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AMD Multi-Core Processors Providing Multiple Benefits for the Future

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AMD Multi-Core Processors Providing Multiple Benefits for the Future hard hat area | white paper AMD Multi-Core Processors Providing Multiple Benefits For The Future y now you probably have heard of variations this year. In 2007 the chipmakers (page 50). This month, we’ll focus on what dual- and multi-core processors. expect to introduce several multi-core AMD has planned for 2006 and beyond. B Both AMD and Intel released chips, beginning with quad-core offerings. dual-core chips in 2005, and both have We discussed Intel’s multi-core proces- Dual-Core Chips plans to release dozens more dual-core chip sors in the January 2006 issue of CPU In April 2005, AMD released its first dual-core chip aimed at the server and workstation market, the Opteron proces- Direct Connect Architecture vs. sor. There are several Opteron dual-core Legacy Systems 90nm processors ranging in clock speeds from 1.6GHz to 2.4GHz. Direct Connect Architecture lives up to its name by providing a for the past few years in its single-core chips. direct connection between the processor, the memory But now AMD has extended the use of Direct Connect Architecture to controller, and the I/O area to improve overall system connect the cores on a dual- or multi-core chip die and to connect each performance. AMD has used Direct Connect Architecture core to its memory controller. ▲ With multi-core architecture, each core on the chip has its own memory con- When using a dual-processor x86 legacy architecture, troller, which significantly improves memory performance. Using Direct Connect however, two processors then have to share the same Architecture to make a connection with the memory controller eliminates most memory control hub, which creates bottlenecks in data bottlenecks and makes multitasking easier. Also, connecting the processor cores transfers at the FSB. The two processors aren’t connected, together lets data flow freely and reduces latency problems. either, which can lead to latency problems. Source: AMD Athlon 64 X2 Processor Clock Speed L2 Caches Max Temp Price* (GHz) (°C) Dual-Core Chips 3800+ 2 512KB (x2) 71 $328 4200+ 2.2 512KB (x2) 65 $408 As with other families of AMD processors, a larger model number 4400+ 2.2 1MB (x2) 65 to 71 $507 for an Athlon 64 X2 dual-core chip equals better software perfor- 4600+ 2.4 512KB (x2) 65 $643 mance on that processor vs. those with smaller model numbers. Each Athlon 64 X2 90nm chip listed here runs at 1.35 to1.40V and 4800+ 2.4 1MB (x2) 65 $803 uses a Socket 939 socket. ▲ *Price as of January 2006, for direct AMD customers in 1,000-unit quantities Source: AMD hard hat area | white paper The first desktop dual-core processor Direct Connect Architecture. AMD dual-core chips and motherboards that sup- from AMD appeared in May 2005 under plans to enhance this technology in dual- port the AM2 socket will then be able to the Athlon 64 X2 brand name. AMD has and multi-core chips to improve data upgrade to a quad-core chip, which also several variations of its Athlon 64 X2 transfer connections among the cores on will use the AM2 socket when AMD intro- processors. (See the “Athlon 64 X2 Dual- the chip. (For more information see the duces it (scheduled for 2007). Core Chips” chart for some examples.) “Direct Connect Architecture vs. Legacy Pacifica technology. AMD’s Pacifica AMD’s first dual-core processors for Systems” sidebar.) technology will improve performance, relia- notebooks and the mobile market should HyperTransport 3.0. AMD and the bility, and security for virtualization hard- appear sometime in the first half of 2006. HyperTransport Consortium continue to ware environments. It should appear in the Multi-core processors from AMD should develop HyperTransport 3.0, which may first half of 2006 and use dedicated transis- initially appear in 2007. offer about three times the bandwidth of tors to deliver the new features while run- version 2.0. HyperTransport 2.0 can offer ning as part of dual- and multi-core chips. Dual-Core Technologies aggregate bandwidth up to 22.4GBps. As (See the “Using Pacifica Technology” side- As AMD releases its dual- and multi- with previous versions of the technology, bar for more information.) core chips, the company will introduce HyperTransport 3.0 will offer direct con- Presidio technology. Presidio technolo- and improve upon several technologies. nections between the CPU and the I/O gy will give users advanced security fea- Cool’n’Quiet. When AMD’s system area. The new version will provide direct tures at the chip level. Although AMD has is running Cool’n’Quiet technology, connections among the cores in the dual- released very little information about how it adjusts the speed of the system fan and multi-core chips. Presidio will work or when it may appear, and the voltage and clock speed of the AM2 socket technology. During 2006 think of Presidio as creating a protected cores on the processor based on the AMD will release new dual-core chips that area on the processor where it can store system case temperature. (See the use an AM2 socket technology, which and process sensitive data. ▲ “Cool’n’Quiet Technology” sidebar for uses a different pin configuration than more information.) AMD’s 939 socket. Customers who choose by Kyle Schurman Inside AMD’s Dual-Core Processor CPU 1 and CPU 2. The dual AMD64 64KB D-Cache. The L1 data cores on this chip can run 32- and internal caches are low latency. 64-bit computing simultaneously. 64KB I-Cache. The L1 instruction System Request Queue. internal caches This area manages how offer low latency. each core accesses the crossbar switch. 1MB L2 Cache. The L2 second- Link 1/2/3. level internal These three links caches offer connect the I/O low latency. area to the processor using HyperTransport Crossbar. The crossbar makes the technology. connection between each core and the HyperTransport I/O area and memory interfaces. The also can provide a crossbar is a key component of the chip, high-speed letting the core access the data it needs to link among run software and perform calculations. processors in a multi-processor configuration. Integrated DDR Memory Controller. This feature reduces the latency associated with accessing memory vs. using an FSB architecture to access 72 bit. This DDR400 memory interface memory. Each core has its own memory controller. provides data transfer rates up to 6.4GBps. Source: AMD hard hat area | white paper Multi-Core Benefits Improved performance is pushing the migration to multi-core proces- • Users can add more computing power without the cost of adding sors, but that’s not the only reason: Multi-core processors are also another computer. This feature especially benefits commercial users, appearing out of necessity. letting them add more processing power without adding more servers. The technological advances that have driven manufacturers to double the By adding fewer servers, companies will need less real estate to hold number of transistors on a chip every 18 to 24 months (fulfilling Moore’s the servers. Also, the costs of electrical power to run those servers and Law) are beginning to reach their physical limits. Chipmakers have continu- the cost of cooling the servers will decrease. ally shrunk the manufacturing process for transistors over the years. They’re • For those who compile software code, dual- and multi-core processors currently shifting the manufacturing process from 90 to 65nm, which lets seriously improve compiling efficiency. AMD says its current dual-core them squeeze more transistors onto each chip. An IDC report, however, processors reduce the time needed to compile code by as much as 50% says that once the chip manufacturing process reaches about 16nm in size, compared to a single-core processor. the processors won’t be able to control the flow of electrons as the flow • Game developers can add more features and cutting-edge graphics to moves through the transistors. This means that transistors eventually will their games because dual- and multi-core chips will more easily and reach a size where chipmakers can no longer make them smaller. Ever efficiently handle multithread software designs. smaller and denser transistors on a chip generate more heat, causing pro- • Multi-core processors don’t consume more power or generate more cessing errors. But multi-core processors can improve computing power heat vs. a single-core processor, which will give users more pro- and limit some of the problems that shrinking transistors are causing. cessing power without the drawbacks typically associated with The one drawback to multi-core technology is the increase in cost such increases. ▲ for systems and chips. However for many users the benefits will out- weigh the cost factor. A processor with two or more cores works faster and more efficiently than a single-core When running a single application, dual- processor for When running two processor- cores can share the processing load, several reasons: When multitasking, users will intensive applications, each one improving overall system performance. experience fewer bottlenecks can access its own core, which The system also can shut down portions than with single-core systems. makes it easier to burn a CD while of the cores that aren’t in use, saving running a virus scan, for example. power and generating less heat. Source: AMD AMD’s Multi-Core Processor Future When AMD designed the AMD64 processor during K8 Dual Core. This is the server and workstation Santa Rosa. Expected to appear in the first the late 1990s, the company had dual- and multi- Opteron dual-core chip that debuted in April 2005.
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