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Canadian Soldiers and German Civilians, 1944-46

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Canadian Soldiers and German Civilians, 1944-46 Cheers and Tears: Relations Between Canadian Soldiers and German Civilians, 1944-46 By Hugh Avi Gordon B.A., Queen’s University at Kingston, 2001 M.A., University of Victoria, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History ©Hugh Avi Gordon, 2010 University of Victoria All Rights Reserved. This Dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part by photocopying, or other means without the permission of the author. ii SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Cheers and Tears: Relations Between Canadian Soldiers and German Civilians, 1944-46 By Hugh Avi Gordon B.A.H., Queen’s University at Kingston, 2001 M.A., University of Victoria, 2003 SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Dr. David K. Zimmerman, Supervisor (Department of History) Dr. A. Perry Biddiscombe, Departmental Member (Department of History) Dr. Eric W. Sager, Departmental Member (Department of History) Dr. Scott Watson, Outside Member (Department of Political Science) iii Dr. David K. Zimmerman, Supervisor (Department of History) Dr. A. Perry Biddiscombe, Departmental Member (Department of History) Dr. Eric W. Sager, Departmental Member (Department of History) Dr. Scott Watson, Outside Member (Department of Political Science) ABSTRACT This dissertation examines relations between Canadian soldiers and German civilians from March 1945 to April 1946. This study will show that Canadian relations with German civilians were, in part, an extension of relations with civilians in liberated countries, but were also something new altogether. At the beginning of the invasion of Germany, most Canadian soldiers did not wish to associate with Germans and followed a fraternization ban that had been put into effect. Canadians were more likely than American soldiers to believe in the ban. Soldiers were fed a propaganda campaign that told them all Germans were evil and needed to be punished for starting the war. As the invasion proceeded further into Germany, more Canadians realized that all Germans were not Nazis and began to fraternize with the ban still in place. In the Netherlands, where Canadians have been remembered as liberators, relations at times were also tense and bitter after the war ended. Canadians also had to deal with large number of Displaced Persons (DPs), who caused more headaches than German civilians for the occupation authorities. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Supervisory Committee ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables v List of Figures vi Acknowledgements vii Dedication viii Epigraph ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms x CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and Background Historiography 1 CHAPTER TWO: Canadians and the Great Crusade: Relations in France and 30 Belgium CHAPTER THREE: “Free us from our Liberators”: The Dutch Example of 61 Deterioration in Civil-Military Relations CHAPTER FOUR: Non-Fraternization: Win the War and Win the Peace 85 CHAPTER FIVE: Don’t Fraternize 114 CHAPTER SIX: Feeling Their Way in the “Canadian Way” 152 CHAPTER SEVEN: Rape 200 CHAPTER EIGHT: Calm, Disciplined and Obedient: Fraternization and the CAOF 238 CHAPTER NINE: VD 292 CHAPTER TEN: DPs: A Far Bigger Problem Than the Germans 304 CONCLUSION 343 Bibliography 350 v LIST OF TABLES TABLES 1: Table of Rape Cases in Germany, 1945 209-10 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE 1: Bing Coughlin Cartoon 150 2: Map of Lower Saxony, Germany 154 3: Bing Coughlin Cartoon 175 4: Bing Coughlin Cartoon 198 5: Chart of Rape Cases in Germany, 1945 209 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank: My family, for their unending support. My friends and colleagues, for their intellectual stimulation, guidance and suggestions through troublesome times. In particular (but in no way limited to): Doron and Ruth Barak, the entire Baron family, Timothy Balzer, Steven and Roland Burggraaf, Jenny Clayton, Denis Dubord, Marg Drysdale, Richard Goette, Kevin Liang, Christian Lieb, Ari Liederman, Nicholas May, Michael Mills, the entire Singer family, the entire Trayner Family, Angela Wan, Sarah Wiebe, and last, but certainly not least, Kathleen and William Young. The faculty of the History Department of the University of Victoria, in particular: Professor David Zimmerman, for his continuing guidance, support and mentoring… and for introducing me to a topic which continues to fascinate and challenge me daily. Professors Peter Baskerville, Perry Biddiscombe, Patricia Roy and Eric Sager, for pushing me to find my own opinions on subjects that never previously captured my full attention and for helping me find my professional ego. All of my other professors at UVic, for making graduate school the best time of my life. The staff of the History Department of the University of Victoria, for treating me like a human being and for their enduring patience with my foibles. The staff of the National Archives of Canada and the United Kingdom, for teaching me that bureaucracy is international. The staff and serving officers of the Department of National Defence Directorate of History and Heritage, for teaching me and reminding me that the military is made up of human beings. viii DEDICATION To my late mother, Marlene Rafman-Gordon, who made me promise to undertake this dissertation and this degree. It was the easiest and happiest promise I ever made, but slightly harder to keep. To my father, David Gordon, for his love and continuing to be there for me and helping see me through the worst few years of my life. To Beth Greenblatt, for seeing things in me I never saw before and for accepting me as one of her sons. To my grandparents, Rachel and Philip Gordon for their love, support and unending faith in my abilities. ix EPIGRAPH I know what I am. And I know what I am not. At least unlike some, I know I cannot be someone else, Truly see and feel from someone else’s experience and heart. Nevertheless, I have always believed in empathy, in the broad sense of commonality of being human. Admittedly, we cannot understand. But we can try. Gregory Macdonald, Son of Fletch x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS: AMGOT Allied Military Government of Occupied Territory AWL Away Without Leave (Canadian usage of AWOL) BAOR British Army of the Rhine Bde. Brigade CA Civil Affairs CAO Canadian Army Overseas CAOF Canadian Army Occupation Force CI Counter Intelligence CMHQ Canadian Military Headquarters Det. Detachment Div. Division ENSA Entertainments National Services Association FFI French Forces of the Interior FS Field Security DHH Directorate of History and Heritage (Canadian Department of National Defence) DP Displaced Person Globe The Globe and Mail (Toronto, ON Newspaper) GI General Issue (Slang for US Army soldier) HQ Headquarters Inf. Infantry LAC Library and Archives Canada MG Military Government MP Military Police/Member of Parliament NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NAAFI Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes NA UK The National Archives (United Kingdom) NBS Nederlandse Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten (Dutch Resistance organization) NCO Non-Commissioned Officer NSB Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (Dutch Nazi Party) NYT New York Times OR Other Ranks (British/Canadian term for enlisted men) RAF Royal Air Force RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force RHC Royal Highlanders of Canada (Black Watch) RHLI Royal Hamilton Light Infantry QOR Queen’s Own Rifles of Canada PS Public Safety PSO Public Safety Officer SCAO Senior Civil Affairs Officer UN United Nations USO United Services Organization CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND HISTORIOGRAPHY The Second World War placed Canadian soldiers in close contact with European civilians. Regardless of whether soldiers were liberating farmhouses or occupying entire towns, they interacted with civilians. Canadian soldiers bartered for fresh food and civilians traded for chocolate and nylons, but these simple actions do not tell the entire story. This thesis examines how soldiers interacted with civilians while serving overseas, especially in Germany during 1945 and 1946. No study has previously examined in detail the Canadian Army Occupation Force (CAOF) in Germany. Pamphlets, slogans, editorials and orders relating to interactions with civilians will be examined, along with soldiers’ responses to the indoctrination. Canadian soldiers’ relationships ranged in a spectrum from friendly casual encounters creating lasting friendships to violent rapes. Soldier-civilian relations need to be examined and analysed to see how they reflect on Canadian actions and soldiers in general. Canadians also had to deal with large number of Displaced Persons (DPs), who caused more headaches than German civilians for the occupation authorities. Canadian soldiers’ relations with civilians changed over the course of the invasion and occupation of Germany and were, in part, an extension of relations with civilians in liberated countries. When Allied soldiers first entered German territory, Canadian soldiers were more likely to follow orders and refuse to fraternize with local civilians. Whereas American soldiers fraternized unreservedly, Canadians initially did not. This research project has found that Canadian soldiers were more likely to follow 2 the non-fraternization policy when dealing with German civilians, but that did not mean the policy was an unqualified success. Within three months of entering German territory, the non-fraternization policy in Canadian-occupied areas was almost a dead letter. Before the Allies had begun the conquest of German territory, the American Army officers who originated the policy were not convinced it could be effective. Whereas historians have shown that American GIs disregarded the non-fraternization policy from the beginning, Canadian soldiers took until V-E Day in May 1945 to start disobeying it en masse. When the Canadian Army began its occupation of Germany, Canadians and civilians initially viewed each other suspiciously and some soldiers acted out their conquest sexually, as well as militarily. Certain groups of soldiers, in the course of their duties, were more likely to meet civilians. The primary duties of the Civil Affairs/Military Government (CA/MG) and Field Security (FS) units were either to interact with the local population and/or ensure their security, as well as that of other Allied soldiers.
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