English Lingua Franca Nova Dictionary
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Vietnamese Style Guide
Vietnamese Style Guide Contents What's New? .................................................................................................................................... 4 New Topics ................................................................................................................................... 4 Updated Topics ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 About This Style Guide ................................................................................................................ 5 Scope of This Document .............................................................................................................. 5 Style Guide Conventions .............................................................................................................. 5 Sample Text ................................................................................................................................. 5 Recommended Reference Material ............................................................................................. 6 Normative References .............................................................................................................. 7 Informative References ............................................................................................................ -
I, a Language Inventor
I, a Language Inventor Viktor Medrano Index I, a Language Inventor..........................................................................................................................1 It All Started on a Pacific Island......................................................................................................2 Was It Finland or Canada?..............................................................................................................3 Esperanto Was Really My Hobby Catalyst......................................................................................4 I Was a Teenager Once Again.........................................................................................................6 How an Esperantist Became a Heretic............................................................................................7 My Hobby Started to Explode.........................................................................................................7 Was I Somewhere in Africa?...........................................................................................................9 Was I an Eskimo, Amerindian, or Aborigine?..............................................................................10 Iom per Esperanto...........................................................................................................................11 Back to English...............................................................................................................................13 Da Oktogrok Viu ov Laif................................................................................................................14 -
Chapter 1 Typology of Complement Clauses Magdalena Lohninger University of Vienna Susi Wurmbrand University of Vienna
Chapter 1 Typology of Complement Clauses Magdalena Lohninger University of Vienna Susi Wurmbrand University of Vienna Put abstract here with \abstract. 1 Introduction—Universal questions about complement clauses Following Dixon (2010), complement clauses can be defined along several dimen- sions: they have the internal structure of a clause (i.e., a predicate-argument con- figuration); they function as a core argument of another predicate (the matrixor main predicate); they are restricted to a limited set of matrix predicates; and they describe semantic concepts such as propositions, facts, activities, states, events or situations (they cannot simply refer to a place or time). In this chapter we will follow this characterization and summarize major findings of clauses that “fill an argument slot in the structure of another clause” (Dixon (2010), 370). When looking at complement clauses typologically, one striking characteris- tic is found: despite extensive variation, there are restrictions of different sorts within and across languages, determined by the semantics of the matrix predi- cate, the semantics of the complement clause as well as the complement’s mor- phosyntactic properties. No language follows an “anything goes” strategy and the combination of matrix predicates and different types and meanings of com- plement clauses is often not free. However, these restrictions are not completely uniform. Cross-linguistically, the meaning of a complementation configuration is Change with \papernote Magdalena Lohninger & Susi Wurmbrand mapped -
In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies
In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies Copyright © 2012, Richard Forsyth. Background Reading John Lanchester's Whoops!, an entertaining account of how highly paid hotshot traders in a number of prestigious financial institutions brought the world to the brink of economic collapse, I was struck by the following sentence: "In an ideal world, one populated by vegetarians, Esperanto speakers and fluffy bunny wabbits, derivatives would be used for one thing only: reducing levels of risk." (Lanchester, 2010: 37). What struck me about this throwaway remark, apart from the obvious implication that derivatives were actually used to magnify risk rather than reducing it (doubtless by carnivores ignorant of Esperanto), was its presumption that right-thinking readers would take it for granted that Esperanto symbolizes well-meaning futility -- thus highlighting the author's status as a tough-minded realist. This is just one illustration that disdain for Esperanto in particular, and auxiliary languages in general, pervades intellectual circles in Britain today, as in many other countries. And if you dare to raise the subject of constructed international languages with a professional translator or interpreter be prepared not just for disdain but outright hostility. Of course professional interpreters are among the most linguistically gifted people on the planet, and can't see why the rest of us shouldn't become fluent in half a dozen natural languages in our spare time. (Not to mention the fact that a widespread adoption of Esperanto, or one of its competitors, would have a seriously negative impact on their opportunities for gainful employment.) Thus Esperanto has become a symbol of lost causes, to be dismissed out of hand by practical folk. -
Les Drapeaux Des Langues Construites
Les Drapeaux des Langues Construites Patrice de La Condamine Résumé Depuis toujours, les hommes oscillent entre la préservation de leurs identités particulières et leur besoin d’appartenance à des communautés globales. L’idée d’universel et de recherche de la “fusion des origines” hante leur cœur. Dans cet esprit, des langues construites ont été élaborées. Qu’elles soient à vocation auxiliaire ou internationale, destinées à de vastes aires culturelles ou à but strictement philosophique. Des noms connus comme Volapük, Espéranto, Ido, Bolak, Interlingua, Occidental. Mais aussi Glosa, Kotava, Lingua Franca Nova, Atlango. Ou encore Folskpraat, Slovio, Nordien, Afrihili, Slovianski, Hedšdël. Sans parler du langage philosophique Lojban1. Le plus intéressant est de constater que toutes ces langues ont des drapeaux qui traduisent les messages et idéaux des groupes en question! La connaissance des drapeaux des langues construites est primordiale pour plusieurs raisons: elle nous permet de comprendre que tous les drapeaux sans exception délivrent des messages d’une part; que l’existence des drapeaux n’est pas forcément liée à l’unique notion de territoire d’autre part. Le drapeau est d’abord et avant tout, à travers son dessin et ses couleurs, un “territoire mental”. Après avoir montré et expliqué ces différents drapeaux2, nous conclurons avec la présentation du drapeau des Conlang, sorte d’ONU des Langues construites! Folkspraak Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011 © 2011 North American Vexillological Association (www.nava.org) 1 Sélection de noms parmi d’autres. 2 Une trentaine environ. 175 LES DRAPEAUX DES LANGUES CONSTRUITES introduction A nous tous qui sommes réunis ici pour ce XXIVème Congrès International de la vexillologie à Washington, personne n’a plus besoin d’expliquer la nécessité vitale qu’ont les hommes de se représenter au moyen d’emblèmes, et nous savons la place primordiale qu’occupent les drapeaux dans cette fonction. -
Grammar of Lingua Franca Nova
Grammar of Lingua Franca Nova 2021-01-08 http://www.elefen.org/vici/gramatica/en/xef Contents Spelling and pronunciation..........................................................................................................3 Sentences...................................................................................................................................11 Nouns.........................................................................................................................................13 Determiners...............................................................................................................................18 Pronouns....................................................................................................................................26 Adjectives..................................................................................................................................33 Adverbs......................................................................................................................................35 Verbs..........................................................................................................................................40 Prepositions...............................................................................................................................48 Conjunctions..............................................................................................................................63 Questions...................................................................................................................................67 -
Hillary Clinton Is Not Mitt Romney Rich: Nouns Modifying Degree and Dimen- Sion of Adjectives1 Charlie O’HARA — University of Southern California
Hillary Clinton is not Mitt Romney rich: Nouns modifying degree and dimen- sion of adjectives1 Charlie O’HARA — University of Southern California Abstract. In loose English speech, speakers can be observed to use nouns to modify adjectives. This paper explores the four readings which this construction can attain, associated with four types of parameters typically associated with adjectives: degrees, judges, comparison classes, and dimensions. A formal analysis is put forth that derives all four phenomena by recentering pragmatic halos around the modifying noun. Keywords: adjectives, degree, dimensions, comparison class, equative, alternatives. 1. Introduction Consider the sentence in (1). (1) Hillary Clinton is rich, but not Mitt Romney rich. Mitt Romney rich is indicative of a construction that seems unique to varieties of English, where a noun phrase modifies the meaning of the following adjective. Mitt Romney rich can be ambiguous between several different readings. (2) a. How rich is Hillary Clinton? b. Does Hillary Clinton care about poor people? c. Mitt Romney’s only inviting rich people to his birthday party, did he invite Hillary Clinton? As an answer to the first question, (1) obtains the DEGREE READING: Mitt Romney rich means something similar to as rich as Mitt Romney. The second question obtains a DIMENSION READING, Mitt Romney rich means something like rich in the way Mitt Romney is. The third reading is a JUDGE READING, similar to is considered rich by Mitt Romney. A fourth reading is more difficult to obtain with the sentence in (1), but is more apparent in (3). (3) They are rich, of course [...], but not New York City rich. -
A Functional-Typological Account of NP-Clause Parallels SLE 2012 - J
A functional-typological account of NP-clause parallels SLE 2012 - J. Rijkhoff (Aarhus University, Denmark) 1. Preliminaries - Subject: similarities between SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS of NP and clause (often iconically reflected in morphology and syntax); ‘symmetry model’ developed within theory of F(D)G. - Main point: the same five FUNCTIONAL MODIFIER CATEGORIES can be used to analyze NPs and clauses (e.g. Rijkhoff 2008a, 2008c, 2009): (i) CLASSIFYING MODIFIERS, (ii) QUALIFYING MODIFIERS, (iii) QUANTIFYING MODIFIERS, (iv) LOCALIZING or ANCHORING MODIFIERS, and (v) DISCOURSE-REFERENTIAL MODIFIERS (on ATTITUDINAL MODIFICATION, see e.g. Rijkhoff 2010). - Method: combination of theory-driven data collection and data-driven hypothesis formation. ! - ‘functional’: as already intended by Prague School linguists, who were “seeking to understand what jobs the various components were doing […]” (Sampson 1980: 104). - ‘typological’: model based on a data from a representative 50-lge. sample of the world’s languages (Rijkhoff et al. 1993; Rijkhoff & Bakker 1998). ! Modifier categories include both grammatical and lexical modifiers; they cover all ‘dependents’ that are not arguments or complements. ! Modifiers are distributed over ‘nested’ layers around the head constituent, reflecting differences in SEMANTIC SCOPE. Conventionally, grammatical modifier categories (‘operators’) like Demonstratives or Tense (both: LOCALIZING/ANCHORING MODIFIERS) are represented on the left, whereas lexical modifiers (‘satellites’), such as adjectives, adverb(ial)s, PPs -
Recenzje / Review
214 RECENZJE / REVIEW Vĕra Barandovská-Frank Lingvokonstruado por diversaj kulturoj: historia ekzemplo Langmaker Abstract (Language construction for different cultures: The historic example ofLang - maker). The advent of internet communication protocols such as hypertext in the 1990s also revolutionized language creation. In the wake of language creation groups communicating by email the online bulletin “Model languages” of Jeffrey Henning appeared. He noticed that the number of new international auxiliary languages being created was smaller than the number of languages created for recreational or experimental purposes and he encouraged language construction as a hobby. Having recognized this new trend, he discussed the different types of Conlangs (constructed languages) and catalogued them in a browsable database. His col- lection of translations of the Babel text (Genesis 11: 1-9) became a translation benchmark for new Conlangers (language creators). His portal “Langmaker” recorded and described about 2000 Conlangs, offered professional services, for example to science fiction authors, and included links to academic literature and hundreds of related web pages. In 2004, it had about 20,000 monthly visitors. In 2007, it was transferred to a wiki format, enabling all interested to enter and contribute (Henning himself wrote about 2000 pages). In 2008, the system became too cumbersome and stopped functioning. Since then no similar portal has existed that has creatively and cooperatively brought different types of Conlangers together regardless of whether they invent languages for an existing community or for a virtual culture. In February of 2020, the book “Langmaker. Celebrating Conlangs” was published, containing the most important texts of Jeffrey Henning with a forward by his former collaborator David. -
Jezebel HD:Cour:322:Axioms.Synt.Conc.Fm
The Fundamental Relations of Syntax and Conceptual Structure Some ideas for discussion Richard C. DeArmond 1 Introduction. Our intention here is to create a set of terms for basic syntax and their conceptual counter- parts. We will start with a prime, which cannot be defined, and build up the definitions from these primes. The following box contains the corresponding units of conceptual structure and their correspondent units of syntactic structure: Table 1: Conceptual and Grammatical Terms Conceptual Grammatical Suggested Primes STATE IMPLICATOR CHANGE CAUSE COLOUR? SOLID? LIQUID? Form Form predicate head (part of speech (N, V, A, P)) implicator pointer predicator basic head (semantic) argument (syntactic) argument basic eventuality basic phrase (unmodified), X1 complete eventuality clause, CP (or NegP?) 1 Table 1: Conceptual and Grammatical Terms Conceptual Grammatical (syntactic) operator (semantic) modifier lexical modifier 2 The Primes The term predicate is nearly impossible to define without containing circular defini- tions. The basic idea is that a predicate is conceptually the heart of an eventuality--an event or a state. The best way to treat this problem is to consider a predicate a prime form--a form which cannot be defined in terms of smaller units. However, a predicate consists of a bunch of semantic-conceptual features. Thus, a predicate is not a prime. At this time no one knows what the set of conceptual primary features are. We can think of a predicate as a bundle of features, but then this term needs to be defined. A appropriate bundle of features determines the meaning of a form. This is hard to illustrate, as the features are less than clear and easy to access. -
Grammar of Lingua Franca Nova
Grammar of Lingua Franca Nova 4 October 2012 http://lfn.wikia.com/ http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/lfn/ http://purl.org/net/lfn/disionario/ 1 Contents Spelling and pronunciation ....................................................................................................................3 Sentences................................................................................................................................................9 Nouns ...................................................................................................................................................10 Determiners..........................................................................................................................................13 Pronouns ..............................................................................................................................................19 Adjectives ............................................................................................................................................23 Adverbs................................................................................................................................................24 Verbs....................................................................................................................................................27 Prepositions..........................................................................................................................................33 Conjunctions ........................................................................................................................................44 -
Words Denoting Pea (Pisum Sativum) in Constructed Languages
PISUM GENETICS 2010-VOLUME 42 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Words denoting pea (Pisum sativum) in constructed languages Mikic, A.1, institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia Ignjatovic-Cupina, A.2 2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia and Cupina, B.1 Introduction and Aim It is no wonder that the words denoting pea (Pisum sativum L.), one of the most ancient crops, are present in both extinct and living languages of the Old World, especially in Europe, Asia Minor, Near East and Central and northeast Asia. In many cases, the words denoting pea retained their original form and meaning, despite a millennia-long period between proto-languages and their modern descendants (1). The term constructed language refers to the one not evolving naturally but being consciously invented for a specific purpose. The most numerous among these are auxiliary languages, made with a primary goal of enhancing the communication between people not sharing a common native language. Their development reached its peak in the mid-20th century with Esperanto. in addition to auxiliary languages, there are other sorts of constructed languages. Among them are artistic and alternative languages. The former comprise fictional languages that are used in literature while the latter represent languages that could have existed if historical events had been different. This research was aimed at collecting the words denoting pea in major constructed languages. Materials and Methods The words denoting pea were collected from all available printed and electronic dictionaries of major constructed languages and other related relevant resources. The origin of these words was investigated and assessed after they were grouped.