DOCSLIB.ORG

Mossadegh in America ETD FORMAT FILE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mossadegh in America ETD FORMAT FILE ABSTRACT LEAR-NICKUM, IAN COLE. Mossadegh in America: A Turning Point, October 8- November 18, 1951. (Under the direction of Dr. Nancy Mitchell). The Anglo-Iranian Oil Crisis officially began in April 1951, when the Iranian legislature nationalized Iran’s oil industry. This political action foreclosed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company’s claim on Iranian oil, and drew ire from Great Britain as well as international oil companies. Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh, the prime minister of Iran, was the elderly statesman responsible for leading this intense political movement. Nationalization, however, caused an international imbroglio of epic proportions, and in August 1953 Mossadegh was removed from office by a CIA/MI6-assisted royalist coup d’état that reaffirmed the power of Mohammad Reza Shah and ended the oil nationalization movement in Iran. Control of Iranian oil was returned to the West, and American companies received a forty percent share. Initially, the United States was caught in the middle of this crisis, and the Truman administration sought to achieve a resolution. The best chance for a settlement came when Mossadegh – drawn to American shores by a British complaint submitted to the United Nations Security Council – visited the United States from October 8 to November 18, 1951. During this time period, the prime minister met with American officials in New York, defended Iran’s actions at the United Nations, and pleaded his case to President Truman in Washington. While brave and progressive, his unorthodox political tactics and uncompromising negotiating techniques – including threats of a Soviet-Iranian alliance if Iran did not receive American aid as well as almost daily reversals in his positions regarding Iranian concessions – would prove costly. Whereas at the beginning of his time in America the Truman administration was hopeful that a settlement could be reached, by the end of his stay the American position had shifted. Not only did the United States come to believe that Mossadegh was unworthy of American support, but by November 18, 1951 the Truman administration was beginning to align with the British, who had been clamoring for Mossadegh’s removal since his ascendance to the prime minister’s seat in April 1951. The United States would fully abandon any tangible support of Mossadegh by January 1952 and would decide that the only course of action was to strengthen the young Shah. This thesis refocuses the historiography of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Crisis, and shows that the groundwork for the overthrow of Mohammad Mossadegh was set by the Truman administration starting in October-November 1951. Mossadegh’s time in America was a turning point for US policy: after experiencing the premier’s personality firsthand, realizing that his policies jeopardized international capitalism, hearing his threats of a Soviet alliance, and learning that their most valuable Cold War ally, Great Britain, refused to reenter negotiations with the polarizing prime minister, the United States decided to support the Shah and abandon Mossadegh. The Truman administration left the elderly statesman on his own to battle an international boycott of Iranian oil and a deteriorating political situation in Iran. The Americans decided that the needs of an ally and the standards of international capitalism outweighed the risk of Soviet subversion in Iran. In addition, this shift in policy, while directly moving the United States towards a position of covert intervention in Iran, would also heighten the tension in America’s early Cold War power struggle with Great Britain. Indeed, Mossadegh’s time in America would prove to be an important step in the United States achieving long standing hegemony in the Middle East at the expense of its British ally. © Copyright 2013 Ian Cole Lear-Nickum All Rights Reserved Mossadegh in America: A Turning Point, October 8-November 18, 1951 by Ian Cole Lear-Nickum A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Raleigh, North Carolina 2013 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Anne Mitchell Dr. Akram Khater Committee Chair ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Blair Kelley Dr. David Gilmartin ii DEDICATION For my precious son James; for my incredible and beautiful wife Lindsay; for our soon-to-be- born daughter; for my Mom, an environmental historian who instilled in me a love of history; for my Dad, who leads with experience, strength, and hope; for my devoted in-laws, Alison and David; for the History Department of NC State, for believing in me and giving me this opportunity; for the people of Iran; and for the memory of Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh. iii BIOGRAPHY Ian Cole Lear-Nickum was born in Washington, D.C. on September 11, 1978 and grew up in Bethesda, MD. From birth he was immersed in the study of history – his mother, Linda Lear, is the environmental historian who wrote Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature, the definitive biography of the celebrated biologist who wrote Silent Spring and started the modern environmental movement. After attending St. Albans School in Washington and graduating cum laude in 1997, Ian matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received a BA in Communications in 2001. While at Penn, he acquired a thirst for music from his experiences as a member of Off the Beat, an a capella group. After college, Ian formed a rock band, Vaeda. The group signed a recording contract in 2006, and their debut album, State of Nature, was released in stores nationwide that same year. Ian toured with Vaeda for three years, playing over 500 concerts, and during this time he married Lindsay, his college sweetheart. The band was dropped from its label in 2009, and although it recorded and released a second album, Unsafe at Any Speed, Ian decided to resign as lead singer/guitarist and pursue his other passion: history. When Lindsay, studying to be a veterinary oncologist, received a residency position at NC State’s veterinary hospital, the couple moved to Raleigh, and after taking some classes at NC State, Ian applied to the History Graduate Program. In an amazing stroke of fortune, he was granted a Teaching Assistantship. Lindsay and Ian welcomed James Beckett Lear Nickum into the world on January 2nd, 2011, and the family now lives in Stamford, Connecticut. Most recently, Ian accepted an offer to be a full-time high school history teacher at King Low Heywood Thomas, a local private school. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I acknowledge my adviser, Dr. Nancy Mitchell. Thanks to her efforts and guidance, I was able to focus and hone this monstrosity of a thesis into something more digestible. She alone knows the struggles I dealt with while trying to finalize my topic and do my research, and I will be forever grateful for her edits, her encouragement, her honesty, her patience, and her high expectations. I cannot thank her enough. Second, I acknowledge my committee members. Dr. Akram Khater allowed me to do an independent study with him during the spring semester in which my son, James, was born. He was patient and kind, yet tough and determined: thanks to his direction, I learned Iranian history as seen through the eyes of Iranian scholars. This was integral to my thesis work. Likewise, taking Dr. Blair Kelley’s summer school class on the American Civil Rights Movement gave me a historical perspective that I had previously lacked, and this allowed me to make some of the connections between American domestic and foreign policy that follow in this thesis. Her graciousness, perspective, and humor made my experience at NC State incredibly rich and enjoyable. Last, but certainly not least, Dr. David Gilmartin ignited a spark within me when I took his Modern European Imperialism class. He encouraged me to write about Mossadegh, even though the literature was already vast and seemingly impenetrable. I like to think that he saw something in me and decided to support me in my work, and I am grateful to him for this. This last point, of course, is applicable to all my committee members, and I thank them all for being there for me every step of the way. Third, I extend my appreciation to the faculty and staff in the History Department at NC State. Dr. David Zonderman is not only a wealth of historical knowledge and a tough v professor, but also he was a supportive member of my familial community in Raleigh and a mentor. He leads by example, and is someone who I aspire to emulate. Being a teaching assistant for Dr. Matthew Booker was an absolute joy. He was the best boss I will probably ever have. Tough but kind, focused but fun, I will continue to plagiarize from Dr. Booker throughout my career as a teacher. He has a humility about him that is endearing and gracious, and he changed my life for the better. Dr. Brent Sirota is a rock star amongst professors, and might have done more for me by giving me a bad grade on my historiography midterm than any teacher or professor ever has. He knew that I was not reaching my potential, and his comments inspired me. I was incredibly lucky to have him as a professor, and he introduced me to some of the most incredible thinkers and writers in human history. I hope NC State appreciates what they have in him. Lastly, a special “thank you” to Norene Miller, the hardest working person in the History Department. She helped me almost every single day, and always wanted to see new pictures of James. I would not be in a position to graduate had it not been for her – she is one of the kindest women I have ever known.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution
    The Road to Isolation: Triumphs and Tragedies of the Iranian Revolution Salma Schwartzman Senior Division Historical Paper Word Count: 2, 499 !1 Born of conflicting interests and influences — those ancient tensions deeply rooted in its own society — the Iranian revolution generated numerous and alternating cycles of triumph and tragedy, the one always inextricably resulting from and offsetting the other. This series of vast political shifts saw the nation shudder from a near feudal monarchy to a democratized state, before finally relapsing into an oppressive, religiously based conservatism. The Prelude: The White Revolution Dating from 1960 to 1963, the White Revolution was a period of time in Iran in which modernization, westernization, and industrialization were ambitiously promoted by the the country’s governing royalty: the Pahlavi regime. Yet although many of these changes brought material and social benefit, the country was not ready to embrace such a rapid transition from its traditional structure; thus the White Revolution sowed the seeds that would later blossom into the Iranian Revolution1. Under the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the State of Iran underwent serious industrial expansion. After seizing almost complete political power for himself, the Shah set in motion the land reform law of 1962.2 This law forced landed minorities to surrender vast tracts of lands to the government so that it could be redistributed to small scale agriculturalists. The landowners who experienced losses were compensated through shares of state owned Iranian industries. Cultivators and laborers also received share holdings of Iranian industries and agricultural profits.3 This reform not only helped the agrarian community, but encouraged and supported 1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia.
    [Show full text]
  • C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26
    C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26 APPLIND1X A . ;hose Dil? An Abbreviated History of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute,-'194; -53 In 1372, the then Shah of Persia, rlaser ad-Din, in return for much needed cash, gave to Baron Paul Julius de Reuter. .'a concession to. exploit all his country's minerals (except for gold, silver, and precious stones'), all its forests and uncultivated land, and ail canals and irrigation works, as ;sell as a monopoly to construct railways and tranilways. Although the resulting uproar,-zsrac:.a11~ from neighboring Russiaraused this sweeping concession to be cancelled, de Reuter, who was a German Jew with British citizenship, persisted and by 1889 regained two parts of his original concession--the operation of a bank and the working of Persia's mines. Under the latter grant, de Reuter's men explored-for oil without great success, and the concession expired in 1999, 'the year the Baron died.` Persian oil right Shen passed to a British speculator, William Knox D'Arcy, whose first fortune had been made in Australian gold mines: The purchase price of the concession was about 50,000 pounds, and in 1903 the enterprise began to sell shares in "The First Exploitation Company." Exploratory drilling proceeded, and by 1904, two producing wells were in. a,+A - Shortly thereafter,Ainterest in oil was sharply stimulated by the efforts of Admiral Sir John Fisher, First Lord of the Admiralty, to convert the Royal Navy.from'burning coal to oil.. As a result, the Burmah Oil Company sought to become involved in eersian oil and, joining with D "lrcy and Lord Strathcona, formed the new Concessions Syndicate, L d, which endured un'ti'l 1907 when Burmah Oil bought D'Arcy out for 200„000 pounds cash and 900,000 pounds in shares.
    [Show full text]
  • Lament of Ahmad Khani: a Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan
    Lament of Ahmad Khani: A Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan Erik Novak Department of Political Science Villanova University The Kurdish poet Sheikmous Hasan, better known as Cigerxwin, wrote these words as part of his much larger work, Who Am I? while living in exile in Sweden. “I am the proud Kurd, the enemies’ enemy, the friend of peace-loving ones. I am of noble race, not wild as they claim. My mighty ancestors were free people. Like them I want to be free and that is why I fight, for the enemy won’t leave in peace and I don’t want to be forever oppressed.”1 Although Hasan, who died in 1984, was a modern voice for Kurdish nationalism, he is merely one of a chorus of Kurds reaching back centuries crying out for a free and independent Kurdish state, unofficially named Kurdistan. Although the concept of nationalism is common today, the cries of the Kurds for their own state reach back centuries, the first written example coming from the Kurdish poet Ahmad Khani in his national epic Mem-o-Zin in 1695. Mem-o-Zin actually predates the French Revolution of 1789, which is often thought to be the true beginning of the concept of a national state. Despite having conceived of nationalism for the Kurds nearly a century ahead of France and the rest of Western Europe, the Kurds lack a state of their own. What are the origins of Kurdish nationalist thought and how has it evolved over the years? To answer this question, we will track the evolution of Kurdish nationalist thought from its origins during the Ottoman Empire, 1 through World War I and up to the present by looking at the three successor states of the Ottoman Empire that contain the largest Kurdish populations: Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Reza Shah Modernity on the Political Opposition Development
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 7 No 5 S1 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy October 2016 Effect of Reza Shah Modernity on the Political Opposition Development 1Mohammad Reza Motamedi 2Dr. Ali Akbar Amini 1, 2Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran Corresponding Author email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n5s1p84 Abstract Reza Khan, commander of Cossack Brigade based in Qazvin, came to power by coup in 1920, and with the coronation in 1305 brought Qajar dynasty to an end and founded Pahlavi dynasty. He as the first Pahlavi King started a series of planned reforms to establish himself and bring about a secular state and society inspired by the West, especially Ataturk in Turkey. Since then, Islam and Islamic clergies enjoyed power and influence in political and social affairs especially after the effective presence and leadership tobacco and constitutional movements. Reza Shah tries to use sources of progress to bring modernization into people's private life. In 1929, he passed a law that required men to wear foreign outfits instead of traditional and clergy dress, and then to remove hijab was obligatory to women and they were banned from wearing hijab. Keywords: Reza Shah, Modernism, Modernity 1. Introduction Our contemporary history of Iran has always been the scene of battles, victories, defeats and honorable acts of a nation with freedom from domestic and foreign tyranny, the main objective. Trying to prevent the collapse of the country against colonial invasion of Russia, Britain, and The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in Iran Under the Shah
    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 12 Issue 1 Article 7 1980 Human Rights in Iran under the Shah Richard W. Cottam Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Richard W. Cottam, Human Rights in Iran under the Shah, 12 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 121 (1980) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol12/iss1/7 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Volume 12, Number 1, Winter 1980 COMMENT Human Rights in Iran Under the Shah by Professor Richard W. Cottam* I. INTRODUCTION FOR ANY ADVOCATE of human rights, the events surrounding the Iranian revolution must be a source of continuing agony. But for any- one interested in gaining a sharper understanding of some of the basic issues concerning human rights, the dramatic developments in Iran should be highly instructive. The early summary executions in Iran and the later public trials conducted by revolutionary Islamic courts were properly condemned by western human rights advocates as failing to ap- proach the requirements of due process. Yet the great majority of those who were tried and executed were charged with terrible violations of the most elemental human rights; and the testimony of the accused, so rich in detail and so internally consistent as to be credible,1 tends to confirm the worst charges against the Shah's regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran and the CIA This Page Intentionally Left Blank Iran and the CIA the Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited
    Iran and the CIA This page intentionally left blank Iran and the CIA The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited Darioush Bayandor © Darioush Bayandor 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-57927-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-36788-7 ISBN 978-0-230-27730-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230277304 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946)
    Revista Humanidades ISSN: 2215-3934 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Soleimani Amiri, PhD. Mohammad Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Revista Humanidades, vol. 10, no. 1, 2020 Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=498060395015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i1.39936 Todos los derechos reservados. Universidad de Costa Rica. Esta revista se encuentra licenciada con Creative Commons. Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Costa Rica. Correo electrónico: [email protected]/ Sitio web: http: //revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/humanidades This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 International. PDF generated from XML JATS4R by Redalyc Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative PhD. Mohammad Soleimani Amiri. Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Desde las ciencias sociales, la filosofía y la educación Azerbaijan Democratic Party: Ups and Downs (1945-1946) Partido Demócrata de Azerbaiyán: altibajos (1945-1946) PhD. Mohammad Soleimani Amiri DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/h.v10i1.39936 University of Sapienza, Italia Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? [email protected] id=498060395015 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0554-6964 Received: 19 June 2019 Accepted: 23 November 2019 Abstract: Democratic Party of Azerbaijan's movement is one of the most important events in the history of Iran and the world. It was for the first time in the history of Iran that a political party seriously stressed the issue of autonomy. In addition, this movement as liberation movement prioritized several decisive and fundamental reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Ali Rad Yousefnia The-Impacts-Of-A
    TANGIBLE - INTANGIBLE HERITAGE(S) – DESIGN, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CRITIQUES ON THE PAST, PRESENT AND THE FUTURE • Paper / Proposal Title: The Impacts of a Political Quarrel on Heritage: The case of traditional Bazaar in Tabriz • Author(s) Name: Ali Rad Yousefnia • University or Company Affiliation: Master of Architecture (M. Arch) in Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey • Presentation Method. I would like to: i. present in person (with a written paper) • Abstract (300 words): Bazaar as the core, has shaped the urban form of many traditional Iranian cities. Without Bazar, a settlement is not considered as a city. Several functions can be listed for Bazaar due to its close spatial relations with different parts of the urban form. Activates like social, religious and cultural activities are among these examples. Nowadays, Bazaar considers as one of the most valuable heritages in Iranian cities. Tabriz, as one of the important and effective cities on the silk road, connected several regions. It was the connection hub with Europe and Anatolia on its West, Caucuses and Russia on its north, Persia and Middle East on its south and east regions. During the transition from tradition to modernity, the Bazaar of Tabriz had been the target of several changes and transformations. One of the most crucial and destructive acts which affected the structural and physical form of Bazaar was the street widening act enacted under the Reza Shah’s reign and continued through the ruling years of his son MohammadReza Shah. This act tore down the old and historical urban fabric in almost all cities in Iran between 1920 and 1960.
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Modernization and the Gendered Built Environment in Iran
    Transnational Modernization and the Gendered Built Environment in Iran: Altering Architectural Spaces and Gender Identities in the Early Twentieth Century (1925-1941) A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Architecture and Interior Design of College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning By Armaghan Ziaee Bachelor of Architecture, 2009 Master of Architecture, 2013 Master of Arts, 2018 2018 Committee: Amy Lind, Ph.D. (Co-chair) Adrian Parr, Ph.D. (Co-chair) Edson Cabalfin, Ph.D. Abstract When Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925-1941) came to power in Iran in 1925, he initiated a rapid and irreversible process of change that began in the public domain of the city and filtered into the private domain of the home. During this era of accelerated, westernized modernization, gender- segregated private housing, including courtyard houses, and gender-exclusive, masculine public spaces were repurposed relatively quickly and/or were replaced by modern villa-style houses/apartments and gender-inclusive public spaces. Over the years, as Reza Shah’s policies of western-style modern houses, urban spaces, fashion, and design grew, he intensified his support for gender desegregation, most notably through banning women’s use of the Chador (the traditional Iranian veil) in public spaces. In this sense, the first Pahlavi modernization project of the built environment was constructed through a gendered lens of progress, in which physical structures, public and private spaces, and women’s (and men’s) very senses of embodiment and identity – in their homes, in public spaces, in regard to their dress – became a contested battleground at the center of broader struggles concerning modernity and westernization in Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study of Ataturk and Reza Shah
    MODERNIZATION AND RELIGION: CASE STUDY OF ATATURK AND REZA SHAH 1HAMID NASSAJ, 2MORTEZA BAHRANI 1Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Isfahan, 2Assistant Professor of Political Science, Institute for Social and Cultural Studies E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract- In the early decades of the twentieth century, semi-modern states emerged in Iran and Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who managed to establish Turkey on the remains of the Ottoman Empire, tried to modernize Turkey with Anti- religious approach. In Iran, too, Reza Khan successfully toppled the rotten Qajar Dynasty and took hold of the throne. He, likewise, believed in modernization through the process of Westernization. Foreign relations between two countries, and especially Reza Shah`s historical visit to Turkey (1934), deepened linkage of theoretical approach of two rulers, so that when Reza Shah returned from his historical visit, he became more determined in his Westernization policy and particularly unveiling women. Despite similar theoretical approaches and the influence of Turkey on Iran, comparing the westernization of Ataturk and Reza Shah reveals many differences in their magnitude and range. Ataturk omitted religious ranking, religious schools and Sharia courts, and monasteries. He prohibited any religious signs and established civil law; he obligated to read Quran, Prayer and Azan in Turkish instead of Arabic and determined weekend vacation from Friday to Sunday, as the official holyday of week despite Reza Shah’s attempts to do same works like Ataturk, he did none of these changes in Iran. Resistance in the two countries was different too. There was no social mobilization in Turkey and the resistance was regional and temporary.
    [Show full text]
  • Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini: in Light of Shi'i History
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1986 Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini: in Light of Shi'i History Brigitte U. Neary College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History of Religion Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Neary, Brigitte U., "Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Ayatollah Khomeini: in Light of Shi'i History" (1986). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625376. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-0f6r-pf24 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHAH MOHAMMED REZA PAHLAVI AND AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI IN LIGHT OF SHI'I HISTORY A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Sociology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Brigitte U. Neary 1986 ProQuest Number: 10627875 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10627875 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017).
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Shiite Islam's Influence (1900-Present)
    Portland State University PDXScholar University Honors Theses University Honors College 5-24-2018 The Path to Modern Iran: an Examination of Shiite Islam's Influence (1900-Present) Autymn A. Langford Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Langford, Autymn A., "The Path to Modern Iran: an Examination of Shiite Islam's Influence (1900-Present)" (2018). University Honors Theses. Paper 590. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.599 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. The Path to Modern Iran: An Examination of Shiite Islam’s Influence (1900-Present) By: Autymn Langford An undergraduate thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science & Political Science Honors & University Urban Honors College Programs Thesis Advisor: Dr. Lindsey J. Benstead, Ph.D. Portland State University 2018 Langford 1 Table of Contents: Abstract Introduction Overview of Shiite Islam Religion & Politics in Iran Pre-1900 The Constitutional Revolution (1905-1921) Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925-1941) Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1941-1979) The Appeal of Mohammad Mosaddeq The 1953 Coupe & Return of the Pahlavi Shah The Emergence of Ayatollah Khomeini The 1979 Revolution The Islamic Republic of Iran (1980-1999) Middle Ground Politics in Iran (2000-Present) Concluding Remarks Langford 2 Abstract: Throughout history, we have struggled to determine how best to govern and maintain our societies.
    [Show full text]