Les Relations Entre Les Agents De La Gendarmerie Royale Du Canada Et Les Inuit De L'arctique De L'est Lors Des Patrouilles En Chiens De Traineau De 1920 À 1940

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Les Relations Entre Les Agents De La Gendarmerie Royale Du Canada Et Les Inuit De L'arctique De L'est Lors Des Patrouilles En Chiens De Traineau De 1920 À 1940 Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue Les relations entre les agents de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada et les Inuit de l'Arctique de l'Est lors des patrouilles en chiens de traineau de 1920 à 1940 Mémoire Présenté Comme exigence partielle De la maîtrise sur mesure en études autochtones Par Danny Baril Décembre 2019 BIBLI THÈQUE Cégep de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue Mise en garde La bibliothèque du Cégep de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue et de l’Université du Québec en Abitibi- Témiscamingue a obtenu l’autorisation de l’auteur de ce document afin de diffuser, dans un but non lucratif, une copie de son œuvre dans Depositum, site d’archives numériques, gratuit et accessible à tous. L’auteur conserve néanmoins ses droits de propriété intellectuelle, dont son droit d’auteur, sur cette œuvre. Il est donc interdit de reproduire ou de publier en totalité ou en partie ce document sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Warning The library of the Cégep de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue and the Université du Québec en Abitibi- Témiscamingue obtained the permission of the author to use a copy of this document for non- profit purposes in order to put it in the open archives Depositum, which is free and accessible to all. The author retains ownership of the copyright on this document. Neither the whole document, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's permission. ii REMERCIEMENTS Premièrement, je veux remercier mon directeur de recherche, Francis Lévesque de m’avoir lu et relu, pour ses conseils judicieux, sa disponibilité, son écoute et son appui financier. Je le remercie pour toutes les opportunités qu’il m’a offertes au cours de ma maîtrise à l’Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT). Également, je tiens à adresser ma gratitude aux lecteurs de mon projet de mémoire : Caroline Hervé, Frédéric Laugrand et Sébastien Brodeur-Girard. Je remercie aussi les lecteurs de mon mémoire, Claude Gélinas et Nancy Wachowich, pour leurs commentaires éclairants. Je tiens à démontrer ma reconnaissance aux archivistes de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (BAC) à Ottawa pour leur aide lors de mes recherches. Merci, Myriam, pour ton aide et ton soutien lors des dernières années. Finalement, j’adresse mes remerciements au Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH), à la Fondation de l’UQAT et au réseau Qimuksiq Network pour leur soutien financier. iii TABLES DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................... ii LISTE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................ vi RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. viii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, DES SIGLES ET DES ACRONYMES .................. ix CHAPITRE I : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1. Problématique ...................................................................................................... 4 1. 1. Les objectifs de recherche .......................................................................... 10 1. 2. Le cadre théorique et conceptuel .................................................................... 11 1.2.1. Hypothèse ................................................................................................. 11 1.2.2. Souveraineté ............................................................................................. 12 1.2.3. Colonialisme ............................................................................................ 14 1.2.4. Ilira ........................................................................................................... 15 1.3. Sources et méthodologie de recherche ............................................................ 17 1.4. Considérations éthiques .................................................................................. 20 1.5. Plan de la démonstration ................................................................................. 21 CHAPITRE II : LA SOUVERAINETÉ CANADIENNE DANS L’ARCTIQUE : LE CANADA ET L’INTERNATIONAL (1900-1940) ................................................... 22 2.1. La souveraineté canadienne sur l’Arctique en jeu, 1900 à 1940 ..................... 23 2.1.1. La dispute de la frontière de l’Alaska ...................................................... 24 2.1.2. Les explorateurs étrangers avant 1920 ..................................................... 26 2.1.3. Les Danois et l’île d’Ellesmere ................................................................ 28 2.1.4. L’île Wrangel ........................................................................................... 30 2.1.5. L’expédition MacMillan-Byrd de 1925 ................................................... 31 2.1.6. L’affaire Otto Sverdrup ............................................................................ 33 2.1.7. La dispute entre le Danemark et la Norvège pour le Groenland .............. 34 2.2. Consolider la souveraineté canadienne sur l’Arctique .................................... 36 2.2.1. Expéditions navales avant 1920 ............................................................... 36 2.2.2. Patrouille dans l’Arctique de l’Est et implantation des postes de GRC ... 38 iv 2.2.3. La GRC dans l’Arctique de l’Est ............................................................. 40 2.2.4. Les Inuit et la justice canadienne ............................................................. 43 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 49 CHAPITRE III : IMPLANTATION DES DÉTACHEMENTS DE LA GRC DANS L’ARCTIQUE DE L’EST ET L’EMPLOI DU TEMPS DES AGENTS DE POLICE ET DES EMPLOYÉS INUIT .................................................................................... 50 3.1. Installation des postes de la GRC dans l’Arctique de l’Est ............................ 51 3.1.1. Port Burwell (1920-1936) ........................................................................ 51 3.1.2. Ponds Inlet (1922) .................................................................................... 53 3.1.3. Craig Harbour (1922-1926 et 1933-1940) ............................................... 57 3.1.4. Pangnirtung (1923) ................................................................................... 60 3.1.5. Dundas Harbour (1924-1933 et 1945-1951) ............................................ 63 3.1.6. Péninsule de Bache (1926-1933) ............................................................. 65 3.1.7. Lake Harbour (1927) ................................................................................ 67 3.1.8. Port Harrison (1936-1939) ....................................................................... 68 3.2. Les rôles aux détachements de police ............................................................. 69 3.2.1. Agents de la GRC ......................................................................................... 69 3.2.1.1. Les patrouilles en chiens de traineau .................................................... 70 3.2.1.2. Appliquer les lois .................................................................................. 72 3.2.1.3. Aide alimentaire .................................................................................... 74 3.2.1.4. Aide médicale ........................................................................................ 76 3.2.1.5. Explorer le territoire .............................................................................. 77 3.2.1.6. Les occupations à l’extérieur des patrouilles ........................................ 80 3.2.2. Les employés inuit ....................................................................................... 82 3.2.2.1. Les constables spéciaux ........................................................................ 82 3.2.2.2. Les employés temporaires ..................................................................... 83 3.2.2.3. Les prisonniers ...................................................................................... 84 3.2.2.4. Emplois en patrouille ............................................................................ 85 A) Conducteur de chiens de traineau ................................................................. 85 B) Guide ............................................................................................................. 86 C) Interprète ....................................................................................................... 87 D) Chasseur ........................................................................................................ 88 3.2.2.5. Travaux en dehors des patrouilles. ........................................................ 89 3.2.2.6. Familles des constables spéciaux .......................................................... 90 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 92 CHAPITRE IV : LE QIMMIQ ................................................................................... 93 4. Les qimmiit ......................................................................................................... 94 4.1. Utilisation des chiens .....................................................................................
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