Cover Page
The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/29742 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation
Author: Dongen, Teun Walter van Title: The science of fighting terrorism : the relation between terrorist actor type and counterterrorism effectiveness Issue Date: 2015-11-18 Index
¡Basta Ya!, 209 presses Provisional IRA for 9/11, 17, 316 negotiations, 268 limited economic impact of, 23 reasons for supporting armed AAA (Apostolic Anticommunist struggle, 277 Alliance), 192 transition from armed Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouq, struggle to negotiations, 5 367 visits US in 1994, 288 Abu Hamza, 314, 362, 363, 365, Adebolajo, Michael, 376 373 Agreement for Freedom and arrested, 372 Against Terrorism, 220, 222 rise to prominence in British AIVD (General Intelligence and jihadist movement, 359 Security Service), 322, 326, suggests security covenant, 329, 341 353 false alarms and, 342 Abu Nidal Organisation, 63 mole in Hofstad Group, 333 Abu Qatada, 314, 360, 362, 373 on deradicalisation and rise to prominence in British disengagement, 102 jihadist movement, 357 recording devices in homes Action Directe, 22, 69, 71, 75 Hofstad Group members, cooperates with RAF, 163 333 Action Plan Polarisation and tensions with police, 334 Radicalisation, 309 thwarts attack in Portugal, 324 based on overestimation of Akhnikh, Ismail, 332, 333 jihadist threat, 340, 341 arrested, 326 limited effectiveness of, 337, Al Qaeda, 17, 20, 21, 37, 51, 54, 339 66, 73, 128, 203, 358, 360, 364, logic and objectives behind, 370, 407 335 global jihadist ideology of, 54 Adams, Gerry, 241, 247, 248, 253, training camps in Afghanistan 270, 271, 284, 286 and Pakistan, 409, 410 argues in favour of negotiated Albizu, Mikel settlement, 6 argues against continuation of argues 'Long War' strategy, ETA's armed struggle, 189 249 Albrecht, Susan, 144 as leader of Belfast section of Ali, Abdullah Ahmed, 351, 367, the Provisional IRA, 237 396 critical of Provisional IRA, 248 explains motivation behind on support for Provisional attack, 384 IRA, 257
565 The science of fighting terrorism
suggests way to end terrorist Baader, Andreas, 121, 130, 133, attacks, 386 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 156 Ali, Abdullah Ahmed, 362 freed from prison, 124 Allende, Salvador, 115 leadership style of, 129 Alvarez, José Luis, 201 Bajaka, Bilal Amnesty International, 192, 256, riots following death of, 344 259, 393 Balkenende, Jan-Peter, 311 ANC (African National Ballymurphy Seven, 260 Congress) Barosso, Manuel as inspiration to Provisional target of Hofstad Group, 325, IRA, 238 348 Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), Barrionuevo, José, 194 294 Basque Autonomy Statute, 192, Antiterrorism ETA, 192 205, 218, 220 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Batasuna, 182, 188, 206, 219 Security Act 2001, 371 Belfast, 296 Part 4, 388 as Provisional IRA APO (Extraparliamentary stronghold, 258 Opposition), 124 rioting in, 233, 235 Arana, Sabino, 177 Berazadi, Ángel, 211 Army Council, 268 Bergaretxe, Eduardo Moreno, Arregui, José, 201 211 Assad, Bashar al-, 321, 387 Bin Laden, Osama, 356 Association of Muslim Lawyers, Birmingham Cell 378 terrorist plot disrupted by Aum Shinrikyo, 70, 74 MI5, 397 Awlaki, Anwar al- Birmingham Six, 260 role in radicalisation of BKA (Federal Criminal Office), jihadists in UK and US, 367 147 Ayers, Bill, 102, 112 failure to curb RAF through Azkarraga, Joseba, 212 arrests), 155 Aznár, José Maria, 214, 219, 226, heavyhandedness in fight 434 against RAF, 142 Azzouz, Samir, 331, 333, 339 widening of powers of, 151 attack plans of, 323, 324 Black Panthers, 94, 118 followed by AIVD, 332 offended by Weather on man-made laws, 314 Underground's views on trials against, 327 counterculture, 95 B Specials, 233 Black September, 141 B., Saleh, 333 Blair, Patrick, 274 B2J (2 June Movement), 153, 154
566
Index
Blair, Tony, 285, 289, 291, 370, embedded in international 411, 434 networks, 361 adopts counterterrorism impact of arrests, legislation after 9/11, 353 deportations, control orders Bloody Friday, 253 and bans on, 374 Bloody Sunday, 255, 277 integration and interaction in, Bolkestein, Frits, 311 361 Bot, Ben, 347 international orientation of, Bouyeri, Mohammed, 307, 313, 412 331 liberating Muslims lands of background and character of, western military presence 337 as goal of, 356 murders Theo van Gogh, 324 members travelling to Somalia possible reason for killing Van and Syria, 387 Gogh, 319 members travelling to Syria, Bradley, Gerry, 248, 273 376, 408 on calling off Provisional IRA preference for IEDs, 368 operations, 276 turns against UK, 360 Brandt, Willy, 149 Brown, Gordon, 411 British Army, 280, 289 Brussels, 153 accused of torture, 259 Buback, Siegfried, 134 antagonises Catholics in Bundestag, 150 Northern Ireland, 37 BVE (Basque-Spanish Battalion), defeats Provisional IRA unit 192 at Gibraltar, 265 CAA (Autonomous enters Northern Ireland, 235 Anticapitalist Commandos), misconduct in Northern 213 Ireland, 257 Cameron, David, 411 Operation Demetrius, 254, Carlile, Alex, 377, 380, 393 255, 257, 264 Carlos the Jackal, 183 Operation Motorman, 263 Carrero Blanco, Luis, 175 participation in Operation assassination of, 201 Enduring Freedom, 409 Carter, Jimmy, 117 presence in Belfast and Derry, Castro, Fidel, 176 296 Catarain, Dolores González, 213 violates laws in Northern Catholics in Northern Ireland Ireland, 258 discrimination against, 276 British jihadist movement CCC (Communist Combat cut-off from training camps in Cells), 71, 164 Pakistan, 410 Choudhry, Roshonara, 366, 367, decreasing cohesion, 365 369, 385, 398 decreasing complexity of Christmas Bomb Plot (2010), 366 terrorist attacks, 375 disrupted by MI5, 397
567 The science of fighting terrorism
CIE (Criminal Intelligence Unit), Derry, 232, 263, 275, 296 332 as Provisional IRA Clark, Mark, 96, 105, 170 stronghold, 258 Clarke, Charles, 370, 373 rioting in, 233, 235, 277 Clarke, Terence, 274 Direct rule (by UK over Clausewitz, Carl von, 419 Northern Ireland), 280, 283 Clinton, Bill, 288 Dohrn, Bernardine, 102 Collins, Eamon, 241, 245, 287 decides to surface, 112 on cultivation of Republican endorses counterculture, 95 past, 243 Downing Street Declaration on paranoia in Provisional (1993), 284 IRA, 275 Duddy, Brendan, 283 Consent-principle, 283, 286, 290 Duggan, Mark, 383 Conservative Party (UK), 406 Dutch jihadist movement, 431 Constitutional Convention around 9/11, 316 (Northern Ireland), 290 conspiratorial behaviour in, Constitutional Court (Spain), 197 322 Coogan, Tim Pat, 249 deportation of leading Cooper, Frank, 269 members, 328 Corcuera, José Luis, 217 discussions of legitimacy of Cordoba Foundation, 404 violence in, 315 Council of Ireland, 282 falls apart, 328 Countering International grows out of regular social Terrorism: the United contacts, 319 Kingdom’s Strategy, 401 inability to carry out attacks, Court of Appeal (UK), 390 329 CPS (Crown Prosecution intra-group marriages in, 322 Service), 373 lack of formal organisational Criminal Justice and Public structure, 318 Order Act, 380 lack of support of, 340 Croissant, Klaus, 143 leadership in, 319 Crumley, Cathal, 275 main activities of, 322 CTIVD (Review Committee for members travelling to Syria, the Intelligence and Security 321 Services), 333 national orientation of, 317, Days of Rage (1969), 92, 97, 108 325 Debus, Sigurd, 148 numerical strength of, 318 Dellwo, Karl-Heinz, 138, 144 peer pressure in, 321 admits RAF's disconnection recruitment by, 320 with support base, 160 rejection of man-made Democratic Party (US), 104 instutions, 314
568
Index
rise of autonomous cells in, loses popular support, 195, 317 210 views Islam as under global loses will to fight, 189, 222 attack, 312 organisations that support, Dutschke, Rudi, 169 182 assassination attempt against, pacification of moderate wing, 140 214 Dylan, Bob, 93 prestige of, 175 EAE (Basque Patriotic Action), provokes violent response 206 from the state, 183 EDL (English Defence League) reasons of members for terrorist plot against, 366, 368, abandoning armed 387, 398 struggle, 211 EHAK (Communist Party of the refusal to disarm before Basque Homelands), 206 negotiations, 215, 221 Elizabeth II, 293, 358 safe haven in France, 199, 203 Elkarri, 209 splits and feuds in, 177, 210 Ellian, Afshin, 311 targeting preferences of, 184 Ensslin, Gudrun, 121, 130, 132, use of car bombs by, 185 142, 146, 147, 149, 156 wages war of attrition against responds to death of the state, 184 Ohnesorg, 140 Etxebarrieta, Txabi, 175 ETA (Fatherland and Freedom), Etxeberria, Rufino, 223 16, 37, 43, 45, 424, 430, 432, Etxebeste, Antxon, 217 433, 434 Etxegarai, Alfonso announces ceasefire, 218, 221 argues against continuation of composition of, 176 ETA's armed struggle, 189 death toll of, 173 EU (European Union) decreasing precision of counterterrorism cooperation terrorist attacks by, 202 in, 346 demonstrates working class European Convention on credentials, 178 Human Rights, 258, 388, 391, demonstrations against, 186, 394 208 European Court of Human detachment from Basque Rights, 41, 147, 259, 262 roots, 181 condemns stop and search eases demands on new powers, 392 recruits, 181 Euskadiko Ezkerra, 205, 212 ends ceasefire, 219 Euskal Herritarok, 182 first overtures towards, 216 Eusko Alkartasuna, 217 founding of, 175 Evans, Linda, 98 kale borroka and, 187 on FBI's inability to infiltrate leaders arrested, 200 Weather Underground, 109
569 The science of fighting terrorism
Faisal, Abdullah al-, 373 Franco, Francisco, 204, 226 Falls Road curfew, 235, 236, 255 represses Basque nationalism, FARC (Revolutionary Armed 174 Forces of Colombia), 183 Front de libération du Québec ties with Provisional IRA, 287 (FLQ), 63 FATF (Financial Action Task Fulton, Kevin, 272, 274, 275 Force), 347 GAL (Antiterrorist Liberation Fathni, Nouredine el-, 338 Groups), 37, 193, 199 followed by AIVD, 332 GCHQ (Government intimidates new members, 320 Communications FBI (Federal Bureau of Headquarters, 396 Investigation), 96, 98, 110, 112, GCHQ (Government 431 Communications and Counter Intelligence Headquarters) Program, 104 supplies intelligence for drone drops cases against Weather strikes, 410 Underground, 116 GDR (German Democratic inability to gather intelligence Republic), 164 about Weather supports RAF, 162 Underground, 105, 106 German Autumn, 121, 135, 159, isolates Weather 434 Underground from support costs RAF popular support, base, 113 122 misunderstands Weather Gesto por la Paz, 209 Underground, 107 Gestoras Pro-Amnistía, 213 organisational culture of, 109 Ghaffur, Tarique, 382 Finsbury Park mosque, 357, 360, Ghurabaa, al-, 374 367 GIA (Armed Islamic Group) as headquarters of Abu European branches Hamza, 363 dismantled, 356 raid against, 372 Gilbert, David, 100, 102 Flanagan, Brian, 103 Gogh, Theo van, 307, 311, 320, on pointlessness of armed 324 struggle, 113 González, Felipe, 191, 217 FLN (National Liberation Front), involvement in GAL activities, 63 193 FLQ (Libertation Front of limits freedom of the press, Québec), 70 197 Force Research Unit, 272, 274 signs Pact of Madrid, 217 Fortuyn, Pim, 310, 311 strengthens hold over police criticises Islam, 311 apparatus, 194
570
Index
Good Friday Agreement, 286, similarities with jihadist 287, 291, 292 travellers, 321 GRAPO (Antifascist Resistance threatens members with Groups First of October), 164 physical violence, 320, 322 Grathwohl, Larry, 98, 111 trials against, 326 cover blown, 106 Hoover, J. Edgar, 91, 106, 109, Guardia Civil, 186, 192, 194, 198 112 exercises restraint in fight Hughes, Brendan, 251, 270 against ETA, 196 on ideology in Provisional handling of demonstrations, IRA, 243 192 speaks out against Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’, 94, 176 sectarianism in Provisional Guildford Four, 260 IRA, 240 Guipúzcoa, 181 Human Rights Watch, 256, 257, Haag, Siegfried, 144 259, 393 Hamas, 73 Hume, David, 284 Hamid, Mohammed (a.k.a. Hurst, Ian, 273 Osama bin London), 362, 363, Ibrahim, Andrew, 366, 385, 398 367, 394 Ibrahim, Mukhtar, 362 Hampton, Fred, 96, 105, 170 Independent International Hasan, Nidal, 367 Commission on Haughey, Charles, 294 Decommissioning, 287 Heissler, Rolf, 152 India, 37 Herold, Horst, 143, 151, 154, 166 Intelligence and Security on a-political nature of RAF in Committee (UK), 395 later years, 161 IRA (Irish Republican Army), Herri Batasuna, 182, 205, 206, 234, 235 209, 210, 217, 219 Irish War of Independence, 234 Heuvel, Ien van den, 149 Islam, Umar, 386 High Court (UK), 390, 391 Islam4UK, 374 Hirsi Ali, Ayaan, 307, 311, 324 Islamic Society of Britain Hitler, Adolf, 161 offended by link terrorism Hizb ut-Tahrir, 358, 404 and Islam in Prevent Hofstad Group, 318, 320, 326, strategy, 402 329, 330, 331 Issa, Redouan al-, 319, 329, 331 AIVD knowledge of, 331 Iturbe, Jon as most active jihadist cell in assessment of ETA's position the Netherlands, 312 in 1986, 216 holds electorate responsible Iturbe, Txomin, 200 for government policy, 315 Jefferson, Thomas, 68 limited explanatory value of Jemaah Islamiyyah (Egypt), 352 socio-economic factors, 337 Jemaah Islamiyyah (Indonesia), peer pressure in, 338 73
571 The science of fighting terrorism
Johnson, Alan, 390 MacStiofáin, Sean, 236, 241 Jones, Jeff, 103, 107 as traditional Catholic, 236 Jyllands Posten, 54 on Bloody Friday, 253 Kaddouri, Yeyah, 326 overtures to British attack plans of, 323 government, 279 explains turn to jihadism, 316 Madrid Bombings (2004), 351 KAS Alternative, 179, 215, 217, Magee, John Joe, 274 225 Mahler, Horst, 132 Khan, Mohammed Qayyum, 361 Major, John, 291 Khan, Mohammed Siddique, introduces Mitchell principles, 361, 394 285 as authority figure to fellow refusal to talk to Provisional cell members, 365 IRA, 278 as non-priority intelligence responds to Hume-Adams target, 395 initiative, 284 explains motivation behind Mallon, Seamus, 291 attack, 384 Manzanas, Méliton, 175 suggests way to end terrorist Marighella, Carlos, 133 attacks, 385 Mason, Roy, 289 visits training camp, 363 May, Theresa, 406 Khan, Parviz, 363 McGartland, Marty, 287 bugged by MI5, 397 McGovern, George, 104 plan to behead British soldier, McGuinness, Martin, 241, 248, 369 271, 286, 291 Khyam, Omar, 361, 363 as leader of the Belfast faction Kim Il Sung, 126 of the Provisional IRA, 237 Klar, Christian, 138, 144, 156 reasons for joining Provisional Klöpper, Gerald, 158 IRA, 277 Law Lords (UK), 388, 390, 391 McKearney, Tommy, 250 Leary, Timothy, 95 McKee, Billy, 280 Leeds, 365 McKevitt, Michael, 287 Liberal Democrats (UK), 390, McKevitt, Mickey, 17 393, 406 McLoughlin, Mitchell, 239 Liberty, 393 Meehan, Martin, 234 Libya, 164 Meinhof, Ulrike, 121, 125, 126, LIFG (Libyan Islamic Fighting 129, 130, 133, 138, 142, 146, Group), 352 147, 149, 156 London Bombings (2005), 351, criticised by other RAF 361 leaders, 132 Long Kesh prison, 237, 264 falls out with Horst Mahler, Lorenz, Peter, 153, 154 131
572
Index
Meins, Holger, 138, 141, 144, 145, decreasing tolerance towards, 146 310 MI5, 351, 372, 381, 389, 403 distrustful of police, 343 acquires new manpower, 396 Muslims in the UK disrupts terrorist plots, 396 discriminatory use of fails to prevent London counterterrorism powers Bombings (2005), 394 against, 381 introduction of legacy teams, first-hand experience with 395 jihadist preachers among, misses terrorist plots, 399 382 Operation Crevice, 395 opinions on British Operation Rhyme, 395 government of, 382 pressed for resources in 2004, National Democratic Convention 395 (1968), 104 MLNV (Basque National National Police (Spain), 192, 194, Liberation Movement), 182 198 Mohammed, Bilal exercises restraint in fight explains motivation behind against ETA, 196 attack, 385 handling of demonstrations, Mohammed, Omar Bakri, 362, 192 365, 376 involvement in GAL activities, leaves the UK, 373 193 rise to prominence in British Nazi Germany, 60, 124, 127 jihadist movement, 358 NCTb (National Coordinator for Mohnhaupt, Brigitte, 138, 156, Counterterrorism), 307, 341 163 Northern Ireland Assembly, 281, takes on leadership of RAF's 283, 286 second generation, 156 Northern Ireland Assembly Bill, Möller, Irmgard, 121 281 admits failure German Northern Ireland Civil Rights Autumn, 160 Association, 232, 233 defends past in RAF, 139 November 17 group (N17), 69, Moluccan terrorism in the 75 Netherlands, 48 O’Callaghan, Sean, 246 Morrison, Danny, 268 O’Neill, Terence, 233, 234 Mountbatten, Louis, 293 Oatley, Michael, 283 Moussaoui, Zacarias, 358, 363 Oever, Martine van den, 332 Múdiga, Francisco, 201 Ohnesorg, Benno, 169 Muhajiroun, al-, 358, 359 shot by police officer, 139 various guises of, 374 Orde, Hugh, 7 Muslim Brotherhood, 358 Organic Law 21/1978, 196 Muslims in the Netherlands Organic Law 56/1978, 196 criticised, 311 Organic Law 9/1984, 198
573 The science of fighting terrorism
Organic Law on Political Parties, associates Islam with 219 terrorism, 402 Osborne, Stuart, 351 ignores British foreign policy, Osman, Hussein 408 explains motivation behind limited influence on potential attack, 384 radicals, 407, 412 Otegi, Arnaldo, 220 new version of, 406 Oyarzun, 216 Preventing Violent Extremism Pact of Ajuria-Enea, 217, 218 Together Pact of Lizarra, 218, 219 activities financed under, 401 Paine, Thomas, 231 Prevention of Terrorism Patton, George S., 419 (Emergence Powers) Act, 258 Payne, Cril, 109 Prevention of Terrorism Act Peru, 37 (1974), 370 PFLP (Popular Front for the Prevention of Terrorism Act Liberation of Palestine), 129, 2005, 389 162 Price, Marian, 291 hijacks Landshut, 121, 131, Proll, Astrid, 129, 138 135, 153 Provisional IRA, 17, 21, 37, 43, trains RAF members, 163 45, 49, 60, 219, 353, 370, 371, Pimental, Edward, 137, 163 372, 424, 430, 433, 435 Pinochet, Augusto, 115 ‘Long War’-strategy of, 249 Piranha-case, 330 ’Armalite and the ballot box – PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party), strategy’, 248 16 Active Service Units, 242, 252, PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party), 264, 265 60 Army and RUC repression as PL (Progressive Labor Party), 93 reason for joining, 277 PLO (Palestine Liberation Army Council, 240, 247, 253, Organisation), 61 281, 285 as inspiration to Provisional Army Executive, 240 IRA, 238 assessment of strategic PNV (Basque Nationalist Party), context, 267, 280, 288 174, 177, 187, 192, 219, 220 attack in Roermond, the signs Pact of Lizarra, 188 Netherlands, 307 Ponto, Jürgen, 144 attacks on British mainland, Port Huron Statement, 93 251, 266, 268, 285 PP (People’s Party), 16, 220 Auxiliary, 244, 258 Prevent strategy (UK), 354, 371 East Tyrone Brigade, 265 accusations of intelligence forced to call off operations, gathering under, 403 275
574
Index
General Army Convention, hunger strikes by, 141 240, 286 impact of end of Cold War on, General Head Quarters, 241, 137 242 internationalist aspirations of, Green Book, 242, 252 126 infiltration of, 273 lack of plans for post- Irish diaspora in the US and, revolutionary order, 127 250 leaders revered as martyrs, leftist leanings of, 237, 238 145 Northern Command, 242 leadership disrupts own trial, numerical strength of, 266 149 nutting squad, 241, 274 loses sight of political cause, operational failures of, 253 157 operational learning curve of, loses touch with protest 250 movement, 136 opinion polls about, 297 low morale after German publicly declared reasons to Autumn, 154 fight, 278 Patsy O'Hara Commando, 137 sectarianism of, 238 position papers of, 125 Southern Command, 242 public signs of discord in, 137 sympathisers of, 242 reasons for attacks, 158 use of supergrasses against, second generation of, 136 270, 271 supported by Committees weapons acquisition by, 250, against Isolation Torture, 268 144 PSOE (Spanish Socialist supported by lawyers, 143 Workers’ Party), 16, 176, 194, supported by Socialist 220 Patients Collective, 144 Qutb, Sayyid, 314, 384, 411 takes up armed struggle, 124 on need for restoration of third generation of, 157 Muslim community, 355 torture claims of leadership, RAF (Red Army Faction), 169, 141 170, 427, 430, 433 uses info-system, 130, 156 and ‘propaganda of the deed’, views FRG as fascist, 123, 127 127 waning success of torture association with claims in 1980s, 147 euroterrorism, 163 Raspe, Jan-Carl, 121, 132, 142, Contact Ban against, 150 147, 149, 156 former members' differing Rauf, Rashid, 362 views on use of violence, Real IRA, 17, 61 138 Red Army Faction, 183 hostage taking in German Red Army Faction (RAF) embassy in Stockholm, 152 supported by Red Help, 145
575 The science of fighting terrorism
views FRG as fascist, 121 and prison protests / hunger Red Brigades, 46, 68, 164, 183 strikes, 296 and amnesty reglations, 57 Saudi Arabia, 57, 358 organisational fatigue in, 25 Saved Sect, 374 Red Hand Commando, 69 Scappaticci, Freddie, 274 Rees, Merlyn, 281, 290 Scheel, Walter, 166 depicts Provisional IRA as Scheveningen, 153 criminals, 295 Schiller, Margrit, 131, 138, 145 Reid, Alec, 283 Schleyer, Hanns-Martin, 121, Reid, Richard, 358, 363 122, 134, 136, 150, 153, 156, Reilly, Nick, 366, 385, 398 160, 166 suggests way to end terrorist Schmidt, Helmut, 149, 165, 166 attacks, 386 defends hard line against Republic of Ireland, 43, 293 RAF, 155 fails to put a stop to presides Crisis Staff, 154 Provisional IRA activity, Schulz, Adelheid, 156 294 SDLP (Social Democratic Labour Reynolds, David, 284 Party), 284 Rigby, Lee, 376, 399 SDS (Socialist German Student Riots in British cities (2011), 383 Union), 140 Robbins, Terry, 100 SDS (Students for a Democratic Rosón, Juan José, 212 Society), 93 RUC (Royal Ulster infiltrated by FBI, 106 Constabulary), 233, 235, 250, Shabaab, al-, 387 254, 264, 280, 283, 286, 296 Sikh Community Action accused of torture, 259 Network, 404 collusion with loyalist Sinn Féin, 237, 238, 246, 247, 248, militias, 260 253, 275, 285, 286, 291, 292, 297 defeats Provisional IRA unit publicly declared reasons to at Loughgall, 265 support Provisional IRA, heavyhandedness against 278 Catholic protest marches, SMN (Coalition of Moroccan 256 Dutchmen), 344 legitimacy undermined by Solaun, Mikel, 213 shootings, 255, 262 Sotelo, Leopoldo, 191, 197 Special Branch, 272, 274 South Africa, 231 violates laws, 258 South Armagh, 242 Rudd, Mark, 103 as Provisional IRA Sahla, Soumaya, 324, 332 stronghold, 238, 258, 296 Sands, Bobby, 247 Soviet Union, 60 Speitel, Angelika, 145
576
Index
Speitel, Volker, 145 Trevi group, 164 Springer Publishers, 133 Tsouli, Younes, 362 Sri Lanka, 37 Tupamaros, 94, 183 Stalin, Joseph, 60 Tyrone, 242 Stammheim prison, 132, 141, UDA (Ulster Defence 147, 156 Association), 69, 261 Steele, Frank, 279 UDR (Ulster Defence Regiment), Stormont parliament, 237, 280 251, 261 Strickland, Don, 110 UK (United Kingdom) Students for a Democratic as safe haven for jihadists, 352 Society (SDS), 97 UN (United Nations), 260 Suárez, Adolfo, 191, 205, 222 counterterrorism cooperation Subcommittee to Investigate the in, 347 Administration of the Internal United Irishmen, 231 Security Act and other Urrutikoetxea, Josu, 217 Internal Security Laws (US UUUC (United Ulster Unionist Senate), 107 Council), 282 Sunningdale Agreement, 281, UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force), 283 69, 261 similar to Good Friday UWC (Ulster Workers Council), Agreement, 286, 290 282 Supergrasses, 270 Vietcong, 94 Swearingen, Wesley M., 109, 110 as inspiration to Provisional Syria, 358 IRA, 238 takfir, 355 Vietnam War, 93, 114, 115, 126, Tamil Tigers, 43, 60 432 Tanweer, Shezhad, 394 Wahhab, Muhammed Ibn, 314 as non-priority intelligence Walters, Jason, 315, 332, 333, 339 target, 395 arrested, 326 suggests way to end terrorist attitude towards unbelievers, attacks, 385 320 Taymiyya, Ibn, 314 susceptibility to peer pressure, Terrorism Act 2000, 370, 383 321 Schedule 7, 379, 380, 381 suspects mole in Hofstad section 44, 378, 379, 380, 391, Group, 333 392 visits training camp in Terrorism Prevention and Pakistan, 317 Investigation Measures Bill, Walters, Jermaine, 340 390 Watergate affair, 117 Thatcher, Margaret, 289 Weather Underground, 169, 170, refusal to talk to Provisional 425, 427, 430, 431, 432, 433 IRA, 278 arrested members, 107 Timms, Stephen, 366, 369
577 The science of fighting terrorism
attempts to become shocked by murder of Fred communist party, 116 Hampton and Mark Clark, authority of leadership in, 99 96 boast about vigilance, 112 supporters refuse to talk to criticism/self-criticism FBI, 108 sessions of, 97 widening political focus of, difficult living conditions in, 115 111 Westergaard, Kurt, 325, 386 endorses counterculture, 94 Westminster parliament, 280, grown out of anti-war 281, 282 movement, 114 Whitelaw, William, 279, 290 impact of end to Vietnam War Wilders, Geert, 340 on, 48 Wilkerson, Cathy, 97 internationalist aspirations of, Wilson, Harold, 283 94 Wisniewski, Stefan, 144 members experience police Wolfe Tone, Theobald, 231 respression, 104 World Bank, 31 'need-to-know' rule in, 99 World Food Programme, 31 on the run for FBI, 111 Yemen, 164 organise Days of Rage, 95 Zabala, Lorenzo, 178 preferred targets of, 100 Zaman, Waheed, 386 preparation of attacks by, 101 Zapatero, José Luis Rodríguez, reasons for moving 220, 226, 434 underground, 96 Zaragoza, 217 rejects monogamy, 98 Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 356 reluctance to kill or wound, Zimmerman, Ernst, 137 100, 101
578