RESULTS OF NASS RIVER BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS FOR THE YEARS 1956 AND 1957, I NCLUDING A PRELIMI NARY ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED HYDRO- ELECTRIC PROJECT

Department of Fish eries, Canada Vancouver, B. C. June, 1958

SH349 Canada. DePa rtment of Fisheri A2 Results of Nass Rive r biolosic 58-02 a l surve~s for the ~ea ~s 1956 a nd 1957, includins a Prelimina r c l s assessment of t h e Possible ef f ect s of the P roposed h ~ dro -e l ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS MAR 2 0 tH89 LJl3F?Af~Y

p J\(:: f Fi:~·: F~, ,~,l '')~~~ y '"" 111.. C"TA"i"Vl")l\.'il Page ·~~· .. ~--"•·-· .. "-·- ... \~,,,.f.... -.L .. ~.:1 .. Ail... l"tll 1. r:~ i ~:~; ~ -i ~.·~·: ~-·: ~, 2: ;.-.! r... ;.- -. -~ .. ;·: /\ j\. 1~; · DESCRIP~~ION OF SUHVEYS NJ\r--.:,.:.,i;-.,10, C~:-.:;T·i:..::;J COL\JMBIA: 3 CAN/\[)/\ v~,;r~ l:H(6 l. 1956 - Prel~ninary survey of the Upper Nase wate:r·~b.ed :tn con.junction with the Meziadin operation.it:! 3

2. 1957 = Crnrmie:t•cial i'ishery 9 f'i. sh-whee 1 oper•at:lons ~ spawning gr,cmnd survey~ 3

t~ 1956 = Survey results 4 5 Do DISCUSSION 13 lo The Effect of the Power Development on the Upstirei.\tm M.igrt:i.tion of' Salmon and Trout 13 2-0 Ef:tect on Spawning and R::iax•ing Areas 14 (a) Main Dam.

{b) Meziadj.n Storage Dam (c) Bell-Irving Storage Dam 3o The Anticipated Effect of Flooding on Lake P:i:~oduotiv·:tty

(a) Mez:iadin Iiake

( b) Bowse.r L1:1ke lto The gffect on Downstr•eam M:tgra.t:ton 16

(a.) Res:tdi..uRl:tsm (b) Predation Eo CONCLUSION 18

'. INTRODUCTION In September 1955p field officers of the Department of Fisheries reported that engineering surveys were being conducted on sections of the Nass River. In December of that year the

Britit~h Columbia Government announced that authority had been

gr•nnted Northwest Power Industries Ltd. 9 f1 subsidi.s.ry of the

FrobiSlher=Ventures Group~ to survey the Nass River system for hydro=electx•ic developmento The announcement stated that the Company would be required to make formal application to the

~rovincial Government for wate:.r and would be 1•equi:.t•ed to li.ve up to the provisions of the Fisheries Acto The first formal discussion between the Company and the Depa:r>tment of Fisheries

waa held in Ottawa in May!> 1956. At that t:tme arrangements were me.de to hold a meeting between Company officials and the Depa1"'t=

ment 1 e Pacific Area staffo This meeting was held on June 11» 1956.@ in the office of the Chief .Supervisor of Flsheriea in Vancouver and was att>Smded

by representatives of both the Department of Fisheries and the Bo C. Game Oommissiono Mr. C. Hare, representing Northwest Power Industries Ltdo, outlined the following details of the proposed hydro development as they were envisaged at that time. The main power dam is to be situated on the Nass River 12 miles above Aiyaneha (See Figure 1). It will probably be a rockfill

structu.i~e under' an ave:i:•age wo:t•king head of 24.0 feet o The spillway for the resulting reservoir will be located epproxi-

' ' ma.tely one mile upst:t"eam th:i:•ough an adjacent valley pa1:>allel to the river. If. the river flow could be regulated by means of .. •

NASS RIVER PROJECT

Sc a I e :- I in ch = 15. 78 m i I es

... .

OAMOOCHAX Cr .

, FtQ.; I - T he pr opose·d NO S$ R(ve r hydro - el ec tric d e ve l opment. 1. t

' ~~-=--..'....::.::..::___~_l:_!::i!:.._~_~=-=-=~~:::...=....o.._----'-'-":...:..______:=~~=---=-=--=--=------'~~_::..:.._----'------=----~------J - 2 - upstream storage to provide a firm flow of 20,000 c.fas., an

installed capacity of' l+.50 9 000 h.p. would be providedQ The f'irs.t upstream storage dam proposed would be located on the Nass River about one mile below its confluence with the Meziadin River. A dam 150 feet high would raise Meziadin Lake 67 feet9 providing storage of about one million acre-feet of water. The Nass River would also be flooded for some distance upstream" The second proposed upst:t•eam storage dam would be located on the Bell-Irving ~iver about two miles below its confluence with the Bowser river. This dam would raise Bowser Lake 140 feet and would probably be over 200 feet high., Two million acre-feet of water could be stored here. The industrial site for the project would be located at the head of Alice Arm and would be connected with the power project by a transmission line 6ver the mountains~ An examination of available data indicated that this development would create many difficult fisheries problems 9 however 9 because of the remoteness of the area and the extreme glacial nature of most of the upper tributary watersheds, very little informatioh was available on the escapement of salmon and their distribution throughout the Nass systemo A biological field party which was stationed at Meziadin

Lake du1~ing the summer of 1956 cax•ried out a. preliminary aerial reconnaissance of the Bell-Irving system and the upper Nass

Rivero This preliminary survey as~isted in the preparation of - 3 -

of the extensive biological program conducted in 19574

Bo DESCRIPTION OF SURVEYS 1. 1956! Preliminary population surveys of limited scope were attempted by Departmental personnel in 19560 Aerial inspections. were carried out on the Nass River and most of the ·tributaries

above its junction with the Bell-Irving River~ a.nd for the first time hitherto unexplored tributary stieams of the Bell-Irving

system were also viewed from the airo In addition~ a helicopter

was utilized for a low level observation of the spawning areas o±~ Meziadin Lake and to obtain some first hand in.formation on the

Brown Bear watershed~ a system of several non-glacial lakes that flows into the Nass River some 25 miles southeast of Meziadin Lake.

2. 1957! A comprehensive biological program was initiated on the

Naes River in early Mayo The program was designed to provid~ :lnforma.tion on the commercial fishery., the timing and magnitude of the se.lmon runs as they enter the river and their distribution throughout the watershed. Two fish-wheels were placed in operation near Aiyansh to capture fish for tagging purposes and to furnish data on the startp peak and termination dates of each

species of salmon as they migrate upstream. On the Upper Nass~ spawning ground surveys were undertaken at Meziadin, Damdochax and Kwinageese Lakes. The numbers of salmon on the spawning .. - q. -

grounds were estimated and attempts made to recover as many of the tagged fish encountered as possible. Low level aerial inspections from a helicopter were also carried out during the

fall on these spawning areas» followed by an inspection of the Cranberry River system, which is approximately 30 miles upriver from Aiyansh. Two counting fences were constructed and operated through­ out the spawning run on the Meziadin watershed, one was located at the upstrea.m exit of the fi shway on the upper falls of the

Meziadin River and the other was placed across Hanna Creek 9 the larger of the two spawning streams on Meziadin LakeD

Co RESULTS

lo 1956~ The Bell-Irving system and its tributaries were found to be as silty as anticipated, with the exception of the Teigen Lake waterhsed. Trappers familiar with this lake had reported that runs of salmon utilize this area every year. Above the junction of the Bell-Irving and Nass Rivers, several clear, non-glacial

streams were noted flowing into the Nass. Of these~ Damdochax Lake was inspected in 1956D Although the areas were visited after the peak of the

spawning~ 500 spring salmon were reported in the Teigen River and runs of 5-10,000 springs and 5,000 sockeye observed in the Damdochax systemo The low level inspection by helicopter of Meziadin Lake - 5 -

and streams provided useful information on the distribution of the sockeye and spring salmon and their numberso The number of

sock~ye observed on Hanna and McLeod Creeks was placed at 15,000

and 50 000 respectively,. No estimate was attempted for the sockeye lake spawning populationo The spring salmon population

in the Meziadin River was estimated at approximately 59 000 fish

with between 1,000 and 2 9 000 sockeye utilizing the sa.me areas.

The inspection of the Bro~n Bear Lake watershed revealed an

impassable rock falls 200 yards from the mouth followed by a series of cascades and falls over a distance of several mileso A short flight was also made over the lower 8 miles of the Cranberry

River$ however, since the trip was flown late in the year~ no salmon were observed. 2o 1957: (\1A pommercial fishery All five species of salmon as well as steelhead trout contribute to the catch for Area 3, a statistical division which is predominantly the Nass River fishery. The commercial catch for this area since 1951 is shown in Table le As the table indicates, the catch in the Nass area is substantial. In terms of landed value, Area 3 is one of the eight most valuable areas .in the province and the fourth most important watershed on the coast of British Columbia. A compar­ ison of the 1957 commercial catch figures with the average as .. presented in Table 1 shows that with the exception of the sockeye 9

the 1957 catches were slightly higher than average. A strike by - 6 -

TABLE L. Commercial, Catch Figures for Area 3 - 1951-1957 ~

Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Springs 19.51 237,000 212,000 1,180,000 274,000 - 1952 304,000 62,000 291,,000 101,000 20!)500 J.953 207,000 68,ooo 261,000 175,000 17,500 1954 101,000 73,000 560,000 89 ,ooo 14» 000 1955 158,000 121,000 471,000 68,ooo 15,500

1956 2!+9, 000 208,000 9L1.2, ooo 350,000 19 ,II 000 1957 133,000 108, 000 66211000 210,000 23,000 Average 1951-56 209,000 107,000 617,000 176,000 17,500 -· .... -· - • -t· the salmon fishermen early in the fishing season is reflected in the small sookeye catcho This cessation of fishing probably allowed about 60 percent of the sockeye run to pass through the commercial fishery area before fishing operations recommencedq

(ii). Fresh water history of the Nass River salmon~ L Sockeye Salmon · The sockeye migration to the Nass River begins in mid-June, peaks early in July and continues until late Augusto In general, sockeye migrate directly to lakes where they remain until spawning mattirity is reached in the fallo This sp1cies of salmon differs from the others in that it

spawns both in streams and in lakes~ Stream spawning in the upper Nass watershed begins in early August and continues into October .. The. ... 7 ..

timing of lake spawning has not been closely observed 9 but evidence from other areas indicates tha.t it continues later than stream spawning.

Following deposition, the e~gs incubate in the gravel. The resulting fry emerge in the spx•ing and migrate to, or remain in the lake, where they reside either one or two years. In the spring following this period of lake

residence, the juvenile sockeye migrate to sea as smolts~ This movement takes place from April until June., 2. Coho Salmon .Adult coho enter the Nass River from late July through October. Spawning takes place in the rivers and tributary streams during October and November.. After emergence in spring the free swimming fry disperse through­ out the stream system to take up residence for one year • .Seaward migration occurs in the spring of the following year"

3., .~Ering Salmon The spring salmon migration to the Nass River

~egins in May and extends into mid-August. In general 9 maturation and spawning takes place in the larger streams and rivers. On emergence, many of the fry migrate directly seaward, while the remainder reside in local rearing areas for as long as 18 months. The main seaward movementl> which

occurs in April and May 6 is followed by an extended second­ .. ary migration which may continue throughout the summer months. - 8 -

4. Pink Salmon The Nass River pink salmon migration extends throughout July and August. This species proceeds directly to the spawning grounds situated in the lower tributaries and eggs are deposited shortly afterward. The fry emerge during the spring and migrate directly to sea. 5. Chum Salmon Chum .• sal,mqp enter the river during. the period July to October. This species also proceeds directly to spawning grounds situated in the lower tributaries. ·Follow­

ing emergence in the spring the fry migrate directly seaward~ 6. ------Steelhea.d Tl?out The me.in migration of steelhead trout takes place during August, September and October.Jl although lesser numbers of this species may enter the system throughout most

of the year. Spawning takes place during the early spring9

probably in tributary streams. On emergence 9 the fry disperse throughout the system and reside in fresh water a.t least two years., The sea.ward migration takes place in spring and early summer .• This species is a sea-run trout and does not necessarily die after spawning, as do the Pacific salmon .. Consequently, during the summer and early fall, a sea.ward migration of adult steelhead occurs • . . .(iii) Fish-Wheel Operatlons - Aiyansh A total of 7,975 salmon were tagged by the two - 9 -

fish-wheels at Aiyansh between June 19 and September 270

The number of salmon tagged by species and the localities of the tag recoveries are depicted in Table 11.

TABL:E' 11.. Number of Salmon and. Steelhea.d Tagged at Fish-Wheels and Distribution of Tag Recoveries.

Recoveries a.bove fish-wheel Indian Lower Food Com- Nass R. Number Total No. Mezia- Damdo- Kwina- Fishery mercial Spawning Species Tagged Recovered din · chax geese Nass R. Fishery Grounds

- Sockeye 3365 542 497 5 5 23 8 4 Coho 1867 51 - - 1 29 19 2 Pinks 1695 24 .- - ... 4 13 7 ... ~Springs 912 40 12 6 1 21 - ' Chums 20 0 - - - - - "' Steelhead 116 1 - - - - 1 -

Since a Departmental field party was stationed at Meziadin Lake throughout ·the summer and fall a great deal more data was obtained at this site than elsewhere on the Nass system. The spawning ground surveys of Damdocb,ax and Kwinageese .Lakes, though of limited duration, provided considerable information on the distribution of the salmon, though yielding only a small return in tag recoveries. (iv) Salmon Escapement above Aiyansh

Sock~ The 497 sockeye tags from the Meziadin Lake system - 10 -

were recovered at three separate stations: Below the double falls on the Meziadin River, at the counting fence above the upper falls on the Meziadin River and at the Hanna Creek counting fence. This figure does not represent the total

number of tags that were destined for the Meziadin watershed 9 and in order to determine the correct number, two important

factors must be considered~ (1) The number of fish passing over the main falls

compared to those utilizing the fishway and fence a (2) The mortality suffered by the salmon attempting to pass over the double falls. At the Mez:t.a.din counting fence, 56,406 sockeye and 372 Aiyansh tags passed through en route to the spawning grounds. .53 sockeye tags from Aiyansh were subsequently

recorded at the Hanna Cr~ek counting fence, however 9 26 of these (or 1+9%) were not recorded at the Mez:tadin Falls

.. 'counting fence. Results from the tagging p1~ogram below the Meziadin Falls showed that of the 138 Meziadin tags recovered at the Hanna fence, 70 {51%) had not passed through the Meziadin River counting fenceo In other words$ half the run was· ·pass:tng upstream over the main falls and the other half , .. ,.,.,,.·c,

"U-trf1z·ea."·-tne fi shw.ay o A tagging program carried out below Meziadin Falls also demonstrated a 38 percent mortality of salmon at the fallso From the above data it can be assumed that 744 ta.gs - 11 -

(372 = 50%) successfully passed over the falls and that a total of 1, 200 (assuming 7L~l+ = 62% survived) Aiyansh tags reached the base of the falls. Similarlyp if 56p406 sockeye passed through the fishway, approximately 11.3,000 sockeye entered Meziadin Lake from a run of 182,000 that reached the falls~ 3P365 sockeye were tagged at the fish-wheels two

J} 7} miles above Aiyansh. Of these, 1,200' or 39% were destined for the Meziadin Lake watershedo As already mentionedg 182»000 sockeye, representing 39 percent of the sockeye population~ were destined for the Meziadin systemo 'This places the number of sockeye migrating upstream above A:tyansh at L~ 70, 000 fish. Runs of moderate size were observed at Kwinageese and Darndochax Lakes.11 the former supporting some 60,000 sockeye, the latter, 20.,000 sockeye.. Since these three watersheds account for only 262,000 sockeye~ the majority of the balance (208,000) can only be attributed to Bowser Lake, the largest lake on the watershed. There is no detailed information on the spawning areas or the magnitude of the salmon runs to this lake because of the glacial nature of the watershed and the absence of tributary spawntng streams. Previous reports indicate that substantial numbers of salmon utilize the Bowser Lake spawning areas. In 1912, C. F. Hickman reported, uI saw red coloured sockeye break water all the way up the north shore, within two miles of the head of the lakeo The

{I-After deducting 10% tagging mortality - Bull. 106, F.R.B.C. - Babine River Salmon after Removal of the Rock Slide. - 12 -

lake bottom along this section is covered with fine gravel and appears to be well suited to spawning salmono In the ma.in 9 Le.ke Bowser is, I am well satisfied, a great spawning

groµnd for soekeye salmon. th In 1952, Inspectors w. L. Hitchcock and J. H. Hitchcock reported, "Experiments with gillnets in the lake and river show that sockeye are widely distributed and it would seem that a fairly large run enters this lakeo 6

.sp;rin~s

Spawning populations of 2,000~ 5 9 000 and 1$,000

spring salmon were estimated utililing the Meziadin 9 Damdoohax and Kwinageese Rivers respectivelyo In addition to these, a run of undetermined numbers spawned in the Teigen River, a tributary of the Bell-Irving systemo The:t>e is also strong evidence of main stem spawning occurring in ma.ny stretches of the Nass River. Coho

The coho spawning runs were~ in most cases 9 ,just commencing to reach the spawning grounds at the close of the field survey operations. Coho were observed in the Meziadin,

Damdochax~ l\.winageese and Cranberry systems in some numberll! 9 particularly in the Kw:l.nageese watershedo It is believed

that a run o~ some 100,000 coho entered the Nass River and distributed themselves throughout the watershed., Pinks and Chums There are no figures available on the numbers of - 13 -

pink and qhum salmon spawning in the Nass River above Aiyansh

and evidence indicates that the major spa~ning areas of pink and chum salmon a.re located below this point.,

D. DISCUSSION The data collected during the 1956 and 1957 surveys on the distribution of salmon in the Nass River system was substa.ntiaL

It is not however complete enough to permit a comprehensive analysis of the effects of the proposed hydro-electric project. Such an analysis will require additional information both on the fisheries resource and on the power projecto The information available does however permit a review of some of the major fisheries problems and these are summarized below.

1. '11 he,~£~r(2~t of the

The main problem posed by this development on the upstream migration of salmon and trout is that of passage over the main power dam and the two storage dams. All salmon migrat­ ing to spawning ar·eas above Grease Harbour must pass the main power dam. With the exception of those spawning in the Cranberry­ Kiteen system, they would also have to pass the Meziadin storage damo Those fish spawning in the. Bell-Irving-Bowser system would also have to pass the Bell-Irving storage dam. In addition to the actual ascent of the dam, the reservoirs behind the dams can also have some influence on upstream migrationo Experi- mental data at Bonneville Dam, a dam some 90 feet high, indicated - 14 - ; a three day delay to fish passing the dam, it is also indicated that there is no compensating increase in movement through the slack water pool after reaching the forebay through the fishwayso In fact there is further evidence that spring salmon actually move more slowly through the forebay pools than they do in normal river velocitieso The effects of changes in the river tempera­ tures on adult salmon have not been determined, however this should not be overlooked. 2o Effect on Spawning and Rearing Areaso

·(a) Main Dam~ Tributary spawning in the lower reservoir area is confined to the Cranberry-Kiteen system.. It is probable that unde:r the pres.ant plan some of the spawning and rearing areas will be inundated by reservoir fo:rimationo It is not known at the present time whether main stem spawning occurs in this section of the Nass River., (b) Meziadin Storage Damt Lake Spawning: Probably the most extensive sockeye spawning areas of the Nass River are situated in the·Meziadin systemo In addition to sockeye, this system accommodates a large number of coho and spring salmono Since most of the sockeye in the Meziadin watershed utilize the lake spawning areas 1 :i.nunda.­ tion will render this area unsuitable for spawning. Stream Spawning: Stream spawning at Meziadin Lake is concentrated in Hanna and McLeod Creeks. Since both of these streams have low gradients a rise in water level of 67 feet would inundate 70 percent and 8.5 percent of the present spawning - 15 - ground on Hanna Creek arid McLeod Greek respectively6 River Spawning: The Meziadin River provides valuable spawning areas for sockeye, coho and spring salmon. In addition to spawning area, the upper section of the river provides a large and very productive rearing area. Ooristruction of a dam below the Meziadin·Junction will not only eliminate the spawning area~ but will also affect the rearing capacity of this areao

(c) Bell-Irving Storage Daci~ The proposed storage dam on the Bell-Irving River will cause no inundation of tributary spawning areas on the Bell-Irving itself o However, construction of the dam would raise the level of Bowser Lake by 140 feeto The tributary streams on Bo~ser L•ke are precipitous and extremely glacial and at present '';the only known spawning in the system takes place in the lake itself., The present spawning areas would be completely lost by inundation.

J~ The Anticipated Effect of Flooding on Lake Productivity. (a) Meziadin Laket Meziadin Lake provides an extensive rearing area for sockeye in the Nass River watershed. In addition, this lake supports a large resident population of rainbow trout, dolly varden char and other less important species. Although flooding would lt!fcrea.se the productive area of the lake, periodic drawdowns could more than offset this gain. Further­ more, the comparatively large flow of cold glacial water from the upper Nass can be expected to back up into Mezia.din La.ke 9 thereby affecting productivity., - 16 -

(b) Bowser Lakei Bowser Lake, one of the major watersheds of the Nass river, provides spawning and rearing areas for many sockeye salmon. Furthermore, it supports a population of rainbow trout and dolly varden charo Flooding of this lake will destroy the present limited productive zone and the intermittent dra.wdowns of the reservoir could completely disrupt aquatic productivity. 4. The Effect on Downstream Migration.

Sockeye, coho, spring~ and steelhead smelts and spring salmon fry will have to be by-passed at all three damso Pink and chum fry may have to be by-passed at the lower dam., The downstream migration can be expected to continue from ea.rly Apr•il to late June. In addition juvenile spring salmon may show a prolonged migration throughout the summer. (a) Residualism! Reservoir formation alters very radically the migration cond:t tions normally encountered by juvenile sa.lmon migrating downstreamo In place of the swift flowing river migrants encounter long stretches of still water and eventually the forebay of a high dam. If the migration period for any

reason :ts sufficiently prolonged~ the behaviour patterns related to migration would be disrupted, resulting in either temporary or permanent residence of the migrants wit;hin the reservoir or lakeo The delayed fish would spend an abbreviated period in the ocean then .return as smaller adults, while those that take up fresh water residence would be lost completely to the anadromous populationo '. - 17 -

Evidence from recently developed hydroelectric projects indicates that a significant loss of sockeye 9 coho and spring salmon migrants is to be expected in a. development of this type in which a series of dams and reservoirs are involved .. (b) .Predation: An increase in predation can be expected within each reservoir.. The present ecology of the main river will be altered and as a result predator species will be provided with extensive new rearing and foraging areas.. Converselysi anadromous species will be presented with definite obst~cles to migration.. The anticipated increase in predation can be expected to increase the total freshwater mortality significantly., Seveval fisheries problems associated with this proposed development have been reviewed in the preceding sections. Although some of these can be overcome, others have no apparent solution at the present time.· The problems posed to successful· upstream migration must be considered among the more serious~ Salmon runs o.f the size occurring in the Nass Riv0r have never been passed over de.ms of the height planned for this project. A.part from the relat:tve ly few salmon from the Granberry'"'.K.iteen sy.stem, the same numbers must be passed over both the main power da.m and the Meziadin storage dam~ It is anticipated that the problems associated with downstream migra­ tion will be even more complex than those affecting upstream migration.. The cumulation of even relatively small individual losses at either two or t;hree high dams could prove prohibitive to the successful continuation of the salmon populations at or ... '18 ...

near their present levels. The loss of juvenile migrants by residualism and increased predation within reservoirs would be

I · significan~ and non-compensatory. The provision of adequate facilities for the passage of both upstream and downstream migrants will be of primary importance.. The ·multiplici'l;y of 'problems associated with migration at high dams will require extensive study and. design., Until detailed plans of the proposed development are known, suggestions or criticisms cannot be made.

The loam of spawning and ~earing areas also poses several complex problems. Completion of present plans would mean a complete loss of present spawning areas in the Meziadin; Bowser and Cranberry-K1teen systems. With present knowledgev there could be no compensQtion for the losses at Meziadin and Bowser Lakese In addition to the actual loss or rearing area9 the productivity of Mazie.din and Bowser Lakes would probabl:V be lowered ..

E·., CONO.llJSION

In concluaion9 at lea.st two of the three proposed dams would pose insoluble problems in respect to loss of spawning and rearing areas.. ·Construction of the proposed storage dams below Mazie.din and Bowser Lakes would completely eliminate all present spawning areas.. Although inundations would increase the produc­

tive area of these lakes 9 subsequent drawdowns would more than off set any previous ga1nG

Llepartment of Fisheries, Canada Vancouver, B. C. June, 19580