtw;wpd; ,iyfs; mbj;jskhff; nfhz;l miyfspd; jhf;fk; tptrhaj;jpy; gRe;jhl; grisahf Fiwe;j fsg;G> fopKfk; kw;Wk; epoYs;s cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Flhf;fspd; fiufspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it x fpz;iz kuj;jpd; Rthr Ntu;fspypUe;J mjpfkhf madkz;ly kw;Wk; cg madkz;ly jf;if %bfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fz;ly; x fz;ly; #ow; njhFjpahdJ fiuNahu jhtuq;fs; (true mangrove) mjDld; thOk; kPd;gpbf;F ngupJk; cjtp tUfpd;wJ. cgfz;ly; jhtuq;fs; (mangrove associate) vd mjhtJ ,it kPd; FQ;Rfs; tsUkplkhfTk;> ,Utifahf ghFgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

,yq;ifapYs;s fz;ly; jhtu ,dj;jpy; 40 NtWgl;l kuq;fs;> gw;iwfs; vd;gd fhzg;gLtJld; miynaOr;rp khWghL kpf;f Gju;fs;> nfhbfs; vd;gdTk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; 25 cz;ikahd fz;ly; jhtuq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapd; kpfg; ngupa fz;lw; #oy; njhFjp Gj;js lr;Rf;Flh – Nghu;j;Jf;fy; Flh njhFjpahFk;. ,uz;lhtJ ngupa njhFjp kl;lf;fsg;G vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 0.1 rjtPjk; fz;ly; #ow;njhFjpfshy; #og;gl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapd; fz;ly; jhtuq;fis Mangroves Pic © Akila Hettiarachchi vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy; iwNrhNghwhtpy; ,U cztspf;Fk; ,lkhfTk;> ghJfhg;G ,dq;fSk;> fpz;zkuj;jpy; %d;W ,dq;fSk;> muzhfTk; njhopw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. rpW fz;ly; kw;Wk; fz;zhtpy; ,U ,dq;fSk;> x iwNrhNghwh kuj;jpy; 6.1 rjtPjg; GujKk;> ntw;wpiyf; fd;dh> Ks;sp> jpy;iy> gpr;R ,iyapy; 3.1 rjtPj GujKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nts;shj;jp Nghd;wtw;wpy; xU ,dKk;> fly; ,it ePupy; tpOe;J 12 khjj;jpw;Fg; gpd; khq;fhapy; ,U ,dKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; Guj cs;slf;fk; 22 rjtPjkhf tpyq;Ffis Nehf;Fk; NghJ gwitfs;> ez;Lfs;> mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. ,why;fs;> nkhy];fhf;fs;> nghypf;fPw;whg; GOf;fs;> kPd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhzyhk;. |›² z¹Y£»N p¥»[pƒŒy Yz£r»xˆ Y»h£z£p |£Y ýp£| þ x£v r‹…‹tq{ »vv z‹r‹»xp‰ ý[²ƒ »Y»M. fz;ly;fspd; gad;fs; - Usages of Mangroves Y»h£z£p u£ýlx, Y»h£z£p {³£rˆÜ»xˆ »{p~ˆ þK ~ƒ p¥»[pƒŒy Yz£r»xˆ Y»h£z£p |£Y{zf x iwNrhNghwh> GWifwh> mtprpdpah r{l‰p£ lMcp (Ru‹»x¤[) »vƒŒnŸ ~YDb£ »Y»M. Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;w ntl;L W»~ˆv »vv Yz£r»xˆ Y»h£z£p |£Y r‹…‹tq kuq;fs; glFfs;> fl;blq;fs;> kPd;gpb {Mlv£p ll‰l‰{x ~ƒ Y»h£z£p {[£{ Y… cgfuzq;fs; nra;a gad;gLfpd;wd. vp£Yyjx r‹…‹tq{ n »vƒŒnŸ R{o£px »x£v¨ Yy Ü»J. x fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; tPl;Lg; ghtidg;

87 fz;ly; jhtug;guk;gypy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; 1985 – 2007 Changes in Mangroves Distribution khtl;lk; nkhj;j fz;ly;fspd; gug;G fz;ly;fspd; gug;G khw;wk; khw;wk; gug;gsT - 1985 - 2007 1985 – 1992 - 2007 (n`f;Nlah;) (n`f;Nlah;) % (n`f;Nlah;) % 1992 (%) (%) kl;lf;fsg;G 263310 1961 0.75 1134 0.56 0.20 0.01 jpUf;Nfhzkiy 272700 3454 1.30 1839 0.67 0.32 0.31 mk;ghiw 443210 57 0.01 129 0.03 -0.03 0.01

%yk;: North East Coastal Community Development Project, 2010. x fz;ly; fhLfs;> Mw;W Kfq;fs;> fopKfq;fs; 1985 Kjy;; 2007 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd kw;Wk; thtpfspd; fiufisg; ghJfhg;gJld; fhyg;gFjpapy; fpof;F khfhz fz;ly; jhtug; ,tw;wpd; Ntu;fs; milay;fis gpbj;J Nghu;itfspy; ghupa khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F itj;jpUg;gjdhy; ePu;r;#oy; khriltijj; ,g;gpuNjr fhyepiyj; jd;ikfs;> ePhpay; khw;wk;> jLf;fpd;wJ. kz;zpd; ,ay;Gfs;> Aj;j eltbf;iffs;> khdpl x fz;lw; #oy; ,aw;ifahf epyk; tsu;f;Fk; eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w gy;NtW fhuzpfs; Jiz nraw;ghl;by; #whtsp> Rdhkp Nghd;w rthy;fs; - Challenges to Mangroves –Eastern ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk; Province muzhfTk; ,J njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. kdpjd; xU Raeythjpahf vg;NghJk; #oiy fpof;F khfhz fz;ly;fspd; epiy - State of jdf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp mjpypUe;J vt;tsT Mangroves in the Eastern Province ed;ikapidg; ngw KbANkh me;jstpw;F ed;ikisg; ngw;W tUfpd;w mNjNeuk;> ,yq;ifapd; tdtsj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; ,t;tsq;fis epiyj;J epw;Fk; ghijapid 2001 Mk; Mz;bd; tiuglj;jpw;F ,zq;f Nehf;fp nfhz;L nry;tjpy; jtwptpLfpd;whd;. jpUf;Nfhzkiyapy; 5.9 tPjkhd epyg;gug;G ,e;jtifapy; ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; mjhtJ 1>491 n`f;Nlau; fz;ly; jhtuq;fshy; fz;ly;fspd; mopT njhlu;e;j tz;zNkAs;sJ. #og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F mjpfkhf fz;ly;> jpg;gUj;jpd;> jpy;iy> fpz;iz> fd;dh> Ky;yp jpUf;Nfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; jk;gsfhkk; Nghd;w gy;NtW ,dq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gFjpapy; kf;fs; ngUkstpshd fz;ly;fis tpwFj; Njitf;fhf mopj;Js;sdu; ,d;Dk; 1997 Mk; Mz;L fiuNahug; ghJfg;Gj; mopj;Jk; tUfpd;wdu;. cg;Gntsp> nghj;Jtpy; jpizf;fsj;jpd; mwpf;ifapd; gpufhuk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk;> kl;lf;fsg;gpy; 6.4 tPjkhd epyg;gug;G mjhtJ fpz;zpah Nghd;w gFjpfspy; mgptpUj;jp 1>421 n`f;Nlau; fz;ly; jhtuq;fshy; #oe;J eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; fz;ly;fs; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf fsg;G mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gFjpfspisNa mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F jpg;gUj;jpd;> jpy;iy> fpz;iz> fd;dh> kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk;; ,d;W kpfNtfkhf Ky;yp gy;NtW ,dq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fl;Lkhd tpUj;jpfis mile;J tUfpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghLfs; mjpfkhd fz;ly; fhLfis mk;ghiw khtl;lj;ijg; nghUj;jtiuapy; Fiwtilar; nra;tjw;F fhuzkhfpd;wJ. mjpfkhd Mw;W thapy;fs; kw;Wk; 2 Kjy; 10 ,d;Dk; fiuNahuq;fspy;; cy;yhrg;gaz kPw;wUf;F cl;gl;l fsg;Gg; gFjpfspYk; mjpfkhf tpLjpfis eph;khzpg;gjdhYk; kPd;tsh;g;G fz;ly; jhtug; Nghu;itfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fsq;fis my;yJ jlhfq;fis mikg;gjdhYk; Mdhy; Vida khtl;lq;fNshL xg;gpLifapy; mjpfk; ghjpg;gile;J tUtNjhL> ghJfhg;G Fiwthd gug;gpNyNa gue;Js;sJ. mjhtJ eltbf;iffspdhYk; ,t;tsq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L 292 n`f;Nlau; gug;gpy; 2.5 tPj epyg;gug;gpy; tUfpd;wik ftiyaspf;fpd;wJ. fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

88 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpd; rpy gFjpfspy; cau; ¾fz;ly; jhtuj;jpd; gad;ghL> ed;ikfs; ctu;jd;ikapdhYk; twz;l fhw;Wf;fspd; gw;wp kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tpopg;Gzh;it nry;thf;fpdhYk; fz;ly;fspd; tsu;r;rp Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa Vw;ghLfs; ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ. xYtpy; gpuNjrj;jpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gly;. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; JiwKf mgptpUj;jp fiuNahu jpd;diyj; Jupjg;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis> ¾fz;ly; jhtuq;fis kPs; cUthf;fk; fiuNahu fz;ly;fisAk; mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf nra;tjd; %yKk;> jw;nghOJ fhzg;gLfpd;w jhio kuq;fs;> mWfk; nfhb> gd; Nghd;witfs; fz;ly; jhtuq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;F moptiltjdhy; fly; Mikfspd; ,dtpUj;jp eltbf;if vLg;gjd; %yKk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; jilnra;ag;gLfpwJ. fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; mopf;fg;gLtjpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fg;gLjy;. ,yq;ifapd; fpof;F fiuNahu fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; 2004 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 26 ¾fz;ly; jhtuq;fis mopg;gjidj; Mk; jpfjp Vw;gl;l Rdhkpapd; NghJ mjpfkhf jLg;gjw;fhd rhpahd rl;l jpl;lq;fis ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;Dk; mjpfkhd fz;ly; cUthf;Fjy;> epiyahd mgptpUj;jpapidf; jhtuq;fs; fiuNahug; ghij mikg;gjw;fhfTk; filg;gpbj;jy;> fz;ly; jhtuq;fspdhy; Vida cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis Nkw; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; gw;wpAk; ,it #oiy nfhs;Stjw;fhfTk;> tpwFf;fhfTk;; Vida ghJfhf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpAk; fsg;Gfis mj;JkPwpa nraw;ghLfSf;fhfTk; mopf;fg;gl;L ghJfhf;Fk; gbKiwfs; njhlh;ghfTk; tUfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspdhy;; vQ;rpf; kf;fSf;F rhpahd Kiwapy; tpopg;Gzh;tpid fhzg;gLfpd;w fz;ly; jhtuq;fSk; mopTWk; Vw;gLj;Jjy; mtrpakhFk;. mgha epiyia vjph;Nehf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd. crhj;Jizfs; - References tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; fle;j xU jrhg;j fhykhf ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzq;fspdhy; Cintron, G., a.Lugo and R. Martinez (1985), Structural and Functional Properties of ghupastpshd fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L Mangrove Forest. In W,G. D’ Arcy & A.M.D. Correa (eds), The Botany and Natural History of Panama: La Botanica e historia natural de Panama IV series, Monographs tpl;ld. cjhuzkhf kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw> in systematic, V 10, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO; USA: 53-56 pp jpUf;Nfhzkiy Nghd;w gFjpfspy; mjpfsthd fz;ly;fs; mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; J} Dahdouh-Guebas, F. (2006), Mangrove Forest and Tsunami Protection, McGraw- Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology, McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, g%l;b kPd;gpbf;Fk; Kiwapdhy; fz;ly; fhLfs; USA. ghjpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. Eastwood, J.A.M.G. Yates, A.G. Thomson, and R.M. Fuller (1997), The Reliability of Vegetation Indices for monitoring Saltmarsh Vegetation cover, International fz;ly; jhtuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Journal of Remote Sensing 18:3901-3907 Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffs; - Management FAO (1983), Sustainable Development and Basic Human Needs, CERES, NO. 93 Activities for Mangroves Conservation (May-June), Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome fz;ly; gpuNjrq;fs; nghf;fp\khfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl Forest Department (1997), Mangroves of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka: Forest Department. Ntz;bait. ,d;Dk; cUthf;fg;gl Ministry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development (2010), North Ntz;bait. ,tw;iwg; ghJfhj;J vkJ ehisa East Coastal Community Development Project Report, Sri Lanka: Ministry of re;jjpapdUf;F Rj;jkhdJk; ghJfhg;ghdJkhd Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development. #oiy ,l;Lr; nry;tJ vkJ flikahFk;. International Union for Conservation of Nature (2011), Appraisal of Mangrove fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; vjph;fhyj;jpy; mopf;fg;glhky; Management in Micro-Tidal Estuaries and Lagoons in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka: ICUN mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkdpy;> Sri Lanka Offi ce.

M. L. Fowzul Ameer is a Senior Lecturer, Head, Department of Geography, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. He obtained a fi rst B.A (Hons) in geography and a Postgraduate Degree M. Phil from University of Peradeniya of Sri Lanka, a Diploma in GIS, GIS Institute (India), IPGT (China) IPGT (Israel). He can be reached at [email protected]

89 BAR R R REEF

Bar Reef Coral Reef Kalpitiya Pigeon Island National Park ,yq;ifapd; KUiff; fw;ghiwfspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mit vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s rthy;fSk; vk;.v];.vk;.uhrpf;. Importance of and Challenges to Coral Reefs of Sri Lanka M.S.M.Razik mwpKfk; - Introduction 2% Md gFjpfspy; KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gj; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahukhdJ 1585 fpNyhkPw;wh; jpizf;fsk>; 2004). ,it mjpfstpy; ePsj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJld; mjpfsthd flw;fiuf;F mz;kpj;j tpspk;Gg; gFjpfspy; gy #oy; njhFjpfs>; fz;ly; jhtuq;fs;> tu;zq;fspYk;; nfhk;G> fpis> nfhj;J kw;Wk; KUiff; fw;ghiwfs;> flw;Gw; gLf;iffs;> cUz;il Mfpa NtWgl;l tbtq;fspYk; ctu; Nrw;W epyq;fs>; kzy; NkLfs; kw;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; ,it fw;gpl;b flw;fiufs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d #oy; jPgfw;gk; njhlf;fk; kd;dhu; jPT tiuahd njhFjpfisAk; tho;tplq;fisAk; kw;Wk; gFjp> fpof;Ff;fiuNahuj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiy ,aw;if tsq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L njhlf;fk; fy;Kid tiuahd gFjp> mf;Fws fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; cyfpd; njhlf;fk; jq;fhiy tiuahd njw;F kw;Wk; nkhj;j flw;fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; Rkhu; 1Ψ njd;Nkw;F fiuNahuk; kw;Wk; aho;g;ghz ,id tpl Fiwthd gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;lhYk; jPgfw;gg; gFjp Mfpa fiuNahu gFjpfspy; mit nkhj;j fly;tho; capupdq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; njd;Nkw;F gFjpapy; Rkhu; 25% ,w;F Mjutspf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; `pf;fLit> &k];]iy> cdtl;Ld Nghd;w tsu;rpf;F 21°C Kjy; 29°C tiuahd fiuNahuq;fSk;> fpof;fpy; ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk; ePupd; ntg;gepiyAk;> mjpfsthd #upa epyhntsp fiuNahuq;fSk; kpfTk; gpurpj;jp ntspr;rKk; mtrpakhFk;. mj;NjhL ,it ngw;w gFjpfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mokw;w njspthd ePupy; nropg;ghf tsUk;. ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;j fiuNahuj;jpy; Rkhu; ,tw;iwj; jtpu ehl;bd; fpof;F kw;Wk; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fiuapypUe;J 15 Kjy; 20 fpNyh kPw;wu; J}uf; flypy;; Rkhu; 20 kPw;wu; Moj;jpYk; KUiff;fw;ghiwfs;; mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; fiuNahuq;fspy; 171 tifahd KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd; tsu;r;rp tPjkhdJ kpfTk; nkJthdNjhL tUlj;jpw;F ,J 2 Kjy; 10 nrd;wp kPw;wu; tiu tpj;jpahrg;gLfpd;wJ

Pic by Rohitha Gunawardana (fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;> 1997). ,k; KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; gy;NtW tifahd r%f nghUshjhu> #oypay; ed;ikfisAk; gad;ghLfisAk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

»vv rM»xˆ}j z‹r‹x |›² z¹Y£»N »Y£yzˆry{z {Ñp£Yv ~ƒ A{£f r{l‰p£ RuŒ»x¤[ r‹…‹tq{ R{o£px »x£v¨ Yy Ü»J. WƒŒ r{l‰p£ ~v£c R£MÞY {Ñp£Yv »vƒŒnŸ R{o£pxf »x£v¨ »N. »vƒŒnŸ »Y£yzˆry ýp£| þv »Y»yƒŒ tzr£p v£p{ òx£Y£yYK, ý»|‰}»xp‰v »Y£yzˆ Y¥Öv ~ƒ »Y£yzˆ ÷~ˆ Ãúv, »{y… R£|›²l ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª, ê{y Yfx¨lª, ]j Rræ{³ ~ƒ R~¬È ñ|² czx ÷~ˆþv {»[‰v ~ˆ{u£ýY ny¥j© n »vƒŒnŸ l{ãyfl‰ ~£YDb£{f tãp‰ »N. »vv z‹r‹x v`Œp‰ |›² z¹Y£ ~£[y»xˆ SÜù þ R¥Ü »Y£yzˆry R£yY‰}£ Yy [¥ìv ~qƒ£ {Ñp£ ë[vpxp‰ ÄrxY‰ »x£‰cp£ Yy Ü»J.

93 Branching, Staghon, Digitate and Foliaceous Corals. r%f, nghUshjhu kw;Wk; #oypay; KJnfYk;gw;w ez;Lfs;> ,why;fs;> rpg;gpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; - Socio-economic and kw;Wk; flw;GOf;fs; Nghd;wdTk; tpj;jpahrkhd Environmental Importance myq;fhu kPdpdq;;fs; kw;Wk; fly; Mikfs; Nghd;wdTk; KUiff; fw;ghiwfspy; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuq;fspy; mike;J tho;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd czT> fhzg;gLk; ,k; KUiff; fw;ghiwfs;; Ngh~hf;F> ciwtplk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G mjpfsthd ntspehl;L gpuahzpfisf; Nghd;wit ,r;#oy; njhFjpapd; %yk;; ftu;e;jpOg;gjd; %yk; ,yq;iff;F fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wd. vdNt jhd; KUiff; ngUe;njhifahd me;epar; nryhtzpia miyfspd; N`hl;ly;fspy; mjpfsthdit Coral Gardens Ntfj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;jp fiuNahuj; jpd;dypy; Hotel, Hotel Super Corals, Coral Sand Hotel, Coral ,Ue;J fiuNahuj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; ,aw;if Reef Hotel, Hotel Blue Coral Nghd;w ngau;fSld;; muzhfTk; ,it nraw;gLfpd;wd. KUiff; fw;ghiwfSld; njhlu;GgLj;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sikf;F fhuzk; ntspehl;L KUiff; fw;ghiwfspd; mopTk;; cy;yhrg; gpuahzpfis ftu;e;jpOg;gjw;fhFk;. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk; - Destruction of mj;NjhL Rz;zhk;G cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd Coral Reefs and its Causes Kf;fpa %yg;nghUshf ,it jpfo;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gkpf;f KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; NkYk;> ,yq;ifapd; KUiff; fw;ghiw ,d;W gy;NtWgl;;l ,aw;if kw;Wk; khdpl #oy;njhFjpiar; #o fhzg;gLk; myq;fhu fhuzq;fspd; fhuzkhf mr;RWj;jiy kPd; tiffis gpbf;Fk; kw;Wk; fly; rpg;gp; vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;sNjhL> ,tw;wpdsT ghupastpy; Nrfupf;Fk; njhopiy Rkhu; 1500 Ngu; Fiwtile;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf> `pf;fLit tho;thjhukhf nfhz;Ls;sdu;;. ,tw;iwj; jtpu gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; KUiff; fw;ghiwapy; cy;yhrg;gazpfs; KUiff; fw;ghiwfis 93% Mdit moptile;j epiyapy; 7% ghu;itapLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fz;zhb Mdit khj;jpuNk capUs;sitahff; mbj;jl;Lf;fis cila tpirg; glFfis fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ntypfik kw;Wk; &k];]y ,af;Fk; njhopypYk;> Kj;Jf;Fspg;gtu;fSf;F Mfpa fiuNahu gFjpfspy; capUs;s ey;y Njitahd cgfuzq;fis toq;FtjpYk; epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; gyu; 2004). nfhz;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf KUiff;fw;; #ow;njhFjpahdJ nrwpthd capupdq;fisAk;> flw;jhtuq;fisAk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;fpilapy; khdpl eltbf;ifs; - Human Activities neUq;fpa ,ilj;njhlu;GfisAk; nghUj;jkw;w khdpl eltbf;iffs; ,yq;ifapd; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf KJnfYk;Gs;s> fiuNahu KUiff; fw;ghiwfspd; moptpw;Fk>; mtw;wpd; rPuoptpw;Fkhd Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhFk;. ,tw;wpy; KUiff; fy;; mfo;Tk; Nrfupg;Gk; (Coral Mining and Collecting)> fiuNahu Rw;WyhTld; rhu;e;j eltbf;iffs>; nghUj;jkw;w kPd;gpb eltbf;iffs;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;> Kiwaw;w jpz;k kw;Wk; jput fopT ntspNaw;wk>; nghwpapay; Pic by Rohitha Gunawardana ml;ltiz 1: ,yq;ifapd; njw;F kw;Wk; njd;Nkw;F fiufspy; KUiff;fy; mfo;T -1984>1994 kw;Wk; 1998 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;

Table 1: Coral Mining in the South and South-Western Coasts of Sri Lanka – 1984, 1994 and 1998

tUlk;

1984 1994 1998 KUiff;fy; msT (njhd;fspy;) nkhj;jj;jpd; msT (njhd;fspy;) nkhj;jj;jpd; msT (njhd;fspy;) nkhj;jj;jpd; tif % % % cs;ehl;L 10>400 58 15>800 80 28>300 93 KUiff;fy;

fly; KUiff;fy; 7>660 42 4>020 20 2>200 07

nkhj;jk; 18>060 100 19>820 100 30>500 100

%yk;: gpNukuj;d 1985> uztPu gz;lh 1994> fl;Lnghj 1999. (Source: Premarathne 1985, Ranaweera Banda 1994, Katupotha 1999). This table show 15 years back information - ,e;j ml;ltiz 15 tUlq;fSf;F Ke;jpa jfty;fis fhl;LfpwJ uPjpahd fiuNahu jpd;dy; jLg;G Kiwfs;; fiuNahuj;jpy;; 18>059 njhd;fs; KUiff; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d khdpl eltbf;iffs; fw;ghiwfs; mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld. ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. 10>400 njhd;fs; (58%) cs;ehl;Lg; gFjpfspypUe;Jk; 7>659 njhd;fs; (42%) KUiff; fy;; mfo;Tk; Nrfupg;Gk; - Coral flypypUe;Jk; mfog;gl;ld (ml;ltiz 1). Mining and Collecting 1994 Mk; Mz;L ,Nj gFjpapy; nkhj;j mfo;T 19>820 njhd;fshFk;. vdpDk; flypypUe;Jk; fiuNahug;gFjpfspy; ePz;l fhykhf mfog;gl;l msT 4>020 njhd;fshf (20%) Rz;zhk;G cw;gj;jpf;fhf KUiff; Fiwtile;jJ. NkYk;> ,J 1998 Mk; Mz;L fw;ghiwfs; mfog;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,d;iwa 2>200 njhd;fshf (07%) Fiwtile;jJ fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,J Fiwthf cs;s NghJk; (gpNukuj;d 1985> uztPu gz;lh 1994> fl;Lnghj> KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; mfog;gl;LtUtjdhy; 1999). ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; 1988 Mk; Mz;by; cUthfpAs;s jhf;fq;fis ,d;Wk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l fiuNahu ghJfhg;G (jpUj;jr;) czuKbAk;. ,yq;ifapd; njd;Nkw;F rl;lkhFk;. mj;NjhL 1994 Mk; Mz;L njd;Nkw;F kw;Wk; njw;F fiuNahuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fiuNahuj;jpy; fly; KUiff;fy; mfo;T> KUiff;fw; ghiwfspy; rpy 5>000 tUlk; tiu Nrfupg;G kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; Rkhu; goikahdit (fl;Lnghj> 1988). mjpfsT 1500 Ngu; Neubahf 1997). ,yq;ifapd; njhlf;fk; `pf;fLit tiuahd njd;Nkw;F fpof;Ff;fiuNahuj;jpYk; epyhntsp njhlf;fk; fiuNahuq;fspYk; njw;F fiuNahuj;jpd; mf;fiug;gw;W tiuahd gFjpfspYk; KUiff; khj;jiw khtl;lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy fw;ghiwfs; mfog;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf gFjpfspy; ,it fiuapypUe;J 5 fpNyh kPw;wu; mjpfsthd KUiff;fy; mfo;T khq;Nfzp> cs;ehl;L gFjptiu fhzg;gLtNjhL epyj;jpd;; tz;nlY}]; Flh> ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk; fy;Flh fPo; 10 kPw;wu; Mok; tiuapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gFjpapy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; Rz;zhk;G KUiff;fy; mfo;;thdJ rpy E}W tUlq;fshf #isfSk; khq;Nfzp kw;Wk; ghrpf;Flh eilngWfpd;wJ. vdpDk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,it gFjpfspy; fhzg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd (fiuNahug; flw;fiuf;F gpd;dhy; fhzg;gLk; epyq;fspy; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;> 2004). kpfTk; rpwpastpNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. vdpDk; 1960Mk; Mz;Lfspd; gpd;du; fiuNahu Rw;Wyhj;JiwAk; mjDld; epu;khzj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpAld; Njhd;wpa njhlu;Gila eltbf;iffSk; – Coastal Nfs;tpiaj;; njhlu;e;J fiuNahuq;fspy; Tourism and Related Activities Mokw;w fly; ePupy; fhzg;gLk; capUs;s gtsg;ghiwfSk; cilj;njLf;fg;gl;ld. 1994 Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs; KUiff; fw;ghiwfspd; Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapd; mk;gyhq;nfhil kPJ elj;jypd; fhuzkhf xt;nthU jlitAk; njhlf;fk; jpf;nty;iy tiuahd njd;Nkw;F KUiff; fw;ghiwfspy; fhyb vLj;J itf;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpd; Ez;ikahd mikg;gpw;F 95 Nrjk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. nghy;Nfid> `pf;fLit kPd;fisg; gpbg;gjw;fhd nkhf;]p tiyfs; kw;Wk; cdtl;Ld Nghd;w gFjpfspy; (Moxy Nets) kw;Wk; KUiff;fw;ghiwfspy; KUiff; fw;ghiwfspd; jukpoj;jYf;F ,J fhzg;gLk; rpq;fp ,why;fisg; gpbg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpakhdnjhU fhuzkhFk;. mj;NjhL tiyfspdhYk; ,it ghjpg;gilfpd;wd. ePu;tho; fhl;rp tu;j;jfk>; myq;fhug; nghUs; cw;gj;jp> epidTg;nghUs; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf jpz;k kw;Wk; jputf; fopTfspd; ntspNaw;wk; - KUiff; fw;ghiwfis Nrfupg;gjhYk; Solid and Sewerage Water Discharge rpg;gpfis Nrfupg;Nghu; mtw;wpid cilj;J cy;yhrg;gpuahz N`hl;ly;fs;> vLj;Jr; nry;tjhYk; KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; FbapUg;Gf;fs;> ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Nrjkilfpd;wd (fiuNahu ghJfhg;Gj; efuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;; fly; ePUf;Fs; jpizf;fsk;> 2004). NkYk; gtsg;ghiwfis ntspaplg;gLk; fopTePu;> jpz;k kw;Wk; ghu;itapLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,urhadf;fopT ntspNaw;wKk; ,tw;wpd; fz;zhb mbj;jl;Lf;fis cila tpirg; ghjpg;gpw;fhd kw;WnkhU fhuzkhFk;. Fwpg;ghf glFfspd; ,ae;jpuq;fs; ,tw;wpd; Nkw;gug;ig `pf;fLit> ehupfik kw;Wk; nghy;Nfid cuha;tjhYk;> glFfis eq;$ukpLtjhYk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; Rw;Wyh tzpfk; KUiff; fw;ghiwfspy; fPwy;fs>; KwpTfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ Kjy; ,d;W tiu Kiwahd Vw;gl;L mit rpijtilfpd;wd. NkYk; fopTePu; mfw;Wk; trjpfNsh fopTePu; Rj;jpfupg;G ,tw;iw ,af;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;nza;; trjpfNsh fhzg;gltpy;iy. frpTfSk; ,g;ghiwfspd; rPuopTf;F

Operation of glass bottom boats and coral reef degradation in the Hikkaduwa National Park. Pic © M.S.Razik. fhuzkhaikfpd;wd. `pf;fLit Njrpa ,tw;iwj;jtpu njd;de;Jk;G cw;gj;jpf;fhf G+q;fh gFjpapy; ,J ghupanjhU gpur;rpidahf njd;id kl;ilfis fly;ePupy; Cw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tpLk;NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; ,urhad kPd;gpb eltbf;iffs; - Nru;f;ifapd; fhuzkhfTk; njw;F kw;Wk; Fishing Activities njd;Nkw;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpd; gy gFjpfspy; kPd;gpbf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ladikl;Lf;fs; KUiff;fw;ghiwfs; ghjpg;gile;Js;sd. kw;Wk; tiyfs; %yKk; ,it ghjpg;gilfpd;wd. mj;NjhL nghwpapay; rhu;e;j fiuNahuj; jpd;dy; kPd;gpb JiwKfq;fspd; epu;khzk;> mtw;wpid jLg;G fl;Lkhdq;fspd; fhuzkhfTk; KUiff; Mokhf;fy; fhuzkhf KUiff; fw;ghiwfspd; fw;ghiwfs; ghjpg;giltNjhL ,tw;wpd;; Nky; Nky; kzy; gbe;J mit ntspwy; kw;Wk; kzy; gbtjd; fhuzkhf mit ntspwYf;Fk; rpijTf;Fs;shfpd;wd. NkYk; myq;fhu cs;shfpd;wd.

96 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 ,aw;iff; fhuzpfs; - Natural Factors tpupTgLj;jy>; KUiff;fw;ghiwfs; kPJ elg;gijj; jtpu;j;jy>; KUifg;ghiwfSf;F ,tw;iwj;jtpu 1998 Mk;; Mz;L Vg;uy;- Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba kPd;gpb kw;Wk; Vida Nk khjq;fspy;; fhyepiy khw;wj;Jld; khdpl eltbf;iffSf;F fl;Lg;ghLfis njhlu;Ggl;l ‘vy;-epNdh’ njw;F Cryhl;lk; tpjpj;jy;> tpirg;glFfspd; vupnghUs; (El-Nino Souther Oscillation-ENSO) vd;w fly; fopTfs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg; gazj;Jiwapd; ntg;g mjpfupg;Gk; KUiff; fw;ghiwfspd; %yk; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTfs; vd;gtw;iw mopTf;fhd Kf;fpakhdnjhU fhuzkhFk;. fl;Lg;gLj;JtNjhL fiuNahug;gFjpfspy; ,jd; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; njw;F kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd foptfw;Wk; trjpfis mwpKfk; njd;Nkw;F fly; ePupd; ntg;gepiyahdJ nra;jy;> KUiff;fy; mfo;tpy; ,r;#oy; njhFjpapy; tho;e;j kw;Wk; xUq;fpizT ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;;. capupdq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; fzprkhd Fiwtile;jd (Wilkinson et al., 1999). Fwpg;ghf crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; - References 2004 Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l Rdhkpapd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; `pf;fLit kw;Wk; ngNuypa Nghd;w Coast Conservation Department (2006), Coastal Zone Management Plan 2004, gFjpfspy; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;TfSk; Rdhkpapd; Colombo, Sri Lanka. Coast Conservation Department (1997), Coastal Zone Management Plan 1997, fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahu KUiff; Colombo, Sri Lanka. fw;ghiwfs; mjpfstpy; Nrjkile;Js;sjhf Katupotha, J. (1988), Evidence of High Sea Level During the Mid-Holocene on the $Wfpd;wd. NkYk;> el;rj;jpu tbtpyhd Southwest Coast of Sri Lanka. Boreas, 17, 209-213, Oslo, Norway. kPd;fspd; Kl;fspd; fhuzkhfTk; Vida rpy Katupotha, K.N.G. (1999), Survey on Economic Environmental Linkage Between the Demand and Supply of Sand and Coral in the West and South West Coasts of tifahd jhf;ff;$ba kPdpdq;fspd; CLUty; Sri Lanka. unpubl. Ministry of Forestry and Environment, Battaramulla, Sri-Lanka fhuzkhfTk; ,k;KUiff; fw;ghiwfs; Ministry of Environment and Naturar Resources (2001), State of the Environment ,aw;ifahf ghjpg;gilfpd;wd (fiuNahu in Sri Lanka: A National Report Prepared for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Colombo, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk>; 2004). Battaramulla, Sri-Lanka. Premaratne, A. (1985), A Socio-Economic Survey of Those Engaged in Coral Mining in the South Western Coastal Zone (from Ambalangoda to Dickwella), KbTiu - Conclusion Unpublished internal Report, No 03, Coast Conservation Department. Ranaweera Banda, R.M. (1994), A Study on the Effects of Demolishing Lime vQ;rpAs;s KUiff; fw;ghiwfis epiyahd Kilns on the Coral Mining and Assessment of Coral being Mined. unpubl. Coast Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ahtpbd; Conservation Department. Wilkinson et al. (1999), Ecological and Socioeconomic Impacts of 1998 Coral ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ESNO Impact and Warning of Future Change?. tpspk;Gg; ghiwfspid vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Ambio 28: 188 – 196. fhz;gnjd;gJ re;NjfNk ,jw;fhf Coral Reef Alliance: Coral Reef Overview, Available at, [Accessed 1/12/2013]. NOAA’s coral reef information systems: What are Coral Reefs, rl;lj;jpd; noaa.gov/about/what_are/> [Accessed 1/12/2013]. fLikahd mKyhf;fk;> nghJkf;fs;> Rodrigo, M. (2011), March 13, Lanka’s Tsunami Destruction Diretly Linked to Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; kw;Wk; kPdtu;fSf;F Destroyed Coral Reefs, The Sunday Times, [Accessed 5/01.2014]. United Nations Environmental Program (2006), After the Tsunami: Rapid tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;;> KUiff;fw; Environmental Assessment, UNEP, [Viewed on 12/12/2013].

M. S. M. Razik is a Senior Lecturer attached to the Department of Geography, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Razik’s research interests include Coastal Environmental Issues, Coastal Zone Management, Natural Resource Management and Disaster Management. He is presently undertaking a research project on “Impact of Human Activities on Coastal Erosion and Coastal Environmental Degradation in the South-Western Coastal Zone of Sri Lanka.” Currently, Razik is reading for a Ph.D at the University of Peradeniya. He can be reached at [email protected]

97 ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahu kw;Wk; fly;tho; capupdq;fs; mNdh[h ,yl;Rkzd,yl;Rkzd;; Coastal and Marine Wildlife of Sri Lanka Anojah Latchumanan mwpKfk; - Introduction Nkw;$wpa flw; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J vkf;F mjpfkhd capu;tho; %ytsq;fs; ,yq;ifahdJ> ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; fpilf;ff;$bajhfcs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf ,f;fly; njd;gFjpapy; tl mfyhq;F 50° 54’ - 9° 52’> gFjpapy; ,Ue;J gy;NtWtifahd kPd;fs; fpof;F nel;lhq;F 79° 39’- 81° 53’ ,w;fpilapy; fpilf;fpd;wd. mj;Jld; fly; Mikfs;> xU rpwpa jPthf mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ. jPtpd; nlhy;gpd;fs;> jpkpq;fpyq;fs;> RwhkPd;fs;> miktplj;jd;ik ehl;bd;; fiuNahur; #oypy; ez;Lfs;> ,why;tiffs;> rpq;f,why; kw;Wk;; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Provisions of the fly; gd;wpfs; vd;git Kf;fpa capupdq;fshf Martitime Zones Law (No.22) of 1976 kw;Wk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. the Presidential Proclamation there under of 15th of January 1977> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fly; vy;iy njhlu;ghd ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; (UN Convention of the Law of the Sea ) »vv rM»x‰}j z‹r‹x v`Œp‰ |›² z¹Y£»N Yyn™x ,yq;ifapd; Ms;Gy fly; vy;iy 12 fly; {pÌþp‰ r‹…‹tq{ ~£YDb£ »Y»M. ý»|‰}»xp‰ v iky; tiu gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;if v¨ƒ¨¨ã Y¥~ˆt¦{p‰ (X†»[Õ Y¥~ˆt¦{£, tf§ Y¥~ˆt¦{£, ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyg; gFjp> kd;dhh; tisFlh> »r£lª Y¥~ˆt¦{£, [zˆ Y¥~ˆt¦{£, ày Y¥~ˆt¦{£) xp ghf;FePupiz cs;spl;l 200 fly; iky; J} Y¥~ˆt¦ RuŒcppx ~ƒ Y¥~ˆt¦ ~¹yY‰}j òx£Y£ú ~¥z¥~ˆv 2005 r‹…‹tq{l‰, |›² z¹Y£ v¨ƒ¨»nƒŒ uk; tiu ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tyaKk; »{»~p »h£zˆ‡‹p‰, »v¤y¥ ~ƒ lzˆv~¨p‰ ~ƒ X{§p‰ tpahgpj;Js;sJ (fiuNahu tya Kfhikj;Jt v¨ƒ¨j»np lMcp r‹…‹tq{ R{o£px »x£v¨ Yy jpl;lk;> 2004). Ü»J.

A Blue Whale Balaenoptra musculus in Mirissa sea waters of Sri Lanka . Gtpapy; ilNdhru;fs; tho;e;j Auhrpf; fhyj;jpy; turtle)> xypt; nul;yp Mik Olive ridley turtle> ,Ue;Nj Mikfs; Gtpapy; tho;e;J tUtjhf kw;Wk; nfk;g;]; nul;yp Mik (Kemp’s turtle) fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfshtpa uPjpapy; ,d;W Nghd;w VO tifahd fly; Mik ,dq;fs; 250 tiuapyhd Mik ,dq;fs; milahsk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Ws; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd (IUCN, Sri Lanka, 2005). Leatherback turtle kw;Wk; Hawksbill turtle ,tw;wpy; VOtifahd ,dq;fs; flypy; Mfpait mjpfstpy; Mgj;ij vjpu; Nehf;Fk; trpg;gdthf cs;sd. ,it fly; Mikfs1; ,dq;fshf (critically endangered species) (Sea Turtles) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. vQ;rpa IUCN ,dhy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. 243 tifahd Mik ,dq;fs; jiu kw;Wk; mNjNtis Green Turtle, Loggerhead ed;dPu; #oy; njhFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd turtle> kw;Wk; Olive Ridley turtle Mfpait Mgj;jpw;Fs;shfpAs;s ,dq;fshf ( (IUCN, Sri Lanka, 2005). Endangered Species) milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. moptilAk; epiyapy; cs;s 7 tifahd 1fly; Mikfs; Testudines vDk; gpupitr; rhu;e;jit. flypy; tho;gitahf fhzg;gl;lhYk; fiuNahuq;fspNyNa fly; Mik ,dq;fspy; 5 tifahd fly; Kl;ilapLfpd;wJ. fly; MikfSf;F JLg;G Nghd;W cWg;Gfs; Mik tiffs; ,yq;ifapd; flw;fiufspy; ,Ug;gjdhy; mtw;why; ,yFthf ePe;j Kbfpd;wJ. nghJthf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. capupdq;fspy; Mikf;F ePz;l MAs; cs;sJ. I. ngUe;jiy Mikfs; - Loggerhead ,yq;ifapd; fly; Mikfs; - Sea Turtles of Turtle Sri Lanka ,t;tifahd Mik ,dq;fs; nfh];nfhl> cdtl;Ld> Nufht> g+e;jy Mfpa cyfshtpa uPjpapy; fpuPd; Mik ( )> Green turtle fiuNahuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it 120 nyhfn`l; Mik ( )> gpyl; Loggerhead turtle nrd;wp kPw;wu; tiuapYk; tsuf; $bait. ngf; Mik ( )> `t;f;];gpy; Mik Flat back turtle mj;Jld; 200 fpNyhfpuhk; msT epiwapidAk; ( )> nyj Ngf; Mik ( Hawksbill turtle Leatherback cilait. ghrpfs;> nIypkPd;fs;> rpg;gpfs;>

Pic © Andrew Sutton. Sri Lankan Airline Eco-tourism Project. “Project BLUEprint” fhykhf cs;sJ. fhyg;gFjp ,tw;wpd;gpujhdKl;ilapLk; cl;nfhs;fpd;wd. etk;gh;-Idtuptiuahd flw;jhtuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwcz;fpd;wd. midj;Jz;zpfshf cs;s,itrpwpakPd;fs;> 70 nrd;wpkPw;wu;tiuapYk;tsuf;$bad. epiwAiladthf cs;s,t;tifMikfs; Mik ,dq;fNsrpwpad.45fpNyhfpuhk; Mik tiffs;midj;jpYk;,t;tifahd Kl;ilapLk; fhyg;gFjpahfcs;sJ.fly; ahdJ ,yq;ifapy;,yq;ifMikfs; njhlf;fk; etk;gu;tiuapyhdfhyg;gFjp milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.nrg;nlk;gh; ,it nfh];nfhlNufhtgFjpfspy;mjpfsT g+e;jy fiuNahuq;fspy;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thikfs; nge;Njhl;il>,e;JUt>Nufht> II. ahy> g+e;jygFjpfspy;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it nge;Njhl;il>,e;JUt>cdtl;Ld> III. kw;Wk; ,why;( qflbd if;- Turtle Mikfs; fq;fkl;bad; Mikfs;- O; if;- Mikfs; mOq;F Mikfs;- Shrimp ) Nghd;wtw;iwczthf Hawksbill Turtle Olive Ridley

Sea turtle in the Pigeon Island. Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena Sponches tpyq;Fz;zpfshd ,itnIypkPd;fs;> ,tw;wpd; ,iwr;rper;Rj;jd;iktha;e;jJ. tiuapYk; epiwapidciladthfcs;sd. tsuf;$bad. mj;Jld;80fpNyhfpuhk; Mikfs; 100nrd;upkPw;wu;fs;tiuapYk; NghJ mstpy;rpwpadthffhzg;gLk;,e;j Vida fly;Mik,dq;fSld;xg;gpLk; 5. nfh];nfhil flyhikghJfhg;Gj;jpl;lk;- 4. flyhik Kl;ilnghupg;Gepiyak;-tpf;lu; ntypghu nfh];nfhilflyhikghJfhg;Gj; 3. 2. mf;Fus> rPdpfikflyhik gz;iz 1. `guhJt flyhikKl;ilnghupg;G Nghd;wtw;iw khj;jpuNkcl;nfhs;fpd;wd. Kjpu; gUtj;jpy;flw;Gw;fs;>my;fhf;fs; Cd; cz;;zpfshfcs;smNjNtis ,t; Mikfs;,sk;gUtj;jpy; ,tw;wpd; Kl;ilapLk;fhyg;gFjpahfcs;sJ. Idtup njhlf;fk;khu;r;tiuahdfhyg;gFjp nrd;wpkPw;wu;fs; tiuapy;tsuf;$bait. epiwapid cila,t;Mikfs;125 fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. 230fpNyhfpuhk;tiu Nufht gFjpfspy;mjpfstpy;milahsk; fhzg;gLk; ,t;tifMikfs;nfh];nfhl> ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhdfiuNahuq;fspy; IV. cl;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,it nIypkPd;fisNagpujhdczthf MikNa mstpy;ngupajhffUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cs;sd. fly;Miktiffspy;,t; nrd;wpkPw;wu;fs; tiuapYk;tsuf;$baitahf fpuhk; tiuepiwAilajhf,Ug;gJld;190 ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it600fpNyh Nghd;w gFjpfspy;,t;tifMikfs; nfhf;fy> Nufht>nfhltha>ahy>g+e;jy> ngd;Njhl;il> ,e;JUt>nfh];nfhl> pyqf;-20 - 2005 Lanka – - nghupg;G Kl;il epiyaq;fs; -2005 Mik fhzg;gLk; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk;MikKl;ilnghupg;G V. k`gyhd nfh];nfhil n`];l;gu;f; epjpak;>nfh];nfhil jpl;lk; epiyak; h;Mks - Mikfs; ghy; Mikfs;- ji if;- Mikfs; Njhid Mikfs;- Nghd;wtw;iwcl;nfhs;fpd;wd. 2005 Green Turtle Turtle HatcheriesofSri Leatherback Turtle 6. flyhik ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;-nfh];nfhil cs;spl;l fhyg;gFjpfspy; jpUNfhzkiy njw;F flw;gFjpfspYk; ,tw;iw ghu;itaplyhk;. 7. flyhik Kl;il nghupg;G epiyak;- nge;Njhl;il ,yq;ifapd; RwhkPd;fs; - Sharks of Sri Lanka 8. flyhik Kl;il nghupg;G epiyak;-jq;fhiy ,yq;ifapd; flw;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; fly;tho; capupdq;fspy; RwhkPd;fSk; 9. flyhik Kl;il nghupg;G epiyak;- Kf;fpakhdit. Ntfkhf ePupy; ePe;jf;$ba f`e;jNkhju ,it Nfs;jpwd; mjpfk; nfhz;lit. Ez; xypfisAk; Nfl;Fk; jpwd;ngw;wit. 40- %yk;: Marine Turtle Conservation Strategy and Action Plan, (2005) for Sri 60 tiuahd RwhkPd; tiffs; ,yq;ifapd; Lanka, 2005 fly;gFjpfspy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapd; fly; ePupy;; fhzg;gLk; nlhy;gpd;fs; ,tw;wpy; Cow shark, Oceanic whitetip kw;Wk; jpkpq;fpyq;fs; - Dolphins and Whales shark, Oceanic whitetip shark, Silky shark, of Sri Lanka’s Marine Waters Blue shark, Thresher shark, Mako shark Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ,tw;wpy; nlhy;gpd;fs; KiyA+l;b tifapidr; Oceanic whitetip shark kw;Wk; Hammerhead rhu;e;jit. ,it jiutho; capupdq;fis shark tif Rwh kPd;fs; fiuNahuj;jpw;F tpl mjpf Gj;jp$u;ik cs;sit vdTk; mg;ghy; cs;s gFjpfspNyNa (Off Shore) fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. jpkpq;fpyj;jpd; xU tifahd mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Silky Shark ePyj; jpkpq;fpyk; cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa ghY}l;b RwhkPd;fspid fiuNahuq;fspYk; mtjhdpf;f ,dkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it EiuaPuy;fs; ,aYk;. ,t;tif Rwhf;fNs ,yq;ifapy; %ykhfNt Rthrpf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; mjpfsT gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Thresher shark Njhypd; cl;Gwj;jpy; nfhOg;G mLf;Ffs; Rwhf;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwtile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it cly; ntg;gj;jpid tUtjdhy; ,tw;iw gpbg;gJ ,yq;ifapy; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s cjtpahf cs;sJ. jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Rthrpg;gjw;fhfNt ,it ePupd; Nkw;gug;gpw;F tUfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; ,jd; khkprj;ij ,yq;ifapd;; fly; gd;wpfs; - Dugong of Sri cz;gtu;fsJ vz;zpf;if kpff; FiwT. Lanka vdpDk;> kPd;gpb eltbf;iffspd; NghJ ,itAk; tiyapy; rpf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. fly; gd;wpfs; (Dugong) Gj;jsk; fly; ePNuup> fw;gpl;b> kd;dhh;> jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahu ePu;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; cs;spl;l fiuNahu gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kf;fpa nlhy;gpd; kw;Wk; jpkpq;fpy tiffshf ,it ngUk;ghYk; flw;Gw;gLf;iffs; Spinner dolphins, Bottlenose, Striped dolphins, fhzg;gLk; Mok; Fiwe;j mikjpahd Spotted dolphin, Melonheaded whale, Pygmy flw;gug;GfspNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it killer whale, False killer whale, Dwarf sperm KiyA+l;b tifapidr; Nru;e;jitahFk;. whale, Southern bottlenose whale , Blue whale czTf;fhf mjpfsT Ntl;ilahlg;gLtjdhy; Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;. (Natural Resource of ,jd; vz;zpf;ifAk; ,d;W Fiwtile;J Sri Lanka>(2000) ru;tNjr uPjpahf jpkpq;fpyq;fs; tUfpd;wJ. ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tyaj;jpy; (International fiuNahu kw;Wk; fly; tho; capupdq;fs; Whaling Commission's Protected Zone) ,yq;if mikag; ngw;Ws;sjdhy; jpkpq;fpyq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; mr;RWj;jy;fs;; - Threats Faced kw;Wk; nlhy;gpd;fis ghu;itapLk; Kf;fpa by Coastal and Marine Wildlife in Sri Lanka. ,lkhf Rw;Wyhg;gazpfspilNa ,yq;ifapd; ,yq;ifapd; fly; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J rpy gFjpfs; gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sd. fw;gpl;b> fpilf;fg;ngWk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l capu; kpup];i]> jpUNfhzkiy> Myq;Flh Nghd;w tsq;fspid ehk; msTf;fjpfkhf gad;gLj;Jk; fiuNahuq;fs; ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit. etk;gu; NghJ capu;; tsq;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; njhlf;fk; khu;r; tiuahd fhyg;gFjp fw;gpl;b Fiwtilayhk;. nghJthf ,yq;ifapy; fly; fiuNahuq;fspy; nlhy;gpd;fis ghu;itapl Mikfspd; tho;tplq;fs; mopf;fg;gLtjdhYk;> Vw;w fhyg;gFjpahFk;. I{d; - nrg;nlk;gh; 101 mtw;wpd; Kl;ilapLk; ,lq;fs; kdpj uPjpapYk; ngWkjptha;e;jitahf eltbf;iffspd; ghjpg;gpw;Fl;gLtjdhYk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf ,yq;iff;F mjpf mOj;jq;fis vjpu;Nehf;fp tUfpd;wd. mjpfsT me;epar; nryhtzpia fly;tho; ngz; Mikfspy; mjpfkhdit ,iwr;rpf;fhf capupdq;fSk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL nlhy;gpd;fs; vdNt ,t;tsq;fspid nghUj;jkhd jpkpq;fpyq;fs; Nghd;wit flw;Nghf;Ftuj;J ghJfhg;G Kiwfspd; %yk; ghJfhg;gJ eltbf;iffspdhy; ghjpg;gpw;Fl;gLfpd;wd. mtrpakhfpd;wJ. fly;tho; capupdq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;F ,yq;if murhq;fk; RwhkPd;fs; ,iwr;rpf;fhfTk; mtw;wpd; gy;NtW eltbf;iffspid Nkw;nfhz;L JLg;GfSf;fhfTk; (Fins)> mtw;wpy; tUfpd;wd. 1938 Mk; Mz;by; tdtpyq;F ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; xU tif vz;nza; ghJfhg;Gr;rigapdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhfTk; mjpfsT jhtutpyq;F ghJfhg;G fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; Ntl;ilahlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; fPo; fly; Mikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 1993 gpbf;fg;gLk; RwhkPd;fspd; JLg;Gfs; Mk; Mz;by;; fly; Mikfs; ghJfhg;Gj; n`q;nfhq;> rpq;fg;G+u;. rPdh kw;Wk; jha;thd; jpl;lk; (Sea Turtle Conservation Project) Nghd;w ehLfSf;F vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mz;ikapy; ,yq;ifapd; Silky Shark, Hammerhead Shark, Blue Shark, kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePupay; tsq;fs; mikr;R Oceanic Whitetip Shark Mfpatw;wpd; RwhkPd;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Njrpa ghJfhg;G JLg;GfNs ,e; ehLfSf;F mjpfstpy; jpl;lk; xd;wpidAk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,r; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. cyuitf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;> ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffspid Rwhf;fspd; Njhy;fs; mjpfsT rPdhtpw;F Kiwahf mKy;gLj;JtNjhL Fwpg;ghf Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; ,tw;wpd; fiuNahu tsq;fspid rhu;e;J ,Uf;Fk; gw;fs; vYk;Gfs; vd;gd Rj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;L kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; ,t; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F tpw;gid capupdq;fis ghJfhg;gjpy; ,d;wpaikahjjhf nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspd; cs;sJ. fhuzkhf RwhkPd;fs; mjpfk; mr;RWj;jYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; - References NkYk; KUiff;fw;fs; moptiljy;> fiuNahu Coast Conservation Department (2006), Coastal Zone Management Plan 2004, jpd;dy;> G+Nfhs ntg;gkhjyhy; vw;gLk; fly; Colombo, Sri Lanka. kl;l cau;T> tptrha ifj;njhopy; fopTfs; flypy; fyj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfspdhYk; Department of Wildlife Conservation (2005), Marine Turtle Conservation Strategy ,f;fly; tho; capupdq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. and Action Plan for Srilanka, IUCN, Sri Lanka.

National Science Foundation (2000), Natural Resource of Srilanka-2000, Colombo, KbTiu – Conclusion Servey Department (2007), The National Atlas of Sri Lanka, 2nd edition, Sri Lanka. ,yq;if madg;gpuNjr ehlhf fhzg;gLtjdhy; nropg;ghd capu;g; gy;ypdj;jd;ikapidf; The Fascinating World of Turtles in Sri Lanka, [Accessed 05/11/2014]. nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; fly; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; capupdq;fs; ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpa Turtle Species in Sri Lanka, [Accessed 05/11/2014]. uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilaitahf fhzg;gLk; mNjNtis r%f> nghUshjhu

Anojah Latchumanan is a Lecturer attached to the Department of Geography, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Anojah received a BA (Hons.) Degree from the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka in 2013 and currently reading for a MA Degree at the same university. She can be reached at [email protected]

103 flw;ghk;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpAq;fs; mgpuhkp rptUgd; Know Your Sea Snakes Abyerami Sivaruban

mwpKfk; - Introduction flw;ghk;Gfis ,Ugf;fKk; jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l JLg;Gg;Nghd;w thw; gFjpiaf; nfhz;L kpf flw;ghk;Gfs; ahTk; Cu;td tFg;igr; ,yFthf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk; (Pic 01). ,jd; rhu;e;jit. ,it Kw;WKOjhff; flypy; cjtpAld; flypy; ePe;Jfpd;wd. rpyu; tpyhq;F tho;f;if elhj;JgitahFk;. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; madkz;lyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,e;jpa gRgpf; gFjpapy; ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU rpy ,dq;fisj; jtpu rfy flw;ghk;GfSk; fiuNahuj;ijg; ghu;f;f Ntz;ba Njitaw;wit. cUt mikg;G uPjpahfTk;, clw; njhopypay; uPjpahfTk; flw; R+oypw;F kpf ed;whf ,irthf;fk; mile;j tpyq;Ffshf ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; tspkz;ly xl;rpridj; jkJ Rthrj; NjitfSf;F Pic © A. Sivaruban Pic © gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jw;fhf kpfTk; ePz;l Pic 02 Tertestraial Snake. Elongated abdominal Scales (in order to move on land) jdpahd EiuaPuiyf; nfhz;Ls;sd kPd;fisf; flw;ghk;Gfs; vdj; jtwhf miog;gJz;L. cz;ikapy; tpyhq;F kPd;fs; vd;G kPd;tifiar; rhu;e;j tpyq;FfshFk;.

clyikg;G - Body Structure nghJthf ghk;Gfs; nrjpy;fshy; %ba cliyf; nfhz;bUg;gpDk; xt;nthU gFjpAk; xt;nthU tifahd nrjpy;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. KJFg;Gwk; rpwpa nrjpy;fshy; K. Rahavan %lg;gl;bUf;f> tapw;Wg;Gwkhf cs;s ePz;l Pic © Pic 01 Sea Snake, Flatterned a like tailregion of the snake. nrjpy;fs; ghk;Gfs; Cu;e;J jpuptjw;F cjTk; ,tw;wpw;F tyJgf;f EiuaPuy; khj;jpuk; (Pic 2). flw;ghk;Gfspy; ,J rw;W NtWgl;bUf;Fk;. tpUj;jp mile;jpUf;Fk;. ,ijtpl Njhy; mjhtJ ,it jiuf;F tuNtz;ba Rthrj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. mj;Jld; mtrpakw;wjhy; tapw;Wg;Gwr;nrjpy;fs; kpff; %f;Fj; Jthuq;fspYs;s thy;Tfs; ePupDs; FWfpajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (Pic 3). Mdhy;> Ko;Fk;NghJ %bf;nfhs;tjhy; fly;ePu; Kl;ilapLk; flw;ghk;gpdq;fspy; khj;jpuk; clypDs; nry;tJ jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tapw;Wg;Gwr; nrjpy;fs; ePz;L fhzg;gLk;.

rfy flw;ghk;GfSk; er;Rj;jd;ikahdit ,yq;ifapYs;s flw;ghk;Gfs; - Sri Lankan (Family: Hydrophidae and Laticaudidae) ,tw;wpd; Sea Snakes er;R euk;Gkz;lyj;ijj; jhf;ff;$baJ. ngUk;ghyhd ,dq;fs; Fl;baPDgitahFk; ,yq;ifapYs;s flw;ghk;Gfs; gw;wpa (Family: Hydrophidae);. cz;ikahd flw;ghk;Gfs; Muha;r;rpfs; xg;gPl;lstpy; FiwthfNt rKj;jpuq;fspy; tho;f;if elhj;jpdhYk;, fly; ePNuupfs;, fopKfq;fs; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,it fhzg;glyhk;. kpfr; rpy flw;ghk;gpdq;fNs »vv rM»x‰}j z‹r‹x v`Œp‰ x£rp»xˆ v¨ƒ¨ã Kl;ilapLk; ,ay;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd (Family: cz»xƒŒ »{»~p v¨ƒ¨ã ~Mrõp‰ r‹…‹tq{ ~£YDb£ Laticaudidae). ,uT Neuq;fspy; flw;fiuNahug; »Y»M. »vv`Œp‰ X{§p‰»[‰ |úy R£Y¯Üx, v¨ƒ¨ã ghiwapLf;Ffspy; Kl;ilapLtjw;fhf te;J ~Mrõp‰ {M[ r‹…‹tq{ ý[²ƒxp‰ ~‹ã »Y»M. nry;fpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk; ,it mT];Nuypahit »vv z‹r‹x v`Œp‰ v¨ƒ¨ã rMrõp‰»[‰ {¥n[l‰YvY‰ mz;ba jPTf;$l;lq;fspYk; (a, b) ,yq;ifapy; X{§p‰»[‰ Rp£[lx R£yY‰}£ Ãúv r‹…‹tq{l‰ xU ,dKk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ (c). »x¤cp£ Sn™ùrl‰ Yy Ü»J.

104 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; ,Jtiu 15 flw;ghk;gpdq;fs; ,Ug;gjhfj; jfty;fs; $Wfpd;wd (c, d). ,yq;ifiar; Rw;wpAs;s flw;#oiyj; jtpu Vuhskhd ctu;ePu;g; gug;Gfs; cs;sd. ,tw;iw thoplkhff; nfhz;Ls;sit ahTk; flw;ghk;Gfs; vdf; nfhs;s KbahJ. rpy ed;dPu; ghk;Gfs; ctu;ePu; Vupfs;, Kfj;Jthuk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; CLUtpf;

fhzg;glyhk;. cz;ikahd flw;ghk;Gfspd; Pic © K. Rahavan Pic 04 Hydrophis Spiralis. Narrow black banks on the dorsal side. thy;fs; mfd;W jl;ilahf ,Uf;Fk; (Pic 1). Hydrophis spiralis (Shaw, 1802) aho;g;ghzf;fiuNahu gFjpapy; gpbgLk; rpy flw;ghk;Gfs; - Some Sea Snakes Captured xLq;fpa ePz;l kQ;rs;epw clYila> kpf Along the Jaffna Coastal Area ePPskhf tsuf;$ba flw;ghk;gpdq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. ,tw;wpd; clypYk; fU tisaq;fs; aho;Flhehl;by; elhj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpd;gb fhzg;gLk;, fUtisaq;fs; xLf;fkhfTk; 9 flw;ghk;gpdq;fs; mwpag;gl;Ls;sd (c). ,ilg;gl;l gFjp mfykhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; (Pic mtw;Ws; rpy jug;gl;Ls;sd (Pic : 5). 4 & 5 );. ,sk;epiyfspy; jiyapy; U tbt FwpaPL fhzg;gLk;;. Lapemis curtus (Gray, 1849) Hydrophis cyanocintus (Daudin, 1803) ,J mjpfstpy; kPd;tiyAld; mfg;gLk; Xu; flw;ghk;ghFk;. xg;gPl;lstpy; cly;ePsj;Jld; XLq;fpa ePz;l clYilaJ. kpf ePPskhf ghu;f;Fk;NghJ gUj;j clYilait. tsuf;$ba flw;ghk;gpdq;fspy; ,JTk; ,sk;epiyapy; jiyg;gFjpAk;, thypd; xd;whFk;. kQ;rs;epw clYilaJ. ,tw;wpd; miuthrpg; gFjpAk; fUikahf ,Uf;Fk;. clypYk; 50 – 60 fU tisaq;fs; fhzg;gLk.; clypy; 50 – 65 fU tisaq;fs; fhzg;gLk;, Mdhy; fUtisaq;fs; mfd;wit, ,ilg;gl;l Kjpu;e;jitfspy; ,it kq;fyhff; fhzg;gLk;, gFjp xLq;fpapUf;Fk;. (Pic 5);. gf;fg;Gwk; kQ;rs; my;yJ nts;is epwkhftpUf;Fk;. tapw;Wg;Gwr; nrjpy;fs; Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider, 1799) Ks;Nghd;w ntspePl;lq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,J mupjhff; fpilf;ff; $ba Xu; flw;ghk;ngdpDk; er;Rj;jd;ikaw;wit (Family: Acrochodidae). kw;iwa ,U FLk;gq;fisg; Nghyy;yhJ ,f;flw;ghk;ghdJ xLq;fpa thiyf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,it ed;dPu; MWfs;, fopKfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F te;J nry;tJ mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it

Pic © K. Rahavan tpyhq;F kPd; flw;ghk;Gfs; - NtWghLfs; - Pic 03 Sea Snake small abdominal scales (Terrestrial life absent) / Differences between an eel and a sea snake *tpyhq;F kPd;fs; nrjpy;fsw;wit, cliy %b rspag;gil Thalassophina viperina (Schmidt, 1852) fhzg;gLtjhy; njhLk;NghJ tOtOg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; flw;ghk;Gfs; ahTk; nrjpy;fshy; %lg;gl;l cliyf; nfhz;lit. Mdhy; rspag;gil mw;wit. mjdhy; xg;gPl;lstpy; kpf mjpfkhfg; gpbgLk; tOtOg;Gj; jd;ikaw;witahf ,Uf;Fk;. flw;ghk;gpdkhFk;. clypYs;s ePs;tl;l *tpyhq;F kPd;fs; G+f;fshy; Rthrpf;fpd;wd. Mjyhy; tisaq;fs; ahTk; ,iztjhy; KJFg;Gwk; jiyf;Fg; gpd;Gwkhf xUNrhb G+%bfs; ,Ugf;fj;jpYkhff; fhzg;gLk;. Mdhy; flw;ghk;Gfs; ahTk; EiuaPuy;fshy; xNu rPuhd gr;ir my;yJ rhk;gy; epwKilajhf Rthrpg;git. MfNt G+%bfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,Uf;Fk;. tapw;Wg;Gwk; kQ;rs; fye;j nts;is *tpyhq;F kPd;fs; jiyf;Fg; gpd;Gwkhf KJFg; Gwj;jpypUe;J epwkhftpUf;Fk;. tapw;wpd; mbg;Gwk;tiu nrl;iliaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,r; nrl;ilfspd; cjtpapdhy; ePe;Jfpd;wd. Mdhy; flw;ghk;Gfs; nrl;ilfsw;wit. jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l JLg;Gg;Nghd;w thw; gFjpiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjd;%yk; ePe;Jfpd;wd.

105 Pic 5: Some Sea Snakes Entangled in the Fishing Nets at the Jaff na Peninsula

Hydrophis spiralis (Shaw, 1802)

Lapemis curtus (Gray, 1849) Adult

Just emerged young Adult

Pic © P. Surendar Pic © A. Sivaruban Pic © A. Sivaruban

Acrochordus granulates (Daudin, 1803) (Schneider, 1799) Hydrophis cyanocinctus Adult Adult

Pic © A. Sivaruban

Pic © A. Sivaruban

Thalassophina viperina (Schmidt, 1852)

Young (about to emerge) Adult snake

Pic © T. Selvarajah Pic © T. Selvarajah

106 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 cly; KOtJk; Ez;zpa gUf;fs; nfhz;l ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (f). ,yq;ifiag; nrjpy;fshy; %lg;gl;lit. jiyg;gFjpapNyh nghWj;jtiu flw;ghk;Gfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; my;yJ tapw;wiwg; gFjpapNyh rpwg;gile;j eltbf;ifNah my;yJ vz;zpf;ifiaf; nrjpy;fisf; nfhz;buhjit. Njhy; cly; fzpg;gpLk; eltbf;ifNah ,Jtiu Kidg;ghf gFjpapypUe;J neUf;fkw;Wf; fhzg;gLtjhy; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;Nw nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,Wf;fkw;w clyikg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. flw;ghk;Gfisg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfs; jw;NghJ fWg;G my;yJ kz;zpw FWf;Fg; gl;ilfs; nkJthf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUtjhy; tupf;Fjpiu Nghd;w Njhw;wj;ij mspf;Fk; (Pic ,dptUq;fhyj;jpy; ,tw;wpd; vjpu;fhyKk; 5);. ];jpukhf;fg;glyhk; vd ek;gyhk;; (g, h, i, j). flw;ghk;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Importance of crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; - References Sea Snakes Guinea, M. L. (1994), Sea snakes of the Fiji and Niue. 212 – 233. In: ,it flw;#oypy; cs;s czTr; Gopalakrishnakone, P., (Ed.) Sea snake Toxinology; Singapore University Press: rq;fpyp, czT tiy Nghd;wtw;wpd; 350. Efupahff; fhzg;gl;L #oy; rkepiyf;Ff; Cogger, H.G.& H. Heatwole (2006), Laticauda frontalis (de Vis, 1905) and fzprkhd gq;fspg;ig toq;FfpwJ. Laticauda saintgironsi n.sp. from Vanuatu and New Calidonia (Serpentes: Elapidae: mj;Jld; ,it flypYs;s rpy efuhj Laticaudinae) – a new lineage of sea kraits?. Records of the Australian Museum Ks;se;jz;lw;w capupdq;fspw;F jkJ 58: 245 – 256. clypy; Nknyhl;bahf tsu;tjw;fhd Mjhuj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. (vdpDk; xt;nthU Somaweera, R. and N. Somaweera (2009), An overview of Sri Lankan sea snakes with the annotated checklist and fi eld key. Tabrobanica 1(1) : 43 – 54. KiwAk; Njhy; fow;Wtjd;%yk; jkJ cliyr; Rj;jk; nra;fpd;wd). ,tw;iw tpl Abyerami, S. and K. Sivashanthini (2008), Current status of marine snakes from mofpa tu;zq;fspy; fhzg;gl;L KUiff;fw; Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka with description of histherto unrecorded Hydrophis ghiwj;njhFjpfspilNa nrd;W tUtjd;%yk; fasciatus fasciatus (Schneider, 1799). Internation Journal of Zoological Research mr;#oiy mo$l;Lfpd;wd. ,it er;Rj;jd;ik 4 (4): 214 – 224. nfhz;litahapDk; rpwpa er;Rg;gw;fisf; IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2007). nfhz;lit. mUl;lg;gLk; NghJ Mf;Nuhrkhff; The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri fbf;ff; $baitahFk; (pers. com.). vdpDk; Lanka. xiii + 148pp. flw;ghk;Gfspdhy; fbAz;ltu;fspd; jfty;fs; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd ( ). ,it MOE (2012), The National Red list 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the c Fauna and Flora . Ministry of Environment Colombo, Sri Lanka. vii + 476pp. kPd;fis czthf cl;nfhs;tjhYk;, kPd;fSld; thoplj;ijg; gfpu;tjhYk; kPd; De Silva, A., K.D.B. Ukuwela, A. Sivaruban and K.L. Sanders (2011), Preliminary tiyfSs; rpf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jd;NghJ observations on the reproductive biology of six species of Sri Lankan sea snakes kPdth;fs; fbgLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;; (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). Salamandra 47 (4): 193 – 198. mjpfkhFk;. K. Rahavan and A. Sivaruban (2012), Reproduction in the Yellow sea snake Hydrophis spiralis in the coastal waters of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the 2007k; Mz;L tiuapy; ,yq;ifapy;; fly;tho; conference on Herpetological Conservation and Biology. P 64. efUapu;fspd; tho;jfT epiyikiaf; kjpg;gpLk; nraw;ghl;by; flyhikfs; khj;jpuNk T. Selvarajah and A. Sivaruban (2013), Food habits of Thalassophina viperina rd cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ (e). ,jd; gpd;dNu (Schmidt, 1852) occured along the coastal waters of Jaffna. Proceedings of the 33 flw;ghk;Gfs; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;L Annual sessions of the Institute of Biology. P 26.

2012k; Mz;bw;fhd nre;juTg; Gj;jfj;jpy; P. Surenthar and A. Sivaruban (2013), Sexual size dimorphismin the marine snake ,yq;ifapy;; xl;Lnkhj;jkhfj; jw;NghJtiu Lapemis curtus (Shaw, 1802) occuring along the Jaffna coastal waters. Proceedings mwpag;gl;l ,dq;fspd; ngau;g;gl;bay; of the 33rd Annual sessions of the Institute of Biology. P 25.

Abyerami Sivaruban is a Senior Lecturer attached to the Department of Zoology, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Currently she is working on ecological aspects of sea snakes occurred along the Northern Region of Sri Lanka and also on herpetofauna associated with mangroves. She is a member of the marine working group for the Red List Assessment since 2011. Abeyerami’s research interests expand into taxonomy, ecology of amphibians and reptiles. Her research worked has been published in Sri Lanka and internationally. She received a Ph.D. from the University of Jaffna, her thesis was on taxonomy of herpetofauna and their conservation in the Jaffna Peninsula. She can be reached at [email protected].

107

White-bellied Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) Wilpattu National Park

Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena

Rejuvnatig Lagons in Bundal National Park; A Must to RemainAs a RamsretlandW M. G. C. Sooriyabandara

Abstract: divert, block and reclaim wetlands in the name of development; communities convert, reclaim Bundala National Park (BNP), Sri Lanka’s fi rst and pollute wetlands in the name of utilization of Ramsar wetland, has been facing several serious common property; industrialists tend to regard threats to its existence. Amongst these, the change wetlands as their dumping grounds, arranged as of salinity levels in some lagoons due to fresh per their business proposals; conservationists try water infl ux, the spread of invasive plant species to study, restore, and lobby for the conservation in both terrestrial and lagoon habitats and non- of wetlands to remain within their domain; sitting cooperative resource use for human activities above all, policy makers try to balance all ends, are the most salient. This paper examines the to ‘use while protecting wetlands.’ While at a fi rst compatibility between threats to the wetland system glance, there is little to study here, as all these of BNP and the present management priorities. parties gain benefi t or achieve their goals through The analysis identifi es the urgent need for the their interaction with wetlands; in fact, a precise revival of the lagoon system:an issue that is among analysis of how all these parties’ interest interact the least addressed and most lagging with respect with changing wetlands will yield some striking to global conservation obligations. An equilibrium results. Although the process of change that we state wherea revived Embililkala Lagoon, diverted are studying is occurring in real time for us, it is infl ux waters from Kirindi Oya irrigation project important to remember that the current state of and local fi shermen adapted to the fl uctuations of these environments will not be the fi nal result of water levels in Embilikala Lagoon are foreseen. A the chain reaction that we have already triggered. few suggestions are made for an extended study Recent environmental changes and their impacts with justifi cations for each. on the existence of lagoons in BNP are reviewed in this article in the context of this background. Inoductinr History of Bundal National Park Wetlands, defi ned as per the Ramsar Convention of 1971, have the attributes of ecosystems of whose The history of the present day BNP area reaches fate is affected by anthropogenic interferences. far back to the prehistoric civilizations around These interferences are perceived differently 130,000BP (Before Present), where remains by different sections of society. Developers discovered at Pathirajawela to those Old Stone Age 111 in Sri Lanka. In recent times, the area has become Embilikala Lagoon has triggered a chain reaction signifi cant with respect to nature conservation leading to the conversion of the area to an due to its lagoons attracting migratory birds. As a unpredictable state. As a result, the salinity of result, the area was initially declared a sanctuary. Embilikala Lagoon has presently dropped from Thereafter, considering its importance as a wetland its previous level, which has had an impact on of international importance, it was upgraded to the lagoon vegetation.With this change, several become a national park in 1992 (1998 DWC). plant species have invaded the Embilikala waters, the zooplankton density and diversity favoured by Since the initial interventions for tidy conservation migratory bird species has decreased, resulting through the declaration of a protected area, under in fewer visitations to the Embilikala Lagoon. the provisions of Fauna and Flora Protection Though the diversity of bird populations visiting Ordinance, property rightshave has been strictly the lake has in fact increased with the rise in limited to those communities around the fringes of salinity; threatened among migratory species are BNP. At present, these communities legitimately in the opposite direction. Those Greater Flamingos enjoy the use of resources therein through fi shing in that landed at Embilikala Lagoon in 2012 left the the lagoons and involvement in tourism activities. site very swiftly and in 2013 they remained in Malala Lagoon for a longer duration. This seems to However, an in-depth review of the effectiveness be clear evidence of habitat selection by a species of such restrictions in BNP for its continued on account of the signifi cant difference in saliently existence as a Ramsar wetland clearly shows that levels between the two lagoons mentioned. all the gains made through such initiatives have already been overshadowed by the drastic impacts Meanwhile local fi shermen were against the of one development project, the Kirindioya opening of Malala Lagoon mouth, which is a Irrigation Project, the activities of which extend prerequisite for the repeating natural fl ushing beyond its legal boundaries. mechanism necessary to maintain the lagoon’s health. Their opposition is because it will prevent The Kirindoya Irrigaton oject rPnd ats i them fi shing in the low water levels during the Impact fl ushing of the lagoons. It is vital to review this situation to forecast the future of the system. Drainage water from the Kirindioya Irrigation Project is released into the sea via Embilikala The Risk Ahead Lagoon, a body of water which was previously highly attractive to the migratory birds, especially With the continuous rise of demand for the Greater Flamingos. This infl ux of water to consumptive use of wetland attributes, the continual degradation of the quality and extent of is inevitable. Communities must understand wetlands ultimately results in a severe threat to that their practices are no longer necessarily the ecosystem balance. According to Colvyn et. al sustainable, because of the increasing human (2011), nature’s response is rarely straightforward population and the decreasing area and degrading or easily predictable and nature often responds quality of wetlands. The Pareto effi ciencies of dynamically and unexpectedly to such actions. their undertakings are yet to be achieved. That is, This is where wetlands, as attributes of nature, they have achieved some success which is lower have become players in the games against nature than what can be achieved. Then the question is induced by humankind. Wetlands have now whether this is possible as individual goals. started playing out their own strategies against the changes and manipulations mounted by man. The standpoints of the stakeholders responsible Wetlands are now reducing their capacity in: for the well being of Bundala lagoon system has fl ood retention, sediment accumulation, carbon now shifted to a non-corporative game where sequestration, purifi cation of water through the all are trying to achieve their maxima. Fishing removal of toxics, and prevention of erosion and, communities, one among major stakeholders, try as a breeding ground of a large number of fauna to continue fi shing in Embilikala lagoon and they is indicating its ability to remain strongly in the wish to continue with an unchanged fi sh catch. game against the anthropogenic pressure. The Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) assumes migratory birds to visit BNP with no Adenc hr o tonmet virEManagemt changes of their diversity. For such an unchanged Recomndati visitation, the basic needs at BNP for migratory birds must be satisfi ed; lagoon systems need to Each sector can argue for success in wetland use: be favorably maintained for them. Meanwhile, developers and industrialists can point to adherence a further infl ux of freshwater from Kirindioya to mandatory recommendations of environment Irrigation Scheme continues to further dilute the impact assessments (EIAs) or initial environment brackish water of the Embilikala Lagoon. examinations (IEEs), communities can argue that they are using wetlands at a much lower scales and The ay WOut in a traditional and sustainable manners and thus are not endangering the wetland. But industrialists Conservationists visualize the revival of and developers must know recommendations of Embilikala Lagoon characterized by an increased EIAs or IEEs are solutions for predictions and that visitation of migratory bird species. Bundala some harm to the wetlands due to their undertakings National Park is located at the southern most end of the South Asian fl yway, and such a comeback surrounding communities. However, this is not the will be a landmark achievement. To achieve this, responsibility of a single party or a stakeholder. the infl ux of waters from Kirindioya Irrigation Each and every stakeholder has a responsibility to Scheme has to be averted and the natural fl ushing fulfi ll. In such a situation the equilibrium achieved of the Malala and Embilikala lagoons must be will benefi t all, nobody will lose and all the reactivated. Prevention of water infl ow from achievements will be at an optimal level, but not Kirindioya Irrigation Scheme may be done at a maximum level. This is what all those who are through the diversion of infl ow into a canal that involved in this game must understand and accept. by passes the lagoon and runs through BNP and ends up at the sea or by the diversion of water Conclusi infl ow at the upstream, beyond the boundaries of BNP, to match the demand for water for land Conservation of BNP as a Ramsar wetland management in line with the rapid development is conditional on maintaining lagoon system in the Hambantota area. The latter situation is an favourable for the migratory birds. Restoring unforeseen opportunity for reviving the lagoon BNP back to its natural conditions, by removing system in BNP. Though there may be some invasive species on the terrestrial ecosystem and technical barriers, nothing is impossible because maintaining sustainability as regards by the use of the advancement of technologies. of resources therein by the local communities are the next steps. However, the vital need has not If fi shing in the lagoon system is to be continued, been considerably addressed since the beginning it is a prerequisite that the fi sh stock available of management interventions in BNP. The exceeds the maximum sustainable yield. However, increased water demand resulting from the present with the changing salinity levels vegetation development activities in the Hambantota area changes in the lagoons are taking place allowing seems to provide an unforeseen opportunity to divert Eichhorniacrassipes, Typhaangustifolia and the excess water of Krinndioya Project preventing some other aquatic weeds to invade space in the water infl ux to lagoons in BNP. Simultaneously, aquatic environment. Such an invasion ultimately all the other issues must be addressed to make creates vegetative barriers to fi shing. Changes in the entire process a comprehensive conservation salinity will result inchanges to the composition approach. of fi sh species available for harvesting. Without restocking, the freshwater fi sh population will not encsRfr continue to provide a bio-economic yield. This will be the situation at some point in the near future. Anon (1993), Wetland site report and conservation management plan – Bundala National Park, Sri Lanka: Central Enviornment Authority. Strategies against degrading fi sheries essentially consist of measures to revive the lagoons and Bambaradeniya, C. N. B. (2001), A Guide to Biodiversity of Bundala National Park, A Ramsar Wetland in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka: IUCN. adapting fi sheries to the fl uctuations of the water levels of lagoons, reactivating the natural fl ushing Mark Colvyn, James Justus, Helen M. Regan (2011), The Conservation of lagoons and increasing awareness among the Game, Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 1246–1253. fi shing communities on the natural systems. Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No.22 of 2009. Sri Lankan: Department of Wildlife Conservation.

All these actions focused on the better functioning WDC (1998), Bundala National Park Resource Inventory and of BNP as a natural wetland system which is Management Plan, The Global Environment Facility Project, Colombo: UNDP and Department of Wildlife Conservation. important for migratory bird species, while at the same time not jeopardizing the aspirations of the

M. G. . CoriyabndS is currently the Deputy Director (Planning and ICT) of the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka. He has contributed in training DWC fi eld offi ces in the capacity of the Assistant Director in charge of National Wildlife Training Center and managing wildlife protected area network in Central Highlands of the country in the capacity of Assistant Director, Central Wildlife Region. In addition he is currently involved in wetland conservation as the STRP focal point of Sri Lanka Ramsar Conservation. He can be reached at [email protected]

114 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Looming Threat of Lantana (Lantana camara L.) on Biodiversity Amal Sudesh

Biological invasions are recognized as major Habitat environmental problems and one of the major threats to biodiversity. The role of natural enemies Lantana is a member of the family Verbenaceae and in controlling invasion success has received is a pantropical weed affecting pastures and native much attention. Alien plants are widespread forests in more than 60 countries worldwide. The throughout the world, in agriculture, forest and plant usually fl owers as early as the fi rst growing natural areas. It is considered as the second largest threat to global biodiversity. Alien species season after its establishment and, in most places, usually have much greater potential for invasion fl owers all year round if adequate moisture and than the indigenous plants as they might be more light are available. It occurs in diverse habitats effective competitors and experience relatively and on a variety of soil types. The plant generally little pressure from natural predators compared grows best in open, unshaded situations, such as to those which have evolved in their native land. degraded land, pastures, edges of tropical and The majority of invaders pose threats to the invade subtropical forests, warm temperate forests, beach ecosystem by virtue of their aggressive qualities, fronts, and forests recovering from fi re or logging. which can include superior growth by effectively It also invades forest plantations and riparian competing for resources, effi cient dispersal, and zones. rapid establishment. Interaction with Animals It is a prominent fact that Lantana has invaded many forest patches. In the case of our national parks The success of Lantana may be attributed to the the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) presence of a range of pollinators, accounting for together with other enthusiastic organizations are the high percentage of fruit-set. Once formed in taking valuable steps to eradicate this giant menace. high numbers, the seeds of Lantana are dispersed This effort is really a commendable service effi ciently through the participation of a variety towards conserving our pristine biodiversity. At of animal dispersal agents that feed on its fruit. present Lantana has becoming a major threat to The process of invasion is further improved by Udawalawe, Yala, and Bundala, national parks in nutrient additions, with animal droppings, canopy especially due to the dry weather conditions. removal, and soil disturbance creating a good seed Being an exotic plant species, it carries bed. Lantana itself benefi ts from the destructive certain aggressive features to survive in harsh foraging activities of vertebrates, such as pigs, environments. So it is worthwhile to consider cattle, goats, horses, sheep, and deer, through its aggressive features before moving on to enhanced vegetative propagation. conservation measures.

Lantane Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena Lanta Managemt Options to environmental change and degradation, is of widespread concern for developing sustainable Although managing Lantana is a diffi cult problem, land-use systems. the DWC has implemented several programs to eradicate this looming threat. They are engaging Although Lantana is considered as an invasive this valuable task in Udawalawe National Park. species, recent researches have sited that it can be utilize in a benefi cial manner. One thing is Lantana Lantana invasion in the dry forests experience extracts can be commercially used as a biocide. a variety of forest resource exploitation forms Another important thing is Lantana biomass can including livestock grazing, fuel wood harvest, be exploited to increase the nutrient status of the minor forest produce collection, and tourism. soil and for biogas production. As well as Lantana Apart from the above approaches other effi cient stems are being used in India for making baskets, methods can also apply. Shading by intact trashcans, fl ower pots, fruit plates, laying the roofs canopies is an effective barrier against Lantana of huts in villages, weaved hedges, and for making invasion. Apart from managing and manipulating sitting furniture. ecosystems, along with chemical and biological control options, also are well-explored for the As a whole the invasion of alien species play a vital control of Lantana. All these control strategies, role in invading the pristine biodiversity reserves. however, have associated drawbacks. Manual Many biologists also agree that we are in the midst removal is a labor-intensive and low-effi ciency of a mass extinction. So biodiversity conservation technique. Mechanical control is ineffi cient in is a responsibility of each and every person. Hence dealing with very extensive invasions. Chemical we must tie our hands with the DWC to assist their control involves the use of inorganic/organic noble mission. herbicides. A serious disadvantage is the high cost of most of the chemical control programs. Safety encsRfr to other plant species and the environment is of Gyan P. Sharma, Akhilesh S. Raghubanshi and Jamuna S. Singh (2005), vital importance when using herbicides to control Lantana invasion: An overview. Weed Biology and Management 5, invasive species. In an effort to provide strategic 157–165. direction to management interventions, much Mathur G. and Mohan Ram H.Y. (1986), Floral Biology and Pollination emphasis is placed on the collection of spatial data. of Lantana Camara. Phytomorphology 36, 79–100. Fensham R.J., Fairfax R.J. and Cannell R.J. (1994), The Invasion e FutrospectPr of Lantana Camara L. in Forty Mile Scrub National Park, North Queensland. Austr. J. Ecol. 19, 297–305

Lantana is considered to be a weed of international Graaff J.L. (1986), Lantana camara, the plant and some methods for its signifi cance because of its widespread distribution control. South Africa For. J. 13, 26–30. and substantial impact on agriculture, forestry, and Lodge D.M. (1993), Biological invasions: lessons for ecology. Trends biodiversity. There is a scarcity of knowledge on Ecol. Evol. 8, 133–137. the extent of Lantana invasion and its impacts. Thaman R.R. (1974), Lantana camara: its introduction, dispersal and The consequences of Lantana invasion at the impact on islands of the tropical Pacifi c Ocean. Micronesica 10, 17–39. ecosystem level are little understood and there is Luken J. O. (1997), Management of plant invasions: Implicating an urgent need for studies on biological invasion. ecological succession. In: Assessment and Management of Plant Increased public awareness about the effects Invasions (eds J. O. Luken and J. W. Thieret), pp. 133–144. Springer- Verlag, New York. of invasive species on the ecosystem, leading

Amal Sudesh is a Development Offi cer at the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka since 2013. Currently he is involved with research on elephants at the DWC. Previously, he has been involved with research on air pollution at the National Building and Research Organization. Currently he is reading a M.Sc in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry at the University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka. He can be reached at [email protected]

116 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Changeable Hawk Eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus) Approaches to Environmental Conservation G. N. Chandrasiri Inoductinr ignoring the importance of ecosystem services. However, there are limitations to the biodiversity- As society has moved in to the 21st century, centered approach to conservation; ecosystem one of the greatest challenges it faces is how to services need to be included to provide a protect and preserve the earth and its resources, balanced approach. By focusing on biodiversity while continuing to develop economically. conservation, we may ignore many areas that The use of the term ‘development’ rather than are not rich in biodiversity, but are important to simply ‘economic growth’ is intentional, as it human welfare and under threat of environmental embraces wider ‘quality of life’ concerns such degradation. To achieve this objective, there is a as education, nutritional status access to basic need to improve the identifi cation and valuation freedoms and the pursuit of happiness. While of ecosystem services. these may seem tangential, the reality is that all aspects of our natural, social, political, cultural An ecosystem approach to resource management and economic environment are interdependent, and environmental protection aims to consider the making environmental conservation not a complex interrelationships of an entire ecosystem hoped-for ‘ideal’, but a vital consideration. in decision-making rather than simply responding Key issues regarding sustainability are natural to specifi c issues and challenges. Ideally, such an resource depletion, and the generation of waste. approach would be a collaboration of planning To ensure sustainability, the rate of extraction and decision making that involves a broad range of natural resources should be lower than the of stakeholders across all relevant governmental rate of regeneration, and rate of generation of departments, as well as representatives of waste should be lower than the assimilation industry, environmental groups, and various capacity of the environment. Therefore, to community stakeholders. This approach would achieve the goal of sustainable development, ideally support a better exchange of information, environmental conservation is the key strategy: development of confl ict-resolution strategies, and global approaches towards conservation include improved conservation. technical, educational, ethical and, legal aspects. Educationl Apoachpr echnial TApoachpr The degradation of our environment is linked to In this approach, environmental conservation continuing problems of pollution, deforestation, relies on various areas of scientifi c knowledge solid waste disposal, economic productivity, (collectively termed ‘technical’), such as biology, and national, as well as ecological security. soil science, hydrology chemistry, physics, Conservation of natural resources through engineering and so on. sustainable ecosystem management and development is the key to our secured future. The In recent years, the most ‘technical’ environmental management of ecosystem involves inventorying, conservation plans have focused on biodiversity, monitoring, and applying integrated technologies, methodologies and interdisciplinary approaches of opportunities, and work towards an ever-more for its conservation. Hence, now it is even environmentally responsive future. more critical than ever for humans to be environmentally literate. To realize this vision, Ethical and Cultra Apoachpr both ecological and environmental education must become a fundamental part of the education Peace and the survival of life on earth as we system at all levels. Humankind as a whole must know it are threatened by human activities which have a clear understanding of environmental lack a commitment to humanitarian values. The concerns, and follow sustainable development destruction of nature and natural resources results practices. Environmental management, focusing from ignorance, greed, and lack of respect for the on environmental hazards and disaster prevention, earth's living things.This lack of respect extends has gained momentum in the recent years, but even to earth's human descendants - the future sustaining these positive and vital directions will generations - who will inherit a vastly degraded require the education and concern of subsequent planet if world peace does not become a reality, generations. and destruction of the natural environment continues at the present rate. Our ancestors viewed Environmental issues make better sense, when the earth as rich and bountiful, which it is. Many one can understand them in the context of one’s people in the past also saw nature as inexhaustibly own cognitive sphere. Therefore, the ultimate sustainable, which we now know is the case only goal of environmental education is to develop if we care for it. an environmentally literate public. It needs to address the connection between our conception Today, however, we have access to more and practice of education, and our relationship information, and it is essential that we ethically as humans to life-sustaining ecological systems. re-examine what we have inherited, what we are Environmental education, focusing on real-world responsible for, and what we will pass on to future contexts and issues such as those offered through generations. Clearly, this is a pivotal time. Global many environmental education programmes, communication is possible, yet confrontations take should be focused on the importance of place more often than meaningful dialogues for investigating the ecosystems within the context of peace. We have the capacity, and the responsibility. human infl uences, incorporating an examination We must act before it is too late. of ecology, economics, culture, political structure, and social equity as well as natural Legal Apoach pr foronmetal Evir processes and systems. For each environmental Conservati issue, there are many perspectives and much uncertainty. Sound environmental education Environmental law is a collective term describing practices and programmes cultivate the ability international treaties (conventions), statutes, to recognize uncertainty, envision alternative regulation, and common law or national legislation scenarios, and adapt to changing conditions and (where applicable) that operates to regulate information. These skills, knowledge-base, and the interaction of humanity and the natural mindset translate into a citizenry better equipped environment toward the purpose of reducing the to address its common problems, take advantage impacts of human activity.

Convention on Wetlands

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Convention on Migratory Species (Ficus altissima) onmetal EvirLegislaton in Sri Lanka support from the people, ideally aided through the necessary environmental education policies and There are number of laws, acts and regulations that programmes for this specifi c purpose. are related to the environment. Some of these laws are over a century old, while others are most recent. Each of these approaches is unique and has its The British rulers in Sri Lanka introduced various own strengths, but increasingly, there is a need environmental regulations such as the Forest for an integrated approach as well. Whether Ordinance and the Flora and Fauna Protection individually or combined, polices derived from Ordinance. After 1948, various piece of legislation these approaches must focus on both sustainable relevant to the environment were enacted, such development and the social, political and cultural as the Soil Conservation Act (1951), the Marine context in which they are implemented. Further, Pollution Prevention Act (1951), the Water Board if they are to be sustainable, they must enjoy Act (1964) and the Coast Conservation Act (1981). public support. Environmental policies must be a These laws covered a wide arena and various natural extension of other policies, as an isolated situations, ranging from the conservation of the environmental policy cannot be implanted, or are forest, to prevention of pollution. But these were diffi cult to implement, and therefore will become scattered and administrated by various agencies sustainable environmental conservation policies, at different level of authority, land lacked overall with which we can achieve goals of sustainable coordination and policy direction. development that will keep nation happy.

However, after the United Nations Conference encsRfr on Human Environment in 1972, a joint UNDP/ UN/ESCAP (Economic Social Commission for Attfi eld, R. (2006), Environmental sensitivity and critiques of stewardship, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Asia and Pacifi c) mission visited Sri Lanka in 1973. The team studied national environmental Afrasiabi, K. and L.Toward (2010), Islam and Ecology, London: T&T Clark International. problems and concluded that the absence of a central coordination agency on environmental Callan and Thomas (1996), Environmental Economic and Management, matters was major drawback. Accordingly in USA: Times mirror high education group. 1978, the government sponsored a seminar on Dutha, A, Dutha and S, Pandy. P. N. (2005), Environmental Economics, environmental protection and management. New Delhi A. P. H. Publishing Corporation. Based on the recommendation from the seminar Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance of 1937 as amended by Act No the National Environment Act No. 47 of 1980 44 of 1964 and No 1of 1970 Human Rights and the Environment (1995), USA: World Watch Institute. was drafted and as a result previously scattered environmental laws were coordinated by the Muthukudaarachchi. K. H. (2002), Environmental Protection License ‘umbrella law’ of the National Environmental Act. Scheme in Sri Lanka, Colombo: Central Environmental Authority. National Environmental Act. No. 47 of 1980 as amended by the Act No The ay WForwad 56 of 1988 And No 53 of 2000. Wijayadasa. K.H.J. (1986), Path to Sustainable Development, Colombo: Environmental conservation is vital to our future. Central Environmental Authority. The approaches mentioned above, while strong in Government Notifi cation, [Accessed on January 05, 2013] fully integrated within a nation’s other political, EIA regulation/EPL scheme,< http//:www.cea.lk> [Accessed on January economic, and social policies: for if they are simply 10, 2013] ‘add ons, they will fail. Further, the policies need

G. N. Chandrsi is an Assistant Director for Environmental Impact Assessment Unit of Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka. Previously he was in-charge of the Central Environmental Authority Uva and North Central Provinces. He has done research and published in the fi eld of environment. Chandrasiri is a member of Institute of Environmental Professionals of Sri Lanka. Currently he is reading a PhD in Environmental Economics at the University of Sri Jayawardenapura of Sri Lanka. He can be reached at [email protected].

121 Leopard (Panthera pardus) WHAT IS THE ‘MINDSET’? Arun Dias Bandrike

to protect the animals in the forest, and yet rince William has gone hunting deer and “P there is a regular supply of wild boar meat and wild boar in Spain - just a day before he was due to venison available to those that are able to afford make a public plea to end the illegal wildlife trade. these purloined items. It does not require much In a message due to be broadcast later, the Duke imagination or special knowledge to be aware that of Cambridge and his father, Prince Charles, will corruption exists among those with ‘connections’, call on people to act now to save endangered and that is the ‘method’ for facilitating the animals like rhinos, elephants and tigers.” – BBC procurement and illegal sale of such meats. website February 10, 2014.

ild ‘WAsia’ I have no sense of loyalty or particular devotion to the Royal Family of the United Kingdom; but For more than fi ve years, I have been a ‘face’ on a this quotation above touches on a very real factor. Television program broadcast on the national TV A strange dichotomy is notable in attitudes toward channel of Sri Lanka, under the title ‘Wild Asia’. creatures great and small, and one, which is not Not unlike with HRH Prince Charles of England, confi ned to ‘royals’. In fairness, it has been said the stated ‘message’ of the series of programs has that the ‘hunting for boar and deer’ in Spain is ‘not been to ‘call people to act now to save animals’. illegal’. The producer and ‘masterminds’ behind this program Ms. Padmalatha Abeysinghe and her ‘Dada Muss’ is available to those that search for it, husband have been feisty advocates of wildlife in most places in Sri Lanka. Why? Legislation has conservation. They recognized that the wealth that been enacted a long time ago. Law enforcement Lanka has in terms of forest reserves and wildlife offi cers are well aware of their responsibility reserves will soon be depleted irrevocably, unless 123 there is a sensitizing of the population with regard It is also surprising that the present generation to the animals and the places they inhabit. At their knows even less about the animal, insect and bird initiative, I have been in harness as a sort of ‘voice’ species of Lanka than their forebearers. I say this, for the program series. because on numerous occasions, in my contacts with the viewers of the program, they express their Through these past years, the response to the ignorance as to what animals, insects and birds program has been most encouraging, in as much as are to be found in the island. Migration, habits, it is surprising. There appear to be large numbers behaviour, bird calls etc are not recognized, and, of young people, students in particular, who relate in many instances, insects, reptiles and other wild to what the program covers (or exposes). Equally, animals are considered as ‘enemies’ of man and as it has been gratifying to note that there are school needing to be exterminated. Most are unable to teachers who are also motivated to inculcate a recognize and identify species, but do amazingly fondness for wildlife conservation among their in their eagerness to pursue forays into the realm charges. These ideas and processes of thinking are of cyberspace even with the minimum facility communicated to our program by way of thousands with English or IT skills! Clearly, this is a strange of postcards and letters every week. However, the phenomenon given that vast numbers of the responses are largely from rural Lanka, or from population are not in urban areas, and one would those areas far away from the main towns and have expected that they be au fait with nature and cities in the Western Province. There seems little natural surroundings. interest in wildlife among the urbanites, although rather incongruously, it is they who are able to Elits afford ‘jungle trips’ and camping excursions. Often times those individuals who praise the

124 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 content of the programs These people have struggled to generate their they have seen, have offered own funds and seek sponsorship of their efforts in the view that ‘wildlife sharing knowledge and in communicating the vital conservation’ and the ability information by way of researched publications. to enjoy the wild places is an Some of these are academics, others are from other elitist pursuit. They see this professions who are motivated to contribute, and as something ‘people with they all endure the same levels of frustrations in money can afford’ because the their inability to have the commitment of policy whole experience demands a makers in ‘getting the science’ into the picture. capital outlay that will cover That is advocacy at one level. There may be other travel and expenses in special levels as well. four-wheeled vehicles that need to be hired. The majority ‘Wild Asia’ has attempted to address these claim that they cannot afford matters. Whether or not we have succeeded is all this, and also, have to a moot point. Would it make sense to include include costs incurred for wildlife conservation in school curricula? Does accommodation and catering, it need to be a matter of manners and codes of which is a challenge. Those conduct and discipline inculcated by the teaching who comment have said that establishment? Some steps have already been ‘Wild Asia’ has provided taken under the aegis of the National Institute them the fi rst glimpse of what of Education in making the school generation variety exists in this land of ‘sensitive’ to the need to ‘go green’. But there is theirs; while they have always equal need to provide knowledge and experience been exposed (again by way of the wild, and for fi eld studies about animals, of reputed TV shows) to the reptiles, fi sh and birds. Unless that gap is wildlife in Africa, Indonesia closed, animals will remain an amusement or an extraneous factor that does not touch their lives Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena or the Amazonian forests! in any way. Ignorance will allow the people to Therefore, it appears that this gap between view animals as enemies, an inconvenience that interest and access explains the reason for this needs to be taken out of the way or worse, to be ambivalence toward conservation of the wild. exterminated. At times, if there is a way to exploit People claim to love animals, while at the same these resources to earn easy money, then that too time, they know little about what is on the ground will be engaged in, because they are not ‘aware’ in their own country and what they should do with of their responsibility. Their consciences will not these treasures. The conduct of persons who visit dictate what they would do when faced with the Horton Plains on picnics or undertake excursions temptation. How else would one explain the many in Yala or UdaWalawa shows that they understand number of times that detections have been made of little about many of the animals and birds and they protected animals or birds and even plant material think of them as amusements! being taken out illegally? The illegal trade in wild boar meat and venison also continues unabated Conservati with the support of corrupt offi cials. The question still remains: Who really can stem this evil tide? The commitment of individuals, some well known and others less recognized, is laudable.

Arun ias DandrikeB is Master of Ceremonies; Radio/TV host. Arun has been a professional broadcaster, newscaster, commentator and moderator for 25 years, serving with the national broadcast services in Sri Lanka, the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, and Sri Lanka Rupavahini (Television) Corporation. On TV, is known as presenter of a nationally popular weekly series known as "Wild Asia" featuring the wildlife of Sri Lanka. His other areas of work has included interviews and current affairs programs. He also is used as a master-of-ceremonies for many local and international events. He can be reached at [email protected]

125 KUMANA ANA VILLU

Kumana National Park BIODIVERSIT; Y WHYSHOULD WE CARE? Rukshan Jayewardene

Human Setlmns and Biodversty With the exception of Australia, which is considered a continental landmass, Greenland is In a global context a small nation such as ours considered to be the largest island on Earth. In with less than 22,000,000 people will always a listing of islands in descending order of size have a limited infl uence and importance on the beginning with Greenland at 1,360,000km2, Sri world stage but in a biological context, our size, Lanka at 65,000km2 is the 24th largest island in geological history, position, climate, and habitat the world. This in a world with many thousands diversity has ensured an overall biodiversity out of islands, for instance the Indonesian archipelago of all proportion to our moderate size. Despite our eastern neighbour, has upwards of 13,000 our substantial population, a traditional mal- islands, but only fi ve of them bigger than the distribution creating pockets of high density and island of Sri Lanka. The Philippine archipelago swathes of low density settlement, has enabled a with more than 7,500 islands has only two islands surprising amount of the original biodiversity of larger than Sri Lanka, namely the main population this island ark to survive into the second decade centers of Luzon and Mindanao. The point I wish of the new Millennium. Diverse habitats the result

Pics © Rukshan Jayewardene Pics © Rukshan Jayewardene to illustrate is that Sri Lanka is not a ‘tiny’ island of a combination of highly localized rainfall, or even small on a world scale. It is a small nation variable soil types and associated forest cover to be sure, but a relatively large island. It is we and ever changing land form or geo-morphology Sri Lankans who often confuse these two issues. combine to create an array of micro-climates To believe that we are a small island is to under- suitable for diverse species. A high degree of value our biological importance and the potential endemism, including point endemism (extremely for sustainable long-term conservation. localized presence) species diversity, sub- speciation and healthy populations of many of South Asia’s threatened and scarce mega-fauna

128 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 is our natural heritage today. An early historic save both the irreplaceable Sinharaja rainforest tradition of conservation, dating back more than (now a World Heritage site) and all other Protected two millennia, and the pervasive Buddhist ethic of Areas. Ahimsa (non-injury) have both contributed greatly to the survival of species on this island. The estry FoMa sterPlan

Modern oachment Erand Conservati For those of you who are unaware, the Forestry Master Plan (FMP) of the 1980s even recommended Early in the twentieth century, land was set-aside the extensive selective felling of dry, intermediate, for resident sportsmen, known as ‘gentlemen and wet zone sanctuaries and National Parks. hunters.’ Together with this move however an Under the FMP’s proposal for the management incipient conservation ethic in terms of open of forests under the Wildlife Department, it was and closed seasons for shooting including non- estimated that fuelwood and log supplies to be shooting areas was to emerge. Blanket protection extracted from the wet zone were ‘189,000cu in the 1950’s and 60’s, with a conditional negative metres per year from 63,000 hectares of wet zone list, gave statutory protection to all species with and upcountry wildlife reserves, and 717,000cu.

Pics © Rukshan Jayewardene Pics © Rukshan Jayewardene the exception of the wild boar, Grey Langur metres per year from 478,000 hectares of dry monkeys, lowland macaques, hare, porcupine, and zone ‘wildlife reserves.’ In using the inaccurate crow, which were considered pests due to their term‘wildlife reserves’, the FMP was not referring depredations on crops. It took longer, however, to forest reserves administered under the Forest to recognize the importance of the few patches of Department but rather the varied Protected Areas primordial rainforest that had survived the large- under the Department of Wildlife Conservation scale colonial land conversion from forest cover (DWC) mentioned above. to plantations. In the 1970’s and 80’s, lumber interests had to be fought by conservationists to 129 If that short-sighted Finnish-designed plan had be confused with the statutory protection of the been adopted, trees such Kaluwara (Ebony), Kalu same). Mediriya (Calemander), Burutha (Satinwood), Sudu and Rathu Handun (Sandalwood) and Revistng Eco-turism Halmilla (Trincomalee wood) would have by now become extinct in the wild. Monetary gains, which Eco-tourism is a much used and much abused term. are by their nature short-term cannot compensate The mass-market tourism that we court at present is for the loss of these valuable hardwoods. We do not amenable to eco-tourism. Eco-tourists are high not understand their current role in the forest spenders with a low environmental impact on the community and therefore have no idea what impact countries they visit. They have specialised interest, their wholesale loss will create. It would be safe are culturally sensitive, and will often return. Eco- to say that many National Parks and sanctuaries tourism is sustainable because the eco-tourist is would have been drastically transformed from also interested in sustainability. When the tourism the natural systems they are today into something product is a natural system such as a wilderness

Pics © Rukshan Jayewardene Pics © Rukshan Jayewardene unknown with dramatic and adverse changes to area; that educated sensitivity is essential. Here both fauna and fl ora. in Sri Lanka we may have a wildlife tourism sector, but apart from a few specialist birders and As the percentage of natural forest cover dips a few others, most visitors are still ‘mass-market’ below 19% of the island every tree standing in a tourists on package tours and are not sensitive to forest is now more valuable to the nation where our management of wilderness areas. it is, rather than converted to lumber and hard cash. As the concept of development has evolved Custodianhp f ohe tepartmn Df oildfe W to focus on sustainability: forest cover and the Conservati eco-system services they provide should become valued resources in their own right. Watershed No amount of ‘green-washing’ of the wildlife security, soil conservation, soil fertility, and local tourism sector will make the sector sustainable rainfall will all depend on our ability to effectively or viable in the long run. We have to realise that conserve our remaining wilderness areas (not to sustainability lies in understanding the threats

130 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 and impacts, making protective legislation and each year. Often, Sri Lanka’s wilderness areas and enforcement actually work and ploughing fair her scenic beauty are inextricably intertwined. The percentage of revenue earned from wildlife, back island’s paddy fi elds, plantation areas, interspersed into conservation. Here there is room for public with bodies of water, both natural and man-made, and private sector partnerships that truly benefi t together with forest cover are what make this the nation. However, the few tour operators and island a land of breathtaking beauty. We who were companies that bring in high-spending wildlife born and live here by-and-large take all this for tourists into the country do not earn the right to granted. However this unique balance of land form open up the wildlife sector like their own personal and vegetation and the overall visual spectacle it oyster; it has to be managed and protected in an creates is what makes this island what it is. More equitable manner by the DWC for present and exciting and entertaining cities to visit, more future generations. Natural systems are hard to varied outdoor activities, more modern amenities regulate and often impossible to replace once and comforts, more abundant goods and services destroyed. The DWC should act only as a custodian will for years to come be found in countries both

Pics © Rukshan Jayewardene and a manager, holding these resources in trust; near and far beyond our shores. In the headlong while the true legal owners are all Sri Lankans. rush to catch up with some of those countries we stand to tip the unique balance of culture, nature Apeciatng pr OurNatural Richnes and overall visual spectacle that makes this nation a unique and a desired destination. Without fully Sri Lanka’s scenic beauty and her remarkable understanding the attributes that make us what and biodiversity are what make her an unique island who we are, we risk killing the proverbial goose that draws visitors to her shores by the thousands that lays the golden eggs.

Rukshan ayewrdnJ has 13 years research (fi eld) experience in archeology, covering early historic settlements in Sri Lanka ancient irrigation and maritime archeology and an biding interest in paleontological research. An early interest in animals leads him to a job at the National Zoo in Sri Lanka, where he was able to observe and handle variety of animals including leopards. He has been interested in birding, nature photography and conservation issues and is currently interested in the long-term conservation of the Sri Lankan leopard. He can be reached at [email protected]

131

Peocock Royal Butterfl y (Tajuria cippus) Pic © Vidya Abhayagunawardena Land Uncleared of Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War Still Pose Threats to Wildlife and Other Animals in Sri Lanka Vidya Abhaygunwrde

Inoductinr Munition Monitor reported in December 2012 that since the 1980s, there had been a total of 21,993 Even though Sri Lanka’s three-decade-long armed human mine casualties in Sri Lanka. confl ict ended in 2009, the country is battling with the hidden killers of anti-personnel (AP) The use of AP mines is a terrible crime, as it landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) poses an indiscriminate and persistent threat to such as booby traps and unexploded ordinances human beings and wildlife (Santiapillai 1999). (UXOs). These pose serious threats not only to There is still no information available on how human life but also to animals. AP mines are many animals were killed or injured due to AP victim activated and designed to injure or kill landmines and ERW in Sri Lanka.Wild-elephants, people. Mines were widespread in the North and leopards, wild-cattle, bears and barking deer are East regions of Sri Lanka’s lands since the 1980s the main victims of AP mines in Sri Lanka. up until the war ended in 2009 May. Towards the end of the confl ict, some battles took place The impact on wild animals is only just beginning in the jungles, which are still contaminated with to be understood and is still largely unreported AP mines and ERW. The Landmine and Cluster (Whaley 2010). From an environmental point

134 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 of view some of the richest areas of bio- diversity are still contaminated with the hidden killers AP mines and ERW in Sri Lanka. The north and east regions of Sri Lanka’s vast land areas belong to the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) and the Forest Department (FD) and are which home to a great variety of wildlife.Towards the end of the confl ict, many battles took place inside and nearby An elephant victim of AP-mine in Silawatura in Vavuniya in 2012 Pic by Rohitha Gunawardena protected areas, national parks, and jungles which were heavily mined and are still to Programme in 2002. The National Mine Action be cleared. Programme has continually supported and coordinated the removal of AP mines (demining) Land Areas elongi Bo the tWC Dnd aD Fn i and ERW, with the support of international the North and East Regions community. The Sri Lanka’s mine action programme is coordinated by the National Due to the three-decade long ethnic war, up until Mine Action Center (NMAC) of the Ministry of 2009 May, the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) Economic Development. was not able to reach most parts of North and East regions to carry out civil administration duties. Demining is one of fi ve pillars of the mine action Under these circumstances, the DWC was not in programme, which includes mine risk education, a position to carry out any of its administrative victim assistance, stockpile destruction and duties in these regions. But with the support of advocacy for banning landmines. Initially the 2 the security forces and others, from time to time, Mine Action Programme identifi ed 6,215km of animal victims of AP mines were treated and land contaminated with AP mines and ERW. As st brought into non-confl ict-affected areas. of 31 December 2013 the remaining confi rmed hazardous areas to be cleared is approximately 2 Currently, the DWC administers an area of land 83.8km . Currently there are fi ve demining measuring 191,364ha (1913.6km2) and the FD of operators demining in Sri Lanka: the Sri Lanka Sri Lanka administers 214,339ha (2143.4km2) of Army Humanitarian Demining Unit (SLA-HDU), forest in the North and East regions. Wild animals The Halo Trust, Mine Action Group (MAG), are roaming the lands belonging to both the DWC Danish Demining Group (DDG), and Delvoan and the FD. (See table 1 & 2) Social Harmony (DASH).

able T: 1Land Areas elongi Bo the tWC Dnd aest orFepartmn D The DWC has identifi ed 17 areas in Northern in North Region. Province as wildlife protected areas. Apart DWC- Sanctuaries Land Area (ha) Forest Department Land Area (ha) from the above mentioned this includes Delft (District wise forest Island, Thodaveli - Veditallativu, Jaffna Lagoon, cover) 2 2 Karaveddi – Nagarkovil, Nagapaduwan, Chundikulam 11,150 (111.5 km )Jaff na 5,761 (57.6 km ) 2 2 Neenthavil and Akkiriyan, and Nanthikadal. These Kokilai 1,995 (19.5 km ) Killinochchi 45,607 (456.0 km ) 2 2 areas include national parks, corridors and, lagoon Gaint Tank 4,330 (43.3 km ) Mannar 13,484 (134.8 km ) 2 2 sanctuaries which are importance for biodiversity Vavuniyakulam 4,856 (48.5 km ) Mullathivu 17,766 (177.6 km ) 2 2 conservation, wildlife conservation, wetland Paravitivu 97.1 (0.9 km ) Vavuniya 12,682 (126.8 km ) 2 conservation and mangrove vegetation. Vankalai 4,839 (48.3 km ) Madu Road 26,677 (266.7 km2) National Mine Action ogrameP Wilpattu North 632 (6.3 km2) Total 54,576ha (545.7km2) Total 95,300ha (953 km2) The GoSL, with the support of the international Source: DWC and FD community, initiated the National Mine Action 135 affected land well before 2020. If the current Pic © Romesh Madushanka capacity level is reduced, the targeted time period will not be achievable. Cleared land areas in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were 268km2, 53km2, 21km2 and 8.5km2 respectively. Remaining 83.8km2 are the suspected heavily mined fi elds and with the progress made so far with demining it seems that

A leopard caught up with a trap in Kokavil Forest Reserve in Kilinochchi in 2012. it will take at least another 10 years to clear the Th e leopard was rescued by the DWC offi cers. entire land of AP mine and ERW contaminated in Sri Lanka with the current capacity level. able T2: Land Areas Belong to the DWC and est ForDepartmn in East Region. DWC- Sanctuaries Land Area (ha) / km 2 Forest Department Land Area (ha) / km 2 (District wise forest enlrbcatisvoE.rT4PLa dnAr saeAf detcf ybAP Mi sen .dnaWRE cover) District Agricultural Forest, Grass & Total 2 2 Pigeon Island 471.40 (4.7 km ) Trincomalee 13,496 (134.9 km ) & Irrigation Scrub areas to area to be Lahugala Kitulana 5131 (51.3 km2) Batticalo 83,990 (839.9 km2) Area be cleared cleared

2 2 Kumana 35,664.74 (355.6 km ) Ampara 21,553 (215.5 km ) Trincomalee 2.7 km2 3.6 km2 6.3km2 Th rikonaMadu 25,019.40 (250.1 km2) Batticoloa 8 km2 6.3 km2 14.3km2 Gal Oya East 12,432 (124.3 km2) Ampara 0.004 km2 0.003 km2 0.007km2 Gal Oya East West 15,281 (152.8 km2) 2 2 2 Sagamam 616.4 (6.1 km2) Total 11.6 km 9.0 km 20.6km

Trinco Naval Workarea 18,130(181.3km2) Source: NMAC of Sri Lanka. Data as of 31st December 2013

Greater Sobar Island 64.7 (0.6 km2)

Small Sobar Island 6.5 (0.06 km2)

Seruwilla-Allai 15,540 (155km2)

Buddhangala 1841.3 (18.4 km2)

Kidubimgala 6,533.91 (65.3 km2)

Total 136732.35ha (1367.3 km2) Total 119,039ha (1190.4 km2)

Source: DWC and FD

Area Affectd by AP Mines and WER

The remaining mine affected land area of 83.8km2 lies within the districts of Jaffna, Killinochchci, Mullaitive, Vavuniya, Mannar, Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Ampara, Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa.Wild and other animals are roaming within these districts, and there are wild animals habitats in these districts. (See tables 3,4 & 5)

able T3: Northen ovince PrLand Areas Affectd by AP Mines and .WER

District Agri- Home Irriga- Forest, Other (sandy, Total land cultural Stead and tion Grass and rocky, bare, area to be Area Garden Area Scrubs boggy etc) cleared

Jaff na 0.1 km2 0.1 km2 0.03 km2 0.6 km2 3.1 km2 3.80 km2

Killinochchi 2.3 km2 0.2 km2 0.8 km2 6.2 km2 8.5 km2 18.0 km2

Mannar 0.2 km2 0.1 km2 0.3 km2 13.6 km2 1.2 km2 16.5 km2

Mullaitivu 1.1 km2 0.3 km2 1.8 km2 13.1 km2 3.2 km2 16.1 km2

Vavuniya 0.3 km2 0.04 km2 0.9 km2 3.7 km2 0.7 km2 5.0 km2

Total 4.0 km2 0.8 km2 3.4 km2 36.00 km2 10.0 km2 59.4 km2

Source: NMAC of Sri Lanka. Data as of 31st December 2013 The Mine Action Strategy paper of the NMAC had stated that it hoped to clear the mine and ERW-

{pÌþ tdtpyq;F 136 Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Abhayagunawardena Vidya Pic © Abhayagunawardena Vidya Pic © A deminer at work. able T5. L andAreas of Anurdhap and Polnaruw The DWC offi cials are not in a position to visit Distrc Affectd by AP Mines and .WER the mine contaminated land to treat AP mine and District Total area to be cleared ERW victim animals. Apart from AP mines and Anuradhapura 3.3km2 ERW, there are various types of booby traps and Polonnaruwa 0.003km2 trap guns set in the jungle and thus making the Total 3.3 km2 situation more dangerous.‘Trap guns’ have features Source: NMAC of Sri Lanka. Data as of 31st December 2013 similar to most landmines: both are activated by the victim, victim-activated devices can never Animal Victims of AP Mines and WERin Sri be used exclusively for only the intended target. Lanka Trap guns are hardly visible to the naked eye and their trigger lines are camoufl aged in the jungle’ The DWC has no information with regard to how (Abhayagunawardena 2011: 52). many elephants were killed due to AP mines. Due to the three decade long war DWC was not in a Elephant Survey Report of 120 position to carry out the duties in those areas. On many occasions offi cials of DWC had to The DWC carried out an island-wide survey seek support from the mine action operators and of the elephant population from 11-13 August, security forces to treat animal victims of mines. 2011. According to this survey, the total elephant People are not allowed to visit any of the marked population was 5879; and out of this, 233 were mine fi elds until they are cleared by the mine in the Northern region and 1573 in the Eastern operators. Mine-affected animals in the jungles region, totaling to 1806 elephants in the region. In uncleared of AP mines and ERW are unable to fi nd some parts of the jungles in the North and East food and with infection setting in, most of them wildlife regions, offi cers were not able to carry out suffer a slow and painful death. the elephant survey due to the jungles not being cleared of AP mines and other booby traps. There are few lucky ones who were able to survive. “Sama” was about fi ve when she was brought to AP mines and WERin the Jungle Areas also the Elephant Orphanage in Pinnawala 16 years Pose eats hrTto ildfe Wourism Tand Local ago. She lost a leg when she stepped on a landmine Livelihod Actives in the northern jungles. While wildlife offi cials and non-governmental organizations are not sure how To carry out any activity related to wildlife tourism many animals have fallen prey to the millions of in the AP mine, ERW, booby traps, and trap gun landmines planted across the Northern Province, contaminated jungle are prohibited. Currently, Sri it appears that Sama’s survival is peculiar (Radhakrishnan, 2011). Animals have been known to bleed to death once they stepped on a landmine. Veterinarians attending on her reported that at some point her lungs would collapse because of the pressure of her ribs. It was reported that an elephant that had swallowed a landmine was safely rescued by Navy offi cers in December 2013 (Ceylon Today, December 2013). Pic © Vidya Abhayagunawardena Vidya Pic © Deminer defusing an AP mine. Pics © Romesh Madushanka 1806 wild elephants living in the mine-affected areas of North and Eastern Wildlife Regions. Special attention should be given for those elephants and other animals roaming in the areas unclread AP mines and other explosive devices. • There should be inter- An elephant died due to an AP mine accident in Semamandu near Omantai in Vavuniya in 2013. coordinated mechanisms within Lanka is being promoting as a top destination for the key ministries, departments, wildlife tourism, but the AP mine-affected area of and other organizations to enhance the the country still remain to be exploited for such capacities of demining and, immediate activities. The presence of mines will hinder those medical attention for wild animals living in areas initiating wildlife tourism, as well as local AP mine or ERW contaminated areas. economic development projects and programmes. • Reference should be made to the use of AP For those people living close to these areas, jungle mines, trap guns and their use strictly prohibited and forests provide an important livelihood. They in the National parks in the Fauna and Flora provide food, medicine, wood and some eco- Protection Act. The Fauna and Flora Protection friendly recreational activities. Since the forest/ (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2009 contains no jungle is contaminated with AP mines and ERW, reference to AP mines and Trap guns. such communities are unable to earn their day- • Sri Lanka is still not a state party to the AP to-day living, thus creating many socioeconomic Mine Ban Convention (APMBC). Acceding problems for individuals, families, and society as to the APMBC will represent a step towards a whole. guaranteeing that the land of Sri Lanka will not get contaminated with AP mines in the e FutrChalengs forSri Lanka future. Acceding to this convention will not only guarantee that human lives will be safer • AP mine-affected land remaining to be cleared from AP mines, but will also safeguard animal in the jungle areas should be given a high lives in the future. priority by the GoSL on the National Mine • Wildlife sanctuaries and lands belong to the Action Programme. DWC should be protected as a high priority of the • The 2011 Elephant Survey identifi ed around GOSL and under no circumstances should these forest lands be used in the future for any commercial development activities. • Any unauthorized activities in the jungles cleared and yet to be cleared; such as any mining activities, cultivation, brewing of illicit liquor, cutting down trees and illegal gathering should not be allowed under any circumstances. Perpetrators should be punishing with severe penalties and relevant laws and regulations should be put in place. Otherwise this is the beginning of a fresh battlefi eld for confl ict between humans and wild animal in the AP mine

‘Sama’ lost her leg due to AP-mine explosion when she was fi ve. Now she is orphaned at the Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage nearly two decades. Pic © R.K. Radhakrishnan Kittle Andrew, Watson Anjali and Kumara Chanaka (2013), "Baseline Wildlife Surveys of Northern Sri Lanka," Loris, Vol. 26 Issue 6, Sri Lanka: Wildlife and Nature Protection Society. Pics © Vidya Abhayagunawardena Vidya Pics © Ministry of Economic Development (2010), the National Strategy for Mine Action in Sri Lanka, Colombo: Ministry of Economic Development.

National Mine Action Center (2013), Year End Progress Report on Mine Action as at 31st December 2013, Colombo: Ministry of Economic Development.

Ministry of Environment (2013), Final Report Submitted to Ministry of Environment on Integration of Forestry Sector Contribution to the System of National Accounts in Sri Lanka. September 2013. Battaramulla, Ministry of Environment.

Radhakrishnan, R.K. (2011), “Sama’s Story,” Frontline, September 9, 2011, India: The Hindu.

Ranasinghe, Hemanthi (2012), “Challenges for conservation in the development of Sri Lanka’s North,” Loris, Vol.6 Issue 3&4, Sri Lanka: Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. Santipillai, C. (1999), Use of Landmines: A Crime, The Island, P.9., February 11,1999, Sri Lanka: Upali Newspapers Ltd. Santipillai, C., Wijayamohan, S. (2012), The importance of population structure over density in elephant management. Loris, Vol.6 Issue 3 & 4, Sri Lanka: Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. The Gazette of the Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka (2012), Forest Conservation Ordinance: Battaramulla, Ministry of Environment. Carver Ameila (2011), Elephants and Landmines, Cleared AP - mine belt in Mulative Jungle [Accessed on 25 November 2013]. and ERW cleared and uncleared jungles in Ceylon Today (2013), Elephants swallows landmines, [Accessed on 30th December 2013]. Forest (Amendment) Act, No. 65 of 2009, [Accessed on 25th November 2013]. east rigions which are suspected to have AP Forest Conservation Ordinance 2012, mines and ERW. These areas need to carry [Accessed on 25th November 2013]. out surveys, marking and to resume demining Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor (25 November 2013) Country immediately. Profi le Sri Lanka [Accessed on 10th December 2013]. Landmine and Cluster Muntions Monitor (2003), Environmental encsRfr Aspect of the International Crisis of Antipersonnel Landmines and the Implementation of the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty, [Accessed on 25th November 2013]. Department of Wildlife Conservation. Roberts M. Adam, Stewart Kevin “Animal Casualties of the Underground Abhayagunawardena, Vidya (2013), Commenwealth States On War” [Accessed on 10th September 2013]. Sarvodaya. Sunday Times (2010), Elephants in North also need peace, [Accessed on 12th March Rakshitha,” – (Proposed Wildlife Sanctuaries in Northern Province) 2013]. Wildlife, Vol.8 No.1, Sri Lanka: Department of Wildlife Conservation.

Department of Wildlife Conservation (2013), The First Islandwide Whaley Floyd (April 2000),Search for the hidden killers, [Accessed on 15th November 2013]. the Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka. Windy Borman, Sri Lanka Moves Elephants Into Former War Zone, Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2009, Sri Landmines Remain, (January 10th, 2011), The Eyes of Thailand, [Accessed on 10th April 2013].

Vidya Abhaygunwrde is the Consultant Editor for Journal "Sri Lankan Wildlife" of Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka. He is also Country Researcher Sri Lanka for Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor, Project Coordinator for the National Languages Project of Sri Lanka, a freelance researcher in socioeconomic development and disarmament. His research work has been published in Sri Lanka and internationally. Vidya has worked in Sri Lanka and overseas in various capacities with national and international research and development organizations, public and private corporations and the government of Sri Lanka. He is life members of the National Trust of Sri Lanka, Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka and a campaigner for Sri Lanka Campaign to Ban Landmines. He can be reached at [email protected].

139

Saltwater Crocadile (Crocodylus porosus) Yala National Park Change of Ate mosphrChanges Feding Habits and the Eco-sytem Ashirdan Bhagy Attanyke Inoductin rto Fod ebW All the other consumers are carnivores (meat- The food web is a basic concept of animal feeding eaters) omnivores (eating both meat and vegetable interaction that helps energy fl ow to all organisms. products) and are called tertiary consumers. It is a process that connects all organisms at Finally, bacteria or fungus decomposes the animal large, and enables the creation of a variety of remains, which adds nutrients to the soil and helps communities in a circle of life. The food web is plants to grow. the most important factor of the environment, providing the following functions: Changes in Fod Chain

1. Effecting basic energy transfer When environmental changes take place, 2. Helping to link species within an eco system consumers in a particular food chain might 3. Balancing biodiversity encounter scarcity of the food source they survive 4. Creating well- being within the environment on and have to move on to different food chains by fi nding alternative available food sources. So with Biologically, different animals need different food these new food habits, food web feeders join other items. Some eat plants while others eat meat. As available food chains, as illustrated in the fi gures such, one animal necessarily becomes the prey of below. another animal. These feeding relationships link all organisms in a chain. Hence, each link of the chain becomes the food source of another.

Fod Chain

We can begin to imagine the natural food circle of life by beginning with a linear food chain. We can sum up the feeding relationship between simple organisms as follows.

Quality, quantity and the variety of food create variations in animal communities and affect the population of the community.

As an example, if snails do not have the right amount of food or proper living conditions this may shrink their population or the snails might start vanishing from the area. In turn, this may Pic Gras > caterpil> og fr> snake > owl increase the population of a snail's food source and some plants. Nevertheless, birds, tortoises, and According to this food chain, grass is the producer. other animals that eat snails will have to survive As we know, every food chain starts with plants, with alternative food variations and from other organisms that produce their own food using the communities' food web, due to the lack of snails. energy of the sun. We call this ‘photosynthesis.’The This directly affects the balance of the ecosystem. caterpillar, who becomes the consumer of plants, is introduced in the chain as the second link and is Butterfl ies and other insects help plants to pollinate. given the scientifi c title ‘herbivore.’ Many butterfl ies gathering in one place means that

142 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 insect-eaters get plenty of food options. This kind of balanced food web helps to maintain the correct form of biodiversity. Disturbances in these food webs due to unavoidable natural factors may affect the whole food web in direct and indirect ways.

An Eco-sytem as a Comunity of Living

A habitat has its own particular ecosystem consisting of a community of organisms. We defi ne this eco system as a community of living manner. These interactions that take place within the food web enable the eco system to maintain itself in a stable and harmonious manner. An ecosystem can be recognized as existing on multiple and different levels: it may be small as a puddle or large as the earth.

Harmful human activities such as clearing of is also a great threat to the whole system. It has forests drive these food links in to a disorderly been mentioned that a healthy food web has an situation that affects the eco system. Wet lands, rain abundance of autotrophy, many herbivores, and forests, and marshy lands are particularly fertile few carnivores and omnivores. This balance helps habitats for many organisms. These geographical the ecosystem maintain and recycle biomass. features host diverse and varied communities and create the condition for numerous combinations of If the balance of the ecosystem is not maintained, food webs. many organisms will be threatened. As an example Water's Edge, Kotte in Sri Lanka has some areas Today, these places have become the most of marshlands that have been rebuilt as a leisure threatened places on earth due to deforestation, to park. Previously, this region provided habitats make way for irrigation, farming, timber-felling, for several species of water birds. In particular, and many other construction activities associated there was a large heron population. It was a good with development. People continuously clear environment for the herons with fewer predators, huge areas of lands all over the world for these lots of food, and many trees for nesting. Since activities. This has resulted in hundreds of animals the incursions of humans and their activities, the losing their habitats and becoming endangered. migration of crows into this area has risen, mostly Scientifi c researches have proved that biomass because they are attracted to food remains and depends on food web positions and how balanced garbage. As a result, the heron's habitat has started or connected the habitats of various animal and to shrink, due to the destruction of herons’ nests plant species are. When one, some or all links in and eating of their eggs by the crows.This predator food webs are threatened, or weakened the total migration has driven the water community into biomass of an ecosystem tends to decrease. major disarray, which may lead to drastic pollution if not properly controlled. Facing Fod city Sarin the Fod Chain Harmful oxins TKil Organism The extinction of animal species, as a result of the destruction of habitat and food chains is happening Various harmful toxins like Dichlorodipheny in both land and water communities. As such,the ltrichloroethane (DDT) and other chemicals also displacement or disappearance of one or few kill organisms throughout the food cycle. Those groups of animals from one community is not only toxins accumulate in plants and soils, passing from a loss for this particular species; ecologically it one animal to the next through the diet. For an 143 example, kingfi shers, fi sh, and herons face a major conservations. Reserves aim to create perfect threat as a result of pollution of the water supply environments for animals and their habitats by with such chemicals. adopting practical methods of preserving and fi nding solutions to maintaining good food webs Causes of the accumulating toxin in water and and other natural cycles. the soil include oil added to the water by ships, the disposal of garbage by industries and hotels, Protecting wildlife and its habitats may ultimately chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. As reported, contribute to the balancing of the eco system DDT is becoming a major reason for the extinction with complete food webs. Maintaining a healthy of the Bald Eagle. balance of fl ora and fauna depends on the food web relation, which provides energy for the life ay WForwad processes and the wellbeing of the whole earth’s biomass. Human activities distort food webs. Some partial compensation might be provided by wildlife

Ashirdan hagy BAttanyke is a visiting lecturer in environmental and development communication. She also works for a Sri Lankan travel guide magazine and is a travel journalist. Attanayake has published articles both in print and on web media. Attanayake is a member and media coordinator for the committee of International Art and Heritage at University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. Gal Oya National Park Marine Mamals of Sri Lanka Howard Martenstyn

For as long as I can remember I have had a deep Identifyg Marine Mamals fascination for the ocean and its magnifi cent creatures. My many expeditions led to a Marine mammals in the wild are rarely easy to photographic documentation of their every move, identify. Even under ideal conditions, observers followed by a desire to research their behaviour may not enjoy more than a glimpse: a splash, a and environment, which eventually led me to spout, a brief view of a dorsal fi n, head, back or extend my research notes into a book on my fl ukes – seen, more often than not, at a considerable passion. The result being a 272-page coffee table distance. Rough weather, glare from refl ected sized book, the fi rst of its type, aptly entitled Out sunlight, mist, twilight and other poor visual of the Blue. conditions frequently compound the problem. To confuse matters further, closely related cetacean Based on current taxonomy, 28 marine mammal species often appear so much alike that even species have been reported in Sri Lankan waters, experts are sometimes confused. In the case of with a further two tentatively identifi ed; in all 13 certain little-known species, a reliable taxonomy species of whales (rorquals, sperm whales and has never been established; even a good look at beaked whales), 15 species of dolphins (blackfi sh a live mammal and comparison with an ‘in hand’ and oceanic dolphins), one porpoise, and a specimen will not necessarily settle the question. dugong. Further scientifi c research, combined No surprise, then, that even experts must often with sightings from whale-and dolphin-watching log a marine mammal sighting as ‘unidentifi ed’, expedition logs is likely to reveal or confi rm ‘probable’ or ‘possible’, particularly in the case of additional species and/or subspecies. Also, future closely related species and sub-species. It is better research may show that a confi rmed species, may to log a sighting in this way, accompanied by a not to be present and establish the taxonomic detailed description of what one has actually seen, status of several species and subspecies that have than to hazard an identifi cation only to produce an yet to be fully elucidated. erroneous record.

146 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Pic © Howard Martenstyn

Travelling pilot whales accompanied by bottlenose dolphins

Identifying a marine mammal often comes down breeding between populations occur on a regular to a process of elimination. Location, habitat basis, whereas in others, populations remain more and the family to which the species belongs distinct: overlapping migrations may occur, but (more easily identifi ed than the species itself) are specifi c populations still remain isolated from important factors in this process. Remember that each other. one physical feature or observed trait is rarely enough for a positive identifi cation. Gather as Some cetacean species do not undertake long much information as possible before coming to seasonal migrations but instead make short, any conclusions. frequent journeys. These are normally associated with feeding behaviour. Pelagic night feeders like Movemnt and Migration spinner dolphins are known to make daily inshore commutes, with the result that they are among the As is the case with many other animals, several species most frequently seen by whale watchers marine mammal species are migratory, often and fi shermen. In fact, fi shermen often follow making astonishingly long journeys across the dolphin pods to locate shoals of tuna – a practice oceans of the world. Many large cetaceans, such known since at least Ancient Greek times. as blue whales and humpbacks, migrate between high and low latitudes, moving from their chilly Still other marine mammals are nomadic, staying Antarctic habitat to tropical and sub-tropical on the move all year round with no fi xed abode nor regions in order to breed. Not all members of a any pattern to their wanderings. Their movements species need be migratory; among humpback may be infl uenced by oceanic conditions and the whales, for example, it is known that juveniles do availability of food. Individuals and populations of not migrate along with breeding adults, but remain most nomadic species keep within a well-defi ned close to their feeding-grounds all year round, territory, but some, like sperm whales, are long- exploiting the relative lack of food competition distance wanderers. Sperm whale movements are while their elders are absent during the calving not truly migratory; instead, the whales seem to season. make seasonal shifts within a ‘home range’ of about 1,500km (800nm) in extent. However, the Many cetacean species inhabit vast marine home range itself may shift over the years. Despite regions. In some species, migration and inter- centuries of pursuit by whalers, sperm whale 147 movements are not at all well understood. These of migratory routes may also qualify as critical great whales are found in all the world’s oceans, habitats). and individuals may well traverse the entire globe during the course of their 70-80 year lives. Great whales tend to migrate seasonally from one well-defi ned habitat type to another. Orcas Certain blackfi sh species of dolphins such as and other cetacean predators may move through short-fi nned pilot whales are nomadic in nature. a variety of different ecologies as they follow In some areas, bottlenose dolphins may have prey animals that are themselves in the course of limited home ranges; in others, they may be migration. nomadic, accompanying pilot whales in seasonal geographical movements. Orca sightings indicate Estuarine and many coastal mammals, such as that they regularly transit Sri Lankan waters and humpback dolphins and dugongs, have more in one case the same pod has been repeatedly restricted ranges than pelagic species, and often spend all their lives within a single habitat. In

Sperm whales moving between habitats Pic © Howard Martenstyn photographed over the years. Around Sri Lanka, Kalpitiya, humpback dolphins enter the estuary most oceanic dolphins such as, Fraser’s dolphins to feed on fi sh such as mullet. They prefer to and rough-toothed dolphins, are highly pelagic in enter the estuary with the fl ood tide and return their movements. to the sea with the ebb tide. Similar humpback dolphin movements have been observed along Movemnt Betwn Habits Adam’s Bridge across the maritime boundary with India. Dugongs too are known to enter shallow The location of marine mammal habitats is defi ned feeding areas at high tide, particularly during the by food availability, oceanic characteristics and spring tide to access seagrass beds not normally geography. For some cetacean species, critical accessible. They sometimes travel long distances habitats may relate to static topographic features between seagrass meadows in the region of their such as slope and depth. For others, they may habitat. be defi ned by ever-changing oceanographic conditions such as currents, water temperature and There can be little doubt that there are a number salinity. For example, areas of food abundance of signifi cant pressures that act independently and may result from upwelling and secondary biomass cumulatively to infl uence not only the migration production. (Critical habitats are those in which and movement of cetaceans but also their long- marine mammals feed, socialize, rest, breed term population, distribution, abundance and and raise their young; indispensable sections survival.

148 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Migrations ough TrSri Lanka atersW Africa (Somalia), the Bay of Bengal around Ninety East Ridge, off western Australia and even the Experts disagree on from where and by what Antarctic,which is a recognised summer feeding routes whales arrive and depart the waters around zone for migratory cetaceans such as blue, fi n, sei, Sri Lanka. Reliable migration data on cetaceans humpback and minke whales. In contrast, Bryde’s in the Indian Ocean is thin. Many hypotheses whales (taxonomy not fully elucidated), regularly have been and continue to be proposed in various sighted round Sri Lanka, are known to remain at publications. The information given below is tropical latitudes throughout the year. based on the latest studies and data; however, it must be stressed that none of the possible cetacean It appears that the majority of blue whales and migrations hypothesized or discussed herein sperm whales in Sri Lankan waters leave the can be confi rmed without further information eastern coasts of the island towards the end of becoming available. April and the southern coasts by May. Extenuating circumstances such as changes in seasonal weather The fi rst question concerns what types of habitat patterns or plankton depletion may cause them to the waters off Sri Lanka offer migrating cetaceans. move out earlier. Does this data suggest that most Should our waters be classifi ed as breeding or blue whales seen in these waters from October to feeding grounds? Observations and records to April are pygmy blue whales, while those seen date support both hypotheses, but the weight of from June to August are Antarctic blue whales, evidence leans more heavily towards Sri Lankan appearing in signifi cantly smaller numbers? Are waters being used as a feeding area. The available there any resident blue whales, Bryde’s whales data, however, is very species-dependent. The or even humpback whales in Sri Lankan waters? topic is discussed in detail in a separate volume Humpbacks have been recorded migrating over (Martenstyn, H. 2013. Sri Lanka Marine Mammal distances of more than 8,000km (4,300nm), so Records 2013, Centre for Research on Indian their migratory destinations could be as far away Ocean Marine Mammals - CRIOMM), in which as the Southern Ocean – or as near as the Gulf information is given for each species and the of Oman, where a population of humpbacks is various possibilities are discussed based upon thought to be resident. collation and analysis of over three thousand seven hundred sighting records. The answers to these, and many other questions on the migrations and movements of cetaceans, must Cetaceans may enter or depart Sri Lankan waters await the results of studies yet to be conducted. from known habitats such as the northern Arabian In the meantime, the comings and goings of these Sea (Gulf of Oman), the Laccadive Sea around awe-inspiring mammals remain an intriguing the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, off the coast of East mystery.

Howard Martensy is an independent self-funded researcher of marine mammals. He has a Master’s degree in Engineer- ing from the UK and is currently Director of Research, Centre for Research on Indian Ocean Marine Mammals (CRIOMM) in Sri Lanka. Martenstyn’s best selling latest research and education publication ‘Out of the Blue: A Guide to the Marine Mammals of Sri Lanka, Southern India and the Maldives’ complemented by ‘Sri Lanka Marine Mammal Records 2013’ led to his felicitation at the recent Marine Conservation Conference in Sri Lanka. He is continuing his research work and is contemplating his next publication. Howard can be contacted through his web site www.slam.lk

Commuting spinner dolphin pod Pic © Howard Martenstyn PIGEON IS EON ISLAND

Pegeon Island National Park Reviw of the Staus of Some Selachins Ambiguosly Reportd om frSri Lanka Rex Ian De Silva

Sharks Tangalle area (south coast) in the 1970s. As further specimens have not been reported the status of this Selachians are too well known to laymen and species in Sri Lanka requires to be re-evaluated. naturalists to require a detailed description here. Suffi ce to say that they are mainly marine IUCN (International Union for Conservation) vertebrates which differ from bony fi shes by the Conservation Status: Near Threatened. presence of cartilaginous skeletons. They are exclusively carnivorous, and with a very few CokiecutrShark Isistius brasiliensis exceptions, marine. The Cookiecutter shark is a small species with This paper describes six selachian species which an evil reputation. It has a greyish or grey-brown have been provisionally recorded from Sri Lanka. cylindrical body with a dark body-encircling Five are sharks and the sixth, a Chimera or Ghost band in the gill region. It has large eyes which are Shark (a group closely allied to the sharks). In located in front of the mouth, dorsal fi ns which perusing the evidence for inclusion of these as Sri are small and located far back, no anal fi n and Lankan species, I give reasons for suggesting that large triangular teeth, proportionately the largest further material evidence is required before any can be unequivocally added to the Island’s list of selachians. It is hoped that this will encourage naturalists to be on the alert and record data relating to any of these species should they turn CokiecutrShark Isistius brasiliensis Painted by Jayantha Jinesena © Rex De Silva up in future. teeth for its size of any shark. There are luminous oadnse BrSevngil Shark Notorhynchus organs on the ventral surface (dark encircling cepedianus band excluded) which glow bright green. It grows to a maximum of 50cm. The shark is a predator It has seven pairs of gills, a broad head, small eyes attacking whales, dolphins, tuna and other large fi sh and numerous dark spots on its body which may including sharks and rays. These sharks ambush vary from grey to brownish in different individuals. and attach themselves to the prey by biting and A single dorsal fi n is present with its origin behind using suction and with a twisting movement they the insertion of the pelvic fi ns. It occurs from bite off a plug of fl esh from the prey. It also feeds shallow coastal waters to oceanic depths around in the normal manner on cephalopods crustaceans 150 meters in temperate and occasionally tropical and deep-water fi sh. waters. It feeds on other sharks, bony fi sh, dolphins and porpoises and possibly carrion. It is viviparous These sharks are present in most deep tropical with large litters of up to over 100pups. Maximum and sub-tropical waters and are believed to length is 300cm. migrate towards the surface at night. This species was recorded from Sri Lanka on circumstantial evidence viz. the crater-like injuries on tuna and other fi sh brought in to Sri Lankan fi sh markets (Weerakody and Fernando 2000. As no specimens have been actually obtained, its inclusion as a Sri Lankan species must remain in question. The oadnse BrSevngil Shark Painted by Jayantha Jinesena © Rex De Silva Notorhynchus cepedianus species possibly occurs in Sri Lanka’s Extended Economic Zone (EEZ). First reported from Sri Lanka by the late Rodney Jonklaas (pers. comm.) who examined a dead IUCN Conservation Status: Least Concern specimen caught by local fi shermen in the

152 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Litle GulperShark Centrophorus granulosus the basis of a dead specimen brought in by local fi shermen near Galle in 1964. The keels on the A greyish or grey-brown shark with lighter caudal peduncle, long gill slits in front of the underparts, large elongated eyes and spines on each pectoral fi ns and serrated triangular teeth on the dorsal fi n. The anal fi n is absent. Feeds on bony upper jaw were examined by Langston Pereira and fi sh, squid and crustaceans. It is viviparous with me and the shark was identifi ed as a “Great White” litters of one or two pups. Its maximum length is by Pereira, who was much more knowledgeable around one meter. (Note: the species Centrophorus about sharks than I was at the time. The shark was uyato is listed from Sri Lanka by Joseph (1999), caught using a hand line. This is the only record of however as C. uyato is taxonomically invalid (D. the species from Sri Lanka and as no specimens Ebert, pers. Comm), I suspect that the species have been recorded for 50 years its occurrence in referred to is probably C. granulosus). the island should be revalidated.

The Little Gulper Shark is distributed in the IUCN Conservation Status: Vulnerable. Atlantic and Indo west Pacifi c where it frequents the continental shelf and slope. The occurrence Ganges Shark Glyphis gangeticus of this species in Sri Lanka is questionable and requires further verifi cation. This is a species which occurs in turbid fresh water and rivers in particular, although it also occurs in IUCN Conservation Status: Vulnerable. coastal waters. It has a stocky body, minute eye, short snout and a longitudinal upper precaudal pit The eat Gr White Shark Carcharodon (contra. transverse in most other sharks bearing carcharias this feature). I have recorded it provisionally from Sri Lanka on the basis of the The Great White Shark is a heavy-bodied shark with grey (very pale grey in older/larger individuals) dorsal surface and white underparts. It has long gill slits; a keel on the caudal peduncle, black tips to the underside of the pectoral fi ns, large fi rst and very small second dorsal and anal fi ns. A dark patch is usually present at the insertion of the © Malaka Rodrigo Ganges Shark Glyphis gangeticus photograph by Malaka Rodrigo of a shark in Negombo fi sh market. As the image did not show the defi nitive feature – a longitudinal precaudal The eat Gr White Shark Carcharodon carcharias Sketch by Rex De Silva pit, the shark cannot unequivocally be identifi ed pectoral fi ns. The species is warm blooded. This as a Ganges Shark. Hence further evidence is shark has been implicated in attacks on humans, required before the species can be added to the Sri surfboards etc. and should be considered as Lankan list. dangerous. Great Whites are viviparous and bear small litters with thirteen pups or less. Maximum IUCN Conservation Status: Critically Endangered. length is about 6 meters. Ghost Sharks orChimeras The Great White is present world-wide ranging from the tropics, where it is uncommon, to cool The Chimeroids, which are relatives of the sharks temperate waters. It was fi rst recorded by me on and rays, are sometimes referred to as Ghost 153 Barn Owl (Tyto alba) Sharks, Spookfi sh, Elephant fi sh or Ratfi shes. Long-nosed Chimaeras are found at depths from Many species bear electroreceptor organs on their 750m. to c. 2400m. Very little is known of their bodies and a long venomous spine on the fi rst biology, distribution or natural history, although dorsal fi n. Water for breathing is taken in through H. raleighana has been recorded in deep water off the rather large nostrils and not through the mouth West Africa. As there are four species of Long- as in most fi shes. Males have a frontal clasper or nosed Chimeras, the exact identifi cation of the fi sh tenaculum on their heads and another anterior to illustrated here needs to be revalidated. the pelvic fi ns which apparently perform some secondary sexual function. Additionally the males IUCN Conservation Status: Least concern. (This have claspers or myxopterygia (intromittent assumes that the species is H. raleighana). organs) as do all male selachians. encsRfr

Compagno, L., Dando, M. And Fowler, S. (2005), Sharks of the World. Princeton.Princeton University Press.

Compagno, L. J. V. (1984), FAO species catalogue. Sharks of the World. F.A.O. Fish. Synop. (125) vol. 4 parts 1 and 2. Rome. F.A.O.

De Silva, R. I. (1993), The Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias in Sri Lanka. Colombo. Loris XX(1): 193.

De Silva, R. I. (2010), Selachian Notes from Sri Lanka. Colombo. Loris 25(6): 47-48.

De Silva, R. I. (2011), Does the Ganges Shark Glyphis gangeticus Stray to Sri Lanka. Journ.Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc. 108(2):136.

Long-osed Chimera Harriotta raleighana Picture taken by Rex De Silva on TV screen Ebert, D.A., Fowler, S. Compagno, L.J.V. and Dando M. (2013), Sharks of the World: A Fully Illustrated Guide. Plymouth. Wild Nature Press. Long-osed Chimera Harriotta raleighana Herath, H.L.N.S. (2012), Management of Shark Fishery in Sri Lanka. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission fi les/proceedings. WPEB08. The image shows a Chimera, the fi rst ever recorded in Sri Lanka. My original notes relating to the IUCN (2013), Red list of threatened species.http:// www.iucnredlist.org/ photograph were destroyed by fi re many years ago [Accessed on 12 December 2013]. hence, I give from memory some details of the fi sh Joseph, L. 1999. Management of Shark Fisheries in Sri Lanka in Camhi, which was caught around 1986(?). Images of the L.D., Pikitich E.K. and Babcock, E.A. Case studies of the management fi sh were shown on several local television news of Elasmobranch fi shes, Part 1. Rome. F.A.O. and Fisheries and bulletins. I photographed my T.V. screen to obtain Aquaculture Department. the image shown here. It was stated that the fi sh Weerakkody, P and Fernando, S. (2000), Notes on the Crocodile was a rare deep-sea species which had been caught Shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai and Cookie-cutter Shark Istitutius off Colombo by local fi shermen. I have since made brasilensis. Sri Lanka Naturalist 3(3): 46-47. several attempts to ascertain the whereabouts of I thank Professor S.W. Kotagama for commenting on the manuscript. I am grateful this specimen without any success. Unfortunately to David Ebert for his assistance in unraveling some taxonomic problems. I thank Malaka Rodrigo for his image of a possible Ganges Shark. Finally I am grateful the images are insuffi ciently detailed and include to JayanthaJinasena who painted the images of the BroadnoseSevengill and only the anterior part of the body, hence I can only Cookiecutter Sharks. (These images are courtesy of my forthcoming publication provisionally identify it as a Long-nosed Chimera ‘Sharks of Sri Lanka’). Harriotta raleighana (Family Rhinochimaeridae).

Rex Ian e DilvaS is an authority on sharks, seabirds and waders. He is a pioneer diver and underwater photographer active continuously since the mid-1950s. In 2013 he was declared an “International Legend of Diving”. He has published more than 110 scientifi c research papers, book chapters and articles. In 1974 he held the Sri Lankan SCUBA depth record at 240 feet. De Silva is also an observational astronomer and Master Instructor (Shihan) in Japanese Karate. He is a fellow of the Linnean Society of London and member of the Institute of Biology of Sri Lanka. He can be reached at [email protected]

155 Pic © Asha de Vos Asha de Pic ©

Spinner Dolphins are from Kalpitiya. Why otec PrMarine Megafun? Asha de Vos

how, and little by little we are destroying it. Given harismatic megafauna, such as whales, manta C that approximately 60% of the oxygen we breathe rays, whalesharks, sharks and turtles are incredible is generated by primary producers in the ocean, at capturing the hearts and minds of people. With perhaps we should be a little less careless. the fl ick of a tail, or a barrel roll, we humans are transfi xed, and our minds dragged off to Megafauna represent a vital component in a larger, magical places. While this sounds and feels like a more complex ecological web. As top predators wonderful reason to campaign for the protection of their conservation delivers broader biodiversity these species, there are far more important reasons benefi ts with their presence or absence cascading we need to care. through nature in complex ways. Sharks for example, regulate the quantity and health of other I believe that megafauna play an important role marine life in the ocean as they usually hunt in saving the oceans. It links back to the fact that old, weak or sick prey thereby maintaining the seeing them – either on TV or in real life, makes us prey population in good condition, and enabling go weak at the knees. For whatever reason, perhaps the more naturally fi t animals to reproduce and the mere fact that we know so little about these pass on their genes. This eliminates a lot of the behemoths, makes us connect with them more so competition, ensures a stronger gene pool and than with the many other incredible species that increases diversity by preventing the proliferation roam this watery world. Either way, the fact that of a single species. Megafauna also provide habitat they pull on our heartstrings makes them ideal for for an array of animals including cleaner fi sh, opening conversations about the ocean. They are barnacle species and remoras that are sometimes a means by which to capture people’s interest, tell species-specifi c and thereby dependent on the them more about the magical ocean and then take relationship with their host species. them down the dark alley that is the current state of the ocean. Unfortunate, but true. The ocean is Unsurprisingly, whales play an important role where everything we dump ends up, it is a space in nutrient cycling. A dead whale carcass is from which we only ever take and never really important for the transport of carbon to the deep give back because many of us do not understand

156 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 sea. As the carcass sinks to the depths, it draws carbon acquired at the surface to the depths.This is important in the context of global climate change, as this export system means there is less carbon available to interact with the atmosphere. Once on the ocean fl oor, the carcass also provides a source of food to many organisms in the deep ocean, a place generally devoid of food. Further, the faecal matter of whales is said to boost the growth of carbon-sequestering phytoplankton because of the presence of soluble, easily accessible iron.

Turtles feed on a variety of organisms. Green turtles for example, are some of the few species along with Vos Asha de Pic © A dead turtle fl oats at the surface with evidence of net entanglement dugongs, to feed on seagrass. These species play an important role in maintaining sea grass beds, Whales, particularly blue whales, have no known and in turn increasing the productivity of these predators but face the threat of death by ship areas. Leatherback turtles are major predators of strike because our southern coast supports one of jelly fi sh and provide natural ecological control the busiest shipping lanes in the world, they have of jellyfi sh populations. As a result, their decline also been documented entangled in fi shing nets could have severe consequences on the marine that constrain movement and prevent the whales ecosystem. from feeding and/or breathing thereby leading to death by starvation or drowning; dolphins around Unfortunately, as these and other charismatic our coastlines are illegally harpooned for their megafauna are long-lived and have low meat; the targeted manta ray fi shery in Sri Lanka reproductive rates, their populations are usually has grown in response to the growing gill raker the fi rst to be impacted by human pressures. trade in China. These cartilaginous structures While Sri Lankan waters are home to a range of that protect the gills are removed, dried and sent megafauna including whales, dolphins, dugongs, to China for use in medicine. In the last year, Sri sharks, whalesharks, turtles and manta rays, our Lanka has obtained the dishonourable distinction knowledge of these species is minimal. Even less of being one of the top 20 shark catching countries is our understanding of their important roles in in the world. Sharks are caught, their fi ns removed our shared ecosystem. However, the threats they and the rest of the animal is discarded back into face are many and the rate of destruction is rapidly the ocean where it bleeds to death or is consumed increasing. Pic © Asha de Vos Asha de Pic © Vos Asha de Pic © Fishing Boats in Mirissa Hobour Blue whale fl ukes up within the busy shipping highway off southern Sri Lanka 157 by another predator. The shark fi n soup trade in Good quality science that can help us understand Asia fuels this growing demand for shark fi ns the important roles played by these species is that merely add texture to this dish. Turtles are integral to our conservation successes, while sought for their meat and eggs. Moreover, by- education is essential to create awareness about catch also remains a threat for many of these the ocean and its problems and strong regional and species. Unfortunately while these threats are just international collaborations allow us to protect some that they face, they do not act in isolation these species that know no borders. but synergistically with other pressures that can ultimately result in population level effects such as their complete removal from the ecosystem.

Blue whale fl ukes up before a deep dive Pic © Asha de Vos

Asha de Vos is a marine biologist educator and founder of The Sri Lankan Blue Whale Project, the fi rst long-term research project on blue whales in the northern Indian Ocean. She is currently a post-doctoral scholar at the University of California Santa Cruz where she is looking at ways to reduce ship strike of blue whales in Sri Lankan waters. Asha is currently a TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) Senior Fellow and a Duke University Global Fellow in Marine Conservation alumnus. To learn more about her work visit www.ashadevos.com. She can be reached at [email protected] Sea urtle TConservati and ch ResarFocus in Sri Lanka Rupika S. Rajakaruna and E. M. L. Ekanayake

Inoductinr parts of the country, especially in the coastal areas (Hewavisenthi, 1993; Rajakaruna et al., 2009). Declines in sea turtle populations are major Moreover, incidental capture of sea turtles in concerns for conservation biologists today. All various fi sheries along the northwestern, western seven species of sea turtles in the World are and southwestern coast of Sri Lanka has been listed as threatened and fi ve of them come to nest reported (Kapurusinghe & Saman, 2001) which in the south and southwest coast of Sri Lanka. is widely recognized as an important issue in the These include the green turtle, leatherback, olive conservation and the recovery of these threatened ridley, hawksbill and the loggerhead turtle. In species. Sri Lanka, under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO, 1938 amended in 1972) it is Sea urtle TConservati Initaves an offence to capture, kill, injure or possess sea turtles or their eggs. Until the mid 1990s, the South and southwest coastline of Sri Lanka most widespread forms of sea turtle exploitation with vast areas of sea grass beds and coral reefs had been the collection of eggs and killing of provides important nesting and foraging grounds adults for their meat and scutes (de Silva, 1996). to sea turtles. In 1995 Department of Wildlife The FFPO was amended in 1993 and 2009, Conservation (DWC) initiated an in-situ nest subsequently increasing the punishment for protection programme in collaboration with the offenders. Although this strict law enforcement Heritage Foundation along a 4-km stretch of resulted in a considerable decline in slaughtering beach in Bundala National Park. At present DWC adults, consumption of eggs continued in many is continuing the project with the support of the

Pic 1 Egg incubation enclosure in a hatchery Pic © Lalith Ekanayake local communities and the project area has been efforts, long-term nesting data collected by the extended to 8km. In 1996, Turtle Conservation TCP shows that at Rekawa rookery, a declining Project (TCP), a nongovernmental organization trend in the nesting population of green turtles has (NGO), initiated its pioneering community-based been observed for the last decade (Ekanayake et in-situ sea turtle nest protection and research al., 2011). programme at Rekawa with the aim of protecting sea turtles and also supporting local people Sea urtle Tatcheris Hnd ax Eitu sonservatiC who depend on the coastal resources for their livelihood (Ekanayake et al., 2002). This project Sea turtle hatcheries are used as an ex-situ was implemented in collaboration with the DWC, conservation tool of sea turtles in some countries, the University of Peradeniya, the National Aquatic but their contribution towards conservation is Resources Agency (NARA) and the University of highly debated. Ten hatcheries are currently Ruhuna. in operation in Sri Lanka along the south and southwestern coast. A survey conducted in 2010 Local community members that were previously reported that all the hatcheries are operated by involved in egg poaching had been trained in sea private owners and although their primary motive turtle biology and conservation, and has been is profi t, hatchery owners and/or managers are Pic © Lalith Ekanayake

Pic 2. Hatchling raring tank in a hatchery employed by TCP as nest protectors. In addition, well aware of the need for sea turtle conservation TCP also recruited research offi cers to carry (Rajakaruna et al., 2013). During 1990s, the out research activities such as fl ipper tagging, hatcheries were operated only during the tourist collecting biometric and nesting frequency data season, but they are now open throughout the year. etc. Moreover, satellite tracking has been done to study the post-nesting migratory behaviours of The common practice is to buy turtle eggs from the green turtles nesting in Rekawa (Richardson egg collectors and bury them in an incubation 2013). A similar in situ conservation project had enclosure within the hatchery ‘Headstarting’ is been established in Kosgoda in August 2003 by practiced in all the hatcheries. Most of the rearing the TCP. Many awareness and community-based tanks are kept clean, although crowded during the conservation activities along the coast especially nesting season (Pic. 1). Juveniles and sub-adults southern and southwestern areas have been that have been kept for display are often released conducted by various NGOs, which may have led to the sea when feeding becomes costly. It is to the reduction in egg poaching and killing of unknown that these hatchery-born turtles survive turtles for meat especially in Kosgoda and Rekawa long in the wild although long term captive areas (Rajakaruna et al., 2009). In spite of these ones are known to re-enter wild populations

160 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 successfully. However, hatcheries provide income previously stocked unsold items (Rajakaruna et al. for the local community and are a local attraction 2012). Most shop keepers and sales associates are for tourists.Tisdell and Wilson (2005) argued that well aware that selling of tortoiseshell products is once eggs were collected and sold to hatcheries illegal and sea turtles are protected. It appears that they become private property and can be protected tortoiseshell trade may no longer be considered an by the hatchery owners. Supporting this argument, ongoing and pervasive threat to hawksbill recovery some suggest that private ownership of wildlife efforts in Sri Lanka. However, continued vigilance might be an effective means for conservation and is required because of the considerable increase this concept could also be applied to sea turtles in tourism and the possibility of shells still being if there was specifi c ownership and clear legal smuggled into Sri Lanka from the Maldives. responsibilities (Witherington & Frazer, 2003). Populatin e Struc and Nest Paterniy of Closure of existing hatcheries would be en GrurtleT impractical, but hatchery operations should be conducted by well trained personnel following the Information on the population structure is IUCN guidelines (2005) under constant guidance important in defi ning conservation priorities by conservation biologists and close monitoring by for these threatened species as the viability of a the DWC. A scientifi cally managed hatchery can, population is unlikely to be reduced if high genetic not only effectively conserve the turtle nests that diversity is maintained within the population. would otherwise be lost to poachers and natural The genetic diversity of green turtles (Chelonia causes, such as predation and erosion, but can mydas) nesting at Kosgoda rookery has been also be used as ventures promoting eco tourism. studied using microsatellites and reported that Based on a survey carried out on the status high diversity is maintained within and among and management practices of turtle hatcheries the individuals (Ekanayake 2012). Although the (Rajakaruna 2013), a commissioned report has green turtle population in Sri Lanka faces many been submitted to the DWC proposing how to threats (Ekanayake et al., 2002) and the population improve them in order to make a contribution is having small number of individuals (Ekanayake towards conservation of sea turtles. 2010), the relatively high degree of genetic variability observed in this analysis prompts the ortisehl TradeT provisional conclusion that they are not yet in a severe population bottleneck. The important Authentic tortoiseshell comes from the hawksbill positive implication of this conclusion is that if turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). Tortoiseshell was necessary measures are taken to limit the threats, a luxury item used by ancient wealthy Romans the green turtles nesting at Kosgoda have suffi cient and Sri Lanka was a major exporter. Some of genetic diversity to remain as a healthy population. the popular tortoiseshell items sold in Sri Lanka This is an indication to the relevant authorities that included snuff boxes, cigar cases, combs, jewelry, it is still not too late to conserve the gene pool of jewelry boxes, writing tables, and beetle boxes; the green turtle population at Kosgoda. Further, it these were among the fi nest tortoiseshell trinkets in is important to study the genetic diversity of other the world. A survey carried out by the TCP in 1994 four species of sea turtles nesting in Sri Lanka recorded 112 shops openly selling tortoiseshell especially the critically endangered species like products in popular tourist areas (Richardson hawksbill and leatherbacks. 1997). Although in 1995, responsible government agencies took action to stop this illegal trade in Adult sea turtles have multiple mates, but the tortoiseshell, a second survey carried out in 1996 frequency of multiple paternity varies between recorded 83 shops selling tortoiseshell in 14 towns rookeries and among species. Paternity studies (Richardson 1997). However, a recent survey of the offspring of female green turtles nesting showed that most of these shops no longer buy at Kosgoda rookery using microsatellite markers tortoiseshell products from suppliers even though at six loci has shown that although green turtles few shops older than 10 years still carry some of the are highly promiscuous in their mating behavior 161 Tortoiseshell items from unsold stocks found in old souvenir shops. Pic © Rupika Rajakaruna and are known to store sperm, fewer than half civil war in the northern part of the island may of the females at Kosgoda rookery laid clutches have hampered the awareness programmes and with multiple paternity (Ekanayake et al., 2013). conservation activities as strict rules could hardly In populations where multiple matings occur, be enforced in these areas. Now that the armed knowledge of its prevalence and effects on confl ict is over, enforcement and strengthening of paternity distribution within a natural assemblage the legislative measures in the northwestern region is critical to comprehend population structure. in concert with implementation of awareness Multiple mating can infl uence the strength of programs is considered a necessity. sexual selection, the effective population size, genetic variability and introgression within a While several beach surveys on nesting species population. had been conducted from Kalpitiya southwards to Kirinda since 1994 covering about one third of the coastal line of Sri Lanka, no such surveys were Conservati Priotes and ch ResarFocus conducted in the rest of the coastal line due to the civil war (TCP unpublished data, 1994 - 2005). Since the mid-1990s, TCP in collaboration with A complete survey around the island including the Department of Wildlife Conservation of northern and eastern coast through monitoring of Sri Lanka, conducted community awareness species abundance and seasonality and estimating programs and conservation activities in southern effective population size can be carried out and southwestern coasts targeting high nesting identifying the priority areas for the conservation areas. A survey conducted during 2007 revealed of sea turtles. that most of the coastal community from turtle nesting villages had eaten turtle meat and/or eggs, In 2006, Rekawa beach the largest rookery in but not many of them claimed that they had been Sri Lanka was declared a sea turtle sanctuary. involved in buying or selling turtle meat, eggs Kosgoda beach also provides a signifi cant nesting or other products and much of the consumptions site for the green turtles (Ekanayake et al., 2010) took place more than fi ve years before the study and hence, it highlights the need to declare period (Rajakaruna et al., 2009). However, there Kosgoda as a turtle sanctuary. In order to facilitate was a high prevalence of consumptive use among the necessary recruitment of turtle hatchlings into villagers in Kandakuliya, a remote village on the the local turtle populations, as many nests as northwestern coast of the island where there is possible must be allowed to hatch naturally and high turtle by-catch. Many of them still continue the hatchlings should be allowed to make their to eat, buy and/or sell turtle meat (personal way to the sea naturally. communications). Political instability due to the

162 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Ekanayake, E.M.L., Ranawana, K.B., Kapurusinghe, T., Premakumara, M.G.C. & Saman, M.M. (2002), Marine turtle conservation in Rekawa turtle rookery in southern Sri Lanka.Ceylon Journal of Science 30: 79-88.

Ekanayake, E.M.L., Kapurusinghe, T. Saman, M.M., Samaraweera, P., Ranawana, K.B. & Rajakaruna, R.S. (2013), Paternity of green turtles (Cheloniamydas) clutches laid at Kosgoda, Sri Lanka. Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 8:27-36

Hewavisenthi, S. (1993), Turtle hatcheries in Sri Lanka:Boon or Bane? Marine Turtle Newsletter 60:19-22.

IUCN (2005), Marine Turtle Conservation Strategy and Action Plan for Sri Lanka. Department of Wildlife Conservation, Colombo

Kapurusinghe, T. & Saman, M.M. (2001), Marine turtle bycatch in Sri Lanka.Three year study from September 1996 to September 1999. Proceedings of the twenty fi rst annual symposium on marine turtle biology and conservation, Philadelphia, USA

Rajakaruna, R.S., Dissanayake, D.M.N.J., Ekanayake, E.M.L.& Ranawana, K.B. (2009), Sea turtle conservation in Sri Lanka: assessment of knowledge, attitude and prevalence of consumptive use of turtle products among coastal community. Indian Ocean Turtle Newsletter. 10: 1-13 encsRfr Rajakaruna, R.S., Ekanayake E.M.L., Kapurusinghe T., and Ranawana, K.B. (2013), Sea turtle hatcheries in Sri Lanka: Their activities and de Silva, A. (1996), Proposed Action Plan: Conservation, restoration potential contribution to sea turtle conservation. Indian Ocean Turtle and management of the testudines and their habitats in Sri Lanka, pp. Newsletter. 17: 2-12 28. Department of Wildlife Conservation and Global Environmental Facility Programme. Rajakaruna, R.S., Wijetilake, N., Ekanayake, E.M.L.& Ranawana, K.B. (2012), Tortoiseshell trade in Sri Lanka: Is centuries-old trade now Ekanayake, E.M.L. (2012), Nesting behaviour, reproductive output, history? Marine Turtle Newsletter. 134:9-11 genetic structure and nest paternity of green turtles nesting at Kosgoda rookery in Sri Lanka. Ph.D. thesis. Postgraduate Institute of Science Richardson, P. (1997), Tortoiseshell industry in Sri Lanka: a survey (PGIS), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. report 1996. Lyriocephalus3: 6-24.

Ekanayake E.M.L. Rajakaruna, R.S., Kapurusinghe, T. Saman M.M., Richardson, P.B.,et al. (2013), Satellite tracking suggests size-related Samaraweera, P & Ranawana, K.B. (2010), Nesting behaviour of the differences in behaviour and range of female green turtles nesting at green turtles at Kosgoda rookery, Sri Lanka.Ceylon Journal of Science Rekawa wildlife sanctuary, Sri Lanka. Marine Biology 160:1415-1426. (Biological Science) 39(2): 109-120 Tisdell, C.A. &Wilson, C. (2005,) Do Open-Cycle Hatcheries Relying Ekanayake, E.M.L., et al. (2012), A declining trend of nesting on Tourism Conserve Sea Turtles? Sri Lankan Developments and frequency of sea turtles at the largest rookery in Sri Lanka. T.T. Jones Economic–Ecological Considerations.Environmental Management 35: and B.P. Wallace., Compilers, Proceedings of the thirty-fi rst Annual 441–452. Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NOAA NMFS-SEFSC-631, 201. Witherington, B. E. & Frazer, N.B. (2003), Social and economic aspects of sea turtle conservation. In: The biology of sea turtles, Vol. II. (Eds. Ekanayake, E.M.L. (2003), Nest site fi delity and nesting behaviour of P. Lutz, J. A. Musick, and J. Wyneken) pp. 355–384. CRC Press, Boca marine turtles in Rakawa Turtle Rookery. M.Phil thesis. University of Raton, Florida. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Rupika S. Rajkrun received her B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Phil degrees in Zoology from the University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka and completed her Ph.D. from Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada. She is currently the Head, Department of Zoology and has over 18 years of teaching and research experience at the University of Peradeniya. She has collaborated with many scientists on publications pertaining to a wide range of fi elds including sea turtle biology, population genetics and conservation. She can be reached at [email protected].

E. M . Llith akanyeE is a marine and coastal ecologist and conservation biologist with over 17 years of fi eld research experience in sea turtles and coastal ecosystems in Sri Lanka. He has worked as the Research Coordinator at Turtle Conservation Project (TCP), Sri Lanka and is currently the Chairman of the Bio Conservation Society, Sri Lanka. After his B.Sc. degree he started research on sea turtles with the TCP in 1996. He has completed his M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka on sea turtles. He can be reached at [email protected]

163 MANGROVES KadolKele-Negombo Coral Reefs: The Rainforests of the Ocean Roshan Abeywickrama

protect coastlines against natural hazards by oral reefs are found all around the world in C reducing wave energy by an average of 97 %, wave tropical and subtropical oceans. They are some height by 84%, and provide billions in economic of the most diverse ecosystems in the world and value to fi sheries and tourism. have been growing for over 50 million years. About one third of marine species live part of The marine continental shelf area of Sri Lanka their lives in coral reefs. There are many species covers about 31,000km2, approximately half its of fi sh, molluscs, starfi sh, sea urchins, sponges, total land area, bounded by a coastline of some and others. Think of them as the “rainforests of 1,800km in length. Around Sri Lanka there are the ocean.” fringing and offshore reefs in varying conditions. Healthy coral reefs are found on the northwestern Coral reefs are underwater structures made from and eastern seaboards and around of the islands in calcium carbonate secreted by corals. They are Jaffna peninsula. Around 210 species of corals and a community of marine invertebrates, living in over 400 fi sh species have been recorded so far compact colonies of many identical individuals within Sri Lankan coral reefs. called polyps; polyp is a translucent spineless animal only a few millimetres in diameter and Overall, Sri Lankan reefs are considered to be in few centimetres in length. Corals get their vibrant poor condition compared to those in other Asian colours and obtain 90% of their energy and countries. Mainly human activities are threatening nutrients from hosting zooxanthellae algae. Corals the Sri Lankan reefs. Reefs are destroyed by and algae have a unique relationship that is very coral mining, destructive fi shing practices (blast important to the heath of corals. While corals or dynamite fi shing and bottom trawling), over provide algae with a protected environment and fi shing (for food and ornamental fi sh), careless compounds they need for photosynthesis, algae tourism (collecting corals and dropping anchors on produce oxygen and help the corals to remove reef), and toxics dumped directly in to the ocean or waste and supply it with food. carried out by rivers. Normally there are two types of corals which is The biggest threats to reefs are global warming hard and soft corals. Only hard corals secreted and sea acidifi cation linked to rising carbon calcium carbonate (limestone) to form a hard dioxide levels. It has a devastating effect on coral skeleton. Over long periods of time, the skeleton reefs. Rise in sea temperature forces coral colonies of many corals colonises and adds up to build the to expelp their symbiotic,y , food pproducingg algae,g , structure of a coral reef.

Coral reefs are found on the continental shelf. They grow bestt in clear, warm, tidal and shallow water (less than 60m) as algae needs sunlight to produce food via photosynthesis. Corals are slow growing; 1-3cm per year. They Pic by :Akila Harishchandra a process known as bleaching. Mass bleaching acidifi cation will increase and more and more occurred in 1998 and 2002 with over 60% of reefs corals will be damaged or destroyed. The future affected worldwide. health of coral reefs and many marine organisms depends on our ability to reduce our carbon dioxide Time is running out for the world’s coral reefs with emissions on a global scale. climate change. If coral reefs are lost, vital habitat will be lost too. If nothing is done to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, ocean

Pic by :Akila Harishchandra

Roshan Abeywickram is a Research Diver at National Aquatic Research Agency (NARA) in Colombo. He is an avid researcher of coral reef ecology and also marine mammals. As a qualifi ed PADI dive master, Roshan explores reefs all round Sri Lanka. He has also visited dive sites around the world in Israel, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia (Langkawi) and others. Roshan can be reached at [email protected] Wata-essa (Drosera burmannii) Sri Lanka Custom Law cemnt EforRole in Relation to the Exportain of Marine ildfeW Samnth Gunasekr

The island of Sri Lanka is surrounded by over Heavily Exploited Marine ildfe Wof Sri Lanka 1700km2 of coastline enriched with a wide range of marine ecosystems including coral reefs, Along with invertebrates, coral fi sh are the most lagoons, estuaries, submarine canyons, and more. heavily exploited marine wildlife for the live This array of marine habitats provides a home for ornamental fi sh trade. Apparent from the species the rich marine biodiversity of Sri Lanka. that which are protected under FFPO, most species are heavily exploited. Butterfl y fi shes, wrasses, Until recently, the entire export trade in marine nudibranches, sea anemones, sponges, starfi shes, commodities from Sri Lanka consisted of wildlife. and colorful shrimps are top of this list. Sri Lanka’s Therefore, it was referred to as the wildlife trade. contribution to supplying the world ornamental But today certain export items are supplied through trade is about 4% and over 60% of this portion captive breeding and culturing. Sea Horses, certain consists of marine organisms. live ornamental coral fi sh and shrimp species, and some invertebrates are successfully bred and Live crab, dry sea cucumbers, live lobsters, cultured for the export market. pipefi sh, dry sea horses, mussels, and seashell meat are exported for the food industry. There is Existng Laws Against Illega ildfe WradeT a certain control in the exports of live lobster, dry sea cucumber and chank under the regulations With reference to the export of marine wildlife, the formulated by FARA. However there is no proper Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO, No. enforcement of the collections of these species from natural habitats. As a result of international 02 of 1937) plays the major role in legislation. The regulations on sharks, the exports of shark fi ns has Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act (FARA, Act been banned recently. No. 2 of 1996), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Customs detection of gravid Lobsters Flora (CITES) also play signifi cant legal roles.

Sri Lanka Custom and Illega ildfe WradeT

Sri Lanka Customs has a major role in controlling these export shipments. Although revenue collection is the main objective of Customs; enforcement, environmental and social protection, and facilitation of trade and travel are also objectives of the Customs Department of Sri Lanka.

Customs authorities are empowered under Section 12 and Schedule B of the Customs Ordinance (Ord. No. 17 of 1869) to enforce various statutes of the country. In the purpose of enforcement and implication by Customs, those laws and regulations should be in the form of prohibitions or restrictions. Sri Lanka Customs has detected various shipments of marine wildlife being exported in violation of existing legislation.

168 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 Pic © Samantha Gunasekara Glacelaria sea algae and jellyfi sh are also facing severe threats due to over-exploitation.

Ambergris – a substance produce in the digestive system of whales and used in perfumes and medicines - is a high value export product subjected to CITES permits.There is a certain quantity of exported ornamental fi sh fulfi lled by the shipments of imported ornamental fi sh from other countries and re-exported to western destinations.

Protected coral reef fi sh species and invertebrates, live lobsters, live corals, chanks, articles of ‘tortoise shell’(actually turtle shell), and protected sea shells are among the items that are traded. Uncontrolled collection of reef-associated species has already driven them towards extinction. Bad collecting practices have accelerated these ill effects. Customs detection in violating the Chank regulations. Pic © Samantha Gunasekara the fact that we need to protect our rich marine life Due to the removal of keystone species from for the betterment of our country. As citizens of coral ecosystems and other marine habitats, the this country it's our spiritual as well as economic negative impacts on many other species have yet duty to engage in the wildlife protection and to be estimated so far, and cannot be predicted prevention of illegal activities: that way we could now without proper research. As a result of these protect our rich marine biodiversity to a greater activities, the rich marine biodiversity of Sri Lanka extent with minimal enforcement of the law. could eventually be depleted and degraded. encsRfr evntai PrMees aurtha Could be Folwed Anon (1869), Customs Ordinance. Ord. No 17 of 1869, Government press. Formulating regulations to address the loopholes Anon (2013), Customs data base, Government press. in the legislation, proper enforcement, control Anon (1937), Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance, No. 2. of 1937, harvest, cost-benefi t analysis, education, and Government press. awareness are some of the suitable tools that would Anon (1996), Fisheries and Aquatic resources Act, No. 2 of 1996, help protect rich marine biodiversity and save the Government press. marine wealth of Sri Lanka for future generations. Anon, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), [Accessed on If we do not take suitable action to address these February 05, 2013] urgent issues, our remaining rich marine wildlife Gunasekara, R.S. (2011), Export Trade of Indigenous Freshwater Fishes will follow the same path as the depleted stocks of of Sri Lanka, ISBN 978-955-52508-0-1,Ptd. in Singapore. the world best pearls found in Sri Lankan waters. MOEN (2012), The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka – Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora,[Accessed on February 10, Ocean.’ But let us bring about change by inculcating 2013]

Samnth unasekrG is a Deputy Director of Customs of Sri Lanka, attach to Biodiversity, Cultural and National Heritage Protection Division. He has been working for the Customs over three decades. Gunesekara is the founder and the Offi cer-in-Charge of the Biodiversity Protection Unit and Biodiversity Protection Task Force of Sri Lanka Customs, established in 1993. He received the Presidential Environmental Award in 2005. His research work has been published in Sri Lanka and internationally. Samantha can be reached at [email protected].

169 Giant Squirrel (Funambulus palmarum) Corporate support for wildlife conservation Linking Landscapes, Nature and People Dilmah Conservati: Pionerg Conectivy Conservati in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka – A iodversty BHotsp is aimed at effectively conserving nature and natural processes alongside providing multiple As one of 25 global hotspots, Sri Lanka’s associated benefi ts to human society. The initiative biodiversity at the species, genetic and ecosystem supports Dilmah in adopting a landscape approach level is one of the richest in the world. This to the management of those estates from which diversity is heavily concentrated on a relatively they source their tea. Centres on the emerging fi eld small island which, due to its geographic location of connectivity conservation the Endena Corridor and the prevailing climatic conditions, creates links the Walankanda and Udadelwala Protected Arears, neighbouring Dilmah's Endena Estate.

Biological corridors, or linkages connecting habitats and landscapes fragmented by human activity, are geared to protect and improve the habitats of both fl ora and fauna and facilitate the movement of species. These narrow strips of forested land serve as a path for species to travel between dispersed habitats, providing safe passage for wildlife where movement patterns have been disrupted. These further promote the exchange of individuals between populations leading to Map of the Corridor adjacent to the Endana Estate. improved genetic diversity and reducing inherent high levels of endemism. The country’s wet zone risks to survival. Biological corridor connectivity rainforests in the south contain the highest levels of can be achieved by encouraging the natural re- endemism for both fl ora and fauna. Threats faced vegetation of roadsides and stream banks. These by Sri Lanka are similar to those encountered by linkages offer food sources, cover and protection many other developing nations. Chief among these from predators, resting spots and habitat variety for are deforestation, habitat loss, encroachment, wildlife. Managed forests can also be adapted into human-wildlife confl ict, population and corridors, allowing for the cultivation of suitable, development pressure, and the increasing spread economically viable plants, herbs, and fruits. of invasive species. Deforestation continues to Within larger areas, 'stepping stones' or small, be a signifi cant concern in Sri Lanka. Human scattered habitat spaces can also be established to activities inevitably fragment natural habitats and allow migratory birds, insects and other animals ecosystems, restricting the movement of species to feed and rest while travelling long distances and isolating them within gradually shrinking across inhospitable landscapes. Even an individual spaces with limited resources for survival. The tree can sometimes serve as an adequate stepping establishment of biological corridors has been stone. identifi ed as an effective means that could greatly enhance conservation-oriented objectives.

Pilotng Conectivy Conservati

In a pioneering community-centred initiative designed to enhance the biodiversity of Sri Lanka's fragmented forest areas, Dilmah Conservation has been working towards establishing a biological corridor linking the Pitakanda and Walankanda forest areas in the Nivithigala Divisional Secretariat of the Ratnapura District. Called the Endana Biodiversity Corridor Initiative the project

Community members in the jungle being advised about the replanting process. Pic © Dilmah Conservation Pic © Dilmah Conservation socio-economic assessment focused on identifying prevalent needs and scope for involvement with associated community members. A stakeholder analysis was conducted at the pilot site. Local stakeholders were convened to discuss the initiative and a shared vision was

A community member and the project coordinator inspecting the plants. developed along with objectives and parameters. Using a Scientifi cApoachpr The chosen corridor at Endana will showcase At its commencement, rapid assessments were connectivity between the estate and surrounding undertaken across Dilmah managed estates to lands, involving a range of internal and external inventory opportunities for enhanced connectivity stakeholders. The chosen corridor is linked to both within the estates and with surrounding nearby nationally signifi cant protected areas, landscapes. The pilot site at Endana was then demonstrating actions to increase the permeability identifi ed based on estate biodiversity surveys of the estates to outside lands. and connected fi eld missions. Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping formed the A ublic-Prvate Partneship (P) core of the Initiative. Working from national down to local estate scale, GIS base maps were The initiative was met with an extremely favourable assembled using 1:50,000 national coverage and response from the community of Uda Delwala due appropriate topographic and landcover data layers to its responsiveness towards mitigating landslides were overlaid to analyze the patterns of remnant which have affected the area in the past resulting vegetation within and surrounding the estates in widespread damage and destruction. As such, together with the location of protected areas. with the endorsement of the Nivithigala Divisional Secretary, and also the Central Environmental A rapid biodiversity assessment of the Delwala Authority and the Forest Department of Sri Lanka, - Walankanda forest patches was undertaken Dilmah Conservation forged a partnership with the as a means of identifying associated fauna and Uda Delwala Rural Organisation (UDRO) to ensure fl ora and to assess suitable plants to enhance that this conservation effort is both sustainable and habitats for facilitation of movements of small community-driven. With the support of community mammals and birds. Further, in order to ensure volunteers, Dilmah Conservation will seek to greater sustainability and to facilitate community cultivate indigenous plants including kumbuk, ownership of the project fostering wider mee, karanda, pelen, hora, naaimbul, beraliya environmental awareness and responsibility, dun, diyanaa and kithul which are commonly Dilmah Conservation completed a participatory found in wet zone forests. This venture will also see the introduction of special compostable bags made of biodegradable raw materials for plating purposes. These eco-friendly bags can be directly used for planting of saplings and degrades into compost, enriching the soil with carbon, contributing to soil fertility and the retention of water.

Plants ready for planting Pic © Dilmah Conservation Planting will be commenced in August 2014 the added advantage of mobilising private sector in partnership with the Uda Delwala Rural energy behind such approaches. The approach Organisatin and community volunteers. offers multiple benefi ts to conservation, to people and to Dilmah’s business sustainability. Suporting Stae Policy The environment is central to Dilmah Tea's In summary the Endana Biological Corridor business, and Dilmah Conservation was Initiative sits within the framework of Dilmah’s established as an affi rmation of the company’s sustainability strategy. It is of particular relevance core commitment to environmental sustainability. to the broad national biodiversity conservation Since its inception in 2007, Dilmah Conservation framework which is evolving toward stronger has engaged in establishing numerous sustainable landscape scale approaches in recognition that environmental and social development initiatives improved connectivity is essential to conserve geared towards mainstreaming sustainability, Sri Lanka’s unique heritage and natural systems. encouraging research, conserving and protecting It responds well to and provides strong backing Sri Lanka's wealth of biodiversity, habitat and for a networked landscape scale approach to ecosystem restoration, empowering indigenous conserving the country’s biodiversity. Finally communities and supporting environmental and the initiative accords closely with international nature education. calls for better landscape integration providing

Singhakumara (Professor of Tropical Forest Ecology Faculty of Applied Sciences University of Sri Jayawardenapura) of the Technical Pic © Dilmah Conservation Support Committee demonstrating to the community participants. Macro Photography U. V. Rohitha Gunawardena

aking close up photographs that would ever green forests is poor a photographer has to be extremely diffi cult to view with naked use additional or external lighting like ring fl ash Teyes is called Macro Photography. Taking guns which are specially made and less harmful to photographs of such extremely small things poses the environment. The photographer must always great challenges but it comes with great rewards. It pay attention to the eye level when he takes paves us to see things that we wouldn’t otherwise photographs of tiny objects that are closer to the be able to see in real life. So Macro Photography surface of the earth. It’s better if he can lie down can be regarded as one of the major elements of on the ground. photography. Many requirements are to be fulfi lled in order Due to the rapid advancement of modern technology to become a good macro photographer. The all the necessary technical accessories that are subject knowledge, mental stability, dedication, needed for Macro Photography are available in the enthusiasm, intentness and experience are market. There are many companies which produce essential. In the past the photographers used the different lenses and they have specially designed close up lenses or the lense reverse method. But high quality macro lenses for close up work using now they can capture high quality photographs the digital technology. using the modern equipment. This signifi es the importance of possessing technical skills. Sri Lankan photographers are lucky as they are naturally gifted with very good environmental The study of the depth of fi eld is also very much conditions.Sri Lanka is rich in different needed for the clarity of a photograph. It is environmental zones and therefore consists of essential to use remote controllers and the camera different eco systems. Our forests are rich in should be rested on a tripod or a beans bag and it bio-diversity. Therefore a person who steps into would be best if your object is in a place where it a forest will defi nitely get a great opportunity to does not move too much. witness different types of fl ora and fauna including number of fungus species, ferns, wild fl owers, There are lots of advantages in macro photography. lichen and insects. It allows us to see things that we wouldn’t otherwise be able to see in real life. For example, most modern In Macro photography the lense power plays an devices enable the photographers to capture things important role. As the condition of the light in like the structure of a snowfl ake, eyes of an insect

174 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 3

or other minuscule objects. So it immensely helps in the scientifi c researches and other fi elds of studies including environmental conservation. On the other hand, Macro Photography is an art which paves way for creative breathtaking photographs.

Details of photographs

1. Taking with eye level macro photographs at Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka. 2. Macro Photograph with Fungus concern above 1 3. Pseudo eye in Moth's back wings. 5. Kandulassa plant (Drosera indica) at Horagolla Natonal Park in Sri Lanka. 2 6. Wild fl ower at Horagolla National Park in Sri Lanka. 7. Nelu fl ower (Strobilanthes sexennis) at Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka. 8. Wata-essa(Drosera burmannii)fl ower at Horagolla National Park in Sri Lanka. 9. Spider attact at Wilpattu National Park in Sri Lanka. 10. Ada-handa-essa(Drosera peltata) at Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka. 11. Black cheek lizard (Calotus nigrilabris) at Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka. 12. Small Worm at Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka. 13. Catapiller at Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka. 14. Wild fl ower at Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka. 15. Wata-essa (Drosera burmannii) at Horagolla Natonal Park in Sri lanka. 16. Fern with Damselfl y at Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka.

1

U. V. Rohitha Gunawardena is a Ranger Assistant at the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka and also he is assigned for covering the department’s photographic assignments. He also a member of the editorial board of Wildlife Journal of DWC. In 2012 Gunawardena served as an Education Director for the National Photographic Art Society (NPAS) of Sri Lanka. He is a Lecturer in Wildlife Photography and a member of photographic selection panels for Sri Lanka’s photographic competitions. Gunawardena won a medal for his wildlife picture from the photographic exhibition of the United Photographers International in 2010. Gunawardena received a Diploma in Photography from University of Kelaniya (Sri Lanka), Diploma in Photography from the NPAS and is also an associate member (ANPAS). He can be reached at [email protected]

175 4 8 5

6 12

14

7

11 9 10

15 13

16 [²p‰m ývM|p Jhy; tpku;rdk; BOK REVIEWS

- {¥nŠn£ - {¥n™ cp rM»xˆ}j ~£uŒl³ ývM|p ~ƒ »l£ylªy¥ p£v£{z‹x. Yl¯p‰ »r±ˆv£Yªv£y n ~‹zˆ{£ ~ƒ Çp‰lY yj~‹¹ƒ [²p‰m ývM|jx : x~‹l cxþy. ~ƒY£y YÞY£a£Mx, ~v£c ýn³£ R¹|x, »Y£…w ý|‰{ ýn³£zx

»rˆ²v Yªv£yn ~‹zˆ{£ ƒ £ Çp‰lp yj~‹¹ƒ ý~‹p‰ ~Kr£n™l t{ »vv rùD»n»xˆ nY‰{£ R¥l. W{¥ë Y¯Üp‰ »z~, R£M, Wzˆ, ~ˆr‹Gzˆ»[‰ 'wild »vv [²p‰m»xˆ r±o£p rùD»En 03Ã. »vƒŒ ƒ¥q™p‰þv lª… ceylon', [õ[M»[‰ 'z¹Y£[vp', »c¤p‰ ~ˆÑzˆ»[‰ Jungle Tide nw£»p‰ [ªj{Mop {¥n™ cp Rpp³l£{ ~‹¹ƒz »t°nŠo R£érl³f ƒ£ nñ… yÇl 'nhï»Kp‰ nhïvf' xp Y¯Üp‰ r‹…‹tq{ nY‰{õ. »vv rùD»En»xˆnŸ "~£v£p³ c£p U°y¥{f plªþv r‹…‹tq{ nY‰{£ R¥l. v£p{ ýn³£{ ý~ˆly£l‰vY »l£ylªy¥ WY‰ ÷~ˆ Ãúv" »z~ rM»xˆ}j£l‰vY Ryv¨j©{z‹p‰ ƒyƒ£ tfƒŒy »p£{p ~v£c ~¹~ˆY¯Ýp‰ r‹…‹tq ƒ¥âúvY‰ »l£y{ ëMñl »zˆZp nY‰{õ. »~z‹[‰v£p‰z£»[‰ '{¥n™ [› WYlª{', nw£»[‰ {|»xp‰ {¥nŠnp‰ r‹…‹tq ~‹ãYy R¥Ü Ro³xpxp‰ â »K [ªj{Mop»[‰ "{p‰ëz¦ R¥l‰»l¤" »K r±{M[»xƒŒz£ ~qƒp‰ »N. rùr£zp {£Ml£, ƒyƒ£ ~£YDb£{f zY‰ Yy R¥l. 1907 nŸ a£zˆ~ˆ »[²²‰ïxzˆ ~‹ÜxK , ýýo z‹r‹ rnpK Yy»[p ëMv£jx þ R¥Ü »zˆZp, v£o³»NnŸp‰ ƒ£ »{pl‰ »~z‹[‰v£p‰ ƒ£ »t²p‰h£ »~z‹[‰v£p‰ ý~‹p‰ yÇl 'The »zˆZYxp‰ Sn™ùrl‰ Yy R¥Ü »zˆZp, {¥n™ r±c£{ r‹…‹tq yÇl p«lp Yý {¥ë v£l¯Y£ Vaddas' Y¯Üx {¥n‰np‰ r‹…‹tq r±mv v£p{ ýn³£l‰vY X~ˆ»~ˆ »K rùD»En»xˆnŸ r«Mj ý|‰»zˆ}jxY‰ Sn™ùrl‰ »N. Ro³px t{ ~qƒp‰ »N. »~z‹[‰v£p‰z£»[‰ Y¯Üxf {~y 100 f r~¨ {¥n™ r±c£{ ~‹[²»xp‰ »[¤z‹šx Yyjxf ƒ~¨ þ [²p‰l²»xˆ »l{p rùD»En»x "{¥n™ r±c£{ r‹…‹tq ~‹ã {« v¬z‹Y Ro³xp {z‹p‰ ÃŒrxY‰" R¥Ü t{l‰, »vv [²p‰mx ƒyƒ£ {¥n™ cpx£ r‹…‹tq z‹x¥ þ Sn™ùrl‰ »Y£f R¥l. »ƒp‰ùr£YM p¥»[pƒŒy {¥n™ r±c£{ nñ… cpl£{ ~v` r{Üp R¥Ü »zˆZp p£v£{z‹xY‰, ~£uŒl³ ývM|jxY‰ ~‹ã Yyp t{l‰, WƒŒ {¥n[l‰YvY‰ ~tql£{ »vp‰v {¥n™ r±c£{ Rly Sƒ…‹p‰ ~‹Ñp 'tj‰h£y {ù[x' r‹…‹tq{ nY‰{£ R¥l. nY‰{£ R¥l. l{n ýzˆ»ƒõK [õ[M yÇl 'R~‹ùvl‰ z¹Y£[vp' Y¯Ü»xˆ {¥n™ cp u£}£{ {³£Yyj ~ƒŒl{ Sn™ùrl‰{ R¥l‰»l‰, X{§p‰»[‰ t¨nŠévl‰ u£{x vl t{ nY‰{£ R¥l. nw£»p‰ {¥n™ »vv [²p‰l²»xˆ r±mv rùD»Enx p£v£{z‹xY‰ xp§ YªvY‰n? »z~ pK »Y£f R¥l. A u£}£{ r‹…‹tq v¨. { ~¨[lr£z Sn™ùrl‰ Yy R¥Ü Vadda Language of Ceylon Rp§{ p£v£{z‹xY‰ xp‰p l£MÃY ƒ£ ýn³£l‰vY u£{xY‰ lª… ëMv£jx {p‰pY‰ 1972 Y¯Ü»xˆ {¥n™ u£}£{ 'Y£Mxx u£}£{Y‰' »z~ ƒ¼ãp‰{£ nŸ R¥l. »Y‰. Wp‰. B. t{ n, 'p£v£{z‹x' xp‰p RÝl»xˆ z¹Y£»N u£ýl£ {«{£f {h£ »{p~ˆ R£Y£yxf oMvà~ Sn™ùrl‰ Y… Vadda Vanishing Abragines Y¯Üx ƒyƒ£ {¥nŠnp‰»[‰ ëMv£jx þ R¥Ü R£Y£yx, Sxp‰ [ªjÜzY {¥ë ýnŠ{lªp‰»[‰ Rnƒ~ˆ ~v` ~~qñp‰ r¥{¥l‰vf lMcpxY‰ þ R¥Ü Yy¥j© r‹…‹tq{ nY‰{£ R¥l. '~‹ùzY {¥n™ cp r§y£jx' »K lª… Sn™ùrl‰ Yy R¥l. '[²p‰m p£v£{z‹ Yy¥»{Yª RMm Ymp Yy¥»{Yª ýx x¨lª »z~ 1995 nŸ rš. ð. ò[~ˆYªw¨y ý~‹p‰ Sn™ùrl‰ Yy R¥Ü [²p‰l²x lª… {¥n™ cpl£{ lv£{ t{' [ªjÜzY»[‰ Rnƒ~õ. »K Rp§{ »K [²p‰mx ƒyƒ£ p£v£{z‹xYf Wƒ£ [Œx ƒ£ Rp‰ Rx ƒ¼ãp£[¥ìv ~£vc ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY Rpp³l£{ ëMv£jxY‰ »z~ ~Y~ˆ þ ~£uŒl³ ývM|jxY‰ Sn™ùrl‰ {p t{ »vv rùD»En»xˆ nŸ Sn™ùrl‰ »Y£f R¥l. R¥Ü R£Y£yx ~£YDb£{f zY‰»Y£f R¥l. ~‹¹ƒz »t°nŠoxp‰ {¥n™ r±c£{ {M[›Yyjx »K ~qƒ£ Ylª{y¥p‰»[‰ ýýo rMx£»z¤Yxp‰ àxY{p R£Y£yx »K lª… l{ ãyfl‰ Yy R¥Ü R£Y£yx áY‰»{p [jp£l X»J»~ˆYy»[‰ '{¥nŠ»n¤ »Y£ƒŒ [Œx£»n¤' ~qƒp‰ »N. xp z‹r‹»xˆ Yy¥j© »vƒŒnŸ ~£YDb£{f zY‰»Y£f R¥l. »FK~ˆ t²N yÇl Vadda Villages fo Anuradhapura Y¯Üx lª…‹p‰ Rp§y£or§y r±»nŠ|»xˆ {£~x Yyp {¥n™ »vƒŒ »n{p rùD»Enx "{¥n™ ~¹Yzˆrx ƒ¼ãp£ [¥ìvf ƒ£ »zˆZp {M[›Yyjx" »z~ r±c£{ r‹…‹tq ý|‰»zˆ}jx Yy R¥l. pp‰n»nŠ{ ý»F»~ˆYy Sn™ùrl‰ Y… Vaddas pK»Y£f R¥l. A lª… {¥nŠnp‰ r‹…‹tq v¨zˆY£zšp{ »[£hp[£ Üt¬ 'ñ»zˆDa' xp vlx in Transition Y¯Üx ƒyƒ£ {¥nŠnp‰»[‰ r±u{x u® ýn³£l‰vY rnpv vl {³£rˆÜx, t¥ƒ¥y Yyñp‰ [jp£l X»J»~ˆYy, »r¤zˆ T ršù~ˆ {¥ë v£p{ ýn³£exp‰ nY‰{p {Mlv£p ll‰l‰{x r‹…‹tq{ nY‰{õ. òf Rvly{ Yªv£ù cx{Mop, »~z‹[‰v£p‰ Rnƒ~ˆ Rp‰lM[l »N. »vƒŒnŸ r«Mj rM»xˆ}j£l‰vY rnpvY r‹ƒŒÑ |²£~ˆÝ²x »zˆZp x¨{z, x¬. þ. l¹[y£c£, W~ˆ. x¬. n¥yÚx[z, ~¨nM|p‰ {¥ë Çp‰lYx‹p‰ Sn™ùrl‰ Yy »z~, »~z‹[‰v£p‰ x¨{z»[‰ The Vaddas, R£M. Wzˆ ~ˆr‹Gzˆ ý~‹p‰ yÇl Savage R¥Ü {¥n™ r±c£{ r‹…‹tq »zˆZp {z {¥n[l‰ Yv »vv rùD»Enx lª… ~£YDb£{f Sancturary xp Y¯Üp‰ nY‰{õ. Wv Y¯Ü lª… r¥yÚ »zˆZp ƒ£ ~~qñp‰ lv zY‰»Y£f R¥l. ý[²ƒxp‰ ~ˆ{£êp l£MÃY rnpv vl »[£h p¥»[p R£Y£yx nY‰{õ. rM»xˆ}Yx£ r±þpxp‰»[‰ r§ƒ¨j©{Y‰ »p£v¥Ü þv vl {p 'RMo |²£~ˆÝ²x rnpvY r‹ƒŒÑ »zˆZp' Y¯Ü»xˆ R{~£p»xˆ {¥n™ cp »l£ylªy¥ p£v£{z‹x »z~ [²p‰m, ~`y£/z‹r‹, r§{l‰rl‰ {|»xp‰ »vƒŒ nY‰{£ R¥l‰»l‰ T. R¥K. yl‰pr£z»[‰ 'z¹Y£»N {¥nŠ»n¤' Y¯Üxõ. pv¨l‰ z‹r‹, S¹|š²~‹ [²p‰m »{JRhý r‹…‹tq nŸM] p£v£{z‹xY‰ Sn™ùrl‰ »Y£f R¥l. »K r±{M[»xˆ {h£l‰ ~¹ýo£p£l‰vY Y¯Üx »z~ »K rùD»En»xˆnŸ yl‰pr£z»[‰ Y¯Ü»xˆ {¥n[l‰Yv ~£YDb£ »N. 'rM»xˆ}j£l‰vY »p£{p Rp§u®ÜY [»N}j ISBN 978-955-443-500-1 X~ˆ»~ˆ yÇl »zˆZp ëMv£jx {p‰»p‰, rM»xˆ}Yx£ »¿}l²x nY‰{p Upp‰ã{ vl

,yq;ifapd; nghJg;gwitfs; vd;w gwitfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd ifEhy. jpU ruj; nfhlfk mtu;fshy; vOj;JUthf;fg;gl;L mgpuhkp rpt&gd; mth;fshy; tpkh;rdk; nra;ag;gl;l EhyhFk;.

,aw;if, Rw;Wr;#oy; rk;ge;jkhd fy;tp kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzu;T epfo;r;rpfspy; gFjp I ,y; gwitfspd; Gwj;Njhw;w ,ay;Gfs;, xd;whf ,yq;ifg; gwitfs; mtw;wpd; tiffs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;Fupa ngauPLfs; gw;wpAk; mtw;iw milahsk; Nghd;wd Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; kpfr;rhjhuz fhz;gJ gw;wpAk; jkpopy; ntspaplj; ,ay;Gfshd gUkd;, nrhz;L, fhy;fs;, thy; kw;Wk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpufhuk;, ,jidj; NtWrpy ,ay;Gfspd; NtWghLfis epow; glq;fshf jpU fyhepjp S. R. fpU];zuh[h tiue;jpUg;gJ rpwg;G. ,it 11 gpd;dpizg;Gfshf gFjp kw;Wk; jpU fzgjpg;gps;is I ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mNrhfd; mtu;fs; ,ize;J jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jpUe;jhu;fs;. mj;Jld;; gFjp II ,y; 42 epwj;jl;Lf;fSk; mj;jl;Lf;fspys;s ,jd; jkpo;nkhopg;gjpg;igAk; gwitfisg; gw;wpa tpguzq;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd ,J tbtikg;igAk; jpU fzgjpg;gps;is jkpo; ngau;, tpQ;Qhdg; ngau;, gwitapdq;fis mNrhfd; (Mrpupau; - mr;RNtyp kfhtpj;jpahyak;) milahsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,ay;Gfs;, ,yq;ifapy; mtu;fNs nra;jpUf;fpd;whu;. ,j;jkpo;nkhopg;gjpg;gpd; mit fhzg;gLk; tyaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw 4 - 5 %yk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fSk; gwit mtjhdpg;gpy; Mu;tk; tupfspy; njhFj;J toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Wjpapy; tof;fpy; nfhz;l rhjhuz kf;fSk; gadilthu;fs; vd;gJ fhzg;gLfpd;w jkpo; ngau;fspw;fPlhd rhjpg;ngau;fspd; cWjp. tptuk; je;jpUg;gJ ghuhl;lg;glNtz;bajhFk;. nkhj;jj;jpy; ,g;gbg;gl;l Ehy;fs; jkpopy; ntsptUtJ ,g;Gj;jfj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; gwitfs; njhlu;ghd tuNtw;fj;jf;fNtz;ba tplak; vd;gJld; ,jd;%yk; Fwpg;ngLj;jypy; ghtf;fg;gLk; Mq;fpy vOj;;jpd; Mq;fpy vOj;jpd; RUf;fq;fSk;, mjw;Fupa Mq;fpyg;gjk; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpypUe;J KjpNahu;tiu gadilthu;fs; jkpo;gjk; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fPNo gwitfis vd;gij mwpjpapl;Lf; $wyhk;. tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b ,UgFjpfshfj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it kpf vspikahfTk; mNjNtis ISBN 978-955-8576-29-8 MokhfTk; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

178 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2013 Vol. 09 No.1 [²p‰m ývM|p Jhy; tpku;rdk; BOK REVIEWS Export Trade of Indigenous Freshwater Fishes of Sri Lanka. A Monograph By Samantha Gunasekara. Reviewed by Channa Babaradeniya Th is is not just a coff ee table University which conduct Masters Degree and Doctorate on book, but a very special International Wildlife Trade. Th e valuable data explored on publication of interesting the topics of species composition, distribution of fi sh fauna information on indigenous in Sri Lanka, endangered indigenous fi sh in the ornamental freshwater fi sh in Sri Lanka fi sh export trade, their trade trends have also been widely which defi nitely will catch the discussed and cited gorgeously. attention of academics as well as nature lovers. In this publication, moving further more Samantha Gunasekara has successfully covered some other important Th is 10.75 X 8.25 landscaped,136pgs, monograph printed in topics such as conservation status, benefi t-cost analysis of Singapore contains high quality colour plates of endangered the export trade of endangered, endemic, freshwater fi sh (1st fi sh species printed in 150gsm gold east matt art paper and attempt in Sri Lanka), legal-policy and institutional aspects outer hard cover is set up with matt laminated colour plate. related to conservation and sustainable use of freshwater fi sh fauna in Sri Lanka, and issues related to ornamental fi sh Th e monograph with exceptional collection of photographs trade. of rare and endangered fi sh species is the fi rst publication of this nature. As it refl ects, so far no adequate attention is given It has [no doubt], the recommendations mentioned with on endangered fi sh species in Sri Lanka.Th e conservation referred to the conservation and sustainable use of freshwater has become a critical issue and no proper measures have fi sh would be very much helpful for the policy makers and been taken by the parties responsible with this regard. conservationists and also for the academic personnel to move further towards their objectives. Th is precious eff ort of Samantha Gunasekara, Deputy Director of Customs, aligned with 30 years experience Nevertheless, it is not necessary to be an academic or a in Customs in the fi eld of biodiversity conservation, will professional to refer a publication of this nature. Anyone precisely favor the fulfi llment of the gaps encountered who loves nature and who intend the protection of the under this theme. Th e contents of this publication have been environment should not let miss this magnifi cent piece of presented blend with his knowledge on the subject matter work in his/her own collection/archives. together with the fi ndings of his research conducted for his Masters degree at University of Andalucia-Spain, the only ISBN 978-955-52508-0-1

Out of the Blue: A Guide to the Marine Mamals of Sri Lanka, Southern India and the Maldives. By Howard Martenstyn. Reviewed by Hiran Jayewardene Th e stunning photograph of a sperm Th e detailed catalog of the marine mammals provides whale breaching as depicted on the an essential guide and reference point with excellent cover of the book symbolizes not only photographs many of which were personally taken by the wealth of information it brings forth, Howard in his painstaking hours at sea mostly oft en in a but also refl ects the painstaking work at small dinghy - searching for and studying these creatures. sea which underlies this publication. It Th e individual descriptions are clear and adequate. Th e was aft er many voyages out to sea and an provision of accompanying scale and distribution maps and earnest prayer that made it possible for depth guides for each species is most helpful. Howard to capture this event – one that is not too common in Sri Lankan waters. Th e thunderclap and gigantic splash In the fi nal part of the book, the author takes the reader of a forty ton or more creature leaping out of the water and deeper in to the realm of the ocean environment: Essentials falling back is awesome: So is the impact of this book. of geography and oceanography are explained in terms of their relevance to occurrence- distribution, behaviour and In the book, the author fi rst takes you skillfully into the observation. It is based on his own observations of marine world of marine mammals setting out the historical context mammals and depth associations and later delving into and Sri Lanka’s historical association with them. It is the world of oceanography in the course of preparation of most timely as the marine mammal observation industry this book. Th e reader will fi nd a simple introduction to the has grown since the early 1980s to become an important parameters. Howard now focuses on as an essential part of element in Sri Lanka's tourism and nature conservation his continuing research work and sharing of his growing portfolio, and also commercially. Th e book fi lls a long felt knowledge. need for a reliable guide. Th e book is not just a collection of great photographs but He deals in a simple scholarly manner with their scientifi c stands out from the many recent nature publications - not classifi cation and aspects of their evolution to occupy their only as a coff ee table book, but one which has a substantial special ecological niche, their physiology, behavioural textual content that is truly educational. It is an essential aspects and relevance to surface observation. It provides a companion and reference work for nature lovers, and any comprehensive introduction for the serious student as well serious marine mammal observer or enthusiast. as discerning observer – as many tourists are today, who seek a better understanding than just enjoying the visual Howard Martenstyn’s “Out of the Blue” should stand experience of seeing mammals at sea. unrivalled as the defi nitive work on the marine mammals of Sri Lanka. It is a classic. ISBN 978-955-54534-0-0

179 Mirissa