Los Traductores Transparentes. Historia De La Traducción En Francia

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Los Traductores Transparentes. Historia De La Traducción En Francia Las Tentaciones, Zurbarán (detalle) No se Lraduce el sonido de las sílabas, pero se traduce su vibración en el alma, que es lo que importa. Lo demás, fácilmente lo adivinará quienquiera que tenga sentido poético. ¿y Menéndez Pelayo studio CHRISTIAN BALLIU LOS TRADUCTORES TRANSPARENTES HISTORIA DE LA TRADUCCIÓN EN FRANCIA DURANTE EL PERÍODO CLÁSICO CHRISTIAN BALLIU Institut Supérieur de Traducteurs et Interprètes de Bruselas Chacun de nous a près de soi, sur sa table ou son bureau, un jeu d'invisibles, d'intellectuelles balances aux plateaux d'argent, au fléau d'or, à l'arbre de platine, à l'aiguille de diamant, capables de marquer des écarts de fractions de milligrammes, capables de peser les impondérables .'... L'essentiel est la Balance où nous pesons ces mots, car tout le travail de la Traduction est une pesée de mots. Valéry Larbaud: Sous l'invocation de saint Jérôme, 1946 I. INTRODUCCIÓN El ingente interés del siglo XVII por el legado de la Antigüedad será la consecuencia de una política Et pour peu qu'on manque de délicatesse, a lieu de di- literaria enérgica; por otra parte, la traducción, vertir on ennuie. considerada entonces como un género literario, Perrot d'Ablancourt: Luciano, 1654 influirá a su vez en la literatura y en las concepcio- nes estéticas, al tener un indiscutible protagonismo El traductor, como cualquier otro protagonista de en la querella de Antiguos y Modernos. la vida social, pertenece a una época y a un entorno sociológico y cultural del que no sólo forma parte, sino con el que se compromete por su labor creado- ra. La traducción, se considere como arte o como ciencia, es el testigo privilegiado de un mundo con II. DE LA EDAD MEDIA AL RENACIMIENTO el que se comunica, a través de la elección de la lengua-fuente, del tema y, finalmente, del original. El amanecer del Renacimiento no fue repentino y Esta innegable verdad se constata en la literatura el siglo XV aparece en muchos aspectos como un más que en otros campos de la vida humana, al ser tiempo de transición. Incluso en el siglo XVI, el el divertimiento y el ocio los compañeros obligados pensamiento y sensibilidad de la Edad Media no han del hombre en su búsqueda cotidiana de la felicidad. desaparecido por completo: basta con leer a Ra- La Francia del siglo XVII es una sociedad en belais o Clément Marot para convencerse de ello. continua evolución, cuya característica transcen- Los libros de Rabelais fueron condenados tanto por dente es el afán insaciable de romper con un pasa- los teólogos católicos de la Sorbona como por do todavía cercano. Sin embargo, como veremos Calvino, el chantre de la Reforma. Sus libros de más adelante, el legado del siglo XVI seguirá griego fueron incautados por considerarse este imponiéndose como cimiento de la producción idioma como «lengua satánica». Pese a estos pesa- literaria y científica ulterior y la sombra transparente res, Rabelais enriqueció la lengua francesa con de los autores y traductores pasados se mantendrá muchas palabras creadas a partir del griego y del en la producción futura como un telón de fondo de latín, demostrando así la pobreza del léxico francés 1 imposible elusion. en los campos de la filosofía y las ciencias. La Francia del clasicismo será, por motivos En Francia, desde la subida al trono en 1515 de históricos y sociológicos que analizaremos más Francisco I, fueron surgiendo ideas y aspiraciones adelante, la época en la que la traducción de los nuevas tendentes a contrarrestar el ascetismo y la textos clásicos llegará a su apogeo. Las traduccio- mística austera de los siglos pasados. Estas ideas nes francesas de los grandes textos clásicos, se arraigan en los nuevos horizontes proporciona- manifiestas sobre todo a partir del Renacimiento, dos al hombre por los fantásticos descubrimientos acabarán con el oscurantismo característico de la de la época. La invención de la imprenta, los viajes Edad Media, cuando el acceso a los originales antiguos no era posible por razones lingüísticas y, 1 en última instancia, ideológicas. Véase Manuel de Diéguez: Rabelais, Ecrivains de tou- jours, Seuil. îeronvmus El mundo de la Traducción Los traductores transparentes de Colón y Magallanes y la ciencia postridentina, por no decir natural, con el fin de proporcionar a la tributaria de las aportaciones de Galileo y Copérni- cultura francesa los medios discursivos imprescin- co, iban a tener repercusiones importantes en la dibles para su desarrollo y que permitirían, al mentalidad de los contemporáneos, al sumarse la mismo tiempo, enriquecerla con la introducción de difusión cultural al progreso científico. obras hasta la fecha desconocidas en Francia por la Por otra parte, gracias al contacto con Italia, mayoría de la gente, ajena a la lengua de Cicerón. donde el Renacimiento viene floreciendo desde hace Sin embargo, este éxito muy parcial de la traduc- un siglo, Francia va a apoderarse de la cultura ción era el fruto de una labor inmensa dedicada antigua. En Italia, que siempre permaneció atenta a antes que nada a contrarrestar la influencia omnipo- las fuentes latinas, se habían exilado no pocos tente del clero, que, apoyando su control casi eruditos griegos con manuscritos antiguos, huyendo absoluto de la cultura y su propagación en lengua del yugo otomano a raíz de la caída de Constanti- latina en la posesión exclusiva de las bibliotecas, nopla en 1453. Desde 1494, los contactos entre venía reservando desde la Edad Media el saber a ambos países se habían multiplicado con motivo de una minoría de eruditos. El latín era entonces el las guerras de Italia. idioma predilecto de la ciencia, las universidades y De manera indirecta, la caída del imperio bizanti- los documentos oficiales del Estado. Carlos V el no permitió el éxodo de conocimientos ocultados o Sabio, quien «aimait la compagnie des clercs de perdidos en Francia, donde la labor de las Universi- l'Université»3 poseía la Biblioteca del Louvre, creada dades se había estancado en la enseñanza de la en 1367. Con el fin de difundir la cultura y fortalecer filosofía escolástica, la lógica formal y la retórica. el poder monárquico, el rey impulsó la eclosión y el Con excepción de algunos eruditos, casi nadie florecimiento de una verdadera cantera de traducto- conocía el griego en la Edad Media, de forma que la res, siguiendo modelos tan prestigiosos como vuelta a los textos originales, incluso en el caso del fueron las escuelas de Bagdad y Toledo. El rey latín, era rarísima. La formación, reservada para confirió de este modo una legitimidad inédita al una elite e impartida en francés o en un latín de idioma francés y su gran acierto fue integrar a los escuela muy ajeno al latín clásico, consistía en mismos clérigos en el proceso entablado. Mencio- analizar comentarios de textos, sin acceso al pen- nemos como ejemplo que uno de los traductores samiento original ni posible contradicción de una favoritos de Carlos V era Nicole Oresme (hacia teoría heredada por autoridad. 1320-1382), obispo de Lisieux, autor, a petición del En ese contexto cultural, no cabe duda de que la rey, de traducciones y comentarios de Aristóteles. traducción de la cultura antigua casi no podía existir: Con Oresme, el francés llega a adquirir el status de por escasez de fuentes de primera mano y por lengua culta al ir acogiendo paulatinamente en su carencia lingüística. Sin embargo, la actividad de regazo los campos filosófico y científico. Se ha algunos reyes descorrerá el cerrojo, pero, pese a acabado definitivamente una época y la voluntad sus esfuerzos, la obtención de originales griegos real aparece como un progreso decisivo. Dice el seguirá siendo un obstáculo, como lo fue en el caso propio Oresme: «c'estait bien de translater les de la escuela de Toledo hasta el siglo XIII.2 También sciences de grec en latin» y «sont pluseurs gens de la ignorancia generalizada del idioma griego, salvo langue françoise qui sont de grant entendement et por algunos eruditos como Sébillet, trabará las tra- de excellent enging et qui n'entendent pas souffi- ducciones directas, favoreciendo el auge de versio- sanment latin, et pour ce les vaillans roys de France 4 nes indirectas, características de los albores del ont fait aucuns livres translater en françois» Renacimiento. La actividad del traductor llega a ser casi política, Gracias a la generosa actividad de algunos reyes lo que hace de esta labor un verdadero oficio, de tal de Francia, como Juan II el Bueno (1319-1364) y forma que en muchas ocasiones el traductor oculta- Carlos V el Sabio (1337-1380), a partir del siglo XIV rá al autor y llegará hasta adueñarse del contenido la lengua francesa había logrado situarse al lado del de las auctoritates. Son los tiempos de los prefacios latín sin poder ni querer sustituirle. Esta promoción argumentativos, los llamados prohesmes, de la tra- del idioma nacional tenía por forzosa necesidad que ducción-comentario y corrección del autor. Así es inspirarse en obras científicas y literarias de otras como Mathieu le Vilain, en el siglo XIII ya, anotó la culturas con un fondo lingüístico más asentado, siguiente advertencia: «Or semble, sire comte, que como son la griega y la latina. El recurso a la traducción era, por consiguiente, un paso obligado, Georges Bordonove: Les rois qui ont fait la France, Charles Vie Sage, Paris, Marabout, 1990, p. 221. 1 Cit. por Jacques Monfrin: «Humanisme et traduction au 2 Theodore Savory: The Art of Translation, Londres, Cape, Moyen-Age», en Actes du Colloque de l'Université de Stras- 1968, p. 38. bourg, Paris, Klincksieck.1964, pp. 229-232. îcronymus 10 El mundo de la Traducción CHRISTIAN BALLIU ceste parole soit contraire à ce qu'il avoit dit devant..
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