Dinastía Song

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Dinastía Song HISTORIA DE CHINA | DINASTÍA SONG Introducción A principios del siglo X, más en concreto en el 904, el general Zhu Wen asaltó y destruyó Chang´an, la capital de los Tang. Tres años después, trasladó la corte a Luoyang, ordenó asesinar al emperador y ascendió al trono como primer gobernante de la dinastía Liang. ¿Qué tal estáis? Soy Carlos González y os doy la bienvenida a un nuevo vídeo de la serie sobre la Historia de China. En los siguientes minutos abordaremos la situación de fragmentación política vivida por el Gigante Asiático tras la caída de los Tang. Algo más de tres siglos que comúnmente se conocen como el periodo de las Cinco Dinastías y los Diez Reinos. Las Cinco Dinastías y los Diez Reinos Como hemos comentado en la introducción, tras forzar el traslado de la capital a Luoyang y derrocar a los Tang, Zhu Wen se hizo con el poder proclamando la dinastía Liang posterior. Ahora bien, no todos los señores territoriales le reconocieron como máxima autoridad imperial; es más, buena parte de ellos proclamaron su independencia. En primer lugar analizaremos qué sucedió en el norte de China para, más adelante, explicar la evolución política del sur. De entre ellos cabe destacar a Li Cunxu, quien tras derrotar a su gran rival en el norte de China, Liu Shouguang de los Yan, se proclamó emperador en el 923. La pugna por la dignidad imperial le llevó a un enfrentamiento directo con los Liang posterior, a la que derrotó ese mismo año. De esta forma, Li Cunxu fundó la dinastía Tang posterior, reunificando toda la China septentrional bajo su mando. Sin embargo, tras una década donde la estabilidad volvió a reinar en la zona norte, el territorio de Sichuan se independizó en el 934 bajo los Shu posteriores. Dos años después, Shi Jingtang se proclamó emperador con el nombre de Gaozu y derrotó a los Tang posteriores con la ayuda de un reino extranjero, el imperio Kitán de Manchuria. Daba comienzo así la dinastía Jin posterior. El nuevo emperador, además de prometerles un tributo anual, había hecho abundantes concesiones a sus aliados de Manchuria. Finalmente, el control del imperio Kitán sobre la parte norte de China fue tan grande que en el 943 iniciaron la invasión, tomando la capital Jin, Kaifeng, tres años después. Ahora bien, fueron incapaces de retener todas sus conquistas, por lo que un antiguo gobernador de los Tang, Liu Zhiyuan, recuperó la capital imperial en el 947. Ese éxito le permitió proclamar la dinastía Han posterior. Sin embargo, solo cuatro años después, el general Gao Wei ponía fin al gobierno de los Han posterior, inaugurando la dinastía Zhou posterior. Su hijo y heredero, Chai Rong, logró derrotar a la resistencia de los Han posteriores, que se habían aliado con el imperio Kitán. Además, entre el 956 y el 958 inició una triunfal ofensiva contra los Tang del sur, lo que le permitió gobernar todo el territorio al norte del río Yangtsé. Ahora bien, la muerte sorprendió a Chai Rong mientras emprendía una campaña victoriosa para arrebatar al imperio Kitán los territorios cedidos por los Jin posteriores. A falta de un líder fuerte, el general Zhao Kuangyin se hizo con el poder en el 960, inaugurando la dinastía Song del norte. Su sucesor terminó de reunificar China en el 982, poniendo fin al periodo de fragmentación política iniciado a principios de siglo. El sur de China Pero para explicar cómo fue posible la unificación de los Song, debemos comentar primero qué sucedió en la parte meridional de China en esos años. Pocos años después de la caída de los Tang, la situación en el sur era la siguiente: • Los actuales territorios de Jiangsu, Anhui y Jiangxi estaban en manos de los Wu. • El reino de Wuhue contralaba la mayor parte de la provincia de Zhejiang. • Fujian era gobernador por los Min. • Los Han meridionales tenían Cantón. • Hunan estaba bajo el dominio de los Chu. • El reino de Jingnan tenía la actual provincia de Hubei. • Y Sichuan estaba en manos de los Shu anteriores. Como sabemos por lo dicho anteriormente, en el 925 este último territorio pasó a formar parte del norte bajo los Tang posteriores. Sin embargo, poco después recuperó su independencia con los Shu posteriores. Además, en el 937 los Wu fueron reemplazados por los Tang meridionales. Precisamente estos últimos se convirtieron en la potencia predominante de la zona sur al conquistar a los Min en el 945 y a los Chu en el 951. Fortalecimiento que no impidió, como también hemos comentado antes, su derrota frente a los Tang posteriores en el 958, lo que les obligó a renunciar a los territorios al norte del Yangtsé. Esa primera victoria del norte sobre el sur no fue más que un anuncio de lo que vendría después, ya que la dinastía Song, una vez asentada en el poder, se lanzó a la conquista de los reinos meridionales, poniendo fin al periodo de las cinco dinastías y los diez reinos a finales del siglo X. La dinastía Song Si algo caracterizó al gobierno de los Song fue el espectacular desarrollo del comercio, que vino acompañado de un llamativo auge de las ciudades. De hecho, en gran medida cabe hablar de un gran imperio comercial, donde el movimiento de personas y el uso del dinero eran fenómenos cotidianos. También se desarrolló un avanzado sistema tributario y, sin lugar a dudas, fue una época de esplendor cultural. Ahora bien, la nueva dinastía no terminó de lograr un control efectivo del territorio, teniendo que renunciar al norte en el 1127 como consecuencia de la irrupción de la dinastía Jin. Anteriormente, en el 982, también habían perdido el noroeste, donde los tangut fundaron la dinastía Xia Occidental en las regiones de Gansu y Ningxia. A todo esto se ha de añadir la aparición en el noreste, a cargo de los kitán, de la dinastía Liao en el año 907. En un primer momento, la capital de los Song se mantuvo en Kaifeng, situada en la actual provincia de Henan. Sin embargo, como consecuencia de la derrota ante los Jin, se trasladó a Hangzhou en el 1127. Desde allí se iniciaron, si éxito, varios intentos de recuperar los territorios perdidos del norte. El cambio de la corte nos permite distinguir dos periodos: el de los Song del norte (del 960 al 1127) y el de los Song del sur (del 1127 al 1279). Esta última fecha marca el final de la dinastía, que se produjo tras la conquista de China por parte de los mongoles. .
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