Comparison of Ethereum and NEO As Smart Contract Platforms

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in .Nvme 2019 November 5. Wien, erun:AsPo.Dp.Ig a.e.o.e.D.eh oiad Angelo di Monika Dr.techn Mag.rer.soc.oec. Dipl.-Ing. Ass.Prof. Betreuung: Wien Universität Technischen der Informatik für Fakultät der an E ssatcnrc platforms contract smart as NEO oprsno teemand Ethereum of Comparison -00Wien A-1040 u ragn e kdmshnGrades akademischen des Erlangung zur alpaz13 Karlsplatz arklumr00825264 Matrikelnummer uiesInformatics Business Diplom-Ingenieur mRhe e Studiums des Rahmen im ehiceUiesttWien Universität Technische DIPLOMARBEIT ac aes BSc. Bareis, Marco igrih von eingereicht ac Bareis Marco e.+43-1-58801-0 Tel. www.tuwien.ac.at oiad Angelo di Monika Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ina 5 Vienna, dio:AsPo.Dp.Ig a.e.o.e.D.eh oiad Angelo di Monika Dr.techn Mag.rer.soc.oec. Dipl.-Ing. Ass.Prof. Advisor: Wien TU the at Informatics of Faculty the to E ssatcnrc platforms contract smart as NEO oprsno teemand Ethereum of Comparison th oebr 2019 November, umte nprilfllmn fterqieet o h ereof degree the for requirements the of fulfillment partial in submitted -00Wien A-1040 alpaz13 Karlsplatz eitainNme 00825264 Number Registration ILM THESIS DIPLOMA uiesInformatics Business Diplom-Ingenieur ehiceUiesttWien Universität Technische ac aes BSc. Bareis, Marco ac Bareis Marco e.+43-1-58801-0 Tel. by in www.tuwien.ac.at oiad Angelo di Monika Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in .Nvme 2019 November 5. Wien, naedrQel l nlhugkntihgmcthabe. gemacht kenntlich Entlehnung als oder Werken Quelle anderen der die Angabe –, Abbildungen und Karten Tabellen, einschließlich – Arbeit e nenti otatoe e innc nnme id u ee alunter Fall jeden auf sind, entnommen nach Sinn dem der oder Stellen Wortlaut die im verwen- ich Internet die dass dem ich und dass habe habe, angegeben verfasst vollständig selbständig Hilfsmittel Arbeit und diese Quellen ich deten dass ich, erkläre Hiermit BSc. Bareis, Marco rlrn u efsugder Verfassung zur Erklärung ac Bareis Marco Arbeit v Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. retzie,ds bolEhru n E u e rtnBiksh hlc usein zu ähnlich sehr Blick ersten den auf NEO und Ethereum obwohl dass zeigen, Arbeit Gemeinsamkeiten relevante die dienen, dazu die erhalten, zu Daten notwendigen Vergleich von beziehungsweise Plattformen Contract behandelt NEO Smart falls von und Evaluierungen berücksichtigt, und selten Vergleiche Literatur der in wird NEO allem Vor letzten den in Blockchains haben Cryptocurrencys und Bitcoin um Hypes des Aufgrund id anpsir isi e ee u brähih uedmhbndemeisten die haben Außerdem oberflächlich. nur Regel der in dies passiert dann wird, o mr otatPatomnleet is retshiß is ük,idmsie indem Lücke, diese schließt Arbeit Diese liefert. Plattformen Contract Smart von die nicht weitem bei sind Cryptocurrencys Aber erhalten. Aufmerksamkeit viel Jahren ilnBlne hlc uEhru,ae esrctgeczii iiePolm zu Probleme einige gleichzeitig verspricht aber Ethereum, zu ähnlich Belangen vielen i i upatshnKiire i e otnfrdeEseln o mr Contracts. Smart von Erstellung die für Kosten Plattformfeatures den und wie Dokumentation Kritierien der praktischen Reife zu vom die hin reichen über bis Unterschiede Plattform Die der aufweisen. Ziel der Unterschiede allgemeinen Ergebnisse markante Die doch Unterschiede. diese scheinen, dieser Auswirkungen ermöglicht weiteren die Des über identifieren. Diskussion zu eine NEO den und dies für Ethereum die zwischen um Unterschiede angewandt und NEO und wird Ethereum Kriterienkatalog Plattformen Dieser beiden die abgeleitet. basierend auf Literatur Kriterienkatalog anschließend wissenschaftlicher ein in Arbeit strukturierte Kritierien dieser eine in auf Um wird durchführt. gewährleiten, NEO zu und Herangehensweise Auswahl Ethereum der von Vergleich bei detalierten Hilfe einen wenig aber zu darstellt, Literatur Plattformen meiste der die Übersicht dass eine bedeutet, Thema diesem Das Plattformen. unterschiedliche unterschiedliche für verwenden Kriterien sondern Herangehensweise, strukturierte keine Blockchains spärlich. ist befasst, NEO die and Ethereum Beispiel zwischen Unterschieden zum den mit wie sich die – Literatur, sieht konfroniert momentan Ethereum Skalierbarkeit. sich schlechte in denen ist mit NEO NEO. lösen, is Alternativen Alternativen interessante möglichen die meistverwendete dieser Plattformen momentan vielversprechende weitere Die gibt Eine es Platforms. darstellen. aber Contract Ethereum, werden Smart is ausgeführt gennante Plattform um so Platformen spezielle können: Anwendung jedoch zu weitere benötigen eine Contracts stellen Smart Solche agieren, dar. die Regeln unveränderbaren Applikationen und also vordefinierten Contract, nach Smart Blockchaintechnologie. der Anwendung einzige Kurzfassung vii Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ob ut iia,te ie nmn e set agn rmtegnrlga fthe aspects of practical goal more contracts. general to smart the documentation creating from and of ranging features costs seem aspects its the NEO key of like and many maturity Ethereum in the although differ over that they platform show about similar, results discussion quite The a be enables differences. to it differences those Furthermore, NEO notable of NEO. identify and effects and to Ethereum the Ethereum used to between subsequently applied used similarities is then criteria and that is extracting information criteria by relevant an of criteria obtain in catalogue performing of to comparison This catalogue by the a literature. gap choose execute derives scientific the to thesis to in closes order this developers In thesis manner, help NEO. structured This and to a Ethereum little project. between literature their does comparison most for in-depth but that platform means platforms, adequate That existing an of platform. approach, each overview structured to an a criteria use gives different not considered, apply do is blockchains rather it respectively comparisons but if and platforms evaluations and contract most Moreover, literature smart scientific superficially. of is discussed in NEO only considered are and rarely properties Ethereum its is between NEO similarities scalability. Especially and ways poor differences sparse. many like the in faces about Ethereum currently literature to Ethereum However, similar that is issues alternatives. NEO solve interesting NEO. to pose is promises that popular platforms and most platforms promising the other those currently are of contracts is there One smart Ethereum but Such executed. platform, popularity. contract be gain smart to are that of platforms rules, blockchains contract application pre-defined of smart only on case require the act use not that generic attention are applications more of are cryptocurrencies another lot which However, a contracts, years. got Smart blockchains of blockchains. cryptocurrencies, couple and last Bitcoin the around in hype the to Due Abstract ix Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. aaou fCriteria of Catalogue 3 Introduction 1 Contents Abstract Kurzfassung Basics 2 oprsno teemadNEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4 Discussion 5 . tutr fteWr 3 2 3 1 . . 2 ...... Work . . . the . . . . of . Structure ...... Approach 1.5 . . Methodological Work . . the . . of 1.4 Aim . . . . Statement 1.3 . Problem . 1.2 Motivation 1.1 . vriwo E 15 . 12 . 9 5 ...... 10 ...... NEO . . . of . . Overview . . . . . Ethereum . . of 2.5 . Overview . . . (DAPPs) . . Applications 2.4 . Decentralized . . . Contracts 2.3 Smart . . 2.2 Blockchains 2.1 . eutn aaou 22 . . . . 21 . . . . 19 ...... Catalogue . Criteria Resulting of . Catalogue . the 3.3 Deriving Literature from Criteria 3.2 Collecting 3.1 . e ieecs...... 67 71 ...... Markets . and . Applications . Differences 5.2 Key 5.1 . rjc 35 58 48 42 ...... Operation . and . . . Execution . . Development . and . 4.4 Platform . . . Properties 4.3 . Blockchain . . 4.2 Project 4.1 Contents vii 19 35 67 xi ix xi 5 1 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Bibliography Tables of List Figures of List Code Source Token NEP-5 B Code Source Token ERC-223 A Conclusion 6 . utiaiiy...... 72 ...... Sustainability 5.3 89 85 75 87 77 81 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sseswihatmtclymv iia sesacrigt rirr pre-specified arbitrary to according assets digital move automatically which “systems . Motivation 1.1 h em“mr otat sdsrbdb h one fEhru,VtlkBtrn as Buterin, Vitalik Ethereum, of founder the by described is contract” “smart term The to related mostly but contracts, smart not were blockchains on built cases use first The key the introducing by platforms contract smart modern of foundation the laid which fcyt urniso rgambepyet aeit xsec.Nwtetwo the Now existence. notion into the until came usage payments find programmable not or did “it currencies Contracts”, crypto “Smart of paper his published Szabo aecnrcs fcus,ms otat antb lsie tal eas h original the because all, [8]. at or classified published notary be not financial, cannot was as contracts code classified most source course, be [ Of can triggered” Ethereum contracts. is on game when agreement applications payments contractual contract trigger smart a to most of together condition work preprogrammed can Contracts a Smart and Blockchain programs, on focused not non-financial is and which financial blockchain enabling thus of [ and type cryptocurrency contracts applications. a other smart any represents on than side but more cryptocurrencies, market other far a the - has on USD currently billion Ethereum which 140 Bitcoin, nearly is of example capitalization popular most The cryptocurrencies. made”[30]. contains ever blockchain transaction The single [...] every system. verified of the is record in verifiable ledger executed participants and public the been certain the of have a in majority that a transaction events of Each digital consensus or parties. by transactions participating database all among distributed of shared a ledger and essentially public is or blockchain records, “A of technology. System”, blockchain the Cash of Electronic concepts Peer-to-Peer A “Bitcoin: published Nakamoto Satoshi 2008 In ue”[ rules” 99 .Atog h em“mr otat rtapae n19 hnNick when 1994 in appeared first contract” “smart term the Although ]. Introduction CHAPTER 30 .Nowadays ]. 26 1 ]. 1 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2 Introduction 1. . rbe Statement Problem 1.2 . i fteWork the of Aim 1.3 lhuhteei ouetto bu teemadNOaalbe hr sn in-depth no is there available, NEO and Ethereum about documentation is there Although smart other platform, contract smart popular most the currently is Ethereum Although h i fti hssi oetn h urn nweg bu h ieecso Ethereum of differences the about knowledge current the extend to is thesis this of aim The oaheeti oltefloigrslswl eproduced: be will results following the goal this achieve To eeomn n prto fsatcnrcso itiue plctoss htan made. that be so the can on applications platforms difference distributed two those or those of between contracts effects decision smart the informed of discuss and operation platforms and contract development smart as NEO and be to need platforms answered: both be NEO, to and need Ethereum questions of following comparison the and a close evaluated provide to to aims order thesis This In two. those of mechanics gap. and the functionality and the informed of an comparison be should time-consuming platform and contract expensive smart an a be decision. selecting long-term might from another Therefore, applications to distributed process. platform migrating contract issue, smart an still one and philosophy is overall interoperability blockchain the them Since or between support differences quite language platform. many seem the the brings platforms protocol, of analysis Both it consensus goal deeper the Ethereum China. a like like from but light originates because glance, to but first Ethereum”, cases the “Chinese use on as of similar to range referred broad a often platforms allows promising is most which the of NEO, One is alternative. interesting an propose platforms contract for Stellar are or platforms chains. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. . tutr fteWork the of Structure 1.5 . ehdlgclApproach Methodological 1.4 etcnetadts usuigseiclycetdsatcontracts smart created specifically using runs test and concept Test h nlssi ae nEhru n E ssatcnrc ltom.Cryptocurrency platforms. contract smart as NEO and Ethereum on based is analysis The on tested and created be will contracts smart criteria derived the on based Therefore, functionality the about information detailed review more literature gather Further to NEO. stage and this Ethereum at to applied required be be will will criteria of catalogue The h eto hstei sognzda follows: as organized is thesis this of rest The opr teemadNO hscatri ae naltrtr eiwo existing of review literature a on based is chapter This NEO. and Ethereum compare ne ntedvlpetadoeaino mr otat n itiue applications. distributed and contracts smart of Finally, operation and development the on ences of discussion subsequent 5 the applications. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Bokhisaea mrigdgtltcnlg htcmiecytgah,dt man- data cryptography, combine that technology digital emerging an are “Blockchains . 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The epniiiis n en fcmuiain eicto,vldto,adconsensus and validation, verification, communication, of means and responsibilities, ato lc,i ol eivldi h uue fcus,ti eairdpnson depends main the behavior shows this 2.3 course, Figure Of Proof-of-Stake. is used. and future. transaction will protocol Proof-of-Work the a one consensus between in but if the differences invalid blocks even and be mined blockchain that could all particular considering more it case the worth block, or that is two a In of that it time. part possible Therefore, same is the eventually. it at invalid environment block be new distributed a a [108]. create in block miners created next are certain the a blocks of on validator Since their depends the higher normally select the on mechanism to stake, but This randomization their miner, of block. a higher degree next of The the power ledger. networks. validate computing blockchain’s large to the the probability in on to based consumption according not energy trying stake is high and their hand a competing other causes are the mechanism miners on this all Proof-of-Stake solution, Since the power. find computation to their on depends selected ewr protocol network iue23 oprsno ro-fWr n ro-fSae[1] Proof-of-Stake and Proof-of-Work of Comparison 2.3: Figure hc enstecnessmcaimas dfie rights, “defines also mechanism consensus the defines which Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sseswihatmtclymv iia sesacrigt rirr pre-specified arbitrary to according assets digital move automatically which “systems blockchains the of rise the till wait to had application first the but Contracts”, “Smart . mr Contracts Smart 2.2 saraymnindi h nrdcintefis s ae ul nbokhiswere blockchains on built cases use first the introduction the in mentioned already As The as Buterin, Vitalik Ethereum, of founder the by described is contract smart term The “ term The h olwn itsmaie the summarizes list following The eod n oigast.Sm lccan lo otaecd ob trdand stored be to code software allow blockchains Some assets. moving and records otatcnb oie ycligmtosta h mr otatpoie.Although provides. the contract of smart state the the that However, methods immutable. calling are by they modified – be creation can its contract after modified be cannot typical other any as provides expressive of Ethereum [12]. is which hand, [101], principle loops), other language in no the programing On which (e.g. environment, contracts. smart instructions like Turing-complete smart of the blockchains of a set of functionality Some limited the scope and limits The simple platform. course very blockchain’s contracts. a the provide smart on Bitcoin other depends invoke functionality and contract Those data [ blockchains store met. by are assets, provided conditions digital features pre-defined the when on fulfilled rely considered agreements be can which agreements tokens, are contracts smart of tokens. example utility best-known or the ICO and like [ contracts contracts smart smart for for platform platform as served that contracts. smart called are programs Those transactions. blockchain market using its executed to according example successful most the [ being share Bitcoin with related currency (if mechanisms incentive [101]. blocks, authentication aspects” new and similar appending authorization and for ensuring needed), mechanisms includes This transactions, network. new the of in nodes the across ue”[ rules” • • • • raino mr contracts smart of creation rnatosaegopdit lcsbfr hyaeaddt h blockchain. the to added are they before blocks of into sender grouped The are transaction. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 10 .Basics 2. ihters fpafrsspotn mr otat,teie fdcnrlzdapplica- decentralized of idea the contracts, smart supporting platforms of rise the With eetaie plcto sa plcto hr eiin r o aeb single a by made not are decisions where application an is application decentralized A (DAPPs) Applications Decentralized 2.3 al . umrzstedffrne ewe eetaiainaddsrbto n gives and distribution and decentralization between differences the summarizes 2.1 Table one on hosted is application the that means therefore – non-distributed – opposite The xmlst lutaetoedifferences. those illustrate to examples distributed, ledger. decentralized and distributed decentralized a But both is are technology distributed. contracts underlying is smart decentralized the on application being since based application the are An that which network. imply applications a automatically in nodes not or does entities multiple by but entity, place. etc. physical availability, the increasing of there resilience, part – scalability, that entity balancing, means load central [ which a locations applications: distributed, different distributed by are in means made applications exists which are Some are model, centralized application application control. a the central on of a built is regarding are today decisions use the we that that applications the of Most popularity. gained has (DAPPs) tions Therefore, well. as which nodes nodes, multiple some certain on have least executed at to be or need all to contracts [101]. by need smart game verified contracts video be smart a to that in needs means the blockchain currency like a a used in assets like most transaction world values Every the used real digital represent before be or can mentioned company can Tokens As a they tokens. of but contracts. are share case, contracts legal the smart of not of parts is application monitor implies which “contract” or contracts, term automate legal The to are lotteries. contracts or smart casinos administer cryptocurrencies. voting, that hold, customized gaming, to implement to are used or examples be blockchain Further the can on They assets digital applications. exchange many and transactions. have external already on contracts trigger rely Smart cannot but they own, perspective, their conceptional on a action from any self-executing are contracts smart • • • sltd mr otat a eulae yayn h a cest the to each access [54]. from has spreading isolated bugs be who or to anyone viruses need avoid contracts by smart to uploaded that other, means be This can network. blockchain contracts Smart of because Isolated: environments, Turing-complete specified in a achieve within to finish difficult to loops. is needs This contracts limit. smart time of execution same The the Terminable: yield to runs. needs it contract smart time a every involves result that transaction A Deterministic: ai properties basic 81 .Teeaevrosraosfrcreating for reasons various are There ]. : Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. codn odpttlcmteeae15 nw AP n ttoteap.o shows stateofthedapps.com and DAPPs known 1155 are there dapptotal.com to according - neapeo n fteeris AP sGlm oe at oeal resource enable to wants Golem Golem. is DAPPs earliest the of one of example An hs ubr niaetehg neeti itiue plctos[93]. applications Distributed in interest high 1.54 the and indicate July numbers in These published DAPPs new 60 reports stateofthedapps.com platform The 54DPsfrJl 09 hc sadffrneo prxmtl 2 .Ti deviation This %. 120 approximately of difference a is which 2019, July for DAPPs 2544 h rsne ltom s atydffrn aeoiain,wihhdt eharmonized be to had which categorizations, different partly use platforms presented the ilo rnatossn oDP otat uigte2 or fAgs ,2019. 8, August of hours 24 the during contracts DAPP to sent transactions million AP ic ti itiue plcto unn nabokhi lhuhthe although application. – blockchain one that a as host on seen to running be designed application also specifically can distributed was Bitcoin a blockchain is nodes. underlying network it of since power DAPP, computer a idle utilizing by sharing category. and “Other” larger contracts [ a smart available in code categorize resulted source to this published and difficult a is have them it of that all fact, not the because by DAPPs, explained be could differ categories the between relation the and numbers absolute the that visible clearly It’s DAPPs known of number the [ shows stateofthedapps.com the 2.4 platforms on well-known [32]. figure depending two checking in numbers the chart because different to DAPPs, The quite according for yields use. cases DAPPs you use known platform common of DAPP most area the and determine number to the hard quite is It Decentralized Centralized al .:Dsrbtdaddcnrlzdapplications decentralized and Distributed 2.1: Table eg irsf Word) Microsoft (e.g. odpoesn application processing word oa prtn ytm (e.g. system. operating local irOc Calc) LibreOffice source open An Example: proprietary A Example: pedhe otaefra for software spreadsheet o-itiue Distributed and central location by made are one decisions in Runs Non-Distributed usi n oainand multiple entities. location by made are one decision in Runs entity. o oa prtn system. operating local a for opn.(..Gol Drive) Google (e.g. company. ae rpourny (e.g. cryptocurrency. based Bitcoin) xml:Ablockchain A Example: file cloud A Example: trg rvddb single a by provided storage n eiin r aeby made entities. are multiple locations decisions multiple and in Runs central. made are decisions and locations multiple in Runs ..DcnrlzdApiain (DAPPs) Applications Decentralized 2.3. 93 n dapptotal.com and ] 8 .Furthermore, ]. 11 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. .Basics 2. 12 codn otewieae rte yVtlkBtrni 03 teemsintention Ethereum’s 2013, in Buterin Vitalik by written whitepaper the to According Ethereum of Overview 2.4 hc nbe epet rt oeflsatcnrcsicuigteron“arbitrary own their including contracts smart powerful write to people enables which ue o wesi,tascinfrasadsaetasto ucin”[99]. functions” transition state Ethereum and formats transaction ownership, language for goal programing rules this Turing-complete achieve integrated To an applications. with decentralized blockchain for a protocol built general-purpose Ethereum a the be – to ones is generation first the to [102]. is leader Bitcoin market Ethereum what current blockchains. blockchains and generation generation pioneer second second smart as the and described to provided transactions are is that programmable blockchains emerged of those blockchains support – of the first contracts kind with the new platform as a aimed general-purpose considered blockchains that, a generally further After are of blockchains. blockchains variety of Those a generation to transactions. led financial blockchain, provide of to application first the Bitcoin, 1. 3. 2. ouaiy h rtclsol ebitmdlry ota oa hne onot re-used. do be changes can local features that and so platform modularly, entire built the be affect should protocol The whichModularity: platform DAPPs. versatile develop a to but used features, be provide can not the does at Ethereum even Universality: possible, as simple as inefficiencies. be of should cost protocol Ethereum The Simplicity: philosophy iue24 ubro AP yCategory by DAPPs of Number 2.4: Figure sdsrbdi v principles: five in described is Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Transactions conscnantefloigfields: following the contain Accounts iperpeetto facnrc con a ese nfiue25 tsosa shows It 2.5. figure in seen be can account contract a of representation simple A rnatoscnanteuulfilst dniytesne n eiin n h Ether the and recipient and sender the identify to fields usual the contain Transactions to messages sending by triggered be can code the of behavior the and account the within called objects in stored is Ethereum of state The NEO and Ethereum of comparison the in part important an play will principals Those ntesaetasto ucin h ot fatascindpn niscmlxt and complexity its on depend defined transaction is a change of state the costs of The process function. The transition blockchain. state the of the state in the change to meant are mutt rnfr utemr,tascin nEhru locnanadata-field, a contain also Ethereum in transactions Furthermore, transfer. and to steps amount calculation necessary the by Ether. defined in is given pay is you which gas gas-price, The the “gas”. in measured is transactions. using side) (left accounts is defined account [99]. code an address by such contract’s controlled influence the are to accounts way Contract only transactions. the signing Therefore, and “Blockchains”) stored. creating (see code by keys have private using not people do by and controlled are property accounts a owned as accounts.Externally contract but and (UTXO) accounts outputs owned transaction externally unspent between of [ list accounts a those as of stored [85]. not Ether in is in transactions balance paid create are just fees Those or network. contracts fees. the smart transaction fuel pay use to to or used has create is general which to Ether, wants called who cryptocurrency Everybody built-in a has Ethereum later. otatacuto h ih iewihi rae n noe yetral owned externally by invoked and created is which side right the on account contract 5. 4. • • • • rvn pcfi aeoiso mr otat rDPs[99]. or DAPPs restrict or contracts to smart try of not categories should specific protocol or prevent The conducted Non-censorship: are and tests Non-discrimination new if time over found. change are may opportunities protocol new the of Details Agility: trg,wihi sdb h otatcd n mt ydfut[99]. default by empty and code contract the by used is contract) which smart Storage, a is account (if code contract The each that sure balance. makes Ether The and counter once. transaction processed a only basically is is transaction which nonce, The nEhru ee osge esgsfo xenlyondacut that accounts owned externally from messages signed to refer Ethereum in 37 .Acut r dnie ya2-yeadEhru distinguishes Ethereum and 20-byte a by identified are Accounts ]. accounts niebton h Ether the bitcoin, Unlike . ..Oeve fEthereum of Overview 2.4. 13 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 14 Basics 2. hs lcsaecle tl.T en hc lc salwdt ean teemuses Ethereum remain, to allowed is block which define To stale. called are blocks those – hnasatcnrc scetdo ald t oei xctdi h Ethereum the in executed is code its called, or created is contract smart a When ita ahn EM.TeEMeeue h V oe hc salwlvl stack- low-level, a is which code, EVM the executes EVM The (EVM). Machine Virtual hc a eue osn aat mr otat TRGSfil hc limits which field STARTGAS a contract, smart a to data send to used be can which oe eoete on hi ouin l u n lc aet edsisdeventually dismissed be successful to other have the block to one the propagated but roughly be All at not solution. nonce could their valid node found a one they find happen of before blocks nodes solution nodes stale more the blockchains, or and other two time to when same compared happen short blocks rather Stale is regularly. time block time the block Since the that so [44]. block seconds [ the every 13 level on after same about stays adjusted the power at usually computational The roughly is calculation the stays valid. difficulty higher provided be The a needed to means is level. difficulty, threshold time same as smaller more described a value therefore since is hashed and time which The effort block threshold, calculation. the certain nonce of influences a secure amount difficulty cryptographically below certain a a be is conducted to proof miner has its the and that “Ethash” proves called that primary is the Ethereum based by currently Proof-of-Work used is a uses which currently Solidity, Ethereum called language that like so script language. resources, java programming of higher scope other. a limited each in a from [ isolated access determinism are only maintain contracts can contracts the code that contracts sure the makes Furthermore, EVM The language. based contracts makes it – indefinitely run make and to resources used price all are gas GASPRICE hog the and cannot STARTGAS is terminable. call Both which field, one [100]. GASPRICE pay that the to sure and willing call is contract sender a the of steps calculation the iue25 mr otat nEhru [102] Ethereum in Contracts Smart 2.5: Figure 100 99 .Tecretboktm nteEhru ewr is network Ethereum the in time block current The ]. .SatcnrcsfrEhru r sal written usually are Ethereum for contracts Smart ]. osnu protocol consensus h algorithms The . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. n rvdsaTrn-opeesatcnrc ltom[89]. platform contract smart Turing-complete a provides and – Athrs.Treyasltri a erne o“E”a ato relaunch a of part a as “NEO” to rebranded was it later years Three “Antshares”. . vriwo NEO of Overview 2.5 nte e seto Essateooyaesatcnrcs hc r h ai for basis the are which contracts, smart are economy smart NEOs of aspect key Another h iiaiiswt teemso hnyulo tthe at look you when stop Ethereum with similarities The The networks the change will 2.0 Ethereum or “Serenity” called Ethereum of version [100]. next remain The can done, calculation most the with oedpnso h muto te hti edb h con [45]. account the by held is that Ether of amount the on depends vote eea nw susadlmttos ietesaaiiy httepafr currently platform the that scalability, the like limitations, and issues known several blt oitgaedgtliette.Ti si togcnrs oms te blockchains other most to contrast strong the in by is leveraged This is identities. again digital which integrate compliant regulatory to ability being on focuses entities. NEO legal Furthermore, to accounts parties. also among [ but agreements assets standard and digital X.509 transactions link the to on digital allow based the only is using not feature assets does in identity physical this stored digital course, to are The Of linked smart assets NEO. be a Contract of can of feature recognized. assets part identity be Those are which to model. client assets, account-based contracts contract compatible an smart and a all 2.1). model, need by UTXO chapter and identified stored the contract (see be using are blockchains can stored that which of are form assets, and properties digital global the between in leveraging distinguishes assets NEO manner programable decentralized are a NEO in to related assets of Digital use the network.” distributed ] a . . with [70]. “[. economy’ Economy” for as ‘smart contracts achieve smart NEO to of by use self-managed, [ described the be assets, is to digitize assets approach to digital gives identity The which but digital economy, contracts, and focus. smart technology smart a blockchain clear arbitrary build a creating to when platform is developers the hand restrict other directly the not on does goal NEO’s platform. featureless cryptocurrencies actually – cryptocurrency own its has it Ethereum to Similar campaign. has. currently interesting Ethereum an issues proposes solve but to unknown, aims relatively it Ethereum because to alternative, [ compared platform is NEO contract faces. smart popular most the currently is Ethereum one’s of weight The attacks. power 51% high of of the fear use are the the change and by the rather centralization determined for of Proof-of-Stake, not reasons risk is The on the block voting. consumption, based next by be the but resources, that will computational means algorithm This new Proof-of-Work. The than mechanism. consensus one the chain, “heaviest” the that means This GHOST. on based protocol simplified a olo h ltom smnindbfr,Ehru ist eaflydecentralized fully a be to aims Ethereum before, mentioned As platform. the of goal 70 ri hr eso s“iia ses+DgtlIett mr otat=Smart = Contract Smart + Identity Digital + Assets “Digital as version short a in or ] history fNOsat nCiai 04we twsfis one ne h name the under founded first was it when 2014 in China in starts NEO of vrl philosophy overall 93 ,btteeare there but ], ..Oeve fNEO of Overview 2.5. and 70 ]. 15 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 16 .Basics 2. Tu,i spsil ofez,rvk,ihrt eree n wesi rnfrdeto due transfer ownership and retrieve, inherit, revoke, freeze, to possible is it “Thus, hskn fpooo sbsdo rx oig smnindbfr,tehleso the of holders the before, mentioned As voting. proxy on based is protocol of kind This third-parties of interference the without system distributed fully a achieve to want which h E ewr.TeNOntokpast upr uhoeain hnnecessary” when governments. operations like such third-parties support of in to assets [ plans financial institution network compliant an NEO of [ or The registration individual the network. facilitates an NEO This is the it them. on if identity The decisions matter bookkeepers’ judicial no the blocks. – that new NEO requires create by process to verified This therefore and 2.6. and consensus known Figure reach together is in to blockchain tasked illustrated the voting are is of This process bookkeepers state bookkeepers. selected new for The the vote process. and on continuous network a the is manage process to allowed are token (dBFT) NEO Tolerant to Fault [70]. paid Byzantine [98], is Delegated market NeoGas equity the platform. the uses the in NEO of dividends mechanism to control similar - resource tokens transactions the environment, NEO Turing-complete their of holding a fuel part accounts provides to a NEO users also Since by is The network. used it Ethereum protocol. is to the consensus which governance, in the (GAS) for Ether in “NeoGas” like used relevant the called are be of is which can ownership token bookkeepers, It the second for represents it. vote and manage and million to blocks 100 right create of the supply respectively total blockchain a NEO of has kinds “NEO” two called provides token platform a as NEO governments. like 70 .Ti ihihstesrn ieto fNOtwrscmlac n h integration the and compliance towards NEO of direction strong the highlights This ]. iue26 BTpoyvoting proxy dBFT 2.6: Figure aietokens native rcytcrece.Tefirst The cryptocurrencies. or osnu mechanism consensus 70 ]. . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. oepstv set o elwrdapiaina ewl e nteltrchapters. later the has in which see achieved, will be we can as time become application confirmation cannot real-world block blocks for low final aspects that a positive means Therefore, some which forked. finality or of degree stale high a provides dBFT ..Oeve fNEO of Overview 2.5. 17 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. dpomn types”. “deployment . olcigCiei rmLiterature from Criteria Collecting 3.1 h eut hwta hr r i rtrata r rsn napoiaeyhl rmore or half approximately in present are that criteria six are there that show results blockchains The compare to used were which criteria, different 30 in resulted review The comparison structured a NEO, and Ethereum of differences the on discussion a enable To falrlvn aes osnu rtcl agaespot lc ie rnato fees, transaction time, block support, language protocol, Consensus papers: relevant all of later, comparison for used be catalogue will a which create criteria, to the is derive will goal I intermediate chapter first this the In Therefore, criteria. needed. of is platforms both of fsatcnrc ltom n lccan ngnrl eas tiflecsscalability influences it because feature general, discussed in most blockchains the and is platforms protocol contract consensus smart The of throughput. and types deployment can frequency their including 3.1. criteria Table of in list contract seen The smart be platforms. to contract smart applied the respectively be on could criteria they used if the well However, general. as that in platform. considered means platforms each which were platforms platform, to different level each at applied individual for looked were facts but important criteria criteria most of different the list as listed structured a and summarized have individually were not terms did papers different Many those example public, types” that supports “blockchain modes”, platform In “operation a called this if types”. sometimes of describing “deployment is outcome criteria or chains the summarized the consortium affect I a example, not For criteria, or should private same way. which the term, any for common in terms most thesis different the partly under least terms at those used source each Since respectively blockchains of comparison the platforms. with contract dealing smart literature existing reviewing by aaou fCriteria of Catalogue CHAPTER 19 3 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. .Ctlgeo Criteria of Catalogue 3. 20 Throughput types Deployment fees Transaction time Block support Language protocol Consensus Criterion olspot(Development) support Tool support Forking share market ICO data chain of Size governance Platform management Identity capitalization Market community Developer organization and Origin focus Domain process Communication structure Account Model Execution dependencies Blockchain available chain Public system Reward architecture Storage figures performance Cryptocurrency support contract Smart completeness Turing time confirmation Block interoperability Platform status Project strategy & objectives Platform al .:Ciei olce rmliterature from collected Criteria 3.1: Table 27% 27% 27% 27% 33% 33% 33% 40% 47% 47% 53% 53% 53% 73% (rel.) Frequency 7% 7% 7% 7% 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 27% 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 11 (abs.) Frequency 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. . eiigteCtlgeo Criteria of Catalogue the Deriving 3.2 codn otewieae E at olvrg iia sesaddgtliette to identities digital and assets digital leverage to wants NEO whitepaper the to According of comparison the regarding literature most introduction the in mentioned already As criteria the remove to is step next the literature, from terms used the collecting After h satcnrc upr”prs osntne ob netgtd ic teemand Ethereum since investigated, be to need not does se per support” contract “smart The or contracts smart of distribution or execution development, the influence not do which h eto h rtrai osdrdwrhinvestigating. worth considered is criteria the of rest The oprsno h cp fEhru’ Ehru eus o omns EC and (ERC) Comments” for [60]. include Request (NEP) will “Ethereum thesis Protocol” Ethereum’s This Enhancement of "NEO Ethereum. scope NEO’s than the standards of application comparison of a set different characteristics a basic uses the NEO how and ensured. criterion executed are This are terminability investigated. contracts and be smart determinism to how like needs analyze chains to both used of is this model for execution criteria relevant the Furthermore, are platforms the in identities digital and thesis. assets digital both of the extend to used were platform Consequently, contract missing. smart be a criteria. could as existing Ethereum NEO already to analyze attributes comparing that unique worth sources Therefore, be further NEO. might not which but NEO, Ethereum of considers platforms contract smart show not does and snapshot a platforms. just contract “ICO is current smart it of The since capabilities contracts. well, potential smart as the investigated to be than won’t cryptocurrencies share” to market more excluded are relate capitalization” they “market because and performance” “cryptocurrency the already Furthermore, are platforms contract was criteria. smart it other for platforms, in properties contract included “account relevant smart the its evaluating Although because when anyway, platforms. relevant removed contract be smart could are criterion they structure” because selected were NEO well. as of removed development were the criteria for “communication system” not architecture”, “reward but “storage the miner, the stored and or reasons data nodes” operator similar of between node of amount a Because the for because relevant contracts. removed, smart be was might data” node chain a of by “size criteria the First, DAPPs. on influence direct a had well. criteria as frequent platforms other of the scalability of the most Likewise, performance. and civ sateooy sn itiue ewr [ network distributed a using economy” “smart a achieve 70 ..Drvn h aaou fCriteria of Catalogue the Deriving 3.2. .Acrigy h integration the Accordingly, ]. 21 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 22 Criteria of Catalogue 3. . eutn Catalogue Resulting 3.3 safia tpteciei eegopdtgte.Teoealpoesi umrzdin summarized is process overall The together. grouped were criteria the step final a As hscieindsusstegnrlojcie ftepafr’ urudn rjc and project surrounding platform’s the of objectives general the discusses criterion This signs that company or project overarching the of properties discusses criterion This now is before, mentioned steps the by produced was which criteria, of catalogue The .. Project 3.3.1 icse ndti.Tegtee rtrawr rue oehrs hta efficient an that so together grouped were criteria gathered The detail. in discussed hrfr nwihseicuecsso plcto oan tfcss utemr,it Furthermore, focuses. it domains application or cases use specific which on therefore comparison. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sapr fteeauto ftepafr’ auiyi sas ot osdrn the considering worth also is it maturity platform’s the of evaluation the of part a As improved continuously being are blockchains and platforms contract smart major All anonymity regarding strategy platform’s the is considered be should which aspect Another h rgncutyo lccancudb eeatfco hnslcigaplatform a selecting when factor relevant a be could blockchain a of country origin The already is mainnet platform’s contract smart the whether discuss to valid is it Therefore orapiaino mr otat o xml,i o lno uligadecentralized a building on plan you if example, For contract. smart or application your otcutishv o e sudcrepnigrgltosi hyaei atever fact in are they if in regulations bodies corresponding “legislative security issued because are [55]. yet difficult discussed introduced” not is currently have implications is countries legal which most the example evaluating prominent But A token. contracts. smart for DAPPs. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 24 .Ctlgeo Criteria of Catalogue 3. O-hi oennecmrssalohr(..nno-hi)rlsaddecision-making and rules non-on-chain) (i.e. other all comprises governance “Off-chain been have that processes decision-making and rules to refers governance “On-chain community, blockchain the in central become has governance blockchain of topic The “[...] smnindbfr,bokhiso mr otatpafrsaatoe ie crucial A time. over adapt platforms contract smart or blockchains before, mentioned As as described often is which cryptocurrencies to relationship China’s is example Another ela ntesrtgcoinaino h platform. the the of only orientation not strategic depend the platform on contract as smart well a of rules governance the of impact The h ieetgvrac ehd r umrzdi iue3.2. 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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. 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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. I ro-fwr iigsse,priiat ov naymti optto htis that computation asymmetric an solve participants system, mining proof-of-work a “In hncnieigEhru n E h olwn osnu ehnssaerelevant: are mechanisms consensus following the NEO and Ethereum considering When nte rqetymnindapc stetascinvlm.Tecretlmto the of limit current The volume. transaction the is aspect mentioned frequently Another oeac PF)adDlgtdBznieFutTlrne(BT”[104]. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. [ o lccanbsdpafrst uce hywl edt eal ocommunicate to able be to need will they succeed to platforms blockchain-based for ] . . “[. nte setwe vlaigsatcnrc ltom ntrso h development the of terms in platforms contract smart evaluating when aspect Another ih“l ups”satcnrc ltom ti ai oasm htbt platforms’ both that assume to valid is it platforms contract smart purpose” “all with hr r aial w ast civ neoeaiiybtensatcnrc platforms. contract smart between interoperability achieve to ways two basically are There a is platforms contract smart between communication of lack the and isolation The must projects “blockchain distribution, and decentralization of degree higher a achieve To that contract smart the and platform the of possibilities the affects course calculation of limits, which ways, fee by achieved usually is platforms contract smart Turing-complete smart of properties essential three the provide to need mechanics underlying Those comparison the in factor cited often and relevant a is languages supported the of scope The [8]. occur problems when help get to address first the usually is which ipyoeign o-eemnsi ucin rdt ore n iiigo prohibiting or limiting and sources data or functions non-deterministic no offering simply xcto Model Execution eal oitrc ihoeaohr hsi hr neoeaiiycmsit ly [ play” into comes interoperability where is This another. one with interact to able be ltom ol losaeifraindrcl ihec te eeaigtutgenerated trust leveraging other contract [ each contracts smart with provide smart directly Second, by to information management. used share transfer also identity be to could also easy authority platforms could could third-party third-party which trusted trusted information a That external on assets. agree digital can and platforms information more [59]. or interoperability” two as First, to that referred report usually a is in that stated property which a EU, data, the DAPP share by your and recognized distribute also to was trying and when audience obstacles broader cause a can to issue This problem. recurring Interoperability Platform it. on developed are in termination [ Finally, timers itself. or system sandboxed, limits the be step or to contracts needs other contract influence smart cannot executed it the that that so means Isolation calls. dynamic [ termination and isolation determinism, contracts: Turing-complete. is language supported one least at and mechanics [ underlying field and application languages particular Turing-complete a support of platforms independent all therefore Not are platforms. contract smart of developers, of community supporting and running the of activity & size the is process or problems a cause since can well, functionality, [80]. in as process lacking development analyzed still the be is during should that delays machine languages virtual supported or the language prevent of and maturity developers [80]. the of curve Finally, knowledge learning existing steep leverage a to of help need can the and easier tools and 59 11 .Tecoc fseai lodpnso h vrl taeyof strategy overall the on depends also scenario of choice The ]. .A etoe,toepoete a eesrdi different in ensured be can properties those mentioned, As ]. 54 .Dtriimi sal nue by ensured usually is Determinism ]. 12 .Sneti hssdeals thesis this Since ]. ..RsligCatalogue Resulting 3.3. 79 ]. 29 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 30 .Ctlgeo Criteria of Catalogue 3. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 32 .Ctlgeo Criteria of Catalogue 3. sacneune h lc ofimto ieiflecsteapiainsdsg and design application’s the influences time confirmation block the consequence, a As h hogpto rnatosi nipratfco hneautn mr contract smart evaluating when factor important an is transactions of throughput The network particular the of configuration the second. by per influenced processed heavily transactions is the too describes criterion platform This contract smart a in Throughput of trade the be would example especially An processes, involved. world are real prices to moving comes it fast when with problems assets causes when of course protocol of consensus latency the This of part is transaction or blocks conflicting of resolution The h aec ewe umsinadcnrainmnindi h rvoscatris chapter previous the in mentioned confirmation and submission between latency The vial eore fantokb o xml yrniga nnt op[2,[102]. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. nte setta hudb osdrdi h oaiiyo uhcytcrece in cryptocurrencies such of volatility the is considered be should that aspect Another hrfr,tecs rfemdladtevltlt ftedgtlcrec ed obe to needs currency digital the of volatility the and model fee or cost the Therefore, of owner the Usually different. quite be can work cryptocurrencies those how model The in example, For actions. performed the and platform used the on depend costs actual The teema prto npraetsoaei uhmr xesv hnacalculation a than expensive more much is storage permanent on operation an Ethereum osdrdwe vlaigsatcnrc platforms. contract smart evaluating when volatile considered costs. very future be calculate can to transaction hard a subject it for currency makes pay the This to and the well. required high and amount as is FIAT currency volatility FIAT the the a speculation, If between to conversion necessary. a is point cryptocurrency some platform’s at therefore currencies, FIAT pool. transaction the parameters within certain transaction changing the by of transaction priority a the of affect costs provide. e.g. the platforms that contract influence smart can most transaction that a cryptocurrency the of form a in paid are Fees [100]. operation oprsnt ITcrece.Ms opne antericm n a ae in taxes pay and income their earn companies Most currencies. FIAT to comparison ..RsligCatalogue Resulting 3.3. 33 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. . Project 4.1 .. betvs&Strategy & Objectives 4.1.1 iai uei [99]: Buterin Vitalik ospotawd ag fapiain,Ehru nertdaTrn-opeevirtual Turing-complete a integrated Ethereum applications, of range wide a support To estl ltomcnb on ntecr rnilso teemwihwr endby defined were which Ethereum of principles core the in found be can platform versatile Ethereum otescn eeainbokhis hc en hti oue npoiigaplatform a providing on focuses it that means which blockchains, generation second the to ahn nisbokhi,wihw ildsusi ealltr teemsga ob a be to goal Ethereum’s later. detail in discuss will we which blockchain, its in [99]. machine a [102], platform be or the to creating case aims when use such mind special in no as was Therefore, Ethereum domain applications. application decentralized transactions. for programable protocol and general-purpose contracts smart for 1. 4. 3. 2. glt:Dtiso h rtclmycag vrtm fnwtssaecnutdor conducted are tests new if time over found. change are may opportunities protocol new the of not Details re-used. do be Agility: changes can local features that and so platform modularly, entire built the be affect should protocol The Modularity: which platform DAPPs. versatile develop a to but used features, be provide can not the does at Ethereum even Universality: possible, as simple as inefficiencies. be of should cost protocol Ethereum The Simplicity: sojcie eearayitoue ntebsc hpe.Ehru belongs Ethereum chapter. basics the in introduced already were objectives ’s oprsno teemand Ethereum of Comparison CHAPTER NEO 35 4 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 36 .Cmaio fEhru n NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. 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Governance 4.1.4 nsae hc snwrfre oas to referred now is which – Antshares h eeomn fteNOpooo sserdb h E onain non- a Foundation, NEO the by steered is protocol NEO the of development The hc ep te opne ostu lccan.DAi eysmlrt NEO to similar very is DNA blockchains. up set to companies other helps which was that company blockchain the – OnChain is NEO with associated most company The 2018: in organization NEO’s of restructuring the during founded were organizations Two n hrfr rfisfo t non eeomn.D oge vnmnin that mentions even Hongfei Da development. ongoing its from profits therefore and oe ntepafr u ple nasca ee.Tegvrac rcs sbsdon based is process governance The level. social a on applied but platform the in coded Ethereum Chinese the mostly is it OnChain, of relationship case close the in a to Although government. maintaining smart contributes governments. compliant OnChain Ethereum: and legally economy. to enterprises of smart contributes to creation a ConsenSys the create what enable to project [ to goal NEO Hongfei wants its Da NEO accomplish said that to concrete” is contracts something known is is there what But unless NEO and governments between blockchain [ [ incorporate to future systems plans the their which government, in in Chinese the possible with be works closely will OnChain chains DNA-based and NEO between interoperability (DNA), Architecture Network Distributed called own product doesn’t blockchain own Onchain its so has entities, “First, OnChain separate companies: are even [77] separate Onchain Onchain.” Hongfei fact and NEO, Da in NEO or that are that NEO, close, OnChain clarify so and to is NEO need connection that I publicly The clarify Zhang. to and needed Hongfei Da by founded [65]. projects” blockchain high-quality development, & research on [ focuses development and Foundation community NEO and the of marketing organization (NGC). sub a Capital is Global NGD NEO and (NGD) Development Global NEO can and platform [65]. NEO and future the Hongfei its for Da on power by decision-making decide co-chaired executive ultimately is have Foundation who The Zhang, China. Erik in located as organization and profit a 2.0 creating NEO version. on called current laid is most was version the focus new is the This 2019 that economy”. August with “smart of and the NEO for to system [ rebranded distributed USD was Million Anshares platform. conducted 4.5 2017 was NEO raised In days the crowdsale 10 develop second lasted to A that used crowdsale 000. are a 500 The funds 2015 USD together. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Arudo osnu ossso tp ...]: . . 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Response Prepare enough receiving after Commit broadcast Validators N en h ubro okepn nodes. bookkeeping of number the being 24 .A led ecie,ti efrac datg sahee yreducing by achieved is advantage performance this described, already As ]. M . v trigfo n tmyices ilaheigteconsensus” the achieving till increase may it and 0 from starting , p ( = M h v − : = v N mod ) − F N M oe r eurd-aview a - required are nodes 71 .A eut when result, a As ]. ..Bokhi Properties Blockchain 4.2. (4.5) (4.4) 47 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 48 NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. I re o lccaneoytmt prt,ndsms xct rnatosand transactions execute must nodes operate, to ecosystem blockchain a for order “In answered were 23.200 around which from – StackExchange platform the on “Ethereum” . ltomadDevelopment and Platform 4.3 .. agaeSpot&Community & Support Language 4.3.1 soecnse h agaespoti ut iie.Atog h vial languages available the Although limited. quite is support language the see, can one As hc xctsEMcd uigcmlt tc-ae yeoelnug [8]. language bytecode stack-based Turing-complete a – code EVM executes which eventually was but 2019, for planned was nodes bookkeeping of decentralization The eeasee ytecmuiy[92]. community the by answered were in contracts smart develop to used be can which languages, high-level few a are There .,tedcnrlzto lni urnl nhl nodrt mlmn h migration the implement to order in hold on currently is plan decentralization the 3.0, sa pnsuc tnad eas AMspot ubro oiglanguages, coding of number (W3C) a Consortium supports Web WASM Wide Because World the standard. by open-source defined an is as which Assembly, Web off based questions those of 2300 Over range. time that same see we the “Solidity” in contain question that 2400 with questions about tagged only were were considering there questions the When 24.000 community. 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Lisp-like low-level a is which LLL, ssatcnrc ltomi ae nteEhru ita ahn (EVM) Machine Virtual Ethereum the on based is platform contract smart as Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 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NEO Ethereum ssatcnrc ltomi ae navrulmcie This machine. virtual a on based is platform contract smart ’s 72 .A fSpebr21,Jv sntflyspotd but supported, fully not is Java 2019, September of As ]. r xctdi ita ahn aldEhru Virtual Ethereum called machine virtual a in executed are 63 .I steeoeavsbet s C# use to advisable therefore is It ]. 100 .Tefis tt,as called also state, first The ]. ..Pafr n Development and Platform 4.3. 49 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 50 NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. hr sEhru tt rniinfnto and function transition state Ethereum is Υ Where h V osntoe o-eemnsi ucin,sneEhru sbsdo a on based is Ethereum since functions, non-deterministic offer not does EVM The contracts, ] creating . . includes [. 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T tnsfor stands 54 .For ]. 100 ]. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. codn oteNO htpprteNoMesrscnitn xcto eut on results execution consistent ensures NeoVM the whitepaper NEOs the to According ol euti ieetvle ndffrn oe,wihwudvoaetedeterminism the violate would the which of nodes, time different creation on values the different but in time, result system would actual the return not does NEO Therefore ita ahn.Isdsg eebe h aaVrulMciead.E utm and runtime .NET and Machine Virtual Java the resembles design Its machine. virtual urn lc [ block current eurmn.NOteeoede o rvd h eeaino togrno ubr to numbers random strong of generation the provide not does therefore NEO value.requirement. same the obtain will network the in node every non-deterministic a that is is guaranteed function any which be this offer time, cannot However, not system it the does applications. since of NeoVM regular retrieval the in the goal, function is this common example achieve To An network. functions. NEO non-deterministic the within nodes all contracts: smart of execution the for [ stacks etc.” four cryptography, stack uses operation, control, responsible NeoVM logical flow mainly as operation, is] such arithmetic it instructions, operation, [and corresponding bit NeoVM interoperation executing operation, of the and core scripts and the stacks loading is the for “ExecutionEngine engine, The execution layer. the service components: three of consists in each contracts from Smart isolated are contracts smart that ensures other. approach machine virtual the Finally, information: of general, types In three information. to on-chain access and have EVM Ethereum the in to contracts limited the smart is hash, access block data the the [100]. 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NEO r xctdi h eV,aTrn-opeestack-based Turing-complete a NeoVM, the in executed are ..Pafr n Development and Platform 4.3. 68 ]. 51 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 52 NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. .. ltomInteroperability Platform 4.3.3 oua xml fsc rjcsi hiln.Caniki eetaie oracle decentralized a is Chainlink Chainlink. is projects such of example popular A is which data If sources. data external are determinism regarding concern Another hc ssdffrn xcto otxsta r trdi h noaintc.This InvocationStack. the machine, in virtual the stored of are design that the contexts by execution ensured different is contracts uses smart which different of isolation The h rhtcueo h eV silsrtdi gr 4.1. figure in illustrated is NeoVM the of architecture The hiln oesadcnb eaie o rvdn rn rernosdt.O the On data. erroneous or stake wrong operators providing Chainlink for – penalized stake-based be is can process and This authenticity tokens information oracles. Chainlink of using verification provided decentralized data the of blockchains. enables of Chainlink contrast, goal third-parties decentralization In as trusted the serve on undermines can depend which oracles Oracles information, Those Usually provide data. blockchains. to off-chain different access between to bridge contracts a smart allows gap. which the service close to aiming projects several are there but across of interoperability, information case blockchain share In allow to networks. DAPPs or or blockchains contracts different smart allows interoperability Platform native a already is GAS since blockchain, not [72]. the blockchain does of NEO gas currency that the though, the enables of be eventually is to token to limit, Ethereum exchanged process has that to be This GAS difference exceeds to contracts. The returned. have used smart be contracts. on of gas won’t smart based execution the of gas and also terminability used If creation is the the but It transaction. for terminated, each paid Ethereum. be for will to limit execution similar the pre-defined model a meter the and fee use gas a to is uses data NEO external Furthermore, access to way only ISL. the mentioned and already sandboxed contracts smart makes the within possible only is [72]. Recursion contract recursively. the other contract of each smart boundaries [ the call meaning execution of cannot behavior before static: contracts the clear be smart allows fully to which have be runtime, targets to at the call specified but be other, oracles. cannot each target using call the to e.g. data contracts – that smart first data, allows blockchain other NEO the executing access to to the transferred needs to be contract a to associated If has values (ISL). Layer the Service holds Interoperation which transaction, space, and [ blocks storage contract all including contract ledger, blockchain the the and are sources data Those sources. [72]. generated block be current can numbers the pseudo-random of But hash the does. using Ethereum like – determinism ensure eemnsi.T nuedtriim E nyalw oacs eemnsi data deterministic access to non- allows becomes only function NEO entire determinism, the ensure then To non-deterministic, deterministic. is runtime during obtained 72 .Dt xenlt h eV a nyb cesdb sn h integrated the using by accessed be only can NeoVM the to external Data ]. 72 .NOdfie n iiainrgrigcalls: regarding limitation one defines NEO ]. Ethereum hr sn ul-nfaue to features built-in no is there Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. h lblitrakdt rnfradpyetsse [78]. – system SWIFT payment with and cooperate transfer they data that interbank announced global they the when popularity gained Chainlink variations: two are there Chainlink, of mechanism provide case consensus the they a In decentralized, when place. is tokens in process Chainlink be entire with must the rewarded Since get information. operators correct those hand, other 1. 2. steoeta sue.Ndsta rvdddt htde ac hto the of that match does that data provided [56] that rewarded.” data not Nodes for or request used. penalized a are is to majority that returned answer one common the most is The the — within Consensus rewarded. fall Democratic not not or does data penalized that providing are information with or provide tasked error that nodes of the Nodes margin by contract. reached smart is a average to An — Mean to “Return iue41 eV rhtcue[89] Architecture NeoVM 4.1: Figure ..Pafr n Development and Platform 4.3. 53 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 54 NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. h mr otatpafr fNO–wnst ietypoiespotfrcross-chain for support provide directly to wants – NEO of platform contract smart the – .. dniyManagement Identity 4.3.4 spoiiga hsapoc ons so etme 09No sntpr ftelive the of part not is NeoX 2019 September of as sounds, approach this as promising As cross-blockchain provide to aim that projects of number vast currently is there Although hr r loseicsltosfrbokhi neoeaiiybtenEthereum-based between interoperability blockchain for solutions specific also are There h otwdsra plcto eae oiett aaeeto teemi uPort. is Ethereum on management identity to related application widespread most The Pr rvdsadgtliett ae nEhru,wihcnb dnie sn public a using identified be can which Ethereum, on based identity digital are a Identities provides uPort parties. centralized to own address. rights their Ethereum manage managing public and their the own by giving to identified users of allows instead that full identity standard the identity individual an the defines give ERC-725 to aim identity. but digital registry, systems their centralized those over identity a systems, control decentralized using management a identity implemented of existing not to creation are contrast the In with deal system. management which available, DAPPs and standards Ethereum available. development for tutorial a there is basic nor network some provide they as long [ as well too, [70]. as compatible That functions compatible made contract be be smart to default. could planned platform by are other NeoX DNA) every on with (based developed blockchains compatible OnChain Furthermore, NEO. by be on based networks should private includes blockchains agreement. theoretically different the NEO on following located all not are party Basically which one assets of trade atomic risk to on the contracts based without smart is chains or NeoX users blockchains. allow indepen- different which not swaps, with and interact whole which a [ DAPPs, as chain cross-chain – fail given challenge or each a succeed on is to dently chains have multiple transactions different across distributed consistent across cross-chain transactions scattered those are that Keeping transactions blockchains. are transactions distributed distributed cross-chain Cross-chain between execute assets to digital how of exchange defines how the also on transactions. describe but only method networks not consistent blockchain does a different [ NeoX have chains NeoX. different to protocol between aims the handled NEO are that assets is digital reason The interoperability. yet. solution widespread NEO or standard accepted no is there interoperability, chains. both on Ethereum contracts between smart tokens facilitating transfer by to classic mean a Ethereum provides and which peaceBridge, Like networks. rvd n u-ftebxiett aaeetfaue.Hwvr hr r ERC are there However, features. management identity out-of-the-box any provide olw ieetsrtg eadn rs-lccanitrprblt.NeoContract interoperability. cross-blockchain regarding strategy different a follows sdsge ob etrls ltom hrfr,Ehru osnot does Ethereum Therefore, platform. featureless a be to designed is 70 .A osqec,No ol lo h eeomn of development the allow could NeoX consequence, a As ]. 72 .NOsapoc sdescribed is approach NEO’s ]. 58 n theoretically and ] Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. “iia ses+DgtlIett mr otat=SatEooy [70]). Economy” Smart = Contract Smart + Identity Digital + Assets (“Digital lhuhNoDi o e ieo o rprydcmne,NOhsmd some made has NEO documented, properly nor or live yet not is NeoID Although ihntetutntok hs he at rvd ahmtclmdlt abstract to model mathematical a provide parts three These network. trust the within eso fNO–NO30–adi lne ob eesdi 00 eI ilallow will NeoID 2020. in released be to planned is and – 3.0 NEO – NEO of version 05mkn iia intrslglybnig[ binding legally signatures digital making 2005 Pr.I at ogv sr oecnrloe hi aaadeal hmt securely to them to enable similar and are data ID their Seraph over [96]. control of data more goals personal users The their give NEO. share to on Seraph wants built released It framework Blockchain identity uPort. 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NEO ssateooystrategy economy smart ’s ..Pafr n Development and Platform 4.3. 58 .Ti oiini in is position This ]. 55 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 56 NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. .. olSupport Tool 4.3.5 gi,toetosrl nts hist eaalbe h etn fsatcontracts smart of testing The available. be to chains test on rely tools those Again, needed are which tools development the 3.3.3 chapter the in mentioned already As e-ae dtradcmie hc lost rt mr otat o E nC#, in NEO for contracts a smart provides write NeoCompiler.io to example, allows For which ecosystem. compiler NEO and the editor in web-based tools similar are There vulnerabilities. detect to code EVM and Solidity have analyzes can which issues small alleged how shows blockchain Ethereum the on attack DAO example The for Framework Truffle The process. testing the ease to tools also are There [27]. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. .. plcto Standards Application 4.3.6 plcto tnad in standards Application and test to used be can which net, test public a provides NEO before, mentioned As hc en hti h eiin fatkni otatcnrle con,acertain a account, contract-controlled a is token a of recipient the if that means which the allows it limited: quite standards other to compared is standard the of scope The for interface standard simple a defines ERC-20 ERC-20. is standard ERC used most The NEOSCAN.io like them of Some NEO. for available explorers block multiple are There chain simulated local a providing Ethereum: for Ganache as goals same the shares which points break where level, machine virtual the at option debugging a provides NeoVM The n reigvrulct.Ec a saoeo--id–te r o-ugbe sof As USD. non-fungible. million are 27 they exceeded – transactions one-of-a-kind CryptoKitties a of collecting is popular volume with A cat the deals ERC-721 Each forever. 2019, which handle lost December cats. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 58 NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. . xcto n Operation and Execution 4.4 hnw ics h em“lc ie,w edt itnus ewe h expected the between distinguish to need we time”, “block term the discuss we When .. lc Time Block 4.4.1 saraymentioned, already As ERC-721 to similar it makes which tokens. function, non-fungible transfer with safe deals a but uses NEP-5 standard to this similar Again, is which NEP-11, standard, Another registry identity decentralized a create to allows which ERC-1484, is example Another by standard ERC-20 the extends which ERC-223, is mentioning worth standard Another h tnad etoe r utasbe ftetknsadrsdfie nERC in defined standards token the of subset a just are mentioned standards The address. wrong h ubro plcto tnad in standards application of number The xml,EC16 ensasadr o ipeadimtbepoycontract. 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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 5ad2 eod [70]. seconds 20 and 15 codn h E’ htpprteepce lc ieo E’ ane sbetween is mainnet NEO’s of time block expected the whitepaper NEO’s the According irregular. still is it stable, quite currently is time block average Ethereum’s Although which bomb, difficulty the also is there adjustments, related time block the to Additional h culaeaeboktm fNOle ewe 6ad1 eod.Fgr . shows 4.3 Figure seconds. 17 and 16 between lies NEO of time block average actual The algorithm. Proof-of-Stake Ethereum’s like time, block regular a provides NEO Therefore, will 2.0 Ethereum 2.0). 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NEO seconds eight to it reduce to possibility the regularly. more blocks produces [ seconds 18.09.2019. 14 and that and 19.08.2019 so 13 between latency between time expected lies block the month and six [ network low last was Ethereum interval stays the the That forks of of seconds. size number 14.5 the the approximately to of respect time in block chosen expected an has [ Ethereum adjusted difficulty. be the not increases will that difficulty factor the another seconds, is 20 and ten between was time block the ncnrs,Ehru’ e osnu loih,wihi ae nProof-of-Stake, on based is which algorithm, consensus new Ethereum’s contrast, In scnessagrtm eeae yatn al oeac,i o work-based. not is Tolerance, Fault Byzantine Delegated algorithm, consensus ’s iue42 vrg lc ieo teem[44] Ethereum of time block Average 4.2: Figure 90 .Acrigt tesa.o h culboktm of time block actual the Etherscan.io, to According ]. 44 .Fgr . lutae h average the illustrates 4.2 Figure ]. ..EeuinadOperation and Execution 4.4. 90 ]. 59 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 60 NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. .. lc ofimto Time Confirmation Block 4.4.2 rnatosi teemscretvrincno ecniee nlrgtaa,because away, right final considered be cannot version current Ethereum’s in Transactions [ minutes six about to equivalent is which transaction a before needed blocks) (or time the describes time confirmation block The a ecniee nl–maigi sipsil rvr nieyta t ttsi not is status its that unlikely very or impossible is it meaning – final considered be can ti osbeta h lc otiigtetascini nuce enn htmultiple that meaning uncle, an is transaction the containing block the that possible is it ubro epeaewligt unvr ag mut fmny fand esthat sees node a If money. of amounts large very burn [ to blockchain willing the are of people part of become number to it stake must for “economic validators block of provides next 2/3 the Proof-of-Stake, that on on dictates Ether based algorithm be Proof-of-Stake The will Ethereum’s stale. finality”. which siblings version, the the next all is Ethereum’s making mechanism 4.2.3. tree, consensus chapter the The in through discussed time. path were of same the details chain the on (or at decides blocks exist that the paths algorithm of multiple one where causing tree, time, [ a same stale the be roughly to at blocks) block a mined miners users blocks confirmed more final. the value, transaction depends the a final higher consider transaction the they a – before consider transaction wait they the should before of wait attacks, value should the double-spend users on prevent time to actual the confirmations and block 25 to [ 20 block wait a to of recommended part becoming of after case final finality, In immediately transaction not probabilistic blockchains are a Although transactions offer “Finality”. that only as meaning known usually also they immutability, is transaction concept This offer anymore. change to going taypiti h uuetecnnclhsoywl oti oflcigboki falarge a if is block conflicting a contain will history canonical the future the in point any at Ethereum 58 scretvrinwihi ae nPofo-ok ti generally is it Proof-of-Work, on based is which version current ’s iue43 vrg lc ieo E [76] NEO of time block Average 4.3: Figure .Fo oe esetv,bok nEhru a ese as seen be can Ethereum in blocks perspective, model a From ]. 87 .O ore hsnme sjs guideline a just is number this course, Of ]. 28 .“h nywythat way only “The ]. 87 ]. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. hnabokwsgnrtd tmasta ucetnme fndsvtdfrthe for voted nodes of number sufficient a that means it generated, was block a When .. hogptadScalability and Throughput 4.4.3 novoswyt nraetetruhu ol et lo oetascin per transactions more allow to be would throughput the increase to second way per obvious processed An transactions second. of per number transactions average 15 actual to the up 2019, process September currently of can As Ethereum mentioned, already As in happen cannot Ethereum, in happens which forking, constant the consequence, a As a .3drn h at6mnh seFgr 4.4. 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Ethereum currently 61 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 62 NEO and Ethereum of Comparison 4. 90.09ad1.921.Tetruhu svsaie nFgr ..NOi currently is NEO 4.5. Figure in visualized is throughput The 18.09.2019. and 19.09.2019 omnt rvnts odce n21 hwdta pt 43tascin per transactions 2433 to up that showed 2018 in conducted test driven community A h pcfiaino teem20sae htteBao hi ilspotu o1024 to up support will Chain Beacon the that states 2.0 Ethereum of specification The el ota clblt a eicesdee ute.NOhsa datg nta area, that in advantage an has NEO further. even increased be can scalability that so well, ofiue o1 eod,tecretmxmmnme ftascin e eodi 33. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. .. xcto Costs Execution 4.4.4 l rnatosaesbett aefeo 100gs(needn rmisoperations) its from (independent gas 21,000 of fee base a to subject are transactions All a e ohg,bcuepraetdt a ob trdo vr oei h Ethereum the in node every on stored be to has data permanent because high, so set was rate exchange is price gas The price. gas a define to has transaction a of sender The aibe ol eietfidadeeue nasqeta anrweeyindependent whereby manner sequential a in executed and identified be would variable, ewr.Teeatcsso prtosi teemcnb on nEhru’ yellow Ethereum’s in found be can the Ethereum of in decentralization operations ([100]). the much of decrease paper require costs then would exact would node storage The which Ethereum permanent money, network. an the therefore maintaining using and cheap, of storage that was price more means data The That storing gas. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sdsusdi h “ the in discussed As oaheeterga,i sa motn atrta teemi o eedn na on dependent not is Ethereum that factor important an is it goal, their achieve To the and NEO and Ethereum between differences key the discuss to aims chapter This at ob etrls eei ltom htde o iciiaeo esrDPSand DAPPS censor or discriminate not does that platform, generic featureless a be to wants etrs oee,ms ftefaue htsol upr h mr cnm r not are economy smart it those the identities, on support should digital effort development that and features their assets the focuses digital of application. that with most the platform deals However, of a that features. focus considering DAPP the worth a not on be is create depends could economies it to smart - want on developers you focus for If The aspect incorporating need negative platform. by the a their acknowledges have necessarily in NEO probably standards which will identity bodies, digital economies government existing Smart existing with platform. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. hnw oka h “ the at look we When nte setta ed ob osdrdi h omnt fdvlpr.Ehru has Ethereum developers. of community the is considered be to needs that aspect Another h ulo fbt ltom eadn dniymngmn n rs-ltominter- cross-platform and management identity regarding platforms both of outlook The the that argue, could One part. take to developers non-Chinese for harder it makes which Ethereum allows This WebAssembly. flavored Ethereum the eWASM, to migrated be will consider also should one But scalability. or decentralization important: more is one which aao ntbsdlnugslk # hsi ueavnaesnedvlpr can developers since advantage huge a is This C#. like languages based .net or Java ieo h omnt ilices vrtm,bti ilb adfrNOt ul pan up build to NEO for hard be will it but time, over increase will community the of size machines virtual new the Unfortunately, tools. and languages of range wider a support to hsmksNOfrmn eeoesuatatv,wiha eutrdcstesz of size the reduces result a course, as Of which NEO. unattractive, on developers community. dollars many on the of for contracts thousands NEO smart spend makes create to use this can have to would who projects cheaply, developers, well-funded quite semi-professional allows Ethereum or only Private model platform. price current the Chinese, the in when other community each active with NEOs interact cases. it many of in parts provided some be and can smaller help much that is means community which community, active Ethereum. very over a NEO of of terms advantages in main speed the up not of catch does one eventually NEO diminish determine will If will as to which Ethereum sparse. lists tricky support, compilers, is NEO is language documentation further languages it since the of Again, compiler development of supported. each some the fully of that yet and status mind not exact code in fact the the keep in should of are maintenance one languages the But Using supported eases tools. applications. parts of regular both and use which for contracts the it parts, languages smart Furthermore, off-chain programing for and ones. same code on-chain no contain the of learn will consist to projects have DAPPs that not most means do that like and considered languages, know be multiple already should supports they have already language will hand the developers other use that the means on which NEO 2.0, Ethereum 2021. of until version wait later to a for scheduled EVM is the ones. because new improve, learn will to situation have and this they 2.0, - Ethereum support. Ethereum C# for with or language languages Java that limited like programing claims very languages Ethereum used existing a actively use has two cannot Ethereum only developers are differences. there more Currently exhibit NEO and two performance of the scalability discuss chapter. the will this measure I in cannot decentralization. on you at of later But factor degree implications one decrease. their increase will transaction. comparing two you by of other if platforms throughput the that the of states driving one merely factor blockchains least only of decide the trilemma the to not the have trust is Furthermore, you to protocol network, have consensus change public will the to a users that using going again DAPPs but is of done, this the developer is that under a 3.0 claimed are NEO As NEO nodes of Foundation. of accept development six NEO founders to the needed The to as majority five own. two-third soon since their the as on NEO them blocks gives of requires This reject users currently or Foundation. the approach NEO This from the of trust again. control elected of be amount won’t large they a otherwise correct, and fair ltomadDevelopment and Platform eto,w a e htEthereum that see can we section, ” ..KyDifferences Key 5.1. 69 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 70 Discussion 5. nispafr,bttoefaue r o ieyt h rs-hi neoeaiiyof interoperability cross-chain The yet. live not are features those but platform, its in – at oicroaebt etrs–iett aaeetadcoscaninteroperability cross-chain and management identity – features both incorporate to wants hsrflcsteoealsrtg fNO ic iia sesaeacre tn fthe of stone corner a are assets digital since NEO, of strategy overall the reflects This eie.A ona hr stefis rdcieDP nNOwihatal generates actually which NEO on DAPP productive first the is there as soon As verified. fyulo ttecsso raigadoeaigsatcnrcs ti biu htNEO that obvious is it contracts, smart operating and creating of costs the at look you all. 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NEO smart consensus finality, If based instant once Proof-of-Stake requires diminish a project requires will introduce a advantage application will if This your which So, If live, advantage. goes used. clear 2.0 protocol a Ethereum consensus has instant Whereas different offers NEO different. the NEO confirmation, quite to minutes, instant is six due hand 2.0 around is other Ethereum is This – the time finality. platforms on confirmation the time block of confirmation current versions block new Ethereum’s The the with 3.0. the change NEO of to and likely terms is in this NEO but and seconds, Ethereum of operation differences description, the and economy discuss smart will the needs. we fits your serve Finally, application fitting that your standards standards if on be – likely focus economy will strategy likely smart there fitting most a a will of with will NEO goal platform standards DAPPs. their token contract creating on smart when a focus important the selecting is why that tokens. likely illustrates on is This focused it continue. are Therefore, them economy. a of smart offers most proposed NEO and standards on. wide application so a and of offers contracts range Ethereum proxy limited management, standards. more identity application far tokens, of for terms later ERCs in discuss of differ will range we also which NEO OnChain, and of Ethereum vision overall the in role huge on. a play will also NEO NEO DAPP Swisscom. a provider hosts telecom Swiss also the NEO was from Switzerland. and management in management identity government identity with regarding local Ethereum. dealing DAPP a on popular by applications most implemented both the already for is DAPPs example currently for are uPort There promising. is operability mr otatpafr,btas bu eiigi n hc ato h application the of right part the which choosing and about if only deciding not about is also it but that platform, mind contract in smart keep therefore should Developers fsatcnrcs ohpafrshv lc ieo rud15 around of time block a have platforms Both contracts. smart of execution 59 ]. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. lbb olntcoei nAao’ aktcpadWCa ol o dominate not would WeChat and cap market Amazon’s on in close wouldn’t Alibaba h att ou nteCieersetvl sa akt oueNEO. use to market, Asian respectively Chinese the on focus to want who Chinese the for blockchains creates already Foundation, NEO the with closely works application your market the on depends also prefer to platform which question The oenetadCieecmais hs hiswl vnulyb optbewith compatible be eventually will chains Those companies. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 72 Discussion 5. hnw akaottessanblt fsatcnrc ltom,w aet distinguish to have we platforms, contract smart of sustainability the about talk we When h ls eainhpbtenteNOFudto,OCanadCiade o mean not does China and OnChain Foundation, NEO the between relationship close The h ae htNOwnst ou nteCieeo sa akti utoevalid one just is market Asian or Chinese the on focus to wants NEO that case, The viability. edt omnct n aiaedrn h raino e lc svr iie – limited very is block new nodes a that require of nodes creation not of the does number during it validate the uses Furthermore, and as NEO communicate power. 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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. nte setwe tcmst utiaiiyi udn.Bt rjcsaefunded are projects Both funding. is sustainability to comes it when aspect Another at osu onteNOFudto rOnChain. or Foundation NEO the down shut to wants [59]. funds more obtain to be would [ ICO their during dollars million 18 raised Ethereum - ICOs through well period long a over viable is project the that means basically projects of sustainability The E n noprtsi nispas oee,i sas osbeta h government the that possible also is it favors However, China of that plans. terms option its in the in issue considered it major only incorporates a we and be chapter NEO could previous This OnChain the and Foundation, In Hongfei unclear. NEO sustainability. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. lhuhbt ltom emqiesmlro uefiillvl h tutrdcompar- structured the level, superficial a on similar quite seem platforms both Although a umrzdaditrrtd hc loe oase h eerhqetoso this of questions research the answer to allowed detailed which a interpreted, required and which summarized platforms was both to applied then was catalogue contract resulting smart The as properties their to regards in NEO and Ethereum compared work This ieauerve fbt teemadNO safia tp h andinformation gained the step, final a As NEO. and Ethereum both of review literature o xml ilb hne rmPofo-okt ro-fSae hc smc more much algorithm. is Tolerant which Fault Proof-of-Stake, Byzantine to Delegated Proof-of-Work NEO’s platforms from the both changed algorithm similar because be consensus temporarily, One will Ethereum’s be example developers. improve. might for continuously for differences will factors those and important that community-driven also costs mind are are high in which demands keep developers. contracts, and to contract smart developers has smart of of of creation community support concerns the small language major a for better are has much which still a – provides NEO block Unfortunately, NEO of one hand, specification within other proper finality the a and has On provide Ethereum even machine. whereas not virtual documentations: of does its their level NEO in available, different example documentation The for detailed identified. observed be be could can and a maturity again, maturity identity create the but digital to applications, regarding tokens, live wants differences like host hand considerable already aspects other platforms certain the Both on interoperability. on focuses cross-blockchain NEO therefore wants and and platform. different economy domain featureless quite smart application achieve uncensored, particular to an at want no look be platforms but closer to decentralization the a favors that But Ethereum reveals applications. goals goals: contract and smart allows strategies of This overall kind machine. all the virtual support blockchain-based Turing-complete theoretically a a to are provide them NEO which and platforms, Ethereum contract Both smart differences. noteworthy revealed ison thesis. literature. based scientific derived in was platforms contract criteria smart of of catalogue evaluations and a comparisons comparison, existing structured on a achieve To platforms. Conclusion CHAPTER 75 6 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 76 .Conclusion 6. hstei diinlyecmasdciei,wihwr o e osdrdi similar in considered yet not were which criteria, encompassed additionally thesis This ieycniee ntecmaio fsatcnrc ltom,btNOi o.By not. is NEO but platforms, contract smart of comparison the in considered widely esoso ohpafrscmaeadi hypoietefaue n performance and features the provide they if and compare platforms both of versions otatpafr sdbosaddvlpr edt s hmevsi h euto of smart reduction justified. used the actually if globally themselves is as ask protocol role to consensus need its NEOs developers scalability, Therefore, in and decentralization regarding up. dubious catch claims is eventually its platform will contract verify Ethereum version, cannot language and major NEO throughput new if to its operation. regard with in of but Ethereum costs over support, high advantages some the comparison has of meaningful currently because a NEO provide difficult main could currently its mainnet, is of NEO but actually one the Ethereum, that as on application to an transactions throughput Getting of high investigated. a performance throughput be requires the its should concerns claims figures be work actual NEO should future the As advantages, China of direction of decentralization mainnet. government other the NEO’s The the regarding of course to future. the relationship the NEO, in the of reevaluated and case nodes the future decision-making in the of Also, how evaluating promised. most worth they like be gains – was would evolving It it are directions. 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The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 16 19 18 17 14 13 12 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 15 11 10 6 4 3 2 9 8 7 5 1 } } contract * * / contract Contract Receiving //ERC223 contract interface //ERC223 import solidity pragma / ** ucintransfer function transfer function constructor uint256 uint8 string string uint256 mapping using function Transfer event Transfer event function function tteRfrneipeetto fteEC2 tnadtoken. standard ERC223 the of implementation Reference @title _mint( public data ’./SafeMath.sol’ ulcconstant public SafeMath ulcconstant public constant public ( ERC223 { ERC223ReceivingContract { IERC223 ); msg constant public private address tokenFallback( balanceOf( totalSupply() R-2 oe oreCode Source Token ERC-223 ; . () sender is ( ( ^0.5.2; public for address address => _totalSupply; EC2 { IERC223 ( ( address address INITIAL_SUPPLY); , uint uint address ; { eias=7; = decimals indexed indexed _balances; ) ; address returns view external ybl= symbol = name NTA_UPY=1000 = INITIAL_SUPPLY to, to, who) uint uint EapeToken" "Example _from, from, from, xenlve returns view external "EXAM" value value /Ls fue balances. user of List // address address ; uint , ) bytes external _value, ; indexed indexed ( * uint256 calldata (10 ; bytes ** to, to, ); ( uint256 uint memory uint uint data ); APPENDIX ) (decimals)); value value external _data) , ); bytes ; 77 A Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 78 Code Source Token ERC-223 A. 82 71 70 69 39 81 68 67 64 63 83 58 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 66 65 62 61 60 59 56 55 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 38 37 36 35 34 33 84 57 42 41 40 54 } } ucintransfer function * * * * * * * * * * / } function * * / ucintransfer function * * * * * * * * / / ** / ** / ** } _balances[_to].add(_value); = _balances[_to] _balances[ } assembly bytes uint Transfer emit if . _data . no reasons with compatibility transfer assembly backwards ERC20 to to uint due similar Added transfer // function Standard // transferred. be metadata. will Transaction that tokens address. _data of Receiver @param Amount _value @param _to @param address. specified the to tokens of amount specified the Transfer @dev return existence in tokens of number Total @dev prm_au muto oesta ilb transferred. be will that tokens address. of Receiver Amount _value @param _to @param address. specified the to tokens of amount specified the Transfer @dev { R23eevnCnrc eevr=ERC223ReceivingContract(_to); receiver.tokenFallback( = receiver ERC223ReceivingContract { (codeLength>0) assembly needs this address, target on code the extcodesize(_to) of := size codeLength the Retrieve // /Rtiv h ieo h oeo agtades hsnesassembly needs this address, target on code the of size the Retrieve // codeLength; funds. receive contract to function a function ‘tokenFallback‘ is contract. fallback the recipient a the implement the is or not if recipient does fails the but transfer if token function The ‘tokenFallback‘ the Invokes codeLength; reasons. compatibility one backwards previous to param. the due ‘_data‘ with Added contain same doesn’t the but works function This memory _totalSupply; totalSupply() { { msg ( . empty; msg sender ( ( address address . sender _balancesamsg. = ] ulcve returns view public t,_au,_data); _value, _to, , _to, _to, msg . uint uint sender _value, _value) vle _data); _value, , sender ( bytes uint256 external ].sub(_value); alaa_data) calldata { ) { external Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 103 127 126 125 124 123 122 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 102 101 100 106 105 104 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 89 88 87 86 85 91 90 } } } function * * * * * / function * * * * * * / function * * * * * / } } / ** / ** / ** blne[con]=_balances[account].sub( = _balances[account] _totalSupply.sub( = _totalSupply _balances[account].add( = _balances[account] _totalSupply.add( = _totalSupply mtTransfer emit created. tokens. require be created will the that receive the amount will that The that such it value account balances assigns @param The of and account emitted. modification token @param are the the events encapsulates of proper This amount account. an an mints that function Internal @dev returned. be return will ‘_owner‘. balance the whose of address Balance The balance @return _owner ‘_owner‘. @param the of balance Returns @dev Transfer emit if mtTransfer emit require } _balances[_to].add(_value); = _balances[_to] _balances[ } prmvleTeaon htwl eburnt. be burnt. given will be a that will of amount tokens token The whose the value account of @param The amount account an @param burns that account. function Internal @dev to oeegh: extcodesize(_to) := codeLength R23eevnCnrc eevr=ERC223ReceivingContract(_to); receiver.tokenFallback( = receiver ERC223ReceivingContract cdLnt>){ (codeLength>0) acut!= (account _burn( != (account _mint( _balances[_owner]; balanceOf( msg address ( address ( . (account, address msg sender address . sender address address _balances[ = ] account, account, (0), account, address t,_au,empty); _value, _to, , _owner) msg (0)); (0)); . sender (0), uint256 uint256 value value ulcve returns view public msg vle empty); _value, , value value . ); ); sender value value ); ); ) ) ].sub(_value); value value internal internal ); ); ( uint { { balance { ) 79 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 17 18 10 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 16 15 14 13 12 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 aepc E5{ NEP5 namespace System.Numerics; using System.ComponentModel; using System; using Neo.SmartContract.Framework.Services.System; using Neo.SmartContract.Framework.Services.Neo; using Neo.SmartContract.Framework; using ulcclass public rvt static private static public [DisplayName( ulcstatic public } if Address if if if if if if if else return a alcit=ExecutionEngine.CallingScriptHash; = callscript var RnieTigr= rgeTp.eiiain { TriggerType.Verification) == (Runtime.Trigger mto == (method == (method mto == (method == (method == (method == (method Runtime.CheckWitness(Owner); { SmartContract : NEP5 RnieTigr= rgeTp.plcto){ TriggerType.Application) == (Runtime.Trigger E- oe oreCode Source Token NEP-5 "transfer" betMi(tigmto,ojc[ rs { args) object[] method, Main(string object Action< event readonly "decimals" "balanceOf" "totalSupply" "supportedStandards" "symbol" "name" )] ) byte ) return byte ) ]Onr= Owner [] return ) return ) return [], return Name(); Symbol(); byte Decimals(); ) BalanceOf(( "..." ] iItgr Transferred; BigInteger> [], TotalSupply(); return .ToScriptHash(); SupportedStandards(); byte [])args[0]); APPENDIX //Owner 81 B Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. .NP5TknSuc Code Source Token NEP-5 B. 82 70 35 34 58 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 43 42 40 38 37 36 69 68 67 66 65 63 62 61 64 46 45 44 77 75 71 60 59 57 56 33 41 78 74 73 72 76 39 [DisplayName( [DisplayName( } [DisplayName( } # } [DisplayName( [DisplayName( } [DisplayName( [DisplayName( rvt static execution private actual of //Methods static public static public static public static public static public static private byte static public static public #endif if } a Blockchain.GetContract(to); = c var Storage.CurrentContext.CreateMap(nameof(asset)); = asset StorageMap trgMpcnrc Storage.CurrentContext.CreateMap(nameof(contract) = contract StorageMap return return return if false return if parameters //Check byte NEP-7" DEBUG new throw if ho new throw true acutLnt =20) != (account.Length fo.egh! 0| oLnt =20) != to.Length || 20 != (from.Length ); mto == (method 0bt addresses." 20-byte callscript); (BigInteger)args[2], args[1], HUDb 0bt addresses." 20-byte be SHOULD { callscript) [] ; contract.Get( == c asset.Get(account).AsBigInteger(); , "NEP-10" "transfer" "totalSupply" "supportedStandards" "symbol" "name" "decimals" "balanceOf" ; olTransfer( bool { TotalSupply() BigInteger => SupportedStandards() string[] => Symbol() string => Name() string null InvalidOperationException( BalanceOf( BigInteger InvalidOperationException( olIsPayable( bool olTransfer( bool "transfer" )] |c.IsPayable; || 8; => Decimals() }; )] "totalSupply" )] )] )] /nyfrAIfile ABI for //Only )] ); ) byte byte byte return EapeToken" "Example ]from, [] )] ]from, [] "EXAM" ]t){ to) [] ).AsBigInteger(); byte ); Transfer(( ; ]acut { account) [] TeprmtracutSOL be SHOULD account parameter "The Teprmtr rmadto and from parameters "The byte token the of //symbol byte ]t,Bgnee mut => amount) BigInteger to, [] ; ]t,Bgnee amount, BigInteger to, [] byte new /aeo h token the of //name ]ag[] ( [])args[0], tig]{ string[] "NEP-5" byte []) , " Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 95 94 90 88 82 80 84 99 98 97 96 93 92 91 89 87 86 85 83 81 79 } } } a omut=asset.Get(to).AsBigInteger(); = toAmount var asset.Get(from).AsBigInteger(); = fromAmount Storage.CurrentContext.CreateMap(nameof(asset)); var = asset StorageMap rnfre(rm o amount); to, Transferred(from, amount); + toAmount asset.Put(to, euntrue return balance payee the //Increase else if balances payer //Reduce if if if if if asset.Delete(from); euntrue return false return false return false return new throw se.u(rm rmmut-amount); - fromAmount asset.Put(from, foAon =amount) == (fromAmount to) == (from amount) < (fromAmount callscript. != from.AsBigInteger() && (!Runtime.CheckWitness(from) (!IsPayable(to)) 0) <= (amount AsBigInteger()) rae hn0." than greater ; InvalidOperationException( ; ; ; ; ); Teprmtraon UTbe MUST amount parameter "The 83 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. . E rnatosprScns[2 63 60 62 . 53 . . . 59 . . 25 ...... 22 ...... 16 ...... 14 . . . . . 12 ...... 7 ...... [22] . . . . Seconds ...... per . 6 . . . . Transactions . . . [5] . NEO . . . . Second ...... per . Transactions . [76] . 4.5 . . . . Ethereum . NEO ...... of . . . . time . . . . [44] 4.4 . block . . . Average . Ethereum . . . . of ...... time . . . 8 . . 4.3 block . . . Average ...... [89] . . . . . Architecture . 4.2 . . NeoVM ...... 4.1 ...... Overview . . . . . Governance ...... process . . . . creation . . 3.2 . Catalogue ...... 3.1 . . . . . voting . . . . proxy . . . [102] . dBFT . Ethereum . . . in . . . Contracts . 2.6 Category Smart . . . by . DAPPs . [1] of . 2.5 Proof-of-Stake . Number . and . Proof-of-Work . of . 2.4 Comparison . . [101] . lifecycle 2.3 . Transaction structure data 2.2 Blockchain 2.1 ito Figures of List 85 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. . elyettps...... 27 . . . . . 20 ...... 11 ...... types Deployment . literature . from collected . 3.2 Criteria . . 3.1 applications decentralized and Distributed 2.1 ito Tables of List 87 Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. [5] [10] [8] [6] [2] [1] [9] [7] [4] [3] otat n DApps and Contracts ilCytgah n aaSecurity Data and Cryptography cial ainSine,ICS2019 ICCIS Sciences, mation //3iq.ca/3iq-research-group/consensus-mechanisms/ il abog.CiaCudB bu oTrwIsWih eidBton 2019. china-could-be-about-to-throw-its-weight-behind-bitcoin/ Bitcoin, Behind Weight Its Throw To URL: About Be Could 2015. China Guidelines, Bambrough. Billy and Purpose EIP 1: EIP Jameson. URL: Hudson and Becze Martin In con- smart patterns. http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.06322 of design analysis and empirical applications, An platforms, Pompianu. Livio tracts: and Bartoletti Massimo 2017. report, Technical Models. Consensus URL: Blockchain Understanding Baliga. Arati Wood. Gavin and Antonopoulos Andreas URL: 2019. Statistics, Amberdata Amberdata. for algorithms consensus of survey A Alhaidari. In A. technology. Fahd blockchain NEP- and Alsunaidi J. NEO Shikah URL: 2019. About, Alliance: Fong. Ethereum https://entethalliance.org/about/ Enterprise Alliance. Alan Ethereum Enterprise and Tanyuan, URL: Luodanwg, 2017. 5, Adams, URL: Tyler 2018. Explained, Mechanisms Consensus Group. Research 3iQ master/nep-5.mediawiki dashboards/transactions https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1 www.persistent.com https://www.forbes.com/sites/billybambrough/2019/07/29/ https://github.com/neo-project/proposals/blob/ ’elyU t,2018. Ltd, UK O’Reilly . 09ItrainlCneec nCmue n Infor- and Computer on Conference International 2019 2019. , . . . doi:10.1109/ICCISci.2019.8716424 ae 9–0.Srne,21.URL: 2017. Springer, 494–509. pages , . atrn teem uligSmart Building Ethereum: Mastering . Bibliography https://amberdata.io/ . 02 NS Finan- LNCS, 10323 . https: . 89 . 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FAQs, Proof-of-Stake com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Proof-of-Stake-FAQ Ethereum: 2016. Buterin. Vitalik future?, URL: a 2017. Serpent, have about Tweet LLL Buterin. Vitalik Does Reddit: does{_}lll{_}have{_}a{_}future/ https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/3tfg7i/ Buterin. Vitalik In- In Zunino. Blockchain. Guillaume and Identity and Digital Russo, Antonia tegrating Lax, Gianluca Buccafurri, Francesco URL: 2017. identity?, uPort a is What Braendgaard. Pelle de- software Blockchain of Their needs URL: and All Un- challenges Chakraborty. Partha motivations, And and the Shahriyar, Rifat derstanding Networks Iqbal, Anindya Bosu, Test Amiangshu Ethereum 2018. Explaining ethereum-test-networks-69a5463789be Differences, Boily. Francis doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49275-8_19 URL: 2018. editors, Wings. berg, Zaddach, the Michael in and Blockchains Schneider, - Ralf Contracts Linnhoff-Popien, Smart Claudia Stiller. In Burkhard and Bocek Thomas 09IE 3dAna optrSfwr n plctosConference Applications and Software Computer Annual 43rd IEEE 2019 2019. , 2018. , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49275-8{_}19 . doi:10.1109/COMPSAC.2019.00142 miia otaeEngineering Software Empirical ae 6–8.Srne elnHiebr,Bri,Heidel- Berlin, Heidelberg, Berlin Springer 169–184. pages , doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02610-3_32 . https://neoscan.io/ https://cityofzion.io/ https://blockgeeks.com/guides/ https://medium.com/coinmonks/ . . etr oe nCmue Science Computer in Notes Lecture . . https://twitter.com/ 2019. , . . https://medium. https://medium. https://github. . . doi:10.1007/ . . . Digital , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 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2019. . 2018. , doi: . . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. [108] [107] [105] [106] {&} –.Srne nentoa ulsig hm 09 URL: 2019. Cham, Publishing, International Springer 1–4. springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-32903-1{_}171-1 roadmap-of-neo-3-0-development-e2ae64edf226 rkZag oda fNO30Development. 3.0 NEO In Blockchain. of Zhang. Yuan Roadmap URL: 2017. Guidelines, and Purpose NEP 1: NEP Zhang. Erik Zhang. URL: Erik URL: 2018. Blockchain Own Title, its MonumentalNo Over Ethereum is Choose to NEO Decision China’s Young. Joseph 978-3-319-32903-1_171-1 com/neo-project/proposals/blob/master/nep-1.mediawiki ?q=/chinas-decision-to-choose-ethereum-over-its-own-blockchain-neo-is-monumental/ chinas-decision-to-choose-ethereum-over-its-own-blockchain-neo-is-monumental/ . https://medium.com/neo-smart-economy/ . nylpdao ieesNetworks Wireless of Encyclopedia https://btcmanager.com/ . https://github. , doi:10.1007/ http://link. . pages , 97