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La Corruption Dans Les Traités Polémiques De Mme Dacier

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La Corruption Dans Les Traités Polémiques De Mme Dacier LA CORRUPTION DANS LES TRAITÉS POLÉMIQUES DE MME DACIER Par Marie-Pierre Krück Département de langue et littérature françaises Université McGill, Montréal Mémoire soumis à l'Université McGill en vue de l'obtention du grade de M.A. Août 2005 © Marie-Pierre Krück, 2005 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-24883-6 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-24883-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada LA CORRUPTION DANS LES TRAITÉS POLÉMIQUES DE MME DACIER Par Marie-Pierre Krück Département de langue et littérature françaises Université McGill, Montréal Mémoire soumis à l'Université McGill en vue de l'obtention du grade de M.A. Août 2005 © Marie-Pierre Krück, 2005 TABLE DES MATIERES TABLES DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ / ABSTRACT II REMERCIEMENTS III INTRODUCTION. BRIBES ET MONUMENTS CHAPITRE 1. GRANDEUR ET MISÈRE D'UNE IDÉE: LA CORRUPTION 14 CHAPITRE Il. LES MAINS PURES: LA DIMENSION THÉORIQUE DES TRAITÉS DE MME DACIER 43 CHAPITRE Ill. LES ARMES: LA PRATIQUE POLÉMIQUE DE MME DACIER 74 CONCLUSION. NOTRE CORRUPTION 104 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 109 RÉSUMÉ DU MÉMOIRE L'idée de corruption traverse et soutient notre mémoire. Il s'agit d'un des enjeux essentiels de la Querelle d'Homère. Il permet non seulement de comprendre comment l'helléniste Anne Dacier appréhendait l 'héritage des Anciens et sa réception par les Modernes, mais aussi de saisir l'inscription de sa pratique polémique dans le contexte de son époque. Mme Dacier est moins une apologiste du poète qu'une polémiste qui attaque le goût corrompu de ses contemporains. Elle craint pour eux, mais surtout pour le texte homérique lui­ même. Elle s'était efforcée dans sa traduction de préserver le poème tandis que son vis-à-vis, Houdar de la Motte, avait pensé bon de donner une adaptation au goût du jour. Bien qu'elle se pose en gardienne de la pureté de la tradition, elle doit pour parvenir à son but se compromettre et parler la langue corrompue de ses ennemis. The idea of corruption travels down and supports this thesis. It stands as one of the principal stakes of the Homeric Quarrel. By analysing it, we may deepen our understanding of the value the famous hellenist Anne Dacier placed on the heritage of the Anciens and its reception by the Modems; we may also better understand in which ways her engagement in polemics belonged to her times. Anne Dacier was less an apologist of Homer than a polemist who attacked the corrupted taste of her contemporaries. She feared for them, but above aH, she feared for the Homeric text. She had done her best in her translation to preserve the poem white Houdar de la Motte, her adversary thought that an adaptation would suit the public better. Mme Dacier presented herself as the guardian of tradition and its purity; nonetheless, to achieve her goal, she had to compromise with her opponents and speak their corrupted language. REMERCIEMENTS Cher Normand, vous m'avez donné le fil d'Ariane de mon mémoire. Depuis ce moment, j'entends votre voix me guider. Vous avez la présence discrète, mais véritable, d'un maître. Frédéric, mon interlocuteur socratique, tu as un don pour la maïeutique. J'ai une sœur, une amie, et une mère. Isadora est tendre. Manon est joueuse. Florence est aérienne. Chacune à sa façon, elles me suivent et me relisent. Je remercie le FQRSC et le CRSH dont les bourses m'ont permis de travailler librement. BRIBES ET MONUMENTS Notre titre, La corruption dans les traités polémiques de Mme Dacier, est honnête: il s'agit bien d'une exploration de l'œuvre polémique de l'helléniste Anne Dacier à partir de l'idée de corruption qu'elle met au coeur de son premier traité, Des causes de la corruption du Goust et qu'elle reprend dans son Homère défendu contre l'Apologie du R. P. Hardouin ou Suites des Causes de la corruption du Goust. Notre mémoire croise 3 grands axes de nature très différente: une idée, la corruption; une figure, Anne Dacier; et un genre, la polémique. Malgré l'intérêt explicite que porte la polémiste à cette idée empruntée à Tacite, aucun critique à ce jour n'a exploré son oeuvre de ce point de vue. D'ailleurs, l'idée même de corruption n'a pas encore son spécialiste. Avant d'aborder les textes polémiques de Mme Dacier et de ses exégètes, un petit détour par l'idée de corruption et l'intérêt qu'elle a suscité au fil du temps s'impose. La notion de décadence, associée tout particulièrement à la fin de l'empire romain, intéresse depuis longtemps les chercheurs; elle a toutefois laissé dans l'ombre l'idée proche mais distincte de corruption, plus étendue, plus ramifiée et plus concrète. C'est sur l'histoire de cette idée que nous avons souhaité nous pencher dans notre premier chapitre afin de bien mesurer sa charge sémantique et de voir comment Mme Dacier se l'approprie. ~ L'écueil auquel s'expose cette étude est de taille, car il n'est pas même sûr que l'idée de corruption soit une et existe à part entière. La matière d'une telle idée est disséminée. Il faut butiner un peu partout et savoir trouver son miel dans des lieux parfois très périphériques. Des auteurs aussi variés que Homère, Aristote, Thucydide, Galien, Lucrèce, Virgile, Sénèque, Cicéron, Tacite, Pétrone et les premiers dictionnaires de la langue française forment ainsi la toile de fond de notre premier chapitre. Que pouvions-nous attendre de la critique si les auteurs eux-mêmes n'isolent pas l'idée de corruption et la traitent souvent de biais? Le fait qu'aucune œuvre, à l'exception importante du De generatione et corruptione d'Aristote, ne soit consacrée à la corruption explique certainement l'absence d'étude critique à son sujet. Notre travail relève en bonne partie de la collecte. Des chercheurs ont ponctuellement travaillé sur certains aspects de la corruption, surtout dans le domaine médical. L'article d'Armelle Debru, « Consomption et corruption: l'origine et le sens de tabes1 », doit sans conteste être considéré comme le point de départ de tout travail sur la corruption. Et malheureusement aussi comme le point d'arrivée. Notre état présent rend compte d'un silence. Il y a certes eu quelques murmures, échappés d'un développement sur la 2 3 4 corruption politique à Athènes , l'alimentation chez les romains , la mort des héros , etc. Quelques études consacrées à la corruption sous l'Ancien Régime compensent toutefois cette maigre récolte pour la période antique. Marc Fumaroli trace la voie dans son article «Temps de croissance et temps de corruption: les deux Antiquités dans l'érudition française du xvne siècleS» qui expose et analyse les «conceptions apparemment inconciliables vis-à-vis du temps humain [que] se partagent les héritiers de la Renaissance [ ... ] ». Philippe-Joseph Salazar6 fait ressortir l'importance de l'idée lArmelle Debru, «Consomption et corruption: l'origine et le sens de tabes », Ménwires VII/. Études de médecine romaine, Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne, 1988, p. 19-31. 2 D. M. MacDowell, «Athenian laws about bribery », Revue internationale des droits de l'Antiquité, XXX, 1983, p. 57-78. 3 Florence Dupont, «Grammaire de l'alimentation et des repas romains », dans Histoire de l'alimentation, dir. J.-L. Flandrin et M. Montanari, Paris, Fayard, 1997, p. 197-213. 4 Jean-Pierre Vernant, « La belle mort et le cadavre outragé », dans L'individu, la mort, l'amour, Paris, Gallimard, 1989, p. 41-79. 5 Marc Fumaroli, «Temps de croissance et temps de corruption: les deux Antiquités dans l'érudition française du XVnesiècle », XVIIe siècle, CXXXI, no 2,1981, p. 149-168. 6 Philippe-Joseph Salazar, « De Poussin à Fénelon: la corruption classique », French Studies in Southern Africa, XVIII, 1989, p. 29-37. 2 de corruption dans le Télémaque de Fénelon, qui a réussi l'exploit de ne s'associer à aucun parti dans la Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes.
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