Pdpa Fifth Plenum

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pdpa Fifth Plenum i VOL. XIX, NO. 24. THURSDAY, APRIL 16, 1981 (IIAMAL 27, 1360 U.S.) PRICE AFS. 6 PDPA FIFTH PLENUM Sultan Ali Keshtmand returns home Waldheim's DECISIONS HAILED emissary f HERAT, April 16 (Bakhtar) Lt Gen Abdul Qader, Incharge of the ',4s4fg Op (V meets justice and defence division of the PDPA CC, and Maj Gen Gul Aqa, presid- ent of the politcal affairs department of the army attended a meeting of the cadres and party activists of the Herat military division no., 17 held in su- Foreign pport of the PDPA fifth 'plenum decisions at the division headquarters on Tuesday. atten- Gen Qader, sp- Organization for the You- The meeting was y Later, Lt ded by Bareq Shafiyee, oke in detail on the ple- th of the division who had Minister alternate member of the num decisons and drew taken active part in the ' ' PDPA CC, the secretary the attention of the offi- revolution. KABUL, April 16 (Ba- 1 1 and deputy secretary of cers and soldiers to their At the end, a resolution 1 khtar). Javier Preze de de- the provincial committee, responsibilities in its supporting the plenum . ;' .... Cueller, the commander of divis- implementation. cisions was issued. for Special Pol- ion no. 17, the Herat gov- itical Affairs of the Un- Sultan Ali Keshtmand, member of the PDPA' CC Politburo, ernor, the commandant The secretary of the pr- According to another ited Nations arrived in of the RC and Deputy Prime Minister, on arrival at the Kabul Interna of the police, some mem- ovincial committee, the report, Gen Qader and Kabul yesterday from Is- tional Airport. (Photo: Bakhtar) bers of the provincial and commander of military di- Gen Gul Aqa arrived in lamabad. city committees, party ca- vision no. 17, the comman- Kandahar on Tuesday. Vi- KABUL, April 16 (Bak- the PDPA, Destagir Panj-sher- i, ers ot the PDPA CC, RC dres and some members der of battalion no. 28 and siting the Kandahar garr- He was welcomed at htar) Sultan Ali Kesht- member of Politbu- and Council of Ministers, of the Democratic Organ- a soldier in their speeches ison units, they held talks the Kabul International member of the Po- ro and incharge of the high rankng party and isation for Women of the expressed their readiness with the officers and soldiers mand, Airport by Mohammed litburo of the PDPA CC, Control and Supervision government official and director-genera- Herat province. for implementation of and drew their atte- Sakhi Daneshjo,. l, Vice-Preside- nt of the RC Division of the CC, Aslam Ambassadors of Czecho- the plenum decisions.,; ntion to their "grave dut- political, of the and Deputy Prime Mini- Watanjar, Minister of slovakia and Soviet Un- Maj Gen Gul Aqa read ies and responsibilities in Ministry of Foreign Aff- of DRA returned Communications, memb- - ion in Kabul. the text of the fundamen- MEDALS defence of the honour and ster the airs and other officials of home yesterday att- tal statement of the PD- dignity of the homeland after the DRA Foreign Minist-- ending the 16th Congress PA CC plenum which was Honorary medals were and in supporting the ga- of Communist enthusiastically welcomed distributed to the memb- ins of the Saur Revolut- the Pjr.ty The by the audience. ers of the Democratic ion, especially, its new of Czechoslovakia. of evolutionary phase". He had gone to Prague the UN, at the head of a DRA de- in his capacity as the rep- of Dr Kurt Ministers' meet on To support the plenum legation which included resentative Secretary-Gener- al decisions, a grand funct- Mahmood Baryalai, head Waldheim, of the UN, had a me- ion was also held by the of the International Rel- eting yesterday, afternoon monetary situation party committee of Bagr-a- m ations Department of the Mohammad Woleswali with Party's Central - Commi- with Shah KABUL, April 16 (Bakh- ce, Fazlurrahim Momand, the Dost, of participation of the party ttee. Minister Foreign tar). The Supreme Coun- Minister of Agriculture and Affairs of DRA activists and members of In an interview with a the in his cil of the De Afghanistan Land Reforms and Dr. Meh-rabudd- in 111 sjsStl, I office the Democratic Organisa- Bakhtar correspondent and had discussions Bank met under the chair- Paktiawal, first on of in- for Youth. Sultan Ali Keshtmand he- matters mutual vice president of tion the manship of Abdul Wakil, the State ld in high esteem the wo- terest. Finance Minister, at the Planning Committee were Director-Genera- The function was addre- rk of the 16th Congress of The l, mor- also present. fcSsySmzmmllmmMimmmmmmmmimimmmm bank's hall yesterday - mi i I Fore- ' by the Communist Party of political, of the DRA i. ssed Mohammad Asef ning. Dipl. Eng. Moham- Nabard, secretary of the Czechoslovakia and descr- The Minister of Foreign Affairs, holding talks ign Ministry was also pre- mad Ismail Minis- Danesh, Ghulam Hussain Juvai--ni provincial committee of ibed its results as an "im- with the UN sent at the meeting. ter of Mines and Industr- head of the executive Parwan, who spoke in de- portant step on the way ies, Mohammad Khan Ja-lal- board of the bank spoke on tail on the plenum decis- of ensuring peace,, deten- Minister of Commer- - the monetary situation iu" ions and on the participa- te and cooperation betw- all-rou- the country. After tion of the DRA high-pow- er een the countries of the Majid discussions, the executive party delegation led world and for the further Sarbiland board of the bank was in- by Babrak Karmal, Gen- and better growth of the structed to prepare a report eral Secretary of the PD- fraternal Czechoslovak re- leaves for about it to be presented to PA CC, President of the public" in the social and the Government. RC and DRA Prime Min- economic arenas" and in ra- ister, in the 26th CPSU ising the standard of liv- Havana Then, the meeting stud- Congress. The plenum was ing of the People. He grati- ied and assessed the agen- described as useful and expressed his hosp- KABUL, April 16 (Bak- da, approved the organisa- valuable in the social, ec- tude for the warm onomic itality accorded to the Af- htar). Abdul Majid Sar- tional set up, salaries, the and politcal life of the people ghan delegation by the biland, member of the Ce- budget, and expenditures of Afghanistan. party and the Governme- ntral Committee of the PD- for 1360 of the centre and Similar functions were i Mk nt of Czechoslovakia and . PA and the Revolutionary branch offices of the bank, also held in the Kabul, the decisive and friendly I ft i Council, Minister of Inf- and adopted necessary de- Takhar, Zabul and Balkh stand of the CPC in reg- ormation and Culture and cisions about the, other is- provinces in support of ard to the revolution and Vice-Preside- of the Pea- sues included in the agenda. the plenum decisions, re- people of Afghanistan. ports ce, Solidarity and Friend- add. He was welcomed at the pf Afgh- ship Organization Kabul International Air- - ' ', - .:,; anistan, left for Cuba yes- port by Dr Saleh Moha- fS f.i :i .w.'ut.'..'i.. .... ... terday at the head of a dele- mmad Zeary, member of Javier Preze De Cuellar, UN Under-Secretar- y General on arrival at the gation to participate in the Politburo and ' Secretary Kabul International Air port (Photo: Bakhtar) international conference of to Central Committee of peace forces in Havana. with a) UScontact ROME, April 15 (Cete-k- US to set up radar Sarbiland will also par- Thirtyeight memb ticipate in the international ers ol the extreme right i i Pol Pot clique conference for peace and Hi, U'-J- wing have been arrested SVStem On DRA DOmer detente, to be held by Wo- j - PARIS, April 15 (Tass) in iiaiy in wiue anu len- rld Peace Council from roist actions of t he NEW DELHI, April 16 The radar system in Pa- Ieng Sary, one of the April 27 to April 29 in police in the pa- (Tass) The US plans to kistan will be serviced by ringleaders of the pro Pol ov- Vienna. st four months, the com- develop a high-capacit- sy- US experts, the Times of Peking Pot regime Kampu-chea- anti-terrori- by n mand of Italian st stem of observation of the India adds. erthrown the ile M Pakistani-A- people, has discl- was seen off at the I 1 I U .i Sri v police units annou- air space over the Airp- ' fghan osed that the new US ad- Kabul International w , 7 v v 1 nced on April 13. frontier, ac- Gaddafi backs ort by heads of publishing All the arretsed terro- cording to Indian newsp- ministration had establ- houses, the ambassador of If rists are accused of mem- aper Times of India. new W. ished a direct contact wi- bership ultra-rig- ht Sahara th representatives of the Cuba to Kabul, , charge Abdul Majid Sarbiland, Minlser of Information 'in the The equipment is stated Posi-tion- Pol Pot clique. d'affaires of Austria and and Culture, before departure for Cuba, organization "Terza e" to be as sensitive as the So- According to a France Minister Counsellor of or NAR which has early-warnin- g Republic (Photo: Bakhtar) system Is- Presse report, Sary told viet Embassy in Kabul. committed at least four rael has. The electronic BEIRUT, April 16 (Reu-te- r) newsmen on Monday In murders. equipment in Pakistan Libyan leader Mu-amm- ar Cairo, where he arrived will be deployed within Gaddafi has called for 'talks' with Egyptian the framework of the pl- in New Delhi for tough talks for a union between Ma- authorities, that last Ma- Mrs Thatcher US deliveries anned arms uritania and the West rch there had been a me- paper sa- NEW DELHI, April 16 According to the agency ested against the Thatcher to its policies in defence of to Pakistan, the procl- Pol ' Saharan Republic eting of Pot's represe- ys.
Recommended publications
  • Revolution in Afghanistan
    Fred Halliday Revolution in Afghanistan On 27 April 1978 the world heard that there had been a successful military coup in Afghanistan. The régime headed by Mohammad Daud, which had itself come to power through a coup in July 1973, had been suddenly overthrown by tanks and jet planes that struck in the Afghan capital, Kabul. At first it seemed as if this was yet another military intervention which, although violent and abrupt, involved no major shift in the policies, social character or international alignment of those in power: a change comparable to Daud’s own coup, or to others in neighbouring Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Arab world. Yet within days it became clear that the announcements of radical change coming over Radio Kabul were more than just the ritual demagogy of military coups: something rather more substantial had occurred. In the first place, the coup, although carried out by the military, reflected much wider political forces. It had been preceded by mass popular demonstrations in Kabul, and as thousands of people flocked to inspect Daud’s conquered palace, 3 now renamed the House of the People, it became evident that it had ousted a hated régime and at least temporarily embodied the hopes of a wide section of the population. At the same time it became clear that the coup was not just the product of a conspiracy within the military, but had been carried out on the instructions of an underground Marxist political organization whose membership was overwhelmingly civilian. This at once distinguished the new rulers from other radical military régimes in the Arab world, South Asia or Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Road to Afghanistan
    Introduction Hundreds of books—memoirs, histories, fiction, poetry, chronicles of military units, and journalistic essays—have been written about the Soviet war in Afghanistan. If the topic has not yet been entirely exhausted, it certainly has been very well documented. But what led up to the invasion? How was the decision to bring troops into Afghanistan made? What was the basis for the decision? Who opposed the intervention and who had the final word? And what kind of mystical country is this that lures, with an almost maniacal insistence, the most powerful world states into its snares? In the nineteenth and early twentieth century it was the British, in the 1980s it was the Soviet Union, and now America and its allies continue the legacy. Impoverished and incredibly backward Afghanistan, strange as it may seem, is not just a normal country. Due to its strategically important location in the center of Asia, the mountainous country has long been in the sights of more than its immediate neighbors. But woe to anyone who arrives there with weapon in hand, hoping for an easy gain—the barefoot and illiterate Afghans consistently bury the hopes of the strange foreign soldiers who arrive along with battalions of tanks and strategic bombers. To understand Afghanistan is to see into your own future. To comprehend what happened there, what happens there continually, is to avoid great tragedy. One of the critical moments in the modern history of Afghanistan is the period from April 27, 1978, when the “April Revolution” took place in Kabul and the leftist People’s Democratic Party seized control of the country, until December 27, 1979, when Soviet special forces, obeying their “international duty,” eliminated the ruling leader and installed 1 another leader of the same party in his place.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents EDITORIAL, POLITICAL ANALYSIS, 3 a Quarterly Publication of MILITARY REPORT
    AECHAN JEHAD Contents EDITORIAL, POLITICAL ANALYSIS, 3 A Quarterly Publication of MILITARY REPORT, The Cultural Council of Grand table of Afghanwar casualties Afghanistan Resistance (April -June, 1988) Afghans and the Geneva accordon Afghanistan 14 MANAGING EDITOR: ® MAJOR DOCUMENTS: 21 Sabahuddin Kushkaki 1. Text of charter for mujaheddin transitional April-June, 1908 government; (2) Text of Geneva accord on Afghan- istan; (3) IUAM and the Geneva accord; (4) Muja- SUBSCRIPTION heddin offer general amnesty; (5) IUAM President urges trial for PDPA high brass; (6) Biographies Per Six Annual of IUAM transitional cabinet; (7) Biographies of copy months three IUAM leaders; (8) Charters of the IUAM Pakistaa organizations; (9) Annual report of Amnesty In- (Ra.) 30 60 110 ternational on Afghanistan, Foreign AFUHANISTAN IN INTERNATIONAL FORUMS: (s) 6 12 30 1« Islamabad Conference on Afghan future 2. Karachi Islamic meeting 3. Paris Conference: Afghan Agriculture Cultural Council of Afghanist- 0 IRC Survey on health in Afghan refugeecamps.97 Resistance CATALOGUE OF MUJAHEDDIN PRESS House No.8861 St. No. 27, G /9 -1 99 103 Islamabad, Pakistan 0 DIGEST OF MUJAHEDDIN PRESS Telephone 853797 (APRIL-JUNE 1988) ® BOOKS BY THE MUJAHEDDIN, FOR THE 164 MUJAHEDDIN 0 CHRONOLOGY OF AFGHAN EVENTS 168 (APRIL-JUNE 1988) 0 AFGHAN ISSUES COVERAGE: 318 By Radio Kabul, Radio Moscow (April -June, 1988) 0 MAPS 319 -320 0 ABBREVIATIONSLIST 321 FROM MUJAHEDDIN PUBLICATIONS MA Juiacst-- April -June, 19 88 Vol.1, No.4 AFGHAN JEHAD Editorial Q o c':. NC(° IN ME NAME OF GOD, MOST GRACICJUS, MOST MERCI.FU AFTER GENEVA Now that the Russian troops are on than way out from Afghanistan,' the focus on the Afghanistan issue is on two subjects; the nature of government in Kabul and finding a channel for the huge humanitarian assistance which the international community has indicated will provide to the war,ravaged Afghan- istan after the Soviet.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazaras: Truth of the Folks in Thousand
    International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics 1 Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2021 https://www.ijramt.com | ISSN (Online): 2582-7839 Hazaras: Truth of the Folks in Thousand Dibya Prakash Lahiri* French scholar J.P. Ferrier (as the origins of Hazarajat) Abstract: This paper represents an overview of Hazaras truth of The Hazaras as the natives of Mongols. the folks in thousand. 1) J.P Ferrier's theory of Hazaras Keywords: Hazaras, Afghanistan, Tribes The famous French scholar J.P Ferrier, in the 19th century, postulated the theory of the origin of the Hazara 1. Introduction Tribe as the native of Afghanistan. The scholar took the inspiration of determining the tribe to be a part of the very Medieval history is highly impactful in terms of giving good country from Curtius' book. He also postulated when tribe members and rulers. The rulers ruled across the globe, Alexander traveled across the terrain, fought battles, and stretching from Central Europe to Eastern Asia. The rise of led some of his soldiers to settle down in the country, who Islamic invasion with the crusaders required many men to fight consider the forefathers of the current set of tribe out their battles. The tribes provided support and huge back-up members. Interestingly, approximately 3% of the tribe to the foremost regiment of the Mongol leader Genghis Khan. consists of people born with blue eyes, which resemble The tribesmen with the meaning "thousand" are Shi'a followers the DNA of Greeks. of tribes who have provided a massive infantry skill to fight the The making of Hazaras as the descendants of the Greeks disputes of the Karakoram up to the ancient city of Persia.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW EVIDENCE on the WAR in AFGHANISTAN Introduction
    COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN, ISSUE 14/15 NEW EVIDENCE ON THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN Introduction By Christian Friedrich Ostermann hat was behind the Soviet decision in December a substitute foothold in Afghanistan and worried about main- 1979 to invade Afghanistan? And when and why taining its credibility with communist world allies. Soviet lead- Wdid Mikhail Gorbachev decide to pull out Soviet ers were genuinely concerned that Afghan strongman troops nearly ten years later? What was the role of the US Hafizullah Amin was either a US agent or prepared to sell out covert assistance program, in particular the Stinger missiles? to the United States. At the CWIHP conference, former US What role did CIA intelligence play? How did the Afghan Charge d’Affaires J. Bruce Amstutz as well as other partici- War’s history, a key step in the rise of militant Islam, intersect pants forcefully refuted allegations of Agency links to Amin. with the history of the final decade of the Cold War? These In his five conversations with Amin in the fall of 1979, Amstutz were among the questions addressed at a major international remembered, the Afghan leader did not in any way suggest conference, “Towards an International History of the War in that he was interested in allying himself with the United States. Afghanistan,” organized in April 2002 by the Cold War Inter- US relations with successive communist regimes in Af- national History Project (CWIHP) in cooperation with the ghanistan had been volatile since the April 1978 communist Woodrow Wilson
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy
    Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs December 30, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL30588 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy Summary Upon taking office, the Obama Administration faced a deteriorating security environment in Afghanistan, despite a steady increase in U.S. forces there in recent years. Signs of deterioration have included an expanded area in which militants are operating, increasing numbers of civilian and military deaths, Afghan and international disillusionment with corruption in the government of Afghan President Hamid Karzai, and the ease of infiltration of Taliban militants from safe havens in Pakistan. Building on assessments completed in the latter days of the Bush Administration, the Obama Administration conducted a “strategic review,” the results of which were announced on March 27, 2009. The outcome of the review leaned toward those in the Administration who believe that adding combat troops is less crucial than building governance. As part of that review, the President did announce an increase of 21,000 U.S. troops, which arrived by November 2009 and brought U.S. force levels to about 68,000, in partnership with about 39,000 international forces from 42 other nations, and about 190,000 Afghan security forces. The Administration also decided that more innovative military tactics were needed to promote those goals, and in May 2009, the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan, Gen. David McKiernan, was replaced by Gen. Stanley McChrystal. On August 30, 2009, McChrystal submitted his review of the military strategy, recommending a fully resourced, comprehensive counter-insurgency strategy in order to avoid mission failure.
    [Show full text]
  • The Netherlands and Afghanistan
    Conflict Policy Research Project (CPRP) The Netherlands and Afghanistan Dutch Policies and Interventions with regard to the Civil War in Afghanistan Luc van de Goor Mathijs van Leeuwen Conflict Research Unit November 2000 Desk top publishing: Birgit Leiteritz Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague Phonenumber: #-31-70-3245384 Telefax: #-31-70-3282002 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl/cru © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. © The Clingendael Institute 3 Contents Abbreviations and Glossary 5 Executive Summary 7 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Research Objective 9 1.2 Conceptual Aspects 9 1.3 Methodology 12 2 An Outline of the Conflict in Afghanistan 13 2.1 Background and Causes 13 A Country of Diversity 13 A Short History of State Formation 15 Socialist Afghanistan 18 On the Threshold to a New Phase of Conflict 19 2.2 The Parties Involved and their Objectives 19 The People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) / Watan 20 The Mujahideen 20 Junbish 22 The Taliban 23 Pakistan 24 Iran 26 Saudi Arabia 27 The Soviet Union, Russia and the Central Asian Republics 27 The United
    [Show full text]
  • The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente a Chronology *
    •• The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente A Chronology * August 31, 1926- The USSR and Afghanistan sign a Treaty ofNeutrality and Mutual Non-Intervention. Spring 1929 - Soviet military expedition, directed by Vitaly Primakov, the Soviet Military Attache in Kabul, penetrates into Afghanistan and becomes involved in power struggle there. October 1941 - The USSR issues a memorandum calling for Afghanistan's neutrality in the war. November 1941 - Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov sends a letter to the Soviet embassy in Kabul noting that "to fight in Afghanistan with the basmachi [armed Muslim guerrillas who fled from Soviet Central Asia] and the White Guard would mean provoking a war in Central Asia, which would be to the advantage of Germany and Japan. It would undercut our prestige in the East and destabilize the territories behind the Red Army's frontlines. Therefore, neutralization of Afghanistan and cooperation with Iraq and Saudi Arabia, along with strengthening relations with Yemen are the main tasks of our • policy in this region." (Lyakhovsky, p. 15) 1955-56- Soviet military equipment, armaments and specialists begin to appear in Afghanistan. 1963 - Nur Mohammad Taraki, Babrak Karma!, and others organize the United National Front of Afghanistan. 1965 - The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDP A) is formed. Taraki becomes its general secretary, and Babrak Karma! secretary of the Central Committee. (Lyakhovsky, p. 17) Fall of 1966 - The PDP A is split into two factions, "Khalq" of Taraki and "Parcham" of Karma!. * This chronology was compiled by Malcolm Byrne and Vladislav Zubok with assistance from the staff of The National Security Archive.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Trauma, History Making, and the Politics of Ethnic Identity Among Afghan Hazaras Melissa S
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 12-15-2016 Cultural Trauma, History Making, and the Politics of Ethnic Identity among Afghan Hazaras Melissa S. Kerr Chiovenda University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Kerr Chiovenda, Melissa S., "Cultural Trauma, History Making, and the Politics of Ethnic Identity among Afghan Hazaras" (2016). Doctoral Dissertations. 1324. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1324 Cultural Trauma, History Making, and the Politics of Ethnic Identity among Afghan Hazaras Melissa Kerr Chiovenda, PhD University of Connecticut, 2016 Based on 18 months of fieldwork in Bamyan and West Kabul, Afghanistan among ethnic Hazara civil society activists, I examine civil society groups’ protests and memorialization activities as social and political acts of collective and cultural trauma generation and dissemination. The activists’ protests seek to secure greater rights, security and infrastructural development in Hazara populated areas, and memorialize past rights violations and atrocities against Hazaras. Through protests, literature and social media, the retelling of traumatic events inculcates and spreads collective trauma. And the framing of these past events as a present existential threat merges with a widespread sense that Hazara history and culture have been quietly erased by a Pashtun-dominated Afghan state apparatus. Both the constant recounting of collective traumas and the perception of having been excluded from Afghan history and history-writing confirm a need to write and speak about the Hazara past through frames specific to Hazaras’ victimization., including an ongoing genocide which began over 100 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Brokers, Bureaucrats, and the Quality of Government: Understanding Development and Decay in Afghanistan and Beyond
    Brokers, Bureaucrats, and the Quality of Government: Understanding Development and Decay in Afghanistan and Beyond by Khalid Homayun Nadiri A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland January 2017 ⃝c 2017 – Khalid H. Nadiri All rights reserved Abstract Why do public institutions decay or break down? And why are they often so difficult to put back together? These questions have been the subject of a large body of academic literature in the social sciences, but we still do not have a good theoretical and empirical understanding of contemporary institutional development in countries with limited human capital, material resources, and the rule of law. External or internal conflicts often do not motivate governments to develop more robust institutional structures. Ethnic differences do not necessarily given rise to institutional dysfunction or conflict. And ideology frequently does not influence whether a government is able to design and implement policies that benefit the public at large, predictably enforce laws and property rights, or develop a monopoly of control over the national territory. In order to gain deeper insight into the processes by which contemporary institutions may develop or decay, this research closely examines a longitudinal case of initial institutional im- provement and subsequent failure that is not consistent with existing explanations: Afghanistan. In this puzzling case, I show that government institutions became progressively more institution- alized during the early and middle periods of the 20th century but ultimately failed to consolidate these gains, developing a recurrently unstable political system and an unproductive economy.
    [Show full text]
  • AFGHANISTAN= the U.S. ROIX in the APPROACHING Endgalme"
    693 I..... , .. February 27,1989 m..: AFGHANISTAN= THE U.S. ROIX IN THE APPROACHING ENDGAlME" a. .i' INTRODUCTION ). .. ..I. I. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan transforms the neb .',4 ? i+., decade-long Afghan conflict from a war against Soviet invasion into one ., between'-Afghans.Although the Soviets apparently for the moment have. ended their direct military involvement,.they continue to.militarily aid,,' , : , diplomatically support and economically assist the beleaguered conmuhist+ . regime of Afghan strongman Najibullah. .. 1 The victory of the Afghan mujahideen (holy warriors) over the Soviets is due in large part to the weapons and other aid,from the.United States. Now, . that Washington has achieved its first victoryunder the Reagan Doctrine - the withdrawal of Soviet troops - it cannot abandon the mujahideen, but must focus on the long-term task of helping to:build a free and stable Afghanistan that can resist future Soviet attempk at domination. This may be only the first Soviet-Afghan war, just as Britain fought three wars against the Afghans in the 19th century. .I . .# .c.. ? Violating the Geneva Accords. Despite the Soviet withdrawal, Afghan peace is not at hand. Fighting actually intensified in recent months as the Soviets escalated its air war to stave off mujahideen efforts to fill the power vacuum that the gradual Soviet withdrawal created. Moscow repeatedly I' I violated the April 1988 United Nations-sponsored Genevaaccords on Afghanistan by launching offensive operations, introducing new weapons into . the conflict, dispatching aerial attacks from bases inside the Soviet Union, and continuing efforts to intimidate Pakistan. Fighting is sure to continue until the communist regime in Kabul is overthrown.
    [Show full text]
  • Written By: Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Former Prime Minister of Afghanistan
    Page 1 of 13 Translated & edited into English by Fateh Sami. Date: 10/04/2021 Written By: Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Former Prime Minister of Afghanistan. His View on Peace in Afghanistan Translator’s Note: For many years, the people of Afghanistan have experienced and endured a life full of various events due to the oppression of authoritarian and dependent governments. After 1979 and the end of despotic regimes of the past two centuries, Afghanistan faced the rivalry of the superpowers, United States and the former USSR and their allies. From that time until now, the words of war, peace and reconciliation are familiar to our people. But it has not been very promising. It has not yet been achieved for various reasons. Considerable efforts to secure peace, however, have been made in all periods by pro- Eastern and pro-Western governments during numerous meetings, conferences, gatherings, and declarations. Governments and officials for the past 40 years have spoken of peace in a variety of ways. Peace talks are often raised seriously, symbolically, and ostentatiously. But it has not any tangible accomplishment for our people, except blinking like a mirage. Because the management of the war and peace has been in the hands of foreign intelligence, especially the United States and Pakistan. Also, despite the unpleasant experiences of the past, some Afghan politicians and experts have not so far been able to get out of the restricted circles of their past ideological perceptions and inclinations to put them aside, even living for many years abroad as refugees. They are not using as such the telecommunication and internet facilities to present their constructive views, plans, proposals collectively for ending the war.
    [Show full text]