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Partitive Determiners in Piedmontese: a Case of Language Variation and Change in a Contact Setting

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Partitive Determiners in Piedmontese: a Case of Language Variation and Change in a Contact Setting Linguistics 2020; 58(3): 651–677 Massimo Cerruti* and Riccardo Regis Partitive determiners in Piedmontese: A case of language variation and change in a contact setting https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0080 Abstract: This paper addresses the use of partitive determiners in Piedmontese as a case in point for the interplay of language variation and change in Italo- Romance. Firstly, a brief diachronic account will be provided of the development of partitive determiners in Piedmontese, ranging from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; such an overview will rely upon the results of recent studies on this subject. Next, the behavior of partitive determiners in contemporary Piedmontese will be examined; we will draw primarily on some unpublished materials collected within the ALEPO research program (ALEPO stands for Atlante linguistico ed etnografico del Piemonte Occidentale, “Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Western Piedmont”), which consist of both responses to a questionnaire survey and spontaneous speech data. The study will help to shed light on the similarities and differences not only between different varieties of Piedmontese, but also between such varieties and Italian. The main paradigmatic differences identified will be argued to relate to two different ways of categorizing the relationship between mass nouns and countable plurals, one in which quantification prevails over classification, and the other in which classification is foregrounded. This state of affairs will then be discussed against the backdrop of the sociolinguistic situation under scru- tiny, paying special attention to the contact between Piedmontese and Italian (as well as with French up to the end of the nineteenth century) and to the “super- position” of both an official standard language (i. e., Italian) and a regional koine (based on the variety of Turin) over local varieties of Piedmontese. Keywords: partitive determiners, Piedmontese, language variation and change, language and dialect contact *Corresponding author: Massimo Cerruti, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università di Torino, via S. Ottavio n. 50, Torino, Piemonte 10124, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Riccardo Regis, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università di Torino, via S. Ottavio n. 50, Torino, Piemonte 10124, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Open Access. ©2020 Massimo Cerruti and Riccardo Regis, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 652 Massimo Cerruti and Riccardo Regis 1 Introduction1 The paper addresses the use of partitive determiners in Piedmontese, a Gallo-Italian dialetto spoken in the north-western Italian region of Piedmont. Following the conventions of Italian research, we use the label dialetti (singular dialetto)torefer to “primary dialects” (in Coseriu’s 1980 terminology) which – in most areas – are to be deemed, to a varying degree, Abstand languages, i. e., linguistic systems sepa- rate from Italian (see e. g., Maiden and Parry 1997: 2). Moreover, a dialetto is employed in limited areas (i. e., in a region, such as Piedmont, or in a part thereof) and within limited domains (i. e., mostly in oral and informal communication), its socio-cultural “roofing” (German Überdachung) being supplied by standard Italian. Gallo-Italian dialetti are generally considered by Italian scholars (see e. g., Pellegrini 1975 [1973]) as belonging to Italo-Romance; this will also be our starting assumption, while the whole question will be re-addressed in Section 6. The investigation of partitive determiners in Piedmontese provides us with an oppor- tunity to elaborate on some key aspects of language variation and change, as well as language contact, in Italo-Romance. At the same time, it offers valuable insight into the interplay of quantification and classification in the grammar of indefinite determiners, with special reference to Romance languages. Firstly, a brief overview will be provided of the sociolinguistic situation under scrutiny; particular emphasis will be given to the coexistence of Piedmontese, Italian, and French, which lasted until the end of the nineteenth century, and the super- position of both an official standard language (i. e., Italian) and a regional koine (based on the variety of Turin) over local varieties of Piedmontese, which is still relevant (Section 2). This will be followed by the description of partitive determiners in the regional koine, the latter having been codified by reference grammars (Section 3). Then,adiachronicaccountwillbesketchedofthedevelopmentofpartitivedeter- miners in Piedmontese; such development will be claimed to reflect, on the one hand, how paradigmatic differences between different varieties of Piedmontese have been preserved, and on the other, how the influence of the regional koine on written texts has changed over time (Section 4). The attention will finally turn to the behavior of partitive determiners in contemporary Piedmontese. The analysis will help to shed light on the similarities and differences not only between different varieties of Piedmontese, but also between such varieties and Italian, and the main paradigmatic 1 The paper is the result of close collaboration between both authors; however, for academic purposes, Massimo Cerruti is responsible for Sections 1, 4 and 5, and Riccardo Regis is responsible for Sections 2, 3 and 6. We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on an early version of the paper. Partitive determiners in Piedmontese 653 differences identified will be argued to relate to two different ways of categorizing the relationship between mass nouns and countable plurals (Section 5). Our arguments will draw primarily on some unpublished materials collected within the ALEPO research program. ALEPO stands for Atlante linguistico ed etnografico del Piemonte Occidentale, ‘Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Western Piedmont’ (http://www.alepo.eu): This atlas covers an area in which Italian is spoken alongside two Gallo-Romance varieties, i. e., Francoprovençal and Occitan, and a Gallo-Italian dialetto, i. e., Piedmontese,2 and includes local- ities pertaining both to the Gallo-Romance and to the Gallo-Italian domains. For our purposes, we will focus in particular on some materials collected in the latter domain. Such materials are composed of both responses to a questionnaire survey and spontaneous speech data (see Section 5, fn. 11); the latter, which can be called ‘ethnotexts’ (cf. Canobbio 1989, 2002; see the notion of ethnotexte in Bouvier et al. 1980), consist mainly of conversations about traditional aspects of community life and culture. Moreover, we will rely on relevant data from other linguistic atlases (ASIS and AIS), as well as from previous studies conducted on written texts and spontaneous speech (cf. Sections 4 and 5). We will follow Squartini (2017) in adopting a “paradigmatic approach”. From this perspective, the behavior of partitive determiners in each given variety of Piedmontese will be dealt with in relation to the overall organization of the paradigm of indefinite determiners in that same variety. Only the noun phrases displaying an argumental function will be considered. Mention will also be made of how internal, external, and extra-linguistic factors can condition the presence of partitive determiners (or the lack thereof) and the form they take. 2 Piedmontese: a socio-historical introduction Using the label Piedmontese, we can refer to two slightly different linguistic objects: 1) a group of varieties spoken in the central part of Piedmont; or 2) a regional koine which, as of the eighteenth century, developed from the urban variety of the most important center of the area, Turin, and started acting as a reference code for the surrounding varieties of dialetto, also playing the role of a “lingua franca” among speakers of different varieties of Piedmontese. The mere existence of a regional koine sets Piedmontese apart from the bulk of Italo- Romance dialetti; the relationship between the variety of Turin and the Piedmontese koine, however, shares many similarities with that between the 2 French survives in only a few parts of the area. 654 Massimo Cerruti and Riccardo Regis variety of Venice and the Venetan koine, the latter being based on the former. Such dialetti as Piedmontese and Venetan are defined by Muljačić (1997a, 1997b; 2011 [2000]) as middle languages, for they are High with respect to local varieties and Low with respect to the official standard language, and they display autonomy and heteronomy as well (see also the concept of Aubaudialekt/ Kulturdialekt in Kloss 1978: 55–60). At first glance, this kind of repertoire resembles what has been termed double overlapping diglossia by Fasold (1984: 44–46), the latter implying, nevertheless, the existence of different communities of speakers within the same territory. Piedmontese has been a dialetto with a certain degree of codification since the nineteenth century, its Turinese-based koine having been described in grammars and dictionaries; thus, it would not be wrong to maintain that Piedmontese had a reference variety of its own (an indication of autonomy), though the touchstone for its codification was offered by an external source (an indication of heteronomy). As for the possible external sources, it is worth recalling that two prestigious standard languages were traditionally present in Piedmont, Italian and French (see Regis 2013; Cerruti
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