Geology and Rank Distribution of the Elk Valley Coalfield, Southeastern British Columbia (82C/15, 82J/2, 6, January 1993 7

Province of British Columbia Ministly of Energy, Mines and MINERAL RESOURCES DIVISION Petroleum Resources Geological Survey Branch Hon. Anne Edwards

GEOLOGY AND RANKDISTRIBUTION OF THE ELK VALLEYCOALFIELD, SOUTHEASTERNBRITISH COLUMBIA (82G115, 82J12, 6, 7, 10, 11) by D. A. Grieve

This project was partially funded by the Canada-British Columbia Mineval Development Agreement 1985-1990.

BULLETIN 82 MINERALRESOURCES DIVISION Geological Survey Branch

VICTORIA BRITISH COLUMBIA Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data CANADA Grieve, David Austin, 1952- Geology and rank distribution of the Elk Valley coalfield, southeastern British Columbia (82C/15, 82J/2, 6, January 1993 7. IO. II) (Bulletin, ISSN 0226-7497 : 82) Geological fieldwork for this Issued by Geologicai Survey Branch. publication was completed Includes bibliographical references: p. during the period 1979 to 1987 ISBN 0-7718-9306-X I. Coal - Geology - British Columbia - Elk River Valley (East Kootenay) 2. Coal - British Columbia - Elk River Valley (East Kootenay) - Composition, 3. Geology, Economic -British Columbia - Elk River Valley (Easl Kootenay) I. British Columbia. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. 11. British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch. Ill. Title. IV. Series: Bulletin (British Columbia. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources): 82. I TN806.C32B73 1992 553.2'4'0971 165 C92-092398-4 - ABSTRACT The Elk Valley coalfield is one of three structurally separate coalfields in southeastern British Columbia. Total potential in siru coal resources are a minimum of 7.8 billion tonnes. The coal-bearing Mist Mountain Formation ranges from less than 425 to approximately 700 metres in thickness in the study area. An average of approximately IO per cent of itstotal thickness is composed of coal seams, which range up to 13 metres in thickness. The basal 20 metres of the formation, referred to informally as the “basal coal zone”. consistently contains coal and other carbonaceous strata. The ”Imperial seam”, in the lower half of the formation, is correlated laterally in drill core and surface exposures over a distance of approximately 17 kilometres. Lithologies in the Mist Mountain Formation form a Markov chain. The data confirma general fining-upward sequence typical of fluvial-alluvial depositional systems. The coal-forming environment is believed to have been relatively isolated from sources of clastic material. In terms of statistical sequence modelling, the lower half of the Mist Mountain Formation is not significantly different from the upper half. Tonsteins are found throughoutthe Mist Mountain Formation. Lateral continuity of tonsteins over a distance of 1.4 kilometres is documented in two cases. The tonsteins are believed to represent volcanic ash, possibly reworked. All are kaolinite rich, and one example is also rich in the phosphate mineral gorceixite. Vitrinite is the most abundant maceral in coals from the study area, comprising 5 I to 93 per cent of total organic material. In general, the amount of vitrinite increases up-section. Semi- fusinite is the most abundant inertinite maceral and its concentration is inversely related to that of vitrinite. Liptinite is generally rare or nonexistent, although coals in sections of predominantly high-volatile rank contain 1 to 5 per cent liptinite. Petrographic indices suggest vegetation was deposited in siru, although there is some indication that the relative amount of movement of vegetation prior to deposition decreased up-section. It is also apparent that the height of the water table generally increased higher in the stratigraphy. The major structureof the Elk Valley coalfield is the Alexander Creek syncline. Overall it has a north-northwest trend, and no net plunge. Locally its plunge is subhorizontal to gentle. It is generally asymmetric, open, and has an upright to steeply inclined axial plane. Thrust faults, including the Ewin Pass fault, are more commonon the east limb than on the west. Other major structures in the coalfield are the Greenhills syncline, which is separated from the Alexander Creek syncline to the east by the west-dipping Erickson normal fault, and the Bourgeau thrust fault, which marks the western boundary of the northern part of the coalfield. Based on meanmaximum vitrinite reflectance coal ranks in the MistMountain Formation generally range from low-volatile IO high-volatile A bituminous, with a few instances of high-volatile B bituminous. Reflectance gradients withinmeasured stratigraphic sections range from 0.057 to 0.1 19 per cent per 100 metres, with no systematic geographic variation. At most locations, the lower part of the formation contains coals of medium-volatile bituminous rank, typically with reflectance values of 1.3 to 1.4 per cent. At three locations (Crown Mountain, Mount Banner and Weary Creek) the coals in the lower part of the formation are of low-volatile rank. At one location (Bleasdell Creek), the entireformation contains high-volatile coals. Determination of the principal axes of the reflecting indicating surface (RIS) of coal samples suggests that all coals in the study area are biaxial. Values of R,,, the reflectance parameter which represents the style of the RIS, range from - 16.537 (biaxial negative) to f5.209 (biaxial positive) and, for the most part, do not vary sysematiglly. All of the following reflectance parameters are effectiveindices of rank variation: R,,,,,, R,, (mean random reflectance), R,,, (the radius of a sphere of volume equal to that of the RIS) and R,,,;,, (the magnitude of the maximum axis of the RIS). There is no firm evidence of down-dip rank increases indicating the occurrence of postfolding coalificaton in the Elk Valley coalfield. However, the RIS analysis suggests that coalification was at least partly concurrent with compressional deformation, and other aspects of the rank distribution suggest that it continued after the compressional deformation stage. On balance, it is believed that coalification occurred before, during and after compressional deformation, but completely predated the later extensional phase. A wide spread of bituminous coal quality is available in the coalfield. Volatile matter content (dry, ash-free) in selected raw bulk-sample analyses from three properties ranges from 20.9 to 30.9 per cent. Ash content in the same samples varies from 6.5 to 33. I per cent, while sulphur values are all less than or equal to 0.7 per cent. Current products from the coalfield include coking coals of varying volatile matter content, semicoking coals and thermal coals.

... 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page... Page ABSTRACT ...... :...... 111 18 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 i8 Development History...... 1 19 Coal Rights Tenure ...... I 19 Coal Resources ...... 4 19 Access and Topography...... 4 19 Previous Work ...... 5 19 Study Methods...... 5 19 Field Methods...... 5 19 Mapping...... 5 19 Measurement of Stratigraphic Sections ...... 5 19 Core Logging...... 5 20 Coal Sampling...... 5 20 Grab Sampling...... 6 20 Channel Sampling...... 6 21 Laboratory Methods...... 6 21

Coal ...... 6 22

Sample Preparation...... 6 24 Pellet Preparation...... 6 24 Coal Petrography...... 6 25 Tonsteins...... 8 28 Methods of Structural Analysis...... 8 31 Acknowledgments...... 8 31 32 CHAPTER 2: STRATIGRAPHY ...... 9 32 Stratigraphic Setting ...... 9 32 Older Strata ...... 9 32 Kootenay Group...... 9 33 Tectonic Setting and Provenance...... 10 33 Morrissey Formation...... 10 33 Mist Mountain Formation...... I1 33 Elk Formation...... 11 34 Younger Strata ...... 11 34 Stratigraphy of the Mist Mountain Formation ...... 12 34 Thickness and Lithologies...... 12 34 Siltstone ...... 12 35 Sandstone ...... 12 Samples...... 35 ISAS Units...... Descrlptlons 14 Physical ...... 35 Mudstone and Shale...... 14 Mineralogy ...... 35 15 Petrography...... 35 Conglomerate...... 15 Sample EVO-I(Ewin Creek) ...... 35 Basal Coal Zone ...... 15 Sample EVI-I'(Ewin Creek) ...... 35 Selection of the Upper Contact...... 15 Sample EVI-2 (EwinCreek) ...... 35

Descriptions of Measured Sections...... 16 Chemistry...... 35 Weary Ridge ...... 16 Other Tonsteins from the Lower Half of the Coal Creek...... 16 Formation...... 35 Mount Veils ...... 17 Samples...... 35 Mount Tuxford...... 17 Sample 82-148 (Line Creek Extension)...... 35 Greenhills Range...... 17 Sample GP- 11 (Mount MichaelEwin Pass)..... 37 Burnt .. Ridge Extension ...... 17 Samples 86-132U and 86-132L (Weary Impenal Rldge...... 17 Ridge) ...... 37 Ewin Pass...... 17 Sample 86-5 (Coal Creek) ...... 37 Burnt Ridge...... 18 Other Tonsteins from the Upper Half of the Burnt Ridge South...... 18 Formation ...... 37 Mount Michael (Upper Sheet)...... 18 Samples...... :...... 31 Mount Michael (Lower Sheet)...... 18 Sample 83-5 (Line Creek Extension) ...... 37 Noname Ridge...... 18 Sample 86-224 (Burnt Ridge Extension)...... 37 Horseshoe Ridge...... 18 Sample 82-319 (Burnt Ridge Extension)...... 37

V TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Page C a d o r n a CreekCadorna 72 Pass to Elk ...... Down-dip Rank Gradients ...... 72 ReflectanceIndicating Surface (RIS) Analysis ...... 74

Discussion ...... 75 RankGradients ...... 75 Tectonic Implications of Rank Distributions ...... 76 Use of ReflectanceParameters ...... 78 CHAPTER 7: COAL QUALITY ...... 81 Introduction ...... 81

Bulk Samples...... 81 Burnt Ridge...... :...... 81 Ewin Pass ...... 82 Elk River ...... 82 Product Speclficatlons...... 82 Fording River...... 82 Greenhills...... 83 Line Creek...... 83 Proposed Product Specifications - Elk River

Project ...... 83 Discussion ...... 83 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS ...... 85

REFERENCES ...... 87 APPENDIX 1 - MeasuredSections, Elk Valley

Coalfield ...... 91 APPENDIX 2 - Drill-coreLogs, Elk Valley Coalfield ...... 147 APPENDIX 3 - Digital Deoosit Model of Weary Ridge (by J.D. Hunter and.D.A.. Grieve)...... :..... 183 INTRODUCTION...... 183 COMPUTER MODELLING TECHNIQUE ...... 183

Gridded-surfacefaceTechniaue ...... 183 A n al y si s 183 Model Format and Analysis......

DEPOSIT MODEL ...... 184 Objectives ...... 184 GridSpecifications ...... 184 Data ...... 184 GridConstruction ...... 184 Assumptions and Analysis ...... 186

Results ...... 188 REFERENCES ...... 188

FIGURES 1. Location of theEast Kootenay coalfields ...... 2 2 . Generalized stratigraphic column of the study

area ...... 3 3. Major structural elements of the Elk Valley coalfield ...... 3 4 . Locations and outlines of coal properties in the Elk Valley coalfield ...... 4 5. Geology of theElk Valley coalfield ...... In pocket 6 . Outlineof the Elk Valleycoalfield with locations of stratigraphic sections and diamond- drilllogged holes in this 7study ...... 7 . Generalized measured stratigraphic sections of the Mist Mountain Formation...... In pocket

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Page Page 1%. Generalizeddrill-core logs of theMist 36. Variations in reflectanceparameters in drill Mountain Formation inthe Elk Valley coal- hole F (BM8l-1) ...... 72 field ...... In Docket 37 . Variations in reflectance parameters indrill 9 . Proposed coal seam correlations inthe south hole G (BM81-2)...... 73 half of the Elk Valley coalfield ...... 22 38. Variations in reflectance parameters in drill 10. Geophysical logs of drill holes plotted in Fig- hole H (SR-7) ...... 74 ure 9...... 23 39 . Variationsin reflectanceparameters in drill 1.I . Detailed core logs of the basal coal zone of the hole I (SR-12) ...... 74 Mist Mountain Formation ...... 24 40. Variations in reflectance parameters in drill 12. Markov analysis matrices for drill-core logs hole J (SR-2) ...... 75 (whole Mist Mountain Formation) ...... 26 41 . Variations in reflectanceparameters in drill 13. Faciestransition diagram based on Markov hole K (BRE-3) ...... - ...... 75 analysis (whole Mist Mountain Formation) ...... 26 42. Variations in vitrinite reflectance (R,,,, ) with 14. Markovanalysis matrices for drill-core logs elevation for four coal seams at Line Creek

(strata within 200 metres of the base of the Mist mine ...... 76 Mountain Formation) ...... 27 43. Vitrinite reflectance (R,,,, ) versus elevation for 1.5. Faciestransition diagram based on Markov a singlecoal seam in theFording River analysis (strata within 200 metres of the base of operations ...... 76 the Mist Mountain Formation) ...... 27 44. Examples.. of vitrinite reflectance cross-plots 16. Markov analysis matrices for drill-core logs used In thls study ...... 77 (strata more than 200 metres above the base of 45 . R,, versus R,,, for all dataand position of the Mist Mountain Formation) ...... 28 average R,,-R,, valuesof each drill hole ...... 78 1'7. Faciestransition diagram based on Markov 46 . R,,,, versus -R,, ...... 78 analysis (strata more than 200 metres above the 47 . R,,,, versus R,,,, ...... 78 base of the Mist Mountain Formation) ...... 28 48 . Locations of adit-sample sites for hulk sample

1.3. Substitutabilitymatrices for drill-core logs data ...... 82 (whole Mist Mountain Formation) ...... 29 19 . Locations of tonstein samples ...... 32 APPENDIX 3 FIGURES 20 . Variation.. in vitrinite content with stratigraphic pos~tlon...... 42 A3.1 . Contour map of the grid area ...... 184 A3.2 . Perspective net view of Weary Ridge from 21. Variationin ..semifusinite content with stratigraphic posmon ...... 43 the southeast ...... 185 22. Variation in other inertinite (chiefly inertodetri- A3.3 . Stratum contours on the top of 10-seam on nite) content with stratigraphic position ...... 44 Weary Ridge ...... 185 A3.4 . Total coal thickness over Weary Ridge ...... 186 23. Variation.. in inert ratio with stratigraphic posltlon ...... 41 A3.5 . Contouredrock-to-coal ratios over the 24 . Variation in T/F ratio with stratigraphic position 48 Weary Ridge model area ...... 187 25 . Variation in GI ratio with stratigraphic position 49 A3-6 . Contouredrock-to-coal ratios over the 26. Schmidt stereonet plots of the Alexander Creek Weary Ridge model area, based on seams 13, ...... syncline ...... 55 14, 15 and 18 187 27. Schmidt stereonet plots of major and minor structures in the Mount Banner area ...... 56 TABLES 28. Schmidt stereonet plots of the Greenhills and 1 . Summary of coal reserves ...... 4

Bingay Creek synclines ...... 57 2 . Summary of measured stratigraphic sections ...... 20 29. Schmidtstereonet plot androse diagram of 3 . Summary of drill-core logs ...... 20 jointing in the-Mount Tuxford area ...... 60 4 . Frequency of occurrence of coalseams of 30. Variationsin R.,.-" with positionin measured various thicknesses ...... 21 ...".^ ...... stratigraphic sections...... 66. 67 5 . Rock-type codes used for Markov analysis 26 31 . Variations in reflectanceparameters in drill 6. Classification of tonsteins ...... 31 hole A (MBE-101) ...... 69 7 . Location, physical characteristicsand strati- 32. Variations in reflectanceparameters in drill graphic positions of tonsteins ...... 33 hole B (EP-102) ...... 70 8. Mineralogy of tonsteins ...... 34 9. Petrography and classification of tonsteins ...... 36 3.3. Variations in reflectanceparameters in drill IO. Chemical analyses of tonsteins ...... 38 hole C (EP-105) ...... 70 11. Maceral contents of whole-seam samples ...... 46 34 . Variations in reflectanceparameters in drill 12. Summary of reflectance parameters - outcrop D (EV-151) hole D ...... 71 samples ...... 62 35. Variations in reflectanceparameters in drill 13. Summary of reflectance parameters - drillhole E (EV-150) ...... 71 core samples ...... 63

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Page Page 14. Gradients through vitrinite reflectance data - 9. Base of channel sandstone unit directly overly- outcrop samples ...... 68 ing carbonaceous shale in the Mist Mountain

15. Gradients through vitrinite reflectance data - Formation on Burnt Ridge ...... 14 drill-core samples ...... 68 10. Tabular crossbedding in channel sandstone unit 16. Correlation matrix of reflectance parameters - of the Mist Mountain Formation ...... 15 drill-core samples ...... 78 11. Example of ISAS unit in drill core of the Mist 17. Summary of quality of raw bulk samples ...... 81 Mountain Formation...... 16 18. Specifications of product coals ...... 83 12. Deformed coal zone on the south side of Coal 19. Specifications of proposed product coal ...... 83 Creek adjacent to the Bourgeau thrust fault ...... 17

20. Coking coal classification ...... 84 13. View to the north of the highwall of Line Creek mine...... 25 14. Photomicrographof tonstein sample 81-217 APPENDIX 3 TABLES from Ewin Pass property ...... 33 A3-I.Calculated coal resource values for the 15. Close-up view of the uppermostpart and roof of Weary Ridge model ...... I88 10B-seamon Line Creek Ridge, showing A3-2. Tonnages of coal in the Weary Ridge model tonsteins ...... :...... 34 in areas of less than 7.5 and 5.0 bank cubic 16. Photomicrograph of tonstein sample 82-146 ...... 35 metres per tonne rock-to-coal ratios ...... 188 17. View to the north from Burnt Ridge, lookingup

the Fording River valley ...... 52 PLATES 18. View to the north of the upper part of the Mist I. View of east face of Mount Veits from the air.. 9 MountainFormation in the core of the 2. View to the south along Weary Ridge...... IO Greenhills syncline, exposed in a highwall of 3. Steeplydipping strata of the Morrissey the Greenhills mine...... 52 Formation and the basal coal zone of the Mist 19. View to the west over the north part of the Elk Mountain Formation on Burnt Ridge ...... 11 Valley toward Mount Bleasdell...... 53 4. Viewof west-dipping Elk Formation strata in 20. View of the east limb of the Alexander Creek the vicinity of the Ewin Pass property ...... 12 syncline on Castle Mountain...... 54 5. View of west-dippingupper Mist Mountain 21. View to the northwest of upper Mist Mountain Formation and lower Elk Formation strata on Formation strata in the core of the large-scale Mount Tuxford...... 13 anticline in the Ewin Pass -Mount Banner area 58 6. Contact between Elk and Cadomin formations 13 22. Minor folds associated with a splay of the Ewin 7. West-dipping Cadomin Formation cliff-forming Passthrust fault on the east limb of the conglomerate on Mount Tuxford ...... 13 Alexander Creek syncline...... 59 8. West-dipping Mist Mountain Formation strata 23. View from the southof Mount Veits on the east at Weary Creek ...... 14 limb of the Alexander Creek syncline...... 59

... vu1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

T:he Elk Valley coalfield is one of three structurally sepa- Crows Nest Industries Limited, North American Coal Cor- ratecoalfields in southeastern British Columbiawhich poration and Scurry-Rainbow Oil Limited, were active in together comprise the East Kootenay coalfields. The others exploring parts of the coalfield. This activity was spurred by are .the Crowsnest and Flathead coalfields (Figure 1). The the potential of securing Japanese markets for coking coal. Elk Valley coalfield has also been referred to as the Upper It culminated with the opening of the Fording River mine by Elk coalfield (Irvine, 1972). Fording Coal Limited, then a Cominco subsidiary, in 1972. Coal in southeastern British Columbia belongs mainly to Subsequent explorationthroughout the coalfield con- the Mist MountainFormation of the Jurassic-Cretaceous tinued at a high level until 1981. The most active areas were Kootenay Group (Figure 2). The structural setting of the the Elk River property, especially Weary and Little Weary East Kootenay coalfields is the FrontRanges of the southern Ridges (Elco Mining Ltd.and partners), Line Creek (Crows Rocky Mountains. Major structures within the Elk Valley Nest Industries Limited, later Crows Nest Resources Lim- coalfield are the Alexander Creeksyncline, named for a ited) and the Greenhills Range (Kaiser Resources Ltd., later cree:k at its south end, and the Greenhills syncline, named B.C. Coal Ltd., now Westar Mining Ltd.). The climax of for the Greenhills Range (Figure 3). The two synclines are this activity was the opening ofcrows Nest Resources’ Line separated by the west-dipping Erickson normal fault. The Creek mine and Westar Mining’s Greenhills operations in norl.hernmost one-third of the coalfield is directly bounded 1982. A mine proposed by Elco Miningat Little Weary to the west by the west-dipping Bourgeau thrust fault. Ridge on the Elk River property has not been constructed, The coalfield is elongate, and its length within British and the company has since sold its interest in the property. Columbia is approximately 100 kilometres. It is widest near TheLine Creek mine was sold to Manalta Coal Ltd. in the Fording mine (12.5 kilometres), and otherwise generally 1991. averages 4 to 5 kilometres in width. Its south end is approx- Most areas of the coalfield have received at least some ima.tely 12 kilometres northeast of Sparwood, and its north exploration attention in the last 20 years, varying from hand end is north of Elk Pass on the British Columbia - Alberta trenching (for example, Imperial Ridge) to extensive rotary border(Figure 1). Withthe exception of itssouthern and diamond drilling and adit construction (for example, extremity, the coalfield is continuous. Ewin Pass). However, some parts of the field, including the Mount Tuxford area, have not been extensively explored DEVELOPMENT HISTORY and there is essentially no information about them in the literature. Coal in southeastern British Columbia was discovered in 1873 at Morrissey Creek in the Crowsnest coalfield. Rapid development preceded and followed the construction of the COAL RIGHTS TENURE Crows Nest Branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway,, with The coalfield includes both Crown (public) and freehold collieriesopened at five locations in theCrowsnest (private) land (Figure 4). Coal rights on Crown land are coalfield: Coal Creek in 1897, Michel Creek in 1899, Mor- covered by British Columbiacoal licences or production rissey Creek in 1901, HosmerCreek and Coal Mountain leases. Theonly exceptions are the north endof the (Corbin) in 1908. The granting of freehold rights to coal coalfield, known informally as the Vincent option, where lands in southeastern British Columbia, including large por- coal rights are reserved to the Crown and at present may not tiolns of the Elk Valley coalfield, representing land grants to be acquired for exploration or development, and the south- railwaycompanies, dates back to theseearly years of ernmost outlier, known as Crown Mountain, which is avail- activity. able but is not currently held(April 1991). Companies ‘The Elk Valley coalfield was also explored near the turn holding licences include Manalta Coal Ltd., Westar Mining of the century, but the lack of a rail line up the Elk Valley Ltd. and Fording Coal Limited (Figure 4). In addition, one no:rth of Sparwood precluded any development at that time. individual, Mr. W. Shenfield of Fernie, holds a group of Nonetheless, adits were driven at several locations inthe licences at Bingay Creek. Companies holding production ye:m 1908 to 1910, including Greenhills Range, Bingay leases include Manalta Coal Ltd. andFording Coal Limited. Creek, Ewin Creek and Aldridge Creek. The owners of Companies with freehold coal rights include Westar Mining these coal rights, which included the Canadian Pacific Rail- Ltd. and Cominco Ltd. wa.y and the Imperial Coal and Coke Company, were con- Currently producing mines (April 1991) in the coalfield fident that the necessary rail line would be built, allowing include Fording Coal’s Fording River operations, Manalta’s timely development. Line Creek mine andWestar Mining’s Greenhills operations Subsequently exploration of the coalfield tapered off for (Figure 1). AI1 are open-pit mines. Total 1988 production of seueral decades, as the coal industry experienced uncertain clean coal from these three mines was 11:l million tonnes times. Exploration of a large block of licences in the Ford- (Coal Association of Canada, 1989), compared with a total in;: River area was carried out by Utah Corporation of the for southeastern British Columbia of 18.5 million tonnes, Americas in the 1950s. By the middle to late 1960s several with the largest contribution (5.9 million tonnes) from Ford- companies, including Cominco Ltd., Rio Tinto Canadian ing Coal. Greenhills produced 3.1 million tonnes and Line Exploration Limited, Mclntyre Porcupine Mines Limited, Creek 2.1 million tonnes.

1 Kootenay Group

N I

2 CADOMIN FORMATION

SPRAY RIVER FORMATION

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SUPERGROUP

RUNDLE GROUP

KllOMElRES 0 10

Figure 2. Generalized stratigraphic column Figure 3. Major structural elements of the of the study area. Elk Valley coalfield.

3 COAL RESOURCES Total potential, in situ coal resources in the Elk Valley coalfield, basedon the most recent Ministry of Energy, Minesand Petroleum Resources compilation (Kilhy, 1986a), are in excess of 7.8 billion tonnes. This figure is probablyconservative, as some properties, includingthe Vincent option, were omitted. Based on this compilation, Smith (1989) calculated coal resources of immediate interest in three categories, measured, indicated and inferred, as 600, 850 and 2800 million tonnes, respectively. New calculations. of coalresources at Weary Ridge,based on a computer model constructed forthis project, are included in Appendix 3. Quantities of coal reserves in the Elk Valley coalfield are summarized in Table 1. These figures represent the three producing mines, together with the proposed mine site on the Elk river property. No other properties in the coalfield have been sufficiently explored to allow calculation of coal reserves. Mine reserve data aretaken from the Coal Associ- ation of Canada 1989 Directory (Coal Association of Can- ada, 1989). The Elk River reserve figures were taken from the Stage I1 report of the mine development proposal (Elco Mining Ltd., 1978).

TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF COAL RESERVES IN THE ELK VALLEY COALFIELD Category of Quantity Site Reserve (Mt) Source Fording River Not specified 341 CoalAssociation of Operations Canada (1989) GreenhillsOperations Clean 156 Coal Association of Canada (1989) LineCreek Mine In place +ZOO CoalAssociation of Canada ( 1989) Elk River property In place 225 ElcoMining Ltd. (proposed mine site) Run-of-mine 220 (1978) Clean 139

Coal reserve figures at the different properties are difficult to compare because they are reporteddifferently in each case. Nonetheless, it is apparent that theFording River property, with 347 million tonnes in an unspecified category,contains the largest reserves in thestudy area (Table 1). Reserves at Greenhills, 156 million tonnes of clean coal, are comparable to those at Line Creek,more than 200miliion tonnes of in-place coal. Theproposed Elco mine on the Elk River property contains139 million tonnes of clean coal.

ACCESS AND TOPOGRAPHY Main access into the region is provided by Highway 3 from Cranhrook to Alberta (Figure I), Highway 43 north of Sparwood to Elkford, the highway connecting the Fording River mine and Elkford, and the unpaved Elk Valley road north of Elkford to Elk Lakes Provincial Park (Figure 5). Figure 4. Locations and outlines of coal properties in the Ease of entry into different parts of the coalfield is highly Elk Valley coalfield. variable. The producing mines have excellent accessroads, which are, however, restricted to vehicles on business only.

A Someother parts of the coalfield havegood forestry or quehard and Cameron (1989) included ElkValley reflec- exploration roads, although, unless maintained,their quality tance data in their studies. Again, relevant results of these tends to deteriorate over time. Moreover, the roadsin some studies will he addressed in the appropriate sections of this areas have deliberately been made impassable. These and paper. other areas, which probably take in the largest part of the coalfield, are reached on foot or by helicopter only. It is STUDY METHODS advisable to investigate access on a property-by-property All field, laboratory and office techniques used in tbis ba:;is, by contacting the company holding the coal rights, studyare described below. Statistical techniques are anSandstones and conglomerates are MEASUREMENT OF STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS the most resistant, and hence the most visible units. In some Sections were measured using a combination of “pogo areas, especially at lower elevations, theseare the only stick”, compass, clinometer and chain. The “pogo stick” rocks that crop out, while on some of the higher ridges, was used in areas of moderate to good exposure.In the case there is essentially 100 per cent exposure of all rock types. of well-exposed, cliff-forming units, a chain was used to Road construction and trenching by exploration companies measure the trne thickness of the unit directly. In areas of has created additional outcrop in many areas. moderate to poor exposure a chainwas again used, this time to measure apparentthickness, which was then convertedto PlREVIOUS WORK true thickness. Previous geological surveys in the area, excluding those CORE LOGGING associatedwith industry exploration programs, have Thecore logging system of theResearch Planning includedwork in thenorth end of the coalfield by the Institute, Inc. (RPI) was utilized in this study (Ruby et al., Geological Surveyof Canada (Graham ef al., 1977) and the 1981). The RPI system uses three-digit codes to represent British Columbia Geological Survey Branch (Pearson and rock type, compositiodcolour, and sedimentary structures; Duff, 1977). The former study included thedrilling of four suffixes modify sedimentary structures and identify pene- diamond-drill holes for stratigraphic and coal-quality infor- contemporaneous deformation, cement typeand presence of m,ation. The southern part of the coalfield is covered by coal banding (see Appendix 2 for an explanation of codes Price’s (1962b) Femie east-half regional geological map at and modifiers). This method is readily applicable to Koote- 1:126 720 scale, as well as by Price and Grieve’s compila- nay Group strata and it offers optimum degrees of detail, tions of sheets 82‘315 and 82U2 at 1:50 000 (Grieve and speed and consistency. Price, 1985; Price and Grieve,in press, a and b). Large-scale Individual units within core were measuredto the nearest (1:lO 000) geological maps on orthophoto bases have been centimetre. Thicknesses of intervals representing sampled produced for mostof the coalfield by the Geological Survey coalhorizons were taken fromcompany lithological and Branch(Grieve and Pearson, 1983; Grieve and Fraser, geophysical logs. Units thinner than 5 centimetres were not 1985; Moms and Grieve, 1990). These last three maps are measured separately, with the exception of tonsteins and the foundation of this bulletin. other very distinctive lithologies. Logs were converted to Several stratigraphic sections and core logsin D.W. Gib- true thicknesses using core-bedding angles measured with a scln’s definitive stratigraphic work on the Kootenay Group protractor. Logs were later generalized for presentation and (Gibson,1985) are from the Elk Valley coalfield. Coal discussion purposes. maceral analyses on seams from the Elk Valley coalfield w,ere included in studies by Cameron(1972, 1984) and COAL SAMPLING C.3meron and Kalkreuth (1982). Resultswill be discussed in Coal samples were taken for petrographic purposes only. the appropriate section of this bulletin. Two types of samplewere collected; grab samples for rank Hacquebard and Donaldson(1974) measured vitrinite determination (vitrinite reflectance) andchannel samples reflectance (rank) on samples collectedat Line Creek Ridge for both rank and coal-type determination (maceral analy- andEagle Mountain. A regional-scalerank distribution sis). Grab samples were not intendedto be representative of map, based on vitrinite reflectance, was produced by Pear- the seam sampled, but theyare considered adequate for rank son andGrieve (1980). Cameron and Kalkreuth (1982), determination by vitrinite reflectance. Channel samples, on Cameron (1984), Hughes and Cameron (1986), and Hac- the other hand, were taken from locations where the entire

5 seam could he sampled uniformly,and are considered repre- Coal pellets were ground in three stages and polished in sentative.Suites of channel samples were generallycol- two stages, with the final polishing stage using0.03-micron lected, representing as much of the Mist Mountain Forma- alumina powder. After polishing, the pellets were kept forat tion as possible, in areas where exposure of coal seamswas least 24 hours in a desiccator. reasonably good throughout the section. All samplesare known to he oxidized. COALPETROGRAPHY GRAB SAMPLING Coalpetrographic analyses utilizedhere fallinto two categories: vitrinite reflectance and maceral analyses. Both Grabsamples were generally taken fromone position use a reflected-light microscopewith an oil-immersion lens. within a coal seam using a trenching tool. Material which A photometer is also used in the caseof vitrinite reflectance apppeared tobe badly weathered, especially coal bloom, analysis. The photometer is calibrated before, during and was avoided as much as possible. If better material was not after analysis, using a glass standard of known reflectance. available, then as much of the surface layer as possiblewas removed before sampling. In all cases, the outer surface of Vitrinite Reflectance: Reflectance readings were taken the coal-face was cleaned off prior to sampling. Samples on SO grains of vitrinite A in both channel and grab sample pellets. In some cases, it was necessary to settle for fewer wereplaced in kraft hags and airdried before further processing. than 50 grains. Sample pellets are “traversed” along lines spaced 0.5 millirnetreapart; the stepping distance is the CHANNELSAMPLING same. When the cross-hair of the eye-piece fallson a suita- blegrain of vitrinite,some repositioning is allowedto Channel samples were generally cut using shovels and ensure that the reading willnot he affected by scratches or trenching tools. Shovels were used to clean off the outer other interference. At this point the stage is rotated slowly surface of the exposure, and, if necessary, to exposepan of through 360”. The highest and lowest reflectance .readings the seam. Trenching tools were used to chip a channel 5 to registered during the rotation are recorded. These represent 10 centimetres wide through the seam. theapparent maximum (R’,ax) and apparentminimum reflectance (R’,J for the individual grain. These parameters are used to calculate the random reflectance(R,) for LABORATORYMETHODS each grain. The relationship is: COAL R, = ~R’,~~)(R~~~~) SAMPLEPREPARATION (Kilby, 1988) Because of the difference in size of grab and channel In addition, the difference between R’,,, and R’,nin for samples, different procedures wereused in preparing them each grain, known as the bireflectance, is also calculated. for analysis. After 50 grains have been measured and recorded, the Grab Samples: Air-dried grab samples were ground ina mean of the apparent maximum reflectances is determined, pestle and mortar, and screened usinga 20-mesh sieve, until andthis value,-known as themean maximum vitrinite enoughfine material was generated to make a pellet reflectance (or R,,,) is used as a rank index. Elk Valley (approximately 25g). Thetine fraction was placed in a coalfield samples are assigned to ASTM rank classes as plastic vial, and the coarse fraction returned to the kraft bag. follows (Davis, 1978): - Usually it was not necessary to grind and screen the entire R,,, < 1.10 per centhigh-volatile bituminous sample. l,lO<~,ax< 1.50 per cent medium volatile ChannelSamples: Channelsamples were coned and - quartered down to approximately 1 kilogram, and air dried. R,,, > 1.50 percent low volatile No pre-crushing was needed because the combinationof the The mean of the random reflectance valuesis also deter- oxidized nature of the coal and the sample technique (chip- mited. This value, known as the mean random reflectance ping) ensured thatall samples were alreadyfine. The entire or R,, is also a commonly used rank parameter. suhsample was then ground until it passed through a 20- To determine if coals in the study area contain vitrinite mesh screen. with uniaxial negative or biaxial reflectance characteristics, the cross-plot method for particulate samples (Kilby, 1988) PELLET PREPARATION was appliedto data generated from subsurface samples. Coal pellets were made from air-dried grab and channel Subsurface samples were chosen for this analysis for two samples. Minus-20-mesh coal was combined on a one-to- reasons.’First,they generally are free from weathering, and onebasis with a thermoplasticpowder and thoroughly second, they represent discrete individual horizons within mixed. The mixture was poured into ametal mold equipped core. The relative easeof interpretation of most of the cross- with a pneumatic press and a heating sleeve. The tempera- plots (see Figure 46, for example)is a resultof these factors. ture was raised to 140°C, and the pressureto 31 000 kilopas- The cross-plot method involves plotting two points for cals (4500 p.s.i.). The heat source was removed and the each grain. on a graph of reflectance versus bireflectance. mold allowed to cool under pressure, to a temperature of One point corresponds to R‘,,, versus bireflectance, and 90°C. Finally the pressure was released and the pellet was the other to R’,jn versus bireflectance. A template is then ready for grinding and polishing. overlaid, which assists in selectingthree parameters, the

6 minimum (Rmin),intermediate (Rjnt)and maximum (RmaX) I LEGEND reflectance axes of the reflectance indicating surface (RIS) for each sample. Criteria and methods for selecting these drlllholer ...... t ax'es are outlined in Kilby (1988). Miner...... K In the cases where Rintequals R,,,, the RIS is an oblate sp.heroid and the sample is uniaxial negative. This is the case for vitrinite which has coalified under the influence of a major stress direction perpendicular to bedding (Kilby, 5[1 30' 1988; Levine and Davis, 1989). The minimum reflectance axis is perpendicular to bedding, and the maximum reflec- KILOMmRES tance axis lies in the bedding plane. 0- 10 Where R,,, > Rinr> Rmi, the RIS isan oblate ellipsoid and the sample is biaxial. If Rin, is closer to R,,, than to R,,i,, the sample is biaxial negative. When Rint is midway N between R,,, andRmi, the sample is biaxial even,and whenRi,, iscloser to Rmj,than to R,,, the sample is biaxial positive. Biaxial coals occur where major tectonic Ht stresses were present, together with the vertical stress, during coalification (Kilby, 1988).The principal reflectance ax.es have been reoriented with respect to bedding (Levine 4. and Davis, 1989). In order to classify the RIS in terms of its size and shape, two further parameters are derived from the valuesof Rmi,, Rintand R,,,. The first of these, R,, (st = style), is defined as being equal to 30 - arctan (x/y), where: Y = RmaJ(RmaX+ Rint + RmiJ - %

R,, varies from -30 to +30. Thesecond RIS classification parameter, R,, (am = anisotropymagnitude), is defined as beingequal to the square rootof the sum of x2 and y2. An isotropic RIS would have a valueof zero, and increasing valuesof R,, represent increasing deviation from isotropy (state of equal reflectance axes). A value of 0.1 would appear to be very high (Icilby, 1988, Figure 6). In classifying the RIS, values of R,, and R,, for each sample are plotted on a ternary diagram with apices corresponding to the three principal axes (Kilby, 1988). Inactual f;xt only a portion of the triangle is utilized (see, for example, Figure 45). When &, equals -30, the sample is considered to have a unaxialnegative RIS, whereas when R,, equals +30 the RIS is unaxial positive. All values between KEY TO DIAMOND DRILLHOLES -30 and +30 are considered to have a biaxial RIS, with the sign of R,, indicative of the signof the RIS. In this study R,, values between-2.5 and +2.5 were consideredto represent a biaxial even RIS. Values of R,, represent distance away from the centre of the triangle, which corresponds with an i:sotropic RIS. J SR-2 (WeoryRidge) The values of the three principal reflectance axes arealso K BRE-3 (Burn1 Ridge Exiemion) ued to calculate another measure of rank, Re, (ev = equal volume). This parameter represents the radiusof a sphere of 49 45 volumeequal to thevolume enclosed by theRIS. Itis 11s 00' u d.efined as th_e cube root of Rmj,*Ri,,*R,,,. Mean random reflectance (R,) is a good approximation of R,,, but devi- Figure 6. Outline of the Elk Valley coalfield with loca- atesfrom it as the"eccentricity" of theRIS increases tions of stratigraphic sections and diamond-drill holes log- (Kilby, 1988). ged in this study.

I Maceral Analysis: Onlychannel sample pellets were then drawn; their intersection point was interpreted as corre- used in this analysis. Pellets are traversed alonglines spaced sponding with the axis. 0.5 millimetre apart. Steppingdistance along lines is the A number of small-scale folds associated with the Ewin same. A coal particle is counted when the cross-hair in the Pass thrust in the Mount Banner area werealso analyzed by eye-piece falls on it; mineral matter and plastic mounting stereonet. In cases where a fold axis was measured in the medium are not counted. Terminology of the International field, it was plotteddirectly. In cases where beddingorienta- Committee for Coal Petrology (ICCP, 1963) is used. Part- tion measurementswere taken on both limbs, the great clescounted are classified as vitrinite, liptinite,semi- circles forthe limbs were plotted, and their intersection fusinite,fusinite. macrinite or other inertinite (chiefly point used as the fold axis direction. inertodetrinite).A total of 300 pointsper sample are counted,and the number of countsis converted to a ACKNOWLEDGMENTS percentage. The fieldwork forthis study was carried out while I was a resident of the "coal town" of Fernie. I wish to express my TONSTEINS sincere gratitude to geologists with all the coal mining and Standard thin sections were made of all competent sam- explorationcompanies in southeastern British Columbia, ples, and these were examined with transmittedlight micro- for their constant support during that period. scopy. Theanalyses were purely descriptive; no point Dave Pearsonsupervised mapping ofthe Greenhills counts were made. Range, and Bob Morris carried out the mapping of most of Mineralogy of tonstein samples was determinedby x-ray the north half of the coalfield. Janine Fraser mapped Horse- diffraction. shoe Ridge, TeePee Mountain and Crown Mountain. Capa- Elementalanalyses of tonstein samplesreported here ble field assistance over the years was provided by many, were carried out using emission spectrographic techniques. including Gerry Pellegrin, Suzanne Cannon, Greg Camp- All results are semiquantitative. One sample, 81-217, was bell, Mickey Welder, Bob Janowicz, Blair Krueger, Kevin subjected to major'oxide analysis. Switzerand Jim Ryley.Paul Elkinslogged some of the cores describedhere. Joanne Schwemlercarried out mostof the vitrinite reflectancemeasurements. Sharon Chapman METHODSOF STRUCTURALANALYSIS performed all maceral analyses and contributed to the digi- Orientations of the axes of large-scale folds were deter- tizing of data forthe deposit model. Jim Hunterdigitized the mined using a Schmidt or equal-area stereonet. In all cases, drill-core logs used in seam correlation. the bedding orientation data used to construct the stereonets Ward Kilby of theGeological Survey Branch helped were taken from within a strike length of less than 2 kilo- immeasurablywith computer applications, andprovided metres. In the caseof stereonets intended to correspond with much useful advice and support at all stages of preparation cross-section lines, the data all fall within a kilometre north and write-up. Section Manager Vic Preto is thanked for his or south of the section line. patience and support.The first draft of this bulletin was read Poles to all available bedding attitudes were first plotted. by both. External reviewerAlex Cameron of the Geological Where possible, a pi girdle was drawn by inspection of the Survey of Canada also readthe first draft and provided pattern of these poles. The fold axis was then determined as many helpful comments and ideas. Any remaining errors or the normalto the plane represented by thegirdle. Otherwise, shortcomings are my responsibility. average poles were chosen for both limbs, by inspection. Lastly, I am most grateful to Dave Pearson for introduc- The great circles for the two average limborientations were ing me to the geology of the East Kootenay coalfields.

8 CHAPTER 2: STRATIGRAPHY

ST!RATIGRAPHIC SETTING Pennsylvanian rocks, including sandstones, carbonates and phosphatic shales, belong tothe Rocky Mountain Super- The stratigraphic column of rocks found in the Elk Valley group. The Triassic Spray River Group consists mainly of coalfield is illustrated by Figure 2. The only coal-bearing siltstone and shale, together with carbonate. The overlying rocks belong tothe Jurassic-Cretaceous Kootenay Group. Fernie Formation of Jurassic age contains shale, some sand- The column is summarized here in terms of rocks older than stone and carbonate horizons, and a basal phosphorite. The the Kootenay, the Kootenay itself, and rocks younger than uppermost unit in the Fernie Formation. known as the Pas- the Kootenay. sage beds, comprises interbedded shale and sandstone, with sandstonebeds becoming thicker and more frequent OLDERSTRATA upward. It is transitional to the base of the Kootenay Group (Plate 1). Older strata in the study area rangein age fromDevonian to Jurassic (Figure 2). Devonian rocks, chiefly carbonates, belong mainly to the Palliser Formation. Overlying the KOOTENAYGROUP Palliser are theMississippian Exshaw and Banff formations, The Kootenay Group was first defined by Gibson (1979) composed respectively of shaleand carbonate. Younger andits regional stratigraphy and sedimentology are Mississippian strata, chiefly of carbonate composition, described by the sameauthor (Gibson, 1985). The latter belongto the Rundle Group. Overlying Permo- reference is the source for information under this heading,

Plate 1. View of east face of Mount Veits from the air, showing contacts between the Passage beds ofthe Fernie Formation (pb), the Weary Ridge (wrm) and the Moose Mountain (mmm) members of the Morrissey Formation, and the Mist Mountain Formation (mmf). The Moose Mountain Member is approximately 25 metres thick in this area (Gibson, 1985). Note thc contrast in colour between the Weary Ridge and Moose Mountain members, and the presence of a recessive, carbonaceous parling in the Moose Mountain Member. (Photo by R.J. Morris)

9 unless otherwiseindicated. It should he referred to for more MORRISSEY FORMATION detailed information on the regional natureof the Kootenay. TheMorrissey Formation (Gibson, 1979) is the basal The Kootenay Groupconsists of three formations, known sandstone unit of the Kootenay Group.It is divided into two in ascending orderas the Morrissey, Mist Mountain andElk members, the lower Weary Ridge Member and the upper formations. MooseMountain Member (Plates 1and 2). The Weary Ridge Member isthe less resistant of the two, andis characterized by anorange-brown weathering colour. Its lower TECTONIC SETTING AND PROVENANCE contact is defined as the top of the stratigraphically highest Sedimentary rocks of the Kootenay Group were depos- shalein the Passage beds (Plate 1). Itconsists of ited in the foreland basin of the Canadian Cordillera. Depo- argillaceous and ferruginous quartzose sandstone, with rare sition of the upper part of the Fernie Formation and the interbeds of siltstone. The more resistant, grey-weathering Kootenay Group represents the first of a series of clastic Moose Mountain Member is a prominent marker unit. The wedgesderived from this uplift (Poulton,1988; Stott, contact between the two is abrupt and conformable. The Moose Mountain is conlposed of quartz-chert sandstone, 1984). The second (overlying) clastic is represented wedge with local occurrences of chert conglomerate. Thin inter- by the LowerCretaceous Blairmore Group and its stratigraphic equivalents. In tectonic terms,deposition of the beds of carbonaceous shale, with or without coal, occur in Fernie-Kootenay clastic wedge is correlated with collision some parts of the study area. and accretion ofthe IntermontaneSuperterrane with the Regionally, the Morrissey Formation ranges in thickness craton (Cant and Stockmal, 1989). Sediment source areas from 20 to 80 metres. Within the study area its thickness is wereconsequently mainly to thewest, both withinthe estimated to be in the range of 40 to 50 metres. It usually present-dayRocky Mountains, and west of theRocky forms a prominent, easily mapped cliff (Plates 1 and 2). Mountain Trench in the Omineca Belt (Jansa, 1972: Rap- The Morrissey Formation is of probable Portlandian age son, 1965; Gibson, 1985). (Late Jurassic). The depositional setting is believed to have

Plate 2. View to the south along Weary Ridge, showing the contacts between the Weary Ridge (wrrn) and Moose Mountain (mmm) members of the Morrissey Formation, and the Mist Mountain Formation. This location marks the base of measured section No. I. Note the contmt in colour between the Weary Ridge and Moose Mountain members.

10 been a combination of beach, beach-ridge and coastal-dune environments.

MIST MOUNTAIN FORMATION The MistMountain Formation contains theeconomic coal seams ofthe Kootenay Group, and is the major focusof this study. The reader is referred to a subsequent sectionfor detailed discussion of the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the formation in theElk Valley coalfield; for a regional desclription see Gibson (1985). The formationabruptly and conformably overlies the Morrissey Formation. It ranges in thickness from 25 to 665 metr(:s throughout its area of occurrence (Gibson, 1979). The formation is believed to range from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in age, although this is atpresent not firmly established. The depositional environments of theMist Mountain Formation are believed to range from an “extensive delta - interdeltaic coastal plain” low in the section, to a “fluvial- alluvial plain” in the upper part (Gibson, 1985, p.71). Cou- clusive faunal proof of marine influence has not been found, which is consistent with the lowsulphur content of the Plate 3. Steeply dippingstrata of theupper Morrissey coak. However, boron contents are somewhat elevated in Formation (mf) and the basal coal zone of the Mist Moun- coals near the baseof the section(Goodarzi, 1987), snggest- fain Formation (mmf) on Burnt Ridge. ing ;I brackish influence for this part of the formation. In southeastern British Columbiacoal forms between maps of the Elk Valley coalfield, including Figure 5 of this 8 and 12 per centof the total thickness of the Mist Mountain report. Formation, in seams ranging up to and occasionally exceed- Throughout the Kootenay Group’s area of occurrence the ing 13 metres in thickness (Grieve, 1985). The formation Elk Formation ranges in thickness from 28 to 590 metres, generally contains a carbonaceous zone near its base. This and is absent in some locations. In general it thins from west zone, referred tohere as the ‘‘basal coal zone”, usually to east. Within the study area it is estimated to be roughly conrainsone or morecoal seams, including, in some 450 metres thick. localities, a seam in direct contact with the Morrissey For- There is considerable doubt concerningthe precise age of mation (Plate 3). the Elk Formation. It is probably mainly Early Cretaceous, but may be as old as Late Jurassic in some locations. ELK FORMATION For the most part, the formation is believed to have been The Elk Formation overlies the Mist Mountain Formation deposited on a fluvial-alluvial plain. Local occurrences of atthe top of the Kootenay Group. Its characteristics are distal alluvial-fan depostion are known to occur, for exam- sim:llar to those of the Mist Mountain, but there are several ple on the westside of the Fernie basin, near Fernie (Grieve important differences. Primarily, the Elk Formation lacks and Ollerenshaw, 1989; Gibson, 1985). At these locations coal seams of potential economic thickness, and contains the Elk is dominated by thick units of conglomeratic sand- sapropelic coals in addition to humic coals. Also significant stone and conglomerate. Another example of coarse Elk are the greater abundance and apparent greater lateral con- facies has been documented within the study area (Morris tinuity of sandstone unitsin the Elk Formation (Plates 4 and and Grieve, 1990), at the extremenorth end of the coalfield, 5). Consequently, it is, on average, more resistant to ero- whereElk Formation conglomerates are exposed along sion. In some locations the Elk Formation is characterized Elkan Creek in Elk Lakes Provincial Park. by a concentration of conglomeratic units, and a more The upper contact of the Kootenay Group is placed at the orangeweathering colour to sandstones is sometimes base of the first(or only) conglomeraticunit of the Cadomin noticeable in areas where both formations arewell exposed. Formation of the Blairmore Group (Plate 6). The contact is abrupt and disconformable, although it isprobable that it is The contact between the Mist Mountain and Elk forma- conformable at some locations (Ricketts and Sweet, 1986). tiorls is abrupt and conformable and of the interfingering The contrast between the uppermost Elk and the Cadomin is type. It is placed at “the baseof the first major sandstone or sufficient in the study area to ensure easy identification of conglomerate above the uppermost major coal seam in the the contact. Mist Mountain Formation”(Gibson, 1985, p.27). Strict application of this definition in the field is sometimes diffi- cull:, leading to arbitrary decisions and lateral inconsisten- YOUNGERSTRATA cies (Grieve and Ollerenshaw, 1989). This difficulty has led Strata of theCadomin Formation of theLower Cre- me to symbolize the contact as gradational on geological taceous Blairmore Group areexposed at several locations in the studyarea. The Cadomin is a prominent, massive pebble SILTSTONE to cobble conglomerateunit, generally forming one or more Siltstone is the most commonlithology in the Mist Moun- continuous cliffs or ledges (Plate 7). Younger Blairmore tain Formation. It is commonly dark grey onfresh surfaces strata may occur in the study area, but are not exposed. andin drill core, andweathers to shades of brown and orange.It is usuallyrecessive in weatheringprofile, STRATIGRAPHY OF THE MIST although it can be resistant. It is generally thin bedded, and MOUNTAIN FORMATION may be massive, laminated or crosslaminated. Initial structures may be modified by rooting, burrowing, slumping or ’ Generalcomments concerning contact relations, thick- other soft-sediment deformation. The formation commonly ness and age ofthe Mist Mountain Formation were madein contains carbonaceous partingsor bands. At outcrop scaleit the preceding section. Features of the formation’s.stratigraphy in the Elk Valley coalfield will now be discussed. occursas discrete units or interbeddedwith other lithologies, including sandstone, mudstone and coal. At a The following information is basedon 16 sections of Mist finer scale, it is seento be generally the fine-grained compo- Mountain Formation measured in the field, and 10 detailed nent of “ISAS” (intermixed shale and sandstone) units as lithological logs of drill cores. Locations of sections and defined by Ruby et al. (1981) and recognized here in drill holes are shown in Figures 5 and 6. core only (see description, p.14).

THICKNESSAND LITHOLOGIES SANDSTONE The Mist Mountain Formation averages about500 metres Sandstone is the most conspicuous lithology in the Mist in thickness in the ElkValley coalfield, and ranges fromless Mountain Formation, mainlydue to itsresistance to erosion. than 425 to approximately 700 metres. In the coalfield it is It ranges from very fine to very coarse grained, and thin to an interbedded sequenceof nonmarine strata, including silt- thick bedded. Finer grained sandstones may be flaggy or stone,sandstone, mudstone, shale, coal and, rarely, platy. Colour on fresh surfaces and in drill core ranges from conglomerate. light to dark grey, and on weathered surfaces from buff to

”~~

Plate 4. View of west-dipping Elk Formation (ef) strata in the vicinity of the Ewin Pass property. Note positions of contacts with underlying Mist Mountain (mmf) and overlying Cadomin (cf) formations.

12 Plate 5. View of west-dipping upper Mist Mountain Formation (mmf) and lower Elk Formation (ef) strata on Mount Tuxford. Note channel sandstone units in Mist Mountain (cs). (Photo by R.J. Morris).

Plate 6. Contact between Elk (ef) and Cadomin (cf) Plate 7. West-dipping Cadomin Formation cliff-forming formations. Same location as in Plate 4. conglomerate on Mount Tuxford. (Photo by R.J. Morris).

13 dark greyish brown. Conspicuous orange and red stains are a feature of weathered surfaces. In composition most sandstones in the formation are lithic arenites, with chert and quartzite grainscomprising the bulk of the lithic clasts. Cement is usually silica, but may also be ferruginous and/or calcareous.Carbonaceous material is common in some sandstone units, usually as lenticles of coal spar. The most common occurrences of sandstone are the so- called“channel sandstone” units. These occur as cliff- forming units ranging from approximately2 to 15 metres in thickness (Plates 5 and 8), andform the base of fining- upward sequencesrelated to point-bar deposition and migration (see section on depositional sequence modelling). These are generally medium grainedor coarser at their base, and fine to very fine grained near the top, where they grade into siltstone. Sedimentary structures include scouringat the base, trough-shaped and tabular crossbedding (Plates 9 and IO), flaser bedding, and ripple-drift crosslaminations. Coal lenticles and wood imprints are commonly associated with the basal portions of the channel sandstone units. Sandstone also occurs interbedded with siltstone, including as a component of ISAS units (see below), where it is usually fine or very fine grained.

ISAS UNITS

Plate 8. West-dipping Mist Mountain Formation strata at The term ISAS, intermixedshale and sandstone, as Weary Creek. A fining-upward channel sandstone unit defined by Ruby et al. (1981), was appliedin this study to directly overlies coal seam (No. 2). drill core only. It describes alternating beds of fine to very finegrained-sandstone and siltstone to finer grained lithologies, with individual bed thicknesses ranging up to IO centimetres (Plate 11). Several distinct varieties of ISAS are recognized; they represent a gradational range of grain sizes and sedimentary structures. They include: wavy bedded sandstone with interbedded shale, in which the ratio of sandstone to shale is roughly 2:l; lenticular-bedded sandstone with interbeddedshale, in which theratio of sandstone toshale is roughly 1:l; shalewith lenticular sandstone streaks, in which the ratio of sandstone to shale is roughly 1:2; and sandy shales, which are massive, in some cases due toexcessive biotnrbation or soft-sedimentdeformation. Rooting, burrowing (Plate 11) and soft-sediment deformation are a common feature of all ISAS lithologies.

MUDSTONE AND SHALE The finest lithologies in the MistMountain Formation are mudstone and shale. Both are grey to nearly black incolour, depending on their carbonaceous content. Theyare both recessive in weathering profile. Mudstone maybe handed or massive, and may contain coal partings or bands. Shale is more fissile and tends to contain a higher proportion of included carbonaceous material and coaly partingsor bands. Both mudstone and shale are often associated closely with coal, where they occur as the floor, roof and parting rocks. Root structures are seen in some shale and mudstone unjts, but seldom occur in units forming the immediate floor of thick coal seams. Plate 9. Base of channel sandstone unit directly overly- An unusuallithology which fits most closely with the ing carbonaceous shale in the Mist Mountain Formation on shale and mudstone category istonstein. Tonsteins are thin, Burnt Ridge. grained, fine extremely kaolinite-richassociated bands pri-

14 marily with coal seams. More descriptive details of ton- BASALCOAL ZONE steilns in the study area are given in the following chapter. The various lithologies described above occur throughout the stratigraphic section, with little or no tendency for spe- C0.4L cific lithologies to occur consistently at certain stratigraphic positions. An exception is the basal carbonaceous zone of Coal in the Mist Mountain Formation in the Elk Valley the Mist MountainFormation (Gibson, 1985), informally coalfield occurs in seams which range up to and occasion- referred to as the “basal coal zone” in southeastern British ally exceed 13 metres in tme thickness. They are essentially Columbia (Grieve and Elkins, 1986). In the study area this all (of humic type, although the original handingis often not zone is approximately 20 metres thick, alwayscontains visible because of shearing. They are closely associated and interbedded with shale and mudstone. Details concerning some coal, and at many locations contains very prominent thickness, distribution and composition coal seams are coal seams (Plate 3), some of which are of great economic of importance. More details concerning the basal coal zone are contained in the following sections. included later in this chapter, under the sections covering measuredsection and core descriptions, and seam CONGLOMERATE correlation. Conglomerate is a very rare lithology in the Mist Moun- SELECTIONOF THE UPPERCONTACT tain Formation in the Elk Valley coalfield. Where it occurs it is in close association with channel sandstone, either as The upper contact of the Mist Mountain Formation was lerlses in sandstone beds or as discrete beds. Framework generally selected by application of its definition (Gibson, grains aregenerally in the granule to smallcobble size 1985) as already outlined. In all cases it was placed at the range, with pebbles being themost common. Chert and base of a prominent channel sandstone which overlies the quartzite are the most common types of framework grain. stratigraphically highest significant coal seam. Above the

Plate 10. Tabular crossbedding in channel sandstone unit of the Mist Mountain Formation

15 selectedhorizon the frequency and lateral continuityof DESCRIPTIONSOF MEASUREDSECTIONS channelsandstones is generally greater than in the Mist Mountain Formation. At the north end of Mount Tuxford, The 16 stratigraphic sections measured in this study are this point correspondswith a marked changein the weather- shown in generalized form on Figure 7, and reported in ing colour of the sandstones. Where possible, the horizon detail in Appendix I. Their locations are shown on Figures was mapped as a contact in the field. More often, however, 5 and 6. Figure 7 also indicates local seam nomenclature in it was necessary to select the contact at each location in certain cases. The following discussion will focus on the isolation,which undoubtedly has led to some coal seams in the various sections. inconsistencies. In generalizingthe measured sections fordisplay and discussion the minimum thickness of individual units was arbitrarily set at 2 metres, with the exceptionof coal seams andseam partings, given a minimum thickness of 1 metre. Arbitrary decisions were sometimes made in the process of combining individual units together into generalized units.

WEARY RIDGE The Weary Ridge section (Section 1 in Figure 7) was measured from north to south along the ridge top. A series of old trenches and roads provided most of the exposure. The base of the section is the contact between the Mist Mountain and Morrissey formations(Plate 2). The section is greater than 5 13 metres thick. The base of the Elk Forma- tion is believed to overlie within 50 metresof the top of the section (compare with log for drill-hole SR-7 in Figure 8). Two seam nomenclaturesystems areindicated in Figure 7. The one using letters is that applied by North American Coal Corporation, which carried out exploration on Weary Ridge in 1968. This system appliesspecifically to my section location. The system using numbers wasfirst applied by Scurry-Rainbow in 1969, later adopted by Elco Mining and applied to the Elk River property as a whole. This system is therefore the more familiar one. A total of 64metres, or approximately 12.5 percent of the total thickness ofthe section, is composed of coal, in seams which range up to 7.9 metres in thickness. Some interesting features of the Weary Ridge section include the presenceof four coal seams, each greater than 4 metres in thickness, in the uppermost 150 metres, and the lack of thick chauuel- sandstone units within the section.

COAL CREEK A partial section of Mist Mountain Formation was measured at Coal Creek, a tributary of Bleasdell Creek (Section 2 in Figure 7). The bottom of the section, which is believed to correspond to a point roughly 100 metres above the base of the formation, is an arbitrary horizon near the floor of a prominent coal seam in the lower Mist Mountain Forma- tion. A structurally complex area within the lowest part of the Coal Creek exposures was not included. The starting point of the section is on the north side of the creek. On the opposite side, the seam corresponding with the lowest seam inthe measured section hasbeen tectonically thickened (Plate 12). The top of the section corresponds with the last of the exposures in the creek. It is estimated to he within 100 metres of the top of the Mist Mountain Formation. Exposure throughout the sectionis nearly perfect, and of Plate I I. Example of ISAS unit in drill core of the Mist the greater than 307 metres of section represented in Fig- Mountain Formation. Note crosslaminations and burrowing ure 7, 29.4 metres, or 9.6 per cent, is in coal seams which in central column. range in thickness up to 5.9 metres. Only three seams are

16 gre;iter than 3 metres in thickness. Prominentchannel-sand- GREENHILLSRANGE stones occur near the baseof the section, notably in the roof Acomplete section of Mist Mountain Formation was of the lowest seam, and at the top of the section. measured on the west-facing slopeof the Greenhills Ranee, MOUNT VEITS roughly 2 kilometres northwest ?alongstrike) of the bound: ary between Westar Mining and Fording Coal's holdings TheMist Mountain Formation on Mount Veits (Sec- (Section 5). The section is 696metres thick. It contains tion 3) dips westerlyand underlies the west slope(dip slope) several relatively thick covered intervals; all coalseam and upper east slope. A partial section was measured on the occurrences noted had been exposed by hand-dug trenches. east slope. The base of the section is the contact between the Overallthe section contains 35.0 metres of coal,only Morrissey and Mist Mountain formations (Plate 1); the top 5.0 per cent of the total formation thickness, although it is corresponds with the peak of the monntain. Exposures are alnlost certain that other coal seams underlie some of the excellent throughout the section. coveredintervals. The observed seams range up to The Mount Veits section includes 127.7 metres of strata, 5.3 metres thick, with a total of five seams having a thick- of which only 7.6 metres (6.0 per cent) is coal. Seams range ness of 3.0 metres or greater. Several very prominent sand- from 1.5 to 2.5 metres in thickness. A prominent channel- stone units occur throughout the section. sandstone unit marks the top of the section. BURNT RIDGE EXTENSION MOUNT TUXFORD A partial section of MistMountain Formation, 453 .A completesection of MistMountain Formation was metres thick, was measured on Burnt Ridge Extension (Sec- mmsured along the north-trending flank of Mount Tnxford, tion 6). Road-cut exposures were used throughout. Thebase roughly 3 kilometres southof Mount Veits (Section 4). This of the section is the Mist Mountain- Morrissey contact, and location has not been trenched.At this point, theMist the top of the section is believed to be within 50 to 100 Mountain Formation is550.5 metres thick. It contains at metres of the top of the Mist Mountain Formation. total A of least 37.5 metres of coal (6.8 per cent of the total section), 40.3 metres, 8.9 per cent of the section, is composedof coal an#$it is possiblethat more coal seams underlie the covered seamsranging up to7.6 metres in thickness, and it is intervals, particularly those in the lowest 50 metres. The possible that coal seams occur within coveredintervals. The observed seams rangeup to 5.6 metres thick, and four seams interval between 275 and 415 metres is distinguished by a are in the range of 4.8 to 5.6 metres. Channel-sandstone closely spaced series of coal seams ranging in thickness units are mainly confined to the lowermost and uppermost from 1.0 to 4.6 metres, and with a total thickness of 31.4 200 metres of the section. The intervening 150 metres of metres.Prominent channel-sandstone units occur in the prg3dominantly recessive strata contains two closely spaced lower parr of the section, and at the top of (and overlying) coal seams each greater than 5 metres in thickness. the section.

IMPERIAL RIDGE A complete section of Mist Mountain Formation, with a total thickness of 508.2 metres, was measured along Impe- rial Ridge (Section 7). Coal seamsare exposed in hand-dug trenches. The total coal thickness is 36.9 metres (7.3 per cent of thetotal section thickness) and individual seams range up to 10.5 metres thick. The most prominent ofthese, referred to here as the Imperial seam,is roughly 160 metres above the base of the section (Figure 7). More information concerning this seam, and its projected extensions in other parts of the coalfield, is provided in the section covering seam correlation, later in this chapter. 'Threeprominent channel-sandstone units are exposedin the lowerhalf of the section,including one overlyingthe Imperial seam by approximately 10 metres.

EWIN PASS The entire Mist Mountain Formationwas measured along exploration roads on the Ewin Pass property (Section 8). The sectionis 487 metres thick, of which 43 metresor 8.8 per cent is comprised of coal. The seam numbers (Fig- ure 7) were applied by Crows Nest Resources Limited, and are intended to indicate correlation with seams in the company's Line Creek mine, roughly 7 kilometresto the south. Plate 12. Deformed coal zone 011 the south side of Coal Included in this total coal thickness are two seams, 4.9 and Creek (tributary of Bleasdell Creek) adjacent to the Bour- 5.3 metres thick, in the basal coal zone, and the 13-metre geau thrust fault (off photo to right). 4-seam with its rider 1.5 metres thick near the top of the

17 section. Three prominent channel-sandstone units occur in metres (Section 12).A total of 51.6 metres, or 12.2 per cent, thelowest 300 metres of the section, the uppermost of is composed of coal seams which range in thickness from which, in the roof of 7-seam, is conglomeratic, representing 1.0 to 9.5 metres. Seam nomenclature (Figure 7) is that of one of thefew occurrences of Mist Mountain conglomerate Crows Nest Resources Limited, and is intended to imply in the Elk Valley coalfield. correlation with seams at Line Creek mine. The portion of the section richest in coal is the basal 44.0 metres, which BURNT RIDGE contains 20.4 metres of coal (9 and IO-seams), including seams 6.6 and 5.8 metres thick occurring essentially within The entireMist MountainFormation, totalling 576.4 the basal coal zone (IO-seam). Prominent channel sandstone metres in thickness, was measured along exploration roads units are uncommon, and occur mainly in the upper half of on Burnt Ridge (Section 9). Coal comprises a total of 65.3 metres, or 11.3 per cent of the total thickness of the forma- the formation. tion. Individualseams range from 1.0 to 11.8 metres in thickness. The basal coal zone contains a total of approx- NONAME RIDGE imately 7.5 metres of coal in a 10.7-metre interval, making The complete Mist Mountain Formation was described it one of the most coal-rich examples of this zone in the along the east-trending ridge north of Noname Creek (Sec- study area (Plate 3). Other seams, including five which are tion 13) which is, in turn, north of Line Creek mine. The 8 or more metres in thickness, are scattered throughout the total thickness of the section is 527.1 metres, of which 44.7 section.Thick channel sandstone deposits also occur metres or 8.5 per cent consists of coal seams. Most of the throughout,with some concentration in the upper half. seamsare exposed in hand-dugtrenches. They range in Seamnomenclature (Figure 7) was copiedfrom Westar thickness from 1.3 to 8.0 metres, the latter representing the Mining Ltd., and is not intended to imply correlation with lower bench of a zone 15.4 metres thick containing 13.6 other properties. metres of coal in twoseams in the lower third of the formation. An unusually thick channel sandstone occursin BURNT RIDGE SOUTH the lowest 100 metres of the formation. A completesection of MistMountain Formation was HORSESHOE RIDGE measured along an east-trending spur at the south end of BurntRidge (Section IO). Of a total thicknessof 576.0 A 311.0-metre partial section of Mist Mountain Forma- metres, 47.0 metres (8.0 per cent) consistsof coal. Most of tion, starting at the Mist Mountain - Morrissey contact, was the coal seams are exposed in hand-dug trenches. A cluster measuredalong exploration roads on HorseshoeRidge of four seams, rangingin thickness from 4.8 to 8.4 metres, (Section 14), east of Line Creek mine. Coal seams, which occurs in a 90-metre interval near the top of the lower half range from 1.2 to 6 metres in thickness, comprise a total of ofthe section. Channel sandstone bodies are exposed at 25.2 metres, or 8.1 per cent of the total thickness. Seam several horizons throughout the section. nomenclature (Figure 7) is that of Crows Nest Resources, and indicates proposed correlation.with seamsat Line Creek MOUNT MICHAEL (UPPER SHEET) mine. Seam 10, the basal coal zone, consists of4.1 metres of coal in three separate seams in the lowest 13.4 metres of The thickness of the partial section of Mist Mountain section. Seam 8 upper, at 6.0 metres, is the single thickest Formationexposed in the immediatehangingwall of the seam.Channel sandstones occur throughout the section, Ewin Pass thrust near the summit of Mount Michael (Sec- notably below and above 8-seam. tion 11) is apparently 455.1 metres. The base of the section is believed to be in the lower Mist Mountain Formation, TEE PEE MOUNTAIN while the top is the Elk - Mist Mountain contact.The lowest 218.3 metresof the sectionis devoid of coal, which makes it An erosional remnant of the basal portionof the' Koote- by far the thickest barren intervalin the formation in south- nay Group is preserved on Tee Pee Mountain (Section 15), eastern British Columbia,unless structural thickeningof the south of Line Creek mine. The section was measured along Mist Mountain Formationhas occurred here (see chapter on exploration roads and in trenches. The base is at the base of structural geology). The interval between 218 metres and a 2.0-metre coal seam within the Moose Mountain Member the top of the section, on the other hand, containsan anoma- of theMorrissey Formation. Only the lowermost 22.4 lous concentration of coalseams, which areexposed in metres of the Mist Mountain Formation is exposed. It con- hand-dugtrenches. They total 42.0 metres in thickness, tains two thin coal seams. representing 17.7 per cent of this part of the section. These seams range in thickness from 1.0 to 7.3 metres. Channel CROWN MOUNTAIN sandstone bodies are restricted to the lower, barren portion Crown Mountain is underlainby an erosional remnaflfof of the section, while the upper coal-rich portion is essen- thebasal portion'of the Kootenay Group. Trenches and tially devoid of these units. exploration roads exposethe lowest 72.4 metres of the Mist MountainFormation (Section 16). Of this thickness, MOUNT MICHAEL (LOWER SHEET) 5.8 metres is represented by three coal seams, ranging in The thickness of the Mist Mountain Formationhelow the thickness from 1.3 to 3.0 metres. A very prominent channel Ewin Pass thrust, exposed along exploration roads on the sandstone unit immediately overlies the thickest coal seam lower slopes of Mount Michael, is a relatively thin 422.7 and is the uppermost unit in the section.

18 DXCSCRIPTIONSOF DRILL CORES EV-151 (EWIN CREEK) Graphic logs of the ten cores examined in this study are This core consists of a maximum 354 metres true! ihick- shown on Figure 8; detailed logs are in Appendix 2. In ness, but contains a 2.5-metre fault zone 44 metreslabove generalizing the cores, units less than 2 metres in thickness the base, which probably caused a small but unknown were not plotted, excepting coal seams and seam partings, amount of repetition. Fourteen metres of Morrissey Forma- for which 1 metre was the minimum thickness. Grouping of tion was cored at the bottom of the hole. Eleven seams, units, necessitated by these minimum thickness rules, was ranging from 60 centimetres to 15 metres in thickness had somewhat arbitrary. Thus the appearance of the sections in been removedfor sampling. Seven seams, aggregating Figure 8 is partly a function of the generalization process; 39.7 metres, exceed 1 metre in thickness. The thickest are they are not intended to be used for paleoenvironmental named, from oldest to youngest, 3 lower, 3, 4 (which has a inbxpretation. thin, unnamed rider), 5, 7, 8 lower and 8-seams. Prominent :Locationsof the various drill-hole sites are shown on channel sandstone units occur between 4 and 5-seams. 5 and Figures 5 and 6. 6-seams, and 6 and 7-seams.

the Morrissey Formation (P. Gilmar, personal communica- BM81-1 (BARE MOUNTAIN) tion, 1985); therefore the zone corresponding to IOA and 10B-seamsat Line Creek, the basal coal zone, is not The base of this core contains a considerable thickness of pL':sc1LL.- - .. - ". Morrissev Formation, only 6 metres of which were logged for this study. The true thickness of Mist Mountain Forma- A conspicuous series of three channel sandstone deposits tion in BM8 l-1 is 490.9 metres, so that the top of the core is oc'curs between 9 and 8-seams. One channel sandstone lies in the upper part of the formation. The coresampled between 8 and 7-seams, and a channel deposit of sandstone 16 seams, ranging from 1.1 to 12.5 metres thick, and totall- interbedded with conglomeratic sandstone and conglome- ing 57.7 metres. They are numbered upward from 1 (basal rate was intersected above 7-seam, near the top of the hole. coal zone) to 9, with the thickest being 4, 7 and 8, each of which contains more than one bench. Seam 7 contains 19.1 E€'-105 (EWIN PASS) metres of coal in a 21.7-metre interval. Channel sandstone This core represents approximately 194 metres true thick- units are conspicuously rare ness; the lowest 72 metres overlaps with strata,intersected by EP-102. Five seams are present, ranging up to 9 metres BM81-2 (BARE MOUNTAIN) in thickness and aggregating 21.6 metres. Four are named, This hole penetrated two separate thrust sheets; the fault from oldest to youngest, 7, 5, 4,and 4-rider. Therefore, appears to have caused about 120 metres of true strati- 7-seam and the conglomeratic unit overlying it are common graphic displacement. The hangingwall contains the Mist to both EP-102 and EP-105. Seams 4 and 4-rider form the Mountain - Morrissey contact, and in excess of 294 metres mcxt significant coal zone above 7-seam, with a combined true thickness of Mist Mountain Formation, all of which is thickness of9 metres. There are no channel sandstone common to drill hole BM81-1. This includes a total of 31.3 deposits above the conglomeratic unit. metres of coal, corresponding with seams 1 to 7. The sandstone between seams 2 and 3 in drill boleBM81-1 is MBE-101 (MOUNT BANNER) considerably thicker in BM81-2. Thishole penetratedapproximately 290 metrestrue The lower thrust sheetcontains the Mist Monntain- thickness, of which 30 metres areMomssey Formation. Morrissey contact and about 64 metres of Mist Mountain Se:veral sections of the core are missing or jumbled due to Formation. The only coal belongs to thebasal coalzone vandalism. Thirteen seams, ranging from 35 centimetres to (I-seam)and is 2.8 metresthick. 8 :metres in thickness, had been sampled by the exploration SR-7 (WEARY RIDGE) comoanv.L< Six seams. with a total combined thickness of

28.7 metres, exceed 'I metre in thickness. Six thin seams, This core contains the Elk ~ Mist Mountain contact and ncimbered 10-6 to 10-1, occur in the basal 14 metres of the225.2 metres true thickness of Mist Mountain Formation. Mist MountainFormation (basal coal zone). Theother Seven coalseams occur in the section, ranging in thickness mjor seams are named, from oldest to youngest, E, G, I, up to 4.4 metres, and with a combined thickness of 20.2 and J-seams. Channel sandstone units are relatively scarce metres. These include seams P, Q and S, corresponding to and thin. There are three between 10-seam and E-seam and the Weary Ridge measured section (Figure 7). Two channel two more between E-seam and G-seam. sandstone units occur above S-seam.

19 SR-12 (WEARY RIDGE) COALSEAM DISTRIBUTION AND FREQUENCY This hole cored 173.2 metrestrue thickness of Mist Tables 2 and 3 provide summaries of total coal thick- Mountain Formation, corresponding to the lower to middle nesses in the measured sectionsand drill cores, respectively; part of the formation. Nine coal seams were intersected, .Table 4 summarizes the frequenciesof individual coal seam with a total combined thickness of 22.1 metres, and a range thicknesses occurringin the measured sections only. As was of 1.1 to 5.3 metres. The thickest of these correspond with thecase in the generalized diagrams, individual seams H and J-seams in the Weary Ridge measured section (Fig- under 1 metre thick are not considered in these summaries. ure 7). There are no channel-sandstone units in the section. An average of 8.7 per cent of the stratigraphic thickness of the measured sections is represented by coal seams more SR-2 (WEARY RIDGE) than 1.0 metre thick,while the drill cores containan average This core contains the Mist Mountain- Morrissey contact of 11.7 percent coal. This discrepancy has two likely and 140.9 metres true thicknessof the lower Mist Mountain causes. It is possible that coal seams buried under covered Formation. Of this total, 23.1 metres is composedof coal, in intervalshave been missed inthe case of snme of the seams ranging from 1.3 to 6.3 metres thick. These corre- measured sections. Theaverage value for the measured spond to seams B through G in the Weary Ridge measured sections may therefore be too low. On the other hand, the section (Figure 7). The basal coal zone is represented by sampled(missing coal) intervalsin the drill cores may B-seam, a 6.3-metre seam which sits directly on the Mor- contain shale partings or thinly interbedded shale and coal rissey Formation. Another major seam is D-seam, which is units, which would have been describedseparately in a 5.9 metresthick. There are no channel sandstoneunits in the measured section. Thus the averagevalue for the coresmay section. actually he toohigh. Ten per cent of the aggregate thickness

TABLE 2 SUMMARY OF MEASURED STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS OF THE MIST MOUNTAIN FORMATION

RelativeStratigraphic PositionsThickness SectionLOEation No. Thickness '70 Coal Base of Section Top of Section of section (m) of Coal (m)

I Upper Weary Ridge Base of MM MM64.0 >513 12.5 2 Coal Creek Lower MM Upper MM >307 29.4 9.6 3 Mt. 3 Veits Base of MM Lower MM 127.7 7.6 6.0 4 Tuxford.Mt.Base of MM Top of" 6.8 550.5 37.5 5 of"Greenhills Base Top of MM 696.0 35.0 5.0 6 BurntRidgeExtension 6Base of MM Upper MM 453.0 40.3 8.9 7 ImperialBase Ridge of MM Top of MM 7.3 36.9 508.2 8 Ewin 8 Pass Base of MM Top of" 486.8 43.0 8.8 9 Burnt Ridge Base of MM Tap of" 576.4 65.3 11.3 10 SouthRidge Burnt Base8.0 of MM Tap of47.0 MM 587.0 Ii Mt. UpperMichael Lower TopMM of MM 455.1 42.0 9.2 I2 LowerMichael Mt. Base of MM Top ofMM 422.7 51.6 12.2 13 Noname Ridge Base of MM Top of MM 527.1 44.7 8.5 14 Horseshoe Ridge Base of MM MiddleNpper MM 311.0 25.2 8.1 15 Teepee Mtn. Base of MM Lower MM 22.4 I.2 5.3 16 Crown Mtn. Base of MM Lower MM 72.4 5.8 8.0 Average 8.7

MM = Mist Mountain Formation

TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF DRILL-CORE LOGS OF THE MIST MOUNTAIN FORMATION

Drillhole Location True Thickness Thickness Thickness True Location Drillhole Relative Stratigraphic Positions 9c Coal Collar Bottom (m) of coal (rn)

A) MBE-I01 MiddleBanner Mt. MM Base of MM 290.2 28.7 9.9 B) EP-I02 Ewin Pass Middle MM Lower MM 256.6 40.5 15.8 C) EP-105 Ewin Pass Upper MM Middle MM 193.8 21.6 11.1 0)EV-151 Ewin CreekMiddleNpper MM Base of MM 353.6 39.7 11.2 E) EV-150Base MM LowerEwin Creek of MM 25.8 157.0 10.0 F) BM81-I BareBM81-I F) Mtn. Upper MM Base of MM 496.9 57.7 11.6 G) BM81-2 Bare Mtn.Bare BM81-2 G) MiddleNpper MM Base of MM 291.4 34.0 11.7 H) SR-7 Weary Ridge227.7 Basal Elk Upper MM 20.2 8.9 I) SR-I2 Weary Ridge Middle MM Lower MM 173.2 22. I 12.8 J) SR-2 Weary Ridge Lower MM Base of MM 140.9 23. I 16.4 Average I I .7

MM = Mist Mountain Formation

20 therefore appears tobe a realistic averagefor the coal An attempt at more regional correlation of coal seams in cointent of the Mist Mountain Formation in the Elk Valley the south half of the study area is describedin this section. co;3lfield. Figure 9 shows simplified versions of six of the core logs When considering the frequencydistribution of coal seam and three measured sections, while Figure 10 reproduces thickness categoriesin the measured sections (Table 4), it is geophysicallogs for these drill holes, togetherwith one cle:ar that theI-to-2-metre category contains the largest definite and two proposed seamcorrelations. These correla- share, 43 per cent. If sections containing only a part of the tions are based on relative stratigraphic positions, relative Mikt Mountain Formation are eliminated, the 1-10-2 metre seam thicknesses, the nature of theroof and floor rocks, and category remains the most important, its share of the total geophysical log signatures. essentially unchanged. In both cases, the second most fre- quentlyoccurring thickness interval is2-to-3 metres. In BASAL COAL ZONE order to gain an understanding of the relative volumes of The onlyfirmly establishedcorrelation shown on each thickness category (in the complete sections only), the Figure 9 is that of the basal coal zone.It rests directly on the percentage contribution of each thickness range has been Morrissey Formation, but its upper contact cannotbe rigidly multiplied by themid-point of thethickness range (for defined. Although correlation of this zone is self-evident, it example, 2.5 for the 2-to-3-metre range). The results are is worth discussing for tworeasons. First, the zone contains shown in the last columnof Table 4. The 1-to-2 metre importantreserves of coal inthe Elk Valley coalfield, interval is again the most significant, with a value of 63.3. includingI-seam at Greenhillsoperations and 10A and Th.e next most significant category is 5-10-6 metres, with a 10B-seams at Line Creek mine(Plate 13). Second, there are value of 50.6. Seams thicker than 6 metres appear to repre- considerable differences in its appearance, even in closely sent a relatively smallvolume of coal, although this is spaced holes, which emphasize the difficulty in correlating so:mewhat misleading, as in many cases seamsin this range coal seams in the region. make a very significant contribution to measured reserves The lowermost 20 metres or so of the Mist Mountain on individual properties. section in each drill core which contains the base of the formation is plotted in detail on Figure 1 I. The 20-metre SEAMCORRELATION cutoff was chosen arbitrarily, but in all cases this interval With the exception of the basal coal zone, regional cor- contains most of the coal which can reasonablybe assigned relation of coal seams and otherstrata of the Mist Mountain to the basal zone. The topsof the sections from EV-IS1 and Fctrmation is difficult. This difficulty is related to pro- SR-2 have been extended slightly to include the top of a nounced facies variations, and the lackof known regionally significant coal seam. extensive markers and is compounded by structural com- A few generalizations canbe made aboutFigure 1I. Each pli.cations. On a local scale, seam correlation is successfully example contains at least two separate coal seams. In most accomplished using any of a variety of methods, including cases a coal seam rests directly on or within a metre of the geological mapping, seamtracing, visual recognition of coal top ofthe MorrisseyFormation. The thickest individual se,ams based on physical characteristics, characterization of seam is 2-seam in SR-2 from Weary Ridge at 5.65 metres, se,ams based on analytical parameters, and interpretation of while the thickest coal zone is the combination of 3 and geophysical logs. Two cases where tonsteins are used to 3-lower-seams in EV-IS1from Ewin Creek, with a total correlate coal seams over short distancesare documented in thickness of 1.4 metres,including a 60-centimetreshale thik study (see chapter on tonsteins). parting. The remainder of the seams range from 20 cen-

TABLE 4 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF COAL SEAMS OF VARIOUS THICKNESSES IN MEASURED SECTIONS OF THE MIST MOUNTAIN FORMATION.

Thickness Section Numbers Totals Contribution to Complete Seelions Intervals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 se'& CompleteSeetion$ Relative -(nl) Per cent Volume 80 46 42.2 63.3 33 18 16.5 41.3 23 12 11.0 38.5 17 10 9.2 41.4 13 io 9.2 50.6 1 I I I 4 2 i .8 11.7 2 i 112 I 8 3 2.8 21.0 I1 I 3 3 2.8 23.8 I I I 0.9 8.6 2 2 I .x 18.9 i I 0.9 10.4

I i I 0.9 12.2

21 L2.5km 24.5km I2.5km 2km 5km 2

Figure 9. Proposed coal seam correlations in the south half of the Elk Valley coalfield

timetres to 3 metres in thickness. In general, the thicknesses Unit I are toothin to form mineable reserves.At Line Creek and positions of individual seams vary widely between mine, on the other hand, the basal coal zone contains 10A holes, even in the cases of the closely spaced pairs EV-150 and 10B-seams, with theformer resting directly on the and EV-151, and BM81-1 and BM81-2. Morrissey Formation (Plate 13). These seams featureprom- Interbedded strata within the basal coal zone are mainly inently in Line Creek's current (1991) production. shales and shale-dominant varietiesof ISAS units. They are massive to well laminatedadmay be rooted, burrowed and IMPERIAL SEAM distorted. Coal bandingand coal spar are alsovery common The name Imperial seam was first applied to the thickest features,especially close to the seams.One thin car- seam on Imperial Ridgein the Ewin Creek propertynorth of bonaceous sandstone occurs in each of EV-151, MBE-101 Ewin Creek (Grieve and Fraser, 1985). On the ridge summit and SR-2. The strata overlying thebasal coal zone are also it attains a thickness of 10.5 metres, with very little inter- fine grained and areindistinguishable from clastic rocks banded shale. It has been traced northward,in the field, with within the zone. some confidence from Imperial Ridge to Bare Mountain, a Kaolinite-rich grey clay bands, which have been identi- strike distance of 5 kilometres (Grieve and Fraser, 1985. fied as tonsteins, occur at equivalent positions in EV-150 Sheets 8 and 9). and EV-151, and are clearly correlateable (Figure 11). Cor- The Imperial seam is referred to by Westar Mining as relation with a similar band in BM81-2 may be possible, as 5-seam on the Ewin Creek property, which includes Impe- the upper surface of the Morrissey Formation is known to rial Ridge, and it was intersected in both drill holes EV-150 have local relief of several metres. and EV-151 (Figures 8 and 9) south of Imperial Ridge. The The basal coal zone described here correlates with the truethickness of theImperial seam in these holes is lower part of Donald's (1984) Unit I on Eagle Mountain at 15 metres.According to Huryn (1982)the bottom 12 to the Fording River mine to the north. At that locality all the 13 metres contains very little interbanded shale. The roof coal within Unit I, comprising 1, 2 and 3-seams, appears to and floorrocks in EV-151 areblack, coal-streaked and lie well within the basal 20 metres of the formation and banded shales,while in EV-150 they are black, coal-banded, 1-seam rests directlyon the Morrissey Formation. Coalsof laminated shales.

22 'To the south, the Imperial seam is tentatively correlated Moving farther south, the Imperial seamis tentatively withE-seam in coreMBE-101 (Figures 8 and 9). This correlated with X-seam in core EP-102 and the Ewin Pass co!rrelation is based on three lines of evidence: relative measured section (Figures X and 9). The latter seam is 150 thickness and position of E-seam with respect to overall metres above the baseof the Mist Mountain Formationand stratigraphy; similarity of roof and floor lithologies to those is thefirst major seam above the mostsignificant concentra- in the EV cores; and similarity of geophysical logs to the tion of channel-sandstone units in the section. The seam is EV drillholes (Figure 10). E-seam in MBE-101 is 10.3 metres thick and contains SO centimetres of shale in 7.4 metres thick and contains very little interbanded shale. five interbands(Beavan, 1981). Roof and floor rocks are As wasthe case in the EV cores, it is about 130 metres laminated,black, coal-banded shales. The geophysical stratigraphically above the base of the Mist Mountain For- response of this seam issimilar to that of E-seamin mationand between the two most prominent channel- MBE-101(Figure 10). Seam 8 at EwinPass has been sandstone horizons.Roof and floor rocks are massive, coal- correlated with 8-seam on Mount Michael to the south by banded, black to dark grey shales. mapping (Figure 9; Grieve and Fraser, 1985, Sheet 6).

DRILLHOLE F METRES BMBI-l BU81-I WLM DEN DRILLHOLE C EP-105 EP-IO5 GAM DEN

DRILLHOLE G f

I -BARE MOUNTAIN -

Figure IO. Geophysical logs of drill holes plotted in Figure 9. The Imperial seam is used as a datum. (GAM = gamma ray log; DEN = density log).

23 CORE G BM81-2

Figure I I. Detailed core logs of the basal coal zone of the Mist Mountain Formation in the Elk Valley coalfield.

The Imperial seamwas correlated with a prominent seam the Ewin Pass measured section, and G-seam. in drill hole on Bare Mountain to the north in the course of geological MBE-101 on Mount Banner (Figures8 and 9). This correla- mapping, as was mentioned earlier. Number 3 seam in drill tion is made with some confidence based on stratigraphic holes BM81-1 and BM81-2 is believedto he the equivalent position, especially given the proximity of Ewin Pass and of this seam (Figures 8 and 9). In BM81-2 it is 10.5 metres Mount Banner. Geophysical log responses appear to verify thick and occursjust over 150 metres above the baseof the the correlation (Figure IO), as does the nature of the roof formation. Its roof and floor rocks are composed of lami- and floor rocks (coal-handed shales in all cases). nated, black, coal-handed shale. The geophysical response The Banner seam is believedto have been washedout by of 3-seam on Bare Mountain (Figure 10) is again similar to thestream which deposited the thick sandstone units that of the Imperial seam in other holes. between 5-seam and 7-seam in drill hole EV-151 on Ewin The overall strike length of the proposed Imperial seam Creek (Figures 8 and 9). It may correlate with 4-seam in correlation, which extends from Mount Michaelin the south drill holes BM81-1 andBM8.1-2 on Bare Mountain, butthis to Bare Mountain in the north, is close to 17 kilometres. is highly speculative. Stratigraphicequivalents of theImperial seam may already constitute important reserves and production in the coalfield. Forexamole. 8-seam on the Ewin Pass .&,Drooertv DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE wasbelieved bv Criws’Nest Resources’geologists -_ to be the MC”LLING same as 8-seam at the Line Creek mine (Plate 13). More- An embedded, first-order Markov chain analysis of the Over, the Imperial Seammay have an equivalent on Eagle sedimentary sequence in core logs was carried out, in order Mountain in theFording River Operations area. Fording’s to generate a depositionalmodel for sediments of the Mist 5-seam3 for example,occupies approximately the Same MountainFormation in the Elk Vallev coalfield.This stratigraphic position as 3-seam on BareMountain. method is based on a test of theassumption that theoccur- rence of a particular sedimentary unit at any position within BANNER SEAM the stratigraphic column is dependent on the nature of the The termBanner seam was introduced by Grieve(1989) immediately underlying unit. Thicknesses of individual to represent7-seam in drill holesEP-102 and EP-I05 and units arenot taken into account.

24 To begin the analysis, the frequency of occurrences of generalized rock-type code. This last field was used for the upward transitions from one rock type to another is tallied statistical analysis. It was needed because the number of and displayed in matrix form. A second matrix is generated, lithological types identified during core logging (Appen- containing predicted frequencies, based on totally random dix 2) was too large to handle statistically in a meaningful seqoences. The difference between the two matrices gives way, and some of the typesoccur very infrequently. In an indication ofwhich upward transitions are occurring effect,rock types were grouped together toproduce a more often than at random. Presence of the Markov prop- shorter list of lithologies to work with. The list of eight erty is tested by means of a chi-square calculatiou which rock-type codes and what they represent is shown in Table tests thesignificance of the transition matrix vis d vis 5. All unloggable and missing core, other than coal which random occurrence. had been previously removed for sampling,was given a 000 5:ubstitutability analysiswas also carriedout (Davis, code and treated as a separate rock type. 1973). This type of analysis examines the tendency fortwo The database file was converted to an ASCII file, com- rock types to occur in a similar stratigraphic situation with patible with the Cal Data software used in the analysis. respect to overlying and underlying units. Two rock types Certain modifications to the ASCII file were made prior to with high substitutability are usually assumed to have been statistical analysis. Most notably, all transitions from a deposited in similar sedimentary environments (Kilby and specific rock type to the same rock type were eliminated, Oppelt, 1985). simply by deleting one of the records involved. In cases where the same rock type occurs three or more times in ST.4TISTICAL METHODS succession, all but one of the records were deleted. This was Core-log data were entered into a computer database file necessarybecause the type of Markov chain analysis using dBASE I11 PLUS (TM) software. Fields were created employed (embedded) is based onchanges in lithology. for hole name, base and top of intervals, rock-type code, Another modification was the deletion of all records not suffix modifiers, comments, and lastly, a second three-digit belonging to the Mist Mountain Formation.

Plate 13. View to the north of the highwall of Line Creek mine. Note largedipslope footwall of Monissey Formation(mf), and the positions of seams IOA, IOB, 9 and 8 in the Mist Mountain Formation (mmf). The axis of the Alexander Creek syncline is to the right of the photograph.

25 TABLE 5 Subfiles of the overall modified database were defined, ROCK-TYPE CODES USED FOR MARKOV ANALYSIS each snbfile representing one core log. This was necessary OF DRILL-CORE LOGS to avoid inclusionof the transitions from the endof one hole Code Emlanation to the beginning of the next in the database. The modified database, which contains 3707 legitimate CGL Conglomerate. Generally chen-pebble composition. transitions, was then subjected to statistical analysis. The SAND Sandstone. Generally medium to very coarse grained. May statistical computer programs developed and described by be massive. flat bedded or crossbedded. Kilby (in Kilby and Oppelt, 1985) were used. Thesein turn SSXH Intermixedshale and sandstone, with sandstone in greater abundancethan shale. Includes flaser-bedded sandsrone, were based on techniques described by Siemers (1978) and andwavy-bedded sandstone withinterbedded shale. Davis (1973).The firststep in the procedure is generationof Sandstones generally fine grained. a "count-transition" matrix (Figure 12) which displays the SS=SH Intermixedshale and sandstone, with both in roughly equal number of occurrences of each possible type of upward amounts.Predominantly lenticular-bedded sandstone with transition in the data. Next, an "expected" matrix is gener- interbeddedshale. Sandstone generally fine or veryfine ated, which represents the number of upward transitions of grained. each type which would occur in atotally random sedimen- SH>SSIntermixed shale andsandstone, with shale greaterin tary sequence containing the same number of units of the abundancethan sandstone. Includes shale with lenticular sandstonestreaks, and sandy shales. Sandstone generally various rock types. The "difference" matrix is then gener- fine or very fine grained. ated by subtractingthe expectedmatrix from the count- SHALE "Shale series". Generallynoncarbonaceaus, grey siltstone, transition matrix (Figure 12). silty mudstone or mudstone. May be massive or laminated. At this point it is possibleto analyse the difference matrix C-SHLCarbonaceous shale. Generally dark grey to black mudstone to discover which upwardtransitions occur more frequently or shale with coal streaks, bands or spar. than at random, that is, thosewhich are represented by COAL Coal series. Mast often missing from care. Where observed positive values. Two outstanding examples include transi- it includesbanded coal, dullmassive coal and coal with shale interbeds or streaked with shale. tions fromSHALE to SH>SS and vice versa with dif-

(Derived from Ruby ern/., 1981.) WHOLE SECTION 45

CGL

3.7 U.6 Figure 12. Markov analysis matrices for drill-core logs Figure 13. Facies transition diagram based on Markov (whole Mist Mountain Formation). analysis (whole Mist Mountain Formation).

26 fermce values of 153 and 145, respectively (Figure 12; see The probability-differencematrix was converted to Table 5 for explanation of abbreviations). Caution must be graphic form for easier interpretation (Figure 13). All posi- used in considering these numbers, however, because these tive upward transitions, except those below an arbitrary cut- two rock types occur most frequently in the database, and off of I per cent, are portrayed as an arrow connecting the hen.ce thenumber of transitions theyare involved in is, two lithologies. The positions of the various lithologies on automatically high. To provide a more balanced analysis of the diagram were selectedto simulate a general fining- the difference matrix, it is necessary to convert the positive upward sequence and to show the upward transitions in as frequency values in the difference matrix to probabilities simple a manner as possible. based on thetotal number of transitions each unit is The count-transition matrix was tested for the Markov involved in, that is, to divide each positive elementof each property by meansof a chi-square test, as described by row in the difference matrix by the sum of all the elements Davis (1973). Inthis application, rejection of the null in the correspondingrow in the count-transition matrix. hypothesis implies that the transitions observed are depend- (Th.is may also he accomplished by expressingthe values in ent to a significant degree (not random) and thus form a the first two matrices as probabilities in the first place, and Markov chain. sim.ply subtracting the second from the first to generate the The process was repeated twice, once for each of two difference matrix.) The differencematrix with positive subsets of the database.The first represents all strata within vahes expressed as probabilities (percentages) is shown in 200 metres of the base of the MistMountain Formation, and Figure 12. Examination of this matrix shows that, for exam- the second strata more than 200 metres above the base. The ple.. the 15 transitions from CGL to SAND, representing an first (Figures 14 and 15) contains 2216 transitions and the 83..3 percent probability, aremore significant than the second (Figures 16 and 17) contains 1485 transitions. These seeminglyimpressive 153 transitionsfrom SHALE to were generated tosee if thereare any sedimentological SH>SS, representingonly a 15.6 percent probability, differences between the lower and upper parts of the forma- referred to earlier. tion in the study area. fill transitions involving missing or unloggable core were ignmared. LOWER SECTION 44 COAL iL 2

I SAND

Figure 15. Faciestransition diagram based on Markov analysis (strata within 200 metres of the base of the Mist Mountain Formation).

27 UPPER SECTION AS

Figure 16. Markov analysis matrices for drill-core logs 75 11 5/ (strata more than 200 metres above the base of theMist CGL Mountain Formation).

Figure 17. Faciestransition diagram based on Markov Three additional matrices (Figure lS), termed the sub- analysis (strata more than 200 metres above the base of the Mist Mountain Formation). stitutabilitymatrices, were generated fordata fromthe entire formation, following the methods of Davis (1973). Valuesin theupward substitutability matrix indicate the Results for the entire formation are given in Figures 12 probability of any two lithologic units being overlain by a and 13. Starting at the base of the transition diagram, CGL, similar lithological unit (maximum value I). The downward although a rare rock type, shows a very strong trend (83% substitutability matrix is the same except that the values probability) to be overlain by SAND and a weaker trend indicate the probability of two lithologic units being under- (6%) to be overlain by SS>SH. SAND is most likely to be lain by a similarlithological unit. The mutual sub- overlain by SS>SH (23%), and less likely to be overlain by stitutability matrix measures the degree to which two units CGL (8%) or SH>SS (2%).SS>SH is most often overlain are overlain and underlain by similar units. The upward by SH>SS (14%), but is almost as likely to be overlain by substitutability matrix was calculatedfrom the transition SAND (ll%), and less likely to be overlain by SS=SH matrix for each pair of lithologies by calculating the cross- (3%). SS=SH tends to be overlain by finer units, either product ratio of the respective rows (see Davis, 1973). The SH>SS (20%) or SHALE (8%). SH>SS is most likely to downward substitutability matrix was calculatedin the same be overlain by SHALE(17%), but is also overlain by way, but using columns instead of rows. The mutual sub- coarser rocktypes SS=SH(8%) andSS>SH (6%). SHALE stitutability matrix was obtained by multiplying the corre- tends to be overlain by thecoarser rock types SH>SS spondingvalues from the upward and downward sub- (16%) and,to a lesser extent, SS=SH (4%), but also may be stitutability matrices. overlain by CARBS (9%). CARBSshows roughly equal likelihood of being overlain by SHALE (16%) or COAL (20%). COALis most likely to be overlain by CARBS RESULTSAND DISCUSSION (45%), with SHALE a distant second (4%). Results for the entire Mist Mountain Formation are pre- Thechi-square test of thetransition matrix for the sented and discussedfirst, followed by a comparison of the Markov property yielded a value of 4.5 X 105. This repre- lower and upperparts of the formation. Rock-type abbrevia- sents a verystrong rejection of thehypothesis that the tions will be used throughout. Explanationsof the abbrevia- observedrock-type transitions are produced by random tions are given in Table 5. events.

28 taken as a major component of a flood-basin deposit, then it is apparently not possible to make the transition from the one environment to the other without "passing through" the intermediate lithologies. This suggests that either the intermixed sandstone and shale rock types are an integral pan of the point-bar deposits, perhaps as the last sediment types laid down before a channel was abandoned, and/or that another floodplain environment mustfirst be "passed through" before reaching the flood basin. The possibilities forthe latter suggestion are levees and crevasse splays, which, as was pointed out earlier, are difficult to distinguish. The intermixed sandstone and shalerock types are expected to be characteristic of both (Dunlop and Bustin, 1987). Deposition of distalcrevasse-splay deposits on the floodplain is believed to have occurred in the instances where intermixed shale and sandstone units, either SS=SH or SH>SS, directly overlie SHALE. These results suggest that this is more likely to occur than the transition from SHALEto carbonaceous shale, CARBS, and perhaps ultimately COAL. Interestingly, COAL only occurs overly- 0.362 0.m 0.618 0.521 0.168 1.m ing CARBS, suggesting a gradual transition to the coal- 0.13 0.lW 0.204 0.3" 0.258 0.116 7.m forming environment, and perhaps suggesting a relatively Figure 18. .Substitutability matrices for drill-core logs isolated environment for coaldeposition. This conclusion is (whole Mist Mountain Formation). consistent with McCabe (1984, 1987) who suggested that most thick, economic coals formed in an environment geo- graphically far removed from any source of clastic sedi- Fluvial sediments in general can be subdivided into those ment. COAL is most often overlain by fine-grained units, derived from point-bar deposition and those deposited on either CARBS or SHALE, suggesting that coal deposition the floodplain (Walker and Cant, 1984). In the Mist Moun- was terminated by invasion of flood-basin sediments, per- tai:n Formation the point-bar environment is represented by haps related to increased rate of subsidence in the swamp, or the: prominent channel sandstones. The main rock types a sudden rise in the water table (McCabe, 1984). whlich make up these units are SAND or sandstone and CGL The results are also interesting in that they do not indicate or conglomerate; the latter forms as channel lag deposits. In how the depositional sequence begins. There is no evidence addition the intermixed sandstone and shale rocktypes, of SAND or CGL overlying units finer than SH>SS to a SS>SH, SS=SH and SH>SS, may, in some instances, be significant degree. It isknown from field evidence that pat of the upper part of the point-bar environment. point-bardeposits in somecases overlie fine-grained 'The floodplain environment in the Mist Mountain Forma- sequences, and in some instances they are seen directly tion is the more common: it includes levee, crevasse-splay overlying carbonaceous units including coal (Plate 8). This and flood-basin deposits (Gibson, 1985). As pointed out by contact, in effect, represents the endof one sequence and the Dunlop and Bustin (1987), levee deposits are difficult to start of the next. Two comments can be made here. The first reoognize in the Mist Mountain Formation, especially in is that the transition matrix (Figure 12) does indicate cases ve:rtical sections,and may be indistinguishable from where SAND overlies either SHALE, CARBS or COAL, crevasse-splay deposits. All rock types finer than SAND are but the number of occurrences is less than that expected in inc:luded in the floodplain environment and it is probable random situations (expected matrix). This may be a function that some of the SAND units are also part of this environ- of the very detailed core logging. The significance of single me:nt, probably as part of proximal splays. large-scale events has perhaps been lost in the process of 'The results documented here suggest a fining-upward distinguishing such a large number of transitions, most of depositional sequence with sandstone (with or without con- which perhaps represent only subtle changes in environ- glomerate) at the base and coal at the top, with numerous ment. The second comment relates to new concepts of peat combinationsof transitional events possible within' the deposition (for example, McCabe, 1984, 1987) which, as cycle. (It must be reiterated that although the transition noted above, suggest that coal precursors were deposited in diagrams were deliberately drawn to simulate a general environments removed from sources of clastic sediment, fining-upward sequence, the results of the analysis are defi- like fluvial channels. Consequently, migration of a point-bar nitsely consistent with this model). For example,CGL (chan- deposit into a peat-forming environment might be expected nel lag), where it occurs, is nearly always overlain by to be a rare event. SA.ND. SAND is overlain by an intermixed sandstone and Analysis ofthe three substitutability matrices for the shale unit, usually SS>SH. Interestingly, the direct fining- entire formation (Figure 18) is both instructive and some- uppard transition from SAND to SHALE notis observed to what confusing. For example, they show that the rock types a significant degree. If SAND is assumed to be the charac- SS=SH and SS>SH have a very high degree of sub- teristic component of a point-bar deposit, and SHALE is stitutability,suggesting their depositionalenvironments

29 were similar. Given the lithological similarity of these two what surprising, giventhe different depositional settings units (Table 5), and their commonpresumed association postulated for the lower and upper parts of the formation, with the upper part of point-bar and crevasse-splay deposi- referied to earlier (Gibson, 1985). There are in fact some tional environments, this result is notsurprising. More subtle differences which show up, such as the fairly weak unexpected,however, are the relatively high sub- tendency for SAND to overlie and be overlain by SS=SH in stitutabilities for such pairs of rock types as CARBS and the upper part of the formation, which is not apparentin the SS=SH, SHALE and SS>SH, and'CARBS and SS>SH. lower part or in the formation as a whole. This may suggest The depositional model derived from the Markov analysis a subtle contrast in the depositionof the upperpart of point- does not suggest that any of these pairs would be highly bardeposits between the upper and lower parts of the substitutable, as their presumed depositional environments formation.Another contrast isin the roof-rock of coal were significantly different. Further work is necessary to seams. COAL in the upper part of the formation is only explain these results. overlain by CARBS to a significant degree (Figure 17), in The results for the lowest 200 metres of the Mist Moun- contrastwith the lower part of theformation, in which tain Formation and the overlying portion of the formation COAL is overlain by both CARBS and SHALE. This may are given in Figures 14 through 17. They are broadly similar suggest a more gradual drowning of the coal depositional to those for the whole formation, and will not be described environment in the upper part of the formation. in detail. Moreover, the results for the two subsets of data Chi-square tests of the count transition matrices for the are not markedly different from each other, suggesting that lower and upper parts of the formation are both high, at the same depositional processes applyto both. This is some- 2.9 x IO5 and 2.0 X 104, respectively.

30 CHAPTER 3: TONSTEINS

B.ACKGROUND Bouroz (1962) proposed a descriptive classification, with corresponding implied origins (Table 6). The fourmajor Tonsteins are kaolinitic, fine-grained sedimentary rocks origins he proposed for tonsteins are: alteration of a primary associated with coal and coal-bearing strata; they are super- deposit of tuff (orthotonstein); redeposition and subsequent fic:ially similarto the shale partings found in most coal alteration of a tuff (stratotonstein); colloidal sedimentary seams. Tonsteins are normally thin, but often have consider- deposits(cryptotonstein); and metamorphosed ortho- able areal extent, a factor which has made them extremely tonsteins (metatonsteins). The firsttwo of thesecan he useful as correlation tools in many coalfields (see, for exam- subdividedinto textural varieties, resulting in a totalof pk, Williamson, 1961, or Eden et al., 1963). It was their seven types. pctential as correlation tools which led to my detailed study of tonsteins in the Elk Vailey coalfield. The presence of tonsteins in the Mist Mountain Forma- tion has been noted previously by Mtriaux (1972, 1974)and The term“tonstein” does not, strictly speaking, imply Gibson (1985). In this study they were first noted at two any particular mode of formation. Much recent work sug- locations and stratigraphic positions (Figure 19). at Ewin gests that many tonsteins are the endproduct of the rework- Pass in a thin seam between 7 and 5-seams (Figure 9), and ing andor alteration of volcanic ash (see, for example,Price on Line Creek Ridge in the immediate roof of 10B-seam and Duff, 1969, and Kilby, 1986b), andthis concept is (Grieve, 1984). In both cases, it was possible to trace the generally accepted. Other theories for the origin of tonsteins tonstein (or group of tonsteins in the case of Line Creek ha.ve included:deposition of kaolinite-rich sediments; Ridge) for a distance of about 1.4 kilometres. Tonsteins leaching of clays in the acidic peat-forming environment; were also found at several other locations (Figure 19). but and soil formation processes (Williamson, 1961; McCabe, none of thesecould be correlated overany significant 1984). distance. Tonsteins contain kaolinite as their majorcomponent, with lesser amountsof quartz, feldspar and mica, and minor Tonsteins were also found at various stratigraphic hori- amounts of carbonate, apatite, anatase, zircon and minerals zons in some of the drill cores (Figures 9 and 11) although of the goyazite-gorceixite series (Williamson, 1967; Moore, they were not nearly as abundant in these cores as had been 1968; Price and Duff, 1969). They have been classified in hoped (Grieve and Elkins, 1986; Grieve, 1989). This was nu.merous ways. They have been divided into those occur- partially due to the fact that almost all coal seams had been ring in or adjacent to coal seams (coal tonsteins) and those removed from the core boxes foranalysis. With the excep- associated with the interbedded strata (non-coal; Price and tion of a tonstein in the basal coal zone of two closely Duff, 1969). They have also been divided into two types, spaced cores (EV-150 and EV-151 in Figure 1 I), correlation based on their morphology observed by transmitted light of tonsteins between holes was not possible. microscopy: crystalline (krystall) and granular (graupen) Tonsteinsample locationsare shown on Figure19. to:nsteins (Williamson, 1967). Schuller and Hoenhe (1956) Table 7 summarizes the locations, stratigraphic positions classified tonsteins into four types: crystalline, granular, and general features of all tonsteins found during thisstudy. dense non-crystalline and pseudomorphous (see also ICCP Information concerning mineralogy, petrography and chem- Hindhook, 1963). istry of the tonstein samples is given in Tables 8 to IO.

TABLE 6 CLASSIFICATION OF TONSTEINS -Origin Variety Character Alleralionof B primarydeposit of tuff Onhatonstein Conspicuous irregular nodules containing vermicular or crystalline kaolinite ORTHOTONSTEIN alpha OrthotonsteinNumerous small crystals and vermicules ofkaolinite beta Redeposition and subsequent Stratolonsleinsubsequent Redepositionand Ovoid or flallened nodules with sharp margins and crypto or occasionally micro- alleration of alleration a tuff alpha-I crystalline kaolinite. Possessing a definite layered texture STRATOTONSTEIN Stramonstein STRATOTONSTEIN Irregular masses of crypto or microcrystalline kaolinite and altered feldspars alpha-2 StratoronsteinNumerous small crystals or vermiculesof kaolinite. (Differs from arthotonsteins betabeta in containing an abundanceofdetrital quartz and having a less homogeneous texture) A colloidal sedimentary deposit Cryptotonsrein A homogeneous and cryptocrystalline mass of kaolinite CIIYYPTOTONSTEIN

Probablydeveloped from orthotonsteins Metatonstein Composed predominanlly of micaceous minerals having a similar farm to kaolinite by metamorphism (May contain abundant detrital quanz and other sedimentaryfragments)other and quanz detritalabundant metamorphism contain (May by METATONSTEIN (After Bouroz. 1962.) 31 These data are discussedbelow. For the sake of clarity, the I LEGEND samples referred to in the tables have been divided into differentgroups for discussion: the Ewin Pass tonstein (Samples81-217, 83-10 and 83-11); Line Creek Ridge 10B-seam tonsteins (82-146,83-4and 83.18); samples from shales within the basal coal zonein cores (EVO-I from core EV-150, EVl-1 and EV1-2 from EV-151, and BM2-1 from BM81-2); other samples from the lower part of the Mist Mountain Formation (GP-11, G82-148, (386.5, G86-l32U, and G86-l32L); and other samples from the upper part of theformation ((382.319,‘383-5, G86-197,G86-224, and BM1-2 from core BM81-1). In addition to data reported here, exhaustive geochemical analysis of thesesame samples has been carriedout by Goodarzi et al. (1990).

EWIN PASS TONSTEIN SAMPLES(TABLE 7) The Ewin Pass tonstein occurswithin a coal seam 1 metre thick, between 7 and 5-seams, in the upper half of the Mist Mountain Formation on the Ewin Pass property (Figures 9 and19). The initial find (Sample81-217) was sampled during geologicalmapping of the southhalf of the coalfield. Itspositive identification as a tonsteinfollowed petrographic and mineralogical analyses, leading to closer investigation of the Ewin Pass area to find more examples of the same horizon. Careful search of an area 1.4 kilometres to the north of 81-217 revealed a band of similar appearance in a thin seam at the same relative stratigraphic position (Samples 83-10 and 83-IOF). Sample 83-11 was later collected within 100 metres of the original outcrop, which had subsequently been buried by road reclamation work.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION (TABLE7) The Ewin Pass tonsteinis a fine-grained, argillaceous unit 5 to 6 centimetres thick. It is dark brownish grey to greyish brown with black streaks of organic material, and has a dull to subvitreous lustre, a regular, orthogonal joint pattern and a conchoidal breakagefracture.’ Sample 83-1 1 is distinctivein being composed of twodistinct zones, the lower and thicker one conforming to the description just given, and the upperone, comprising the uppermost 2 centimetres of the unit, containing irregular patches ofdull, lightergrey material, and suggestingvolcanic tuffin its overall texture.

MINERALOGY(TABLE 8) The Ewin Pass tonstein is distinctive in that it contains a majorproportion of the mineral gorceixite, 49’ 45’< (Ba,Ca)AI,(PO,),(OH),.H,O, which,together with I IS ow I v Goyazite, SrA13(P0,)2(0H),.H,0, is a member of the cran- dallite group. A solid solution probably exists between the Figure 19. Locations of tonstein samples. two end-members. The other minerals are kaolinite, which is only a minor constituent in the case of Sample 83-10, minor apatite, and tentatively identified plagioclase.

32 TABLE 7 LOCATION, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND STRATIGRAPHIC POSITIONS OF TONSTEINS Metres above Sample Seam Morrissey Name LocationNumber Name Colour Thickness Formation - 81-217 6 Ewin 6 81-217 Pass brownish dark greycm 5-6 335 83-10 6 Ewin Pass grey brownish dark 335 5-6 cm 83-IOF 6 Ewin Pass brownishdark grey 5-6 cm 335 6 dark brownish 83-1dark I 6 Ewin Pass grey335 5-6 cm 82-1468 IOB brownExtensionmediumCreek Line 20 I cm 83-4A grey medium Extension IOB Creek Line < I cm 20 83-48 brown medium Extension IOB Creek Line 20 I cm 83-18A greymedium highwail IOB Mine Creek Line < I cm 20 83-188 highwall1OB Mine Creek Line brownmedium I cm 20 83-18C 1OB Line Creek Mine highwall medium grey < I cm 20 EVO- I basal DDH EV-150, at 296.8 m medium grey < I cm? I EVI-I basal DDH EV-151, at 375.8 m medium grey 3 mrn I EVI-2 basal DDH EV-151, at 376.2 m medium grey 2 cm I BMI-2 - DDH BM81-I, at 21.03 rn dark greyish brown 5 cm 480 BM2-I basal DDHBM81-2,525.78 at m grey 3 crn 5 86-5 (Bleasdell)- Creek Coal - - IO0 82.148 8 Line Creek Extension dark -,ere" - 85.. GP-I I 7 Mount MichaellEwin Pass dark brownish grey I crn I85 86-132U J Weary Ridge - 1-2 cm 225 86-132L J Weary Ridge - 1-2 crn 225 83-5 5 ExtensionCreek Line dark grey to black 4-5 cm 250 82-3 I9 - Burnt Ridge Extension - 3-4 crn 400 86-224 10 Burnt Ridge Extension - - 335 86.197 0 Weani Rideebrown erevish dark - 435

.PETROGRAPHY(TABLE9) (Plate 15). These samples are designated 83-4A (lower) and 83-4B (upper). The third occurrence of the 10B-seam ton- The samples have a brownish, fine-grained matrix, and steins sampled was along the highwallof Line Creek mine, are generally granular (graupentexture). Individual graupen a further 700 metresto the south. At this location thepair of ar: ovoid and elongated (Plate 14) and aligned parallel to tonsteins are separated by 1 centimetre of carbonaceous be:dding. Organicmatter occurs as dispersed stringers or shale. The lower band is designated sample 83-18B and the pa.tches, which in some cases surround the graupen. upper 83-18A. A third tonstein, which underlies 83-18Bby 15 centimetres, is designated 83-18C. CHEMISTRY(TABLE 10) The tonstein contains high levels of phosphorus (4.5% PiO,) and barium (up to and exceeding 2%), a result of its hi,gh gorceixite content. Strontium values, at 0.15 to 0.7 per cent, arealso elevated, probably as a result of substitution in gorceixite. Titanium, at 0.18 to 0.5%. is in relatively low concentration compared with samples from otherlocations.

LINE CREEK 10B-SEAM TONSTEINS

SAMPLES (TABLE7) TheLine Creek 10B-seam tonsteins occurwithin the sh.ales andmudstones immediately overlying the seam. Theywere first noted at an adit site onthe LineCreek Extension property above Noname Creek,to the north of the mine. At that location (82-146), two tonsteins are separated by approximately 1.2 centimetres of dark grey, very fine grained carbonaceous rock. The sample designation 82-146 actually refers to the lower band only in Tables 7 to 9. The same pair of tonsteins was sampled at a site roughly 700 metres to the south, above West Line Creek, still within the Plate 14. Photomicrograph (plane-polarized light) of LineCreek Extension property and north of themine tonstein sample 81-217 from Ewin Pass property.

33 TABLE 8 very irregular outlines. Internally,com-graupen are the MINERALOGY OF TONSTEINS AS DETERMINED BY posed of irregular intergrowths of vermicular and micro- X-RAY DIFFRACTION crystallinekaolinite (Plate 16). Organic matter occurs Sample chiefly in stringers, which bend around the graupen, but is Mineralogy Numher concentrated in the dark grey portion of the band. 81-217gorceixite, kaolinite, trace apatite, plagioclase? The matrix of the grey band consists mainly of micro- 83-10 gorceixite.minor kaolinite, trace apatite? crystalline kaolinite with rare, angularquartz clasts. The 83-IOF gorceixite,minor kaolinite & apatite 83-1 I gorceixite,kaolinite, trace apatite, plagioclase? sample is granular, with the graupen mainly ovoid in shape 82-146Bkaolinite, quartz, trace apatite & gorceixite? and aligned parallel to bedding. Internally the graupen are 83-IXB kaolinite, minor quartz, trace apatite? & plagioclase? mainly crypto- to microcrystalline. Organic matter is gener- 83-IXC kaolinite, quartz. trace apatite & pyrite ally dispersed, with some patches and stringers, especially EVO-Ikaolinite>>minor quartz, anatase & siderite(Mg-rich?) near the upper contact. EVI-I kaolinite>quanr>>anatase & minorpyrite EV1-2kaolinite>>quartz. siderite & minoranatase BMI-2 kaolinite>>minorgorceixite & quartz CHEMISTRY(TABLE 10) BM2-Ikaolinite>quanz>>minor anatase, siderite, pyrite, apatite 86-5kaolinite>>quanz>>minor anatase, trace gorceixite Analyses were obtained for Samples 82-146 and 83-18B 82.148 kaolinite>>quartz82.148 (brown tonstein) and83-18C (grey tonstein). In contrast GP-I I kaolinite,minor dickite>>quanz with the Ewin Passtonstein, the 10B-seamtonsteins contain 86-13211 kaolinite>>quartz>>minor anatase 86-l32L kaolinite>>quartz & minoranatase? minimal amounts of strontium, barium, calcium and phos- 83-5 kaolinite>quartz>>trace gorceixite?, anatase? phorus. This is certainly related to the lack of gorceixite in 82-319kaalinite>>minor quartz these samples. Values for magnesium (0.12 to 2.0%) and 86-224kaolinite>>quanz>trace gorceixite, anatase? iron (0.4 to 1.25%) are higher than in the Ewin Pass tons- '86-197kaolinite>>minor quartz, anatase & tracesiderite tein, while one of the 10B samples (83-l8B) has a high titanium analysis (1.7%). Zirconium was not detectedin the first two samples, but was foundat a concentration of 0.02 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS (TABLE7) per cent in 83-l8C. The lower band of the closely spaced pair, which has sample designations 82-146, 83-4B and 83-18B, is 1.8 centimetres thick, with two distinct colour zones. The lower 12 millimetres is medium brown with black carbonaceous stringers, whilethe upper 6 millimetresis dark grey to black. Overall, the band is very fine grained and has two regular sets of fractures, similar to those in the Ewin Pass tonstein samples.Some fracture planeshave a vitreous lustre. Breakage planes are conchoidal. Rounded,light grey blebs up to 2 millimetres in diameter are concentrated near the contactsof the band, andalso occur in the enclosing 4to 5 millimetres of shale. The band is very difficult to phys- ically separate from its enclosing rock. Theupper hand ofthe pair (designated 83-4A and 83-180 is 5 millimetres thick and medium grey in colour. Its other features are similar to those of the lower band.

MINERALOGY(TABLE 8) Three of the six samples (82-146,83-18B and 83-18C)of the 10B-seam tonsteins were analyzed by x-ray diffraction. All three contain kaolinite as the major constituent, with lesser amounts of quartz and trace amounts of apatite.

PETROGRAPHY(TABLE 9) Two samples of the lower brown tonstein (82-146 and 83-18B) and one sampleof the upper greytonstein (83-18C) wereexamined petrographically. The browntonstein is characterized by a uniform, cryptocrystalline matrix, with a definite bedding-parallel fabric. It has a granular texture, with the graupen corresponding withthe whitish blebsnoted in hand specimen. Granules are concentrated near the base Plate 15. Close-up view of the uppermost part and roof and top of the band. They are roughly circular in shape with of 10B-seam on Line Creek Ridge, showing tonsteins (T).

34 PETROGRAPHY(TABLE 9) Thin sections were made of Samples EVO-1, EVl-1, and EV1-2.

SAMPLE EVO-1 (EWIN CREEK) This sample consists of two distinct zones, one granular and the other essentially nongranular. The matrix is brown, very fine grained and pseudo-isotropic. Graupen are small, generally round to ovoid in shape and are internally microcrystalline. Organic matter is dispersed.

SAMPLE EVl-1 (EWIN CREEK) The matrix of this sample is crypto- to microcrystalline, pseudo-isotropic and contains abundant quartz grains. Its texture is granular, with round to ovoid graupen distributed randomly. The graupenare generally cryptocrystalline internally and are difficult to distinguish from the matrix under crossed nicols. Theyprobably correspond with the light grey blebs observed in hand specimen. Organic matter is dispersed, except for stringers near the top of the unit.

SAMPLE EVl-2 (EWIN CREEK) Plate 16. Photomicrograph(plane-polarized light) of tonstein sample 82-146 from the roof of IOB-seam on Line This sample is nongranular and the fine-grained matrix Creek Ridge.Creek has no fabric or regular extinction pattern. Organicmatteris almost nonexistent,

BASAL COAL ZONE TONSTEINS CHEMISTRY(TABLE 10) Analyseswere carried out on Sample EVO-1only. It SAMPLES (TABLE7) contains relatively high levels ofiron (1.0%), titanium (1.2%), magnesium (0.4%), calcium (0.25%) and zirconium Four tonstein samples were collected from drill core of (0.03%). the basal coal zone. Exact positions within the respective cores are listed in Table 7 and shown on Figure 11. Sample EVO-l was taken from core EV-150, in the roof of the thin OTHER TONSTEINS FROM THE LOWER seam which rests directly on the Momssey Formation. It is HALF OF THE FORMATION enclosed by dark grey shale. Samples EVl-1 and EV1-2 w'ere collected from black shale in core EV-151 at a strat- SAMPLES(TABLE 7) igraphic position nearly identical to EVO-1. Consequently, Five other samples were collectedfrom the lowerhalf of one orthe other of them is believed to correlate with EVO-I. the Mist Mountain Formation (Figure19). Two are from the Sample BM2-I was found within a thick shale unit, at a south half of the coalfield; Sample 82-148 is from about slightly higher stratigraphic position than the other tonsteins 50 centimetres belowthe top of 8-seam (Imperial seam?)on from the basal coal zone (roughly 5 metres above the base theLine Creek Extension property, approximately of the Mist Mountain Formation). It is conceivable that it 85metres above the base of theformation, and Sample correlates with the others, because the top of the Morrissey GP-11 is from 7-seam' (Banner seam) at Mount Michael/ Formation has considerable local relief. Ewin Pass, roughly 185 metres above the base (Table 7). The other three are from the north half of the coalfield. P:HYSICALDESCRIPTIONS (TABLE 7) Samples 86-132Uand 86-132L are apair of tonsteins roughly 50 centimetres below the top of J-seam on Weary All the basal coal zonetonsteins are thin (3 mm to 3 cm), Ridge, which is about 225 metres above the base of the fine grained, grey in colour, and have a dull lustre. Sample formation, while Sample 86-5was collected from the lowest E'J1-1contains flame structures of enclosing shale, and prominent seam in the Coal Creek section, estimated to be round, light grey blebs along one contact. 100 metres above the base. As they come from a variety of stratigraphic positions, these sampleswill be described indi- vidually; refer to Tables 7 to 10 for further information. MINERALOGY(TABLE 8) All the basal coal zone tonstein samples are composed SAMPLE 82-148 (LINE CREEK EXTENSION) predominantly of kaolinite, with minor amounts of quartz, The thickness of this tonstein was not recorded. It is dark and possibly small amounts of anatase, siderite, pyrite and grey in colour, and has a subconchoidal breakage pattern. It apatite. contains kaolinite and a minor amount of quartz. In thin

35 TABLE 9 PETROGRAPHY AND CLASSIFICATION OF TONSTEINS

Organic Matter Other ra o om em Dispersed, slringers :are kaolinite or patches; encloses ermicules. Some granules. Stringers which bend around granules: concentrated near base and too of unit.

Rare; stringers.

Dispersed; a few stringers and blebs.

Dispersed and'in stringers; latter bend around granules.

Rare; small stringers and blebs.

Dispersed: stringers hrmicules of clay and palches surround ,ineral(?). granules.

Dispersed and istringers.

Stringers. which ontains smaller bend around ,dies of crypto or granules: licrocrystalline concentrated near aolinite. tOD. Dispersed some patches and stringers near upper contact.

Dispersed. aolinite :rmicules.

Dispersed: stringers near top.

contains abundant

36 TABLE 9 PETROGRAPHY AND CLASSIFICATION OF TONSTEINS - Confinued

Note: Not all tonsteins are described in this fable section it is seen to consist of a uniform cryptocrystalline formation, near the topof drill core BM81-1on Bare Moun- m.atrix with a definite bedding-parallel fabric andsimul- tain. The one sample from the north half of the coalfield, taneous extinction, and contains ovoid graupen moreor less 86-197, is from Q-seam on Weary Ridge, about 435 metres aligned with bedding. It contains 0.7 per cent titanium and abovethe base ofthe formation. These samples are trace zirconium, and is relatively low in iron, calcium and described below and further data are found in Tables 7 to m,agnesium. 10.

SAMPLE GP-11 (MOUNT MICHAEWEWIN PASS) SAMPLE 83-5 (LINE CREEK EXTENSION) This tonstein is roughly 1 centimetre thick and is dark This tonstein is 4 to 5 centimetres thick and does not brownish grey in colour. It is composed of kaolinite, minor exhibit a particularly regular or smooth fracture pattern. Its dickite and some quartz. It contains 0.6 per cent titanium, mineralogy consists of kaolinite with quartz and possible trace zirconium and relatively low amounts of magnesium, trace gorceixite and anatase. In thin section it has a brown, calcium and iron. microcrystallinematrix which goes to extinction simultaneously. Its texture is granular, with round to irregularly SAMPLES 86-132U AND 86-132L (WEARY RIDGE) shaped graupen withno preferred orientation. Internally the These samples are separated by roughly a IO-centimetre graupen are crystalline, some with intergrown vermiculesof interval. They are both 1 to 2 centimetres thick. Both con- kaolinite. Organic matter is both dispersed and in discrete tam kaolinite with quartz and minor anatase. stringers which bend around granules. This sample contains low magnesium, calcium and iron concentrations, only0.25 SAMPLE 86-5 (COAL CREEK) per cent titanium, and trace zirconium. This sample is 3.5 centimetres thick. It contains kaolinite with quartz, minor anatase and trace gorceixite. SAMPLE 86-224 (BURNT RIDGE EXTENSION) This sample is composed of kaolinite and quartz with trace gorceixite and possible anatase. OTHER TONSTEINS FROM THE UPPER HALF OF THE FORMATION SAMPLE 82-319 (BURNT RIDGE EXTENSION) This tonstein is 3 to 4 centimetres thick. Thesample SAMPLES(TABLE 7) consists of kaolinite withminor quartz. It containslow Four other samples were collected in the field and one levels of magnesium,calcium, and iron, 0.4 per cent from core from the upperhalf of the MistMountain Forma- titanium and trace zirconium. tion. Of these five, four are fromthe south half of the coalfield (Figure 19). Sample 83-5 is from 5-seam, roughly SAMPLE BM81-1-2 (BARE MOUNTAIN) 250 metres above the base of the formation, on the Line This tonstein is 5 centimetres thick and is dark greyish Creek Extension property. Sample 86-224 is from IO-seam, brown in colour. It has a subconchoidal fracture. Its mineral- approximately 335 metres above the baseof the formation, ogy consists of kaolinite with minor gorceixite and quartz. on the Burnt Ridge Extensionproperty. Sample 82-319 was Two distinct zones are apparentin thin section. The lower is taken from a seam2.8 metres thick onthe BurntRidge distinctly granular, while the upper contains only scattered Extension property, roughly 400 metres above the base of small graupen. Matrix is generallybrown in colour, micro to the formation. Sample BM1-2 was collected from the base cryptocrystalline, andgoes to extinction simultaneously. of a 1.2-metre seam some480 metres above the baseof the Graupen in the lower zone are generally ovoid and sub-

37 TABLE 10A CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF TONSTEINS SEMI-QUANTITATIVE EMMISSION SPECTROGRAPHIC RESULTS (%) Sample Si AI Mg Ca Fe Pb Cu Zn Mn CoVNi Ti Na K Sr Ea P La Zr Traces 81-21? >1n.a T <1.n 0.04 0.04 T - - T 0.35 - - - - 0.s 0.75 >>3.0 0.01 T Ga,Cr,B,Y,Yb 83-10 5.0 >15 - 1.25 0.12 T T - T - 0.2 - - a3a3 0.5 >2.0 x.0 - T B,Y,Yb,Li,Ga 83.10~ 4.0 >IS - 1.75 0.08 T T - T - 0.18 - - a3a.3 0.7 >2.0 >s.n - T B,Y,Yb,Ga 83-11 >In >IS - 0.25 0.1 - T- T - 0.5 - - a3a3 0.15 1.0 4.0 - T B,Ga 82.146~ >In >IS 0.12<0.1 0.4 T T - T T 0.4 - - a3a.3 T an5 T - - W,B,Y,Yb,Sc.CsGa 83-18b >ID >IS 0.2 0.1 1.25 T T T T T 1.7 0.006 0.007 a3a3 T In >IS nncnl nh - T - T T nd T T In >In . . Ga,Y,Yb,Sc.Be,B . - - 0.03 BMI-2 >I0 >I0 - a3a3 0.1 0.2 T - T Ga.Be.B 82.148 >In>In a.1 0.13 0.1 - T T T -0.7 - - a3<0.3 T T - - TB GPII >In >In lo >In a.1 In >In

TABLE 10B were traced for any distance, is thought to begood evidence CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF TONSTEINS for air-fall rather thansubaqueous deposition (Price and MAJOR OXIDE ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE 81-217 Duff, 1969).Moreover, the absence or presence of very Oxide Per Cent Oxide Per Cent Per Oxide Cent Per Oxide small amounts of quartz in almost all samples is thought to distinguish some tuffaceous rocks from normal sediments SiO, 35.52 MnO <0.002 (Spearsand Kanaris-Sotiriou, 1979). Furthermore, the AIA 34.45 H,O 14.38 angular nature of the quartz grains argues for a volcanic Fe203 T so, 0.09 0.5 (relative to averagesedimentary rocks) of manyof the Na20 0.5 samples, in combination with the fact that when a titanium GO <0.03 co* 9.09 mineral is detected it tends to be anatase rather than rutile, TiO, I ,020 FeO <0.3 has also been usedto infer a volcanic derivation (Spears and Kanaris-Sotiriou, 1979); the presence of apatite is further supporting evidence (Price and Duff, 1969). Presence, and aligned with bedding. Organic matteris generally dispersed, in certain casesabundance, of themineral gorceixite is except for stringers concentrated near the contact between thought to represent further evidence of a volcanic affinity, the twozones. The composition of thesample includes because this mineralis generally thought to formfrom 0.2 per cent barium, 0.1 per cent strontium, 0.4 per cent alteration ofigneous rocks (Price andDuff, 1969). The titanium, and trace zirconium and phosphorus. The phos- granular texture common to many of the samples collected phorus, strontium and barium are probably present in the in this study is consistent withtonsteins from many parts of gorceixite. theworld that havebeen inferred to be volcanic (e&, Spears et al., 1988).Individual graupen are thought to SAMPLE 86-197 (WEARY RIDGE) represent original lithic or vitric fragments. Lastly, the presence, albeit of trace amounts, of certain elements in the Thistonstein is darkgreyish brownand contains tonsteins, including zirconium,yttrium, vanadium and chro- kaolinite, with minorquartz, anatase and trace siderite. Thin mium,which are associated with resistate minerals, is sections show a cryptoto microcrystalline, pseudo-isotropic thought to provide further proof of a volcanic origin. matrix,with numerous ovoid graupen which are well aligned with bedding. Organic matter is dispersed and in Muchmore exhaustive and quantitative geochemical stringers. It isconsidered to be a classic example of a analysis of thesamples collected in this study and from stratotonstein alpha-1 as defined by Bouroz (1962). other parts of southeast British Columbia has been carried out by Goodarzi et al. (1990). These data provide further evidence for a volcanic origin of Mist Mountain Formation SIGNIFICANCE OF TONSTEINS tonsteins.Subtle geochemical differences between the lower and upperparts of the formation werealso noted. For ORIGIN example, the tonsteins from the lower part are enriched in cobalt and hafnium relative to those from the upper part. The tonsteinsin the Mist Mountain Formation are Those from theupper part are enriched in thoriumand rare. believed to havebeen derived from volcanic ash. Severalearth elements, lines of evidence have been used in drawingthis conclusion. Forexample, their Bouroz classification-types (Table 6) The apparently limited regional extent of individual ton- correspondwith primary and reworked volcanic ash-fall steins in theElk Valley coalfield isperhaps difficult to material, although this in itself is not conclusive evidence. reconcile with a volcanic origin. This problem will be dis- Secondly, the constant thickness of the twotonsteins which cussed in the next section.

38 CORRELATION severalfor reasonspossible this: they are difficult to recog- nize in the field and in core, and certainly may have been [n both cases referred to above,where tonsteins were overlooked to degree; exposure of Mist Mountain correlated overdistances of 1.4 kilometres, a high degree of Formation strata, particularly the fine-grained and car- stratigraphiccontrol existed before the correlation was bonaceous sections, is not always good; cores logged in this effected. In other words, a case of true correlation, based on study were devoid of essentially all coal seams; even in tonstein evidence alone, has not yet been realized. Never- ideal sampling conditions there are discontinuities in on- thaless, thesetwo cases provide impressive evidence for stein beds, related to variations in the preservation of strata colntinuity of features such as thickness, colour, grouping, in different depositional sites; and faulting in coal pe':rographic texture and minera10gy9 and therefore seamsare often marked features on anoutcrop scale, and that certain diagnostic features might possibly be used to have the effect of destroying continuity and visual impact of identify specific tonsteins over distance. individual horizons. Despite this, and the obvious potential of volcanic-ash Nonetheless I. believe that regional distribution of indi- horizons, by their nature, to serve as regional markers, the vidual tonsteins in the Elk Valleycoalfield will be demon- tonsteins in the Elk Valley coalfield do not as yet appear to strated. In that case there is potential for using tonsteins to pmvidegeologists with useable correlation tools. Thereare correlate specific horizons.

39 - CHAPTER 4: COALSEAM MACERAL COMPOSITION Suites of channel samplesof coal seams were collected at 78%) of the organic portion of the samples. Qualitatively, selected locations throughout the coalfield. The total num- vitrinite A (telinite and telocollinite) is far more abundant her of samples is 98. Each sample represents one coal seam than vitrinite B (chiefly desmocollinite). At most locations or bench; no attempt was made to sample on a ply-by-ply the vitrinite composition increases with increase in strat- bas,is. As many of the seams in a stratigraphic section as igraphic position above the base of the formation, although possible were taken at each collection site. Most sites corre- there is much variability in some of the data, particularly in spond with measured sections. the lowermost pari of the formation. The net result is that, Channel samples weresplit, pelletized and polished to he although the highest vitrinite values are associated with use.d for both vitrinite reflectance determinations and mac- samples from the highest stratigraphic positions, the lowest era1 counts (see sectionscovering study methods in samples stratigraphically do not necessarily have the lowest Chapter 1). The maceral count data are summarized here. vitrinite contents. In fact, in most cases the sample with the 13ecause ofthe natureof the sampling only generaltrends lowest vitrinite content occurs at some position above the in maceral composition, on a stratigraphic basis, canhe base of the formation, generally in the range of 50 to 200 detected. These, however, can he used to infer changes in metres above the base. Furthermore, samples from the basal the coal-forming depositional environment with respect to coal zone often have among thehighest vitrinite contents in stratigraphic position. the entire section. LIPTINITE PREVIOUS WORK Liptinite is relatively rare in the samples analysed here, as IvIaceral composition ofMist Mountain coal seams in is typical for the Mist Mountain Formation coals in sonth- southeastern British Columbia has been previously studied eastern British Columbia. The range in liptinite values in by Cameron and Babu (1968), Cameron (1972) and Pearson these samples is from zero (35% of the samples) to 6.7 per and Grieve (1985). The first of these studies was concerned cent, with the majority of samples (65%) having values less with the petrology of the Balmer or IO-seam in the Spar- than or equal to 1.0 per cent. wood area of the Crowsnest coalfield. Three column samples were collected, and analyzedon a ply-by-ply basis. In part, this low percentage of liptinite is related to the Baed on petrographiccomposition, it was shown that sepa- rank of the seams studied. It is well known that liptinite rate plies could be traced with someconfidence over a achieves the reflectance of the associated vitrinite in coal in distance of 4 kilometres. The Balmer seam was found to be the medium-volatile bituminous rank range (Bustin er al., relatively high in semifusinite. 1985). Given that many of the coals here are of this rank or higher (see next chapter), much of the original liptinite in Cameron (1972) pointed out trends in maceral composi- these seams is no longer distinguishable. The suite of sam- tion of whole seams in the Mist Mountain Formation, with ples from Weary Ridge (Table 1 I), where the overall rank of varying stratigraphic position. particular, he noted that In thecoals is higher than in any other suite studied here, seams in thelower part of theformation tend to have exemplify this phenomenon.Twelve of the sixteen samples relatively high inertinite contents, while those in the upper from Weary Ridge have no liptinite and three of the remain- part tend to be relatively high in vitrinite. It was pointed out, ing four, all of which have liptinite contents of 0.3 per cent, however, that the lowest seam in the formation usually is are from the uppermost pan of the formation, where the not. the richest in inertinite; that tends to occur at some lowest rank coals occur. In sharp contrast to Weary Ridge is interval above the base. the Coal Creek (tributary of Bleasdell Creek) area, imme- I?earsonand Grieve (1985) verified the general trends diately to the west of Weary Ridge but on the opposite limb noted by Cameron (1972). Maceral compositions were con- of the Alexander Creek syncline. Here the entire exposed verted to percentage of inerts, and results were plotted on section is high-volatile bituminous in rank, and the liptinite graphs of vitrinite reflectance versus maceral composition contents of the ten channel samples collected here range (% inerts) to demonstrate variation in fundamental charac- from 1.0 to 6.7 per cent, with no obvious systematic varia- teriktics of coal seams throughout the section. tion with stratigraphic position. It is possible that this range is more typical of the Mist Mountain Fortnation in the RESULTS absence ofrank effects. Coalsat one other location of IMaceral composition data for channel samples collected predominantly high-volatile coals, Mount Michael upper from the Elk Valley coalfield are summarized in Table 11 sheet, alsohave relatively high liptinite values (range of and on Figure 7. Graphs showing changes in maceral com- 1.0 to 5.0%; Table 11). po!;ition with stratigraphic position at each site are shownin Figures 20 to 22. SEMIFUSINITE(FIGURE 21) The second most abundant maceral, and most abundant VITRINITE (FIGURE20) inertinite maceral, in virtually all samples analysed here, is 'Vitrinite is the mostcommon maceral present in all of the semifusinite. It ranges from 1.3 to 31.3 per cent of the total samples analyzed. It ranges from 51to 93 per cent (average organic content, withan average of13.4 percent. The

41 SECTION I SECTION 2 r WFOR Ridge Cool Creek

SECTION I Imperio1 Ridge

'50 ~

SECTION 11 MI. Michael upper shoat

(40 0

-i

Figure 20. Variation in vitrinite content with stratigraphic position.

42 SECliON i SfCTlON 2 Wean.. Rid08 CoolCreek Im

ol"-, , , , , , , I , 20 *. Samifurinils (X)

I I I !

n -e IO0 - I

Figure 21. Variation in semifusinite content with stratigraphic position.

43 SECliON 2 CoolCreek

ol i I L+" 0 Olhsr inedinita (X) Olhsr iosdinita (X) SECTION 6 Bum1 Ridge Exlendon 150 ,

'00 1

I P

IO - 1 o! ! I Oihsrinedinite (%) Oihar inedinitc (x) SECTION 9 SECTION I1 Burnt Ridge ut. Michael upper shest .s 460

'40

50 -

Y "-"? "

Oiher inedinib (X) SECTION 12 Ut. Michael lower fhaai '00 7

Olhef inedinite (X)

Figure 22. Variation in other inerlinite (chiefly inertodetrinite) content with stratigraphic position

44 amount of semifusinite is inversely related to thequantity of In these samples it ranges from0.5 to 10.0, with .an vitrinite in a sample (Figures 20 and 21). Thus, on average, average of 3.3 (Table 11). However, as some of the inerto- senlifusinite values decrease up-section, but with the varia- detrinite is believed to have been derived from the sample tions inverse to those for vitrinite. preparation technique, these values are believed to be too low. There is no apparent relationship between IR and FUSINITE stratigraphic position (Figure 23). Contents of the inertinite maceral fusiuite in Elk Valley coal samples ranges from zero (6 samples only) to 4.0 per T/F RATIO (FIGURE 24) cent, with an average of 1.4 per cent. There is no obvious The TFratio is derived by dividing the vitrinite content correlation between the amountof fusinite and stratigraphic by the sum of fusinite and semifusinite. It is considered to pos,ition. reflect the relative wetness or dryness of the coal-forming environment. Samples with a TF ratio greater than 1, as is MACRINITE the case with all samples here, are believed to have formed Amounts of the inertinite maceral macrinite in these in relatively wet conditions, as the water table washigh enough to prevent drying outand oxidation the coal samples range from zero (28% of the samples) to 3.3 per of cent, with an average of 0.5 per cent. As was the case with precursors (Diesel, 1982). In effect the TiF ratio provides an index of tissue preservation. In other words, the amount fusinite, there is no obvious correlation between macrinite of preserved tissue, which increases in wetter conditions, and stratigraphic.position. is reflected in a comparison of the amount of vitrinite to amounts of the macerals derived fromvitrinite by oxidation, namely semifusinite and fusinite. OTHER INERTINITE (FIGURE 22) The predominant maceral in this category is classified as In these samples the TFratio ranges from 1.6 to 25.0, iuertodetrinite, and in calculations in the next section the with one highly anomalous value of 69.3 and an average value of other inertinite is substituted for the amount of value of 1.6 (Table 1 I). The ratio tends to increase with inertodetrinite. There are, at most, only minor amounts of ascending stratigraphic position (Figure 24). mbxinite and/or sclerotinite in some samples.However, it is sur.pected that some proportion of the “other inertinite” is GI RATIO (FIGURE 25) composed ofvery small particles offusinite and semifusinite (inertodetrinite) produced by the samplepreparation The gelification index ratio or GI ratio is a measure of the process, rather than true inertodetrinite, which is produced ratio of gelified to nongelified material. It is derived by fromfusinite and semifusinite by depositional processes. dividing the sum of vitrinite and macrinite contents, by the The amount of other inertinites in the samples ranges from sum of fusinite, semifusinite and other ineninites. to 14.3 per cent,with an averageof 5.1 per cent.In some 0.7 Values here range from 1.1 to 25.3 with an average of 5.3 of the sections (Weary Ridge, Coal Creek, Imperial Ridge, MountMichael lower sheet and, to some extent, Mount (Table 1 I). Values tend to increase up-section (Figure 25). Michael upper sheet), thereis a general decreasein amounts because of the trends in vitrinite and semifusinite contents. of other inertinites up-section (Figure 22). INTERPRETATION OF MACERAL DATA ~,TROGRAPHICINDICES The results described above are generally consistent with :Maceral analytical data are frequently used to generate the trends noted previously by Cameron (1972): there is a indiceswhich reflect facies of coaldeposition. Unfor- trend toward relatively higher vitrinite contents and lower tnnately, these indices have been derived mainly from Aus- semifusinite contents moving upwardin the stratigraphic tralian coals (e& Diesel, 1986), and rigorous application to section. As Cameron also noted, the samplelowest in coids of western Canada is probably not feasible (F. Good- vitrinite doesnot usually occur atthe base of the strat- ami, personal communication, 1989). A few of the more igraphic section, but at some distanceabove, and the lowest fundamental indices have nonetheless been calculated to seam or coal zone is often quite rich in vitrinite. There are, derive general depositional conditions of Elk Valley coals. however,discrepancies in the absolutevalues of data Rigorous facies analysis is not attempted here. between the two studies. On average, Cameron found there was less vitrinite and more semifusinitein his samples from 1N:ERT RATIO (FIGURE 23) similar stratigraphic positions as samples in this study. The ‘The inen ratio (or IR) is equal to the ratio of the sum of extra semifusinite, which may occur in amounts more than furiinite and semifusinite to the amount of inertodetrinite. IO per cent higher than in samples recorded here, was Inert ratio provides a rough measureof theamount of almost certainly identified at the expense of vitrinite. These movement of coal-forming material prior to deposition, as differences are probably partly due to the subjective nature inmtodetrinite is formed by physical breakdown of fusinite of maceral analysis, expecially given that the properties of and semifusiuite. High values, greater than 2.0, reflect a the two macerals are gradational, but may also reflect dif- ma.inly autochthonous source for the coal with little trans- ferent sample quality, and sampling, preparation and ana- portation (Langenherg et al., in press). lytical procedures.

45 TABLE 11 MACERAL CONTENTS OF WHOLESEAM CHANNEL SAMPLES

Sample STRAT VnR LIFTSEMLFUS PUS MACR 0.1. Vfl GI TIF IR Sample STUT VITR LIPTSEWFUS PUS MACR 0.1. Vfl GI TIF 1R

WEARY RIDGE BURNT RIDGE 1-1 0.0 92.72.717.4 13.3 12.6 0.01.7 0.3 0.3 5.0 9-1 0.0 82.0 0.0 2.312.7 5.50.04.6 4.6 3.0 5.0 1-2 7.0 73.37.0 1-2 0.0 18.02.5 3.9 2.81.0 2.8 7.3 0.3 5.09-2 76.0 8.00.0 0.7 0.714.7 1.85.0 3.3 3.2 1-3 18.0 72.718.0 1-3 4.13.3 2.7 2.7 5.3 0.00.0 2.3 19.7 1.713.0 0.3 120.075.0 9-3 0.0 10.01.5 5.1 3.0 3.0 1-4 88.0 71.388.0 1-4 0.00.7 0.7 20.3 7.0 2.6 2.5 2.73.4 2.320.3 0.3 175.070.3 9-4 3.43.10.0 2.4 2.4 6.7 1-5 101.01-5 3.677.04.3 3.5 3.3 0.04.3 0.7 1.0 17.0 0.77.7 0.3 238.088.7 9-5 3.110.60.0 8.1 8.1 2.7 1-6 120.01-6 78.0 0.0 1.317.3 0.04.2 3.5 3.5 3.3 5.6 310.074.09-6 2.54.1 3.0 2.9 6.7 0.7 1.7 16.3 0.7 1-7 170.081.71-7 0.0 14.03.2 5.8 0.04.7 4.5 3.7 0.7 345.081.39-7 0.02.3 6.3 4.611.0 4.4 5.0 0.7 2.0 1-8 202.071.01-8 2.82.5 2.4 0.03.3 0.3 1.3 24.0 6.9 9-8 2.317.0 3.0 417.073.3 3.10.33.8 2.9 2.9 6.0 1-9 217.01-9 4.21.9 1.6 1.5 6.360.0 1.3 2.7 29.3 0.3 1-10 283.0 80.0 0.0 13.7 0.7 0.7 5.0 4.0 4.2 5.6 2.5 MT.MICHAEL UPPER SHEET 1-11 350.0 80.7 0.0 17.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.2 4.2 4.7 8.7 11-11.315.3 1.0 218.377.7 5.60.04.7 3.9 3.9 3.0 1-12 390.0 93.0 0.0 4.7 0.3 0.0 2.0 13.3 13.3 18.6 3.75.5 2.54.4 4.3 3.7 0.3 2.0 12.7 1.0 250.680.3 11-2 1-13 422.01-1389.0 0.0 0.38.0 3.10.010.7 8.1 8.1 2.7 1.88.0 5.3 5.2 5.3 0.3 0.7 9.7 1.3 82.7261.3 11-3 1-14 432.0 93.7 0.3 3.7 0.3 0.3 1.7 15.6 16.6 23.4 2.023.416.615.6 1.7 0.3 0.3 3.7 432.0 1-140.393.7 114 1.33.7 294.6 92.3 0.0 0.3 0.569.325.323.1 2.3 1-15 490.0 92.3 0.3 5.7490.01-150.392.3 1.0 0.0 13.912.612.60.7 10.0 11-5 304.1 86.7 2.0 6.7 0.7 0.0 4.0 7.6 7.6 11.8 1.8 1-16 500.0 93.0 0.3 5.0 0.75.0 500.01-16 0.393.0 0.0 1.0 5.716.414.014.0 11-6 315.6 87.0 1.3 7.3 0.7 0.0 3.7 7.5 7.5 10.9 2.2 COAL CREEK 11-7 328.3 84.3 1.0 8.0 2.0 0.7 4.0 5.8 6.1 8.4 2.1 2-1 3.0 67.0 6.7 18.3 1.0 1.0 6.0 2.5 2.7 3.5 2.8 11-8 349.6 77.1 2.3 11.0 2.0 0.3 6.7 3.9 4.0 6.0 1.9 2-2 70.0 75.7 3.7 15.7 0.0 0.7 4.7 3.6 3.8 4.8 2.9 11-9 369.1 74.7 1.0 13.3 4.0 1.0 6.0 3.1 3.2 4.3 2.5 2-3 78.0 73.7 3.7 16.3 0.3 0.3 5.7 3.3 3.3 4.4 2.8 11-10 373.2 79.3 1.3 14.0 2.0 0.3 3.0 4.1 4.2 5.0 4.8 81.0 71.3 3.3 19.0 1.3 0.7 4.3 2.8 2.9 3.5 4.13.5 2.9 2.8 4.3 2-40.7 1.3 19.0 3.3 71.3 81.0 11-112.3 6.0 2.0 396.887.0 0.03.110.4 7.9 7.9 2.7 2-5 12.33.0 115.078.0 1.0 5.30.3 4.12.4 5.9 4.2 11-12409.188.3 1.75.7 1.3 2.412.09.2 8.5 2.3 0.7 2-6 8.34.0 140.082.0 0.00.0 1.59.8 5.9 5.9 5.7 2.63.8 3.3 2.8 3.7 3.3 2.0 16.3 5.0 11-13441.469.7 2-7 163.081.02-7 1.0 0.714.0 4.90.05.5 4.6 4.6 3.0 11-14447.986.7 2.0 8.7 1.0 0.07.6 7.6 1.7 5.89.0 2-8 200.0 75.7 5.3 15.35.3 200.075.7 2-8 0.00.0 4.24.9 4.0 4.0 3.7 0.35.3 11-151.7453.7 91.7 0.05.7 16.213.8 13.8 1.0 0.0 2.0 7.5 7.5 9.1 4.7 2-9 260.0 85.3 3.3 9.0 0.3 MT. MICHAEL LOWER SHEET 2-10 273.0 80.7 6.0 9.0 1.0 0.7 2.7 6.1 6.4 8. I 3.0 12-18.0 0.3 82.0 9.0 2.3 0.7 6.7 4.6 4.9 1.47.9 BURNT RIDGE EXTENSION 65.018.012-2 0.0 21.7 2.0 0.7 10.7 1.9 1.9 2.12.7 6- I 42.072.3 0.0 22.7 1.3 0.0 3.7 2.6 2.6 3.0 6.5 12-3 112.0 75.00.3 17.0 I.7 1.0 5.0 3.0 3.2 3.14.0 6-2 193.078.0 0.0 13.7 1.7 0.7 6.0 3.7 3.5 5.1 2.3 124 206.0 80.7 0.0 13.0 2.7 0.3 3.3 4.2 4.3 5.1 4.3 6-3 286.081.7 0.0 12.0 1.7 0.7 4.0 4.74.5 6.0 2.9 12-5 252.0 87.7 0.7 4.7 I.o 1.3 4.7 7.5 8.6 15.5 0.9 64 292.066.327.00.3 2.0 0.3 4.0 2.02.0 2.3 6.7 12-6 4.3298.01.386.7 2.77.2 4.7 0.3 7.5 12.4 1.4 6-5 298.0 79.7 0.0 15.7 0.3 0.0 4.3 3.93.9 5.0 3.7 12-7 326.0 78.0 1.0 16.7 I.o 0.3 3.0 3.7 3.8 4.4 5.3 6-6 321.0 87.0 0.0 10.3 0.7 0.0 2.0 6.7 6.7 7.9 5.5 12-8 361.0 82.7 1.3 12.3 0.7 0.7 2.3 5.2 5.4 6.4 4.3 6-7 324.0 80.0 0.0 14.3 1.0 0.3 4.3 4.14.0 5.2 3.3 12-9 381.0 89.3 2.3 2.3 1.3 0.3 4.3 10.7 11.2 24.4 0.8 6-8 332.0 88.0 0.7 9.0 1.0 0.0 1.3 7.8 8.8 7.8 7.5 6-9 363.0 88.7 0.3 7.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 8.1 8.1 11.1 2.7 HORSESHOE RIDGE 6-10 372.0 77.7 0.0 16.0 1.7 0.3 4.3 3.5 3.5 4.4 3.8 13.30.3 80.7 3.0 14-1 1.04.2 4.3 0.3 4.3 3.1 5.6 6-1I 390.0 86.0 0.7 10.0 0.3 0.0 3.08.3 6.5 6.5 3.4 14-2 12.0 69.7 0.7 20.3 I.o 1.7 6.7 2.3 2.5 3.3 2.6 6-12 408.0 86.7 2.0 5.3 1.3 0.3 4.3 7.6 7.9 13.0 I.4 14-3 79.0 68.3 0.3 19.7 2.7 1.3 7.7 2.2 2.3 3.1 2.5 6-13 415.0 88.3 1.7 8.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 9.2 8.8 9.8 9.0 70.085.014-4 0.0 19.0 3.0 0.7 7.3 2.3 2.4 3.2 2.8

14-5 110.0 68.3 0.3 19.7 1.7 1.3 8.7 2.2 2.3 3.2 2.1 3.2 2.3 IMPRRlAI."2.2. . . - ". "8.7 .RITICR." - 1.3 1.7 19.7 0.3 68.3 110.0 14-5 7-1 9.0 76.7 0.0 12.3 0.71.7 8.7 3.43.3 1.5 5.5 14-6 63.0117.0 0.01.3 26.7 3.1 2.3 1.8i.3 1.7 7.7 7-2 21.0 7-2 73.3 0.0 13.7 3.0 1.0 9.0 2.9 2.8 4.4 1.7 14-7 132.0 66.3 0.7 20.3 2.7 2.0 8.0 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.3 7-3 49.0 7-3 66.7 0.0 20.0 0.33.0 10.0 2.02.0 2.22.9 14-8 159.0 68.7 0.7 17.3 1.0 1.3 11.0 2.2 2.4 3.7 1.5 7-4 91.771.7223.078.014-9 1.6 4.1 2.6 2.510.7 0.0 0.3 1.316.0 4.30.00.3 0.7 3.0 11.00.8 25.0 11.5 7-5 76.3298.014-1065.3163.0 2.4 2.7 1.9 1.9 9.70.0 0.7 2.322.0 1.00.3 0.312.0 1.210.0 6.2 3.4 3.4 236.0 72.3 0.7 15.0 3.0 1.3 7.7 2.7 2.9 4.0 2.04.0 2.9 2.7 7.7 7-61.3 3.0 15.0 0.7 236.072.3 7-7 288.0 70.0 19.01.3 0.3 0.3 9.0 2.4 3.6 2.5 2.1 TEEPEE 7-8 357.0 86.0 5.0 2.3 0.7 0.0 7.46.0 15.27.4 0.9 15-1 73.7-8.0 7.7 0.70.0 1.3 16.7 2.2 4.1 2.9 2.8 7-9 426.0 85.0 8.0 2.7 1.0 0.0 6.9 3.3 6.9 9.415-2 2.7 1.0 61.024.0 0.3 2.3 1.02.6 1.80.0 1.8 10.7 15-3 13.0 69.713.015-3 1.53.8 2.4 2.3 11.30.0 0.7 0.7 17.7 EWIN PASS 8-1 403.0 81.0 2.7 14.0 0.3 0.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 5.7 7.2 CROWNMOUNTAIN 8-2 376.0 72.3 2.7 17.7 2.0 0.1 4.7 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.7 16-1 19.0 72.3 0.3 19.7 1.0 0.7 6.0 2.6 2.7 3.5 3.1 8-3 232.0 86.0 0.7 10.0 0.3 0.3 2.7 6.5 6.6 8.3 3.4 16-2 59.0 51.0 0.0 31.3 1.3 2.0 14.3 1.0 1.1 1.6 2.0

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS STRAT Stratigraphic position (metres above base of section) 0.1.: Other ineninite VITR Vitnnite Vil Vn ratio; ratio of vitrinite to total ineninite LIFT Liptinite GI Gelification index ratio; ratio of (vitrinite + macrinite) to (fusinite + semifurinire SEMIFUS: Semifusinite + other inenrinite) FUS: Fusinite TIF: TIF ratio; ratio of virrinite to (fusinite t semifusinite) MACR Maerinite IR Inen ratio; ratio of (semifusinite + fusinite) to inenodetrinite

46 SECTiON I SECTION 2 Weow Ridge CoalCreek so0

Inert miio SECTION 6 SECTION 7 Bwni Ridge Cxienrion lmpsrial Ridge 4

SECTION 9 SECTION 11 8umi Ridge Mi. Michael upper Ihsst

*: 0.6L

Figure 23. Variation in inert ratio with stratigraphic position

41 SECTION 1 r WBW Ridge

1 "1

SECTION 7 lmperlal Ridge

SLCTION I1 MI. Michael upper rhssl 4ro

4.D 0

~~ ~~ ~~

Figure 24. Variation in TLF ratio with stratigraphic position,

48 SECTION I SECTION 2 Weary Ridge Cool Creak

SECTION 7 lmperioi Ridge

Figure 25. Variation in GI ratio with stratigraphic position

49 The overall maceral composition suggests thatthe bulk of lowerpart of theformation were of hypautochthonous the coal precursor material was deposited in situ (autoch- origin, implying movement of material within the swamps, thonous), with generally little movement either within or to explain their relatively higherinertinite, especially inerto- fromother sources. There is somevariation in IR,the detrinite, contents. Results here appearto contradict this parameter thought to reflect the amount of movement of interpretation, as the inert ratio does not vary consistently material, hut the variation is not systematic. The relative through the section. On the other hand, in some sections degree of wetness,or height of the water table, as indicated there is a decrease in inertodetrinite (here considered to he by T/F ratio values, increases up-section, hut coals do not the “other inertinite” category) up-section,which does sug- appear to have been deposited in lakes or ponds,as there are gest therewas relatively more movementof vegetation prior no examples of sapropelic coals. In the overlying Elk For- to deposition of seams in the lower part of the formation, mation, however, sapropelic coals are common, suggesting causing physical break-up of inertinite macerals. Cameron a further increase inwater table height up-section.The bulk further argued that the proportionof trees tototal vegetation of coaly material passed througha gel state, and the overall increases up-section, to explain the high vitrinite content of proportionof gelified material, as reflectedin GI ratio the seams in the upper section. This may he true, but this values, increased up-section. study suggests that an alternate explanation of the higher Cameron (1972), in hisregional maceral study of the proportion of vitrinite in these seams is the higher water Mist Mountain Formation, postulated that the coals from the table and hence better tissue preservation.

50 CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

SETTING AND GENERAL STRUCTURE Other major strnctures within the coalfield include the The ElkValley coalfield is situated in the Front Rangesof Ewin Pass thrust fault (Plate 20) within the eastern limb of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains (or foreland fold the Alexander Creek syncline throughout the southern half and thrust belt), a structural province characterizedby north of the coalfield, and a large-scale fold-pair in the Ewin Pass to northwest-trending, flexural-slip folds, and southwest to - Mount Banner area (Plate 21). Thrust faults affecting the west-dipping thrust faults parallel to the folds. These struc- Morrissey and basal Mist Mountain formationsare connnon tures wereproduced by compressionalforces associated on the east limb. with the Late Cretaceous- Early Tertiary Laramide orogeny Folded thrust faults were not positively identified in the of the Canadian Cordillera. Later in the Tertiary, the area field. but are known to occur at some locations, including was affected by anextensional regime, in which normal the Line Creek mine. At this location, these faults are in the movement took place on both new and previously existing west limb of the Alexander Creeksyncline. They dip eastat fault planes. For a summary of the tectonic setting of the a shallowerangle thanthe bedding;movement direction re:gion see Price (1980). was to the east. The coalfield is part of the Lewis thrust sheet, as are the Minorcompressional structures are ubiquitous and other twocoalfields in southeasternBritish Columbia. In the include mainly small-scale folds andthrust faults, products study area the Lewis sheet is bounded to the east by the of the compressionalstage of deformation.Many are ocltcrop of the Lewis thrust fault, and to the west by the directly related to other structures, for example, drag folds Bourgeau thrust fault (Grieve and Price, 1985). West-to-east associated with thrusting (Plates 20and 22) and thrust faults horizontaldisplacement on the Lewis fault was at least generatedduring flexural-slip folding. Minorextensional 19 kilometresat the latitude of FordingMountain features were also noted, though much more rarely than the (Dahlstrom et al., 1962). folds and thrusts. The scale of mapping did not allow time Folds in the surface of the Lewis thrust are exposed in for detailed analysis of minor structures, with the exception outcrop in the Tornado Pass area, roughly 17.5 kilometres of some of those obviouslyrelated to large-scale structures. east of Elkford (see, forexample, Price, 1962a).Other Late-stagegravity or mass-wasting features arealso evidence for folding in the plane of the Lewis fault was common,and affect primarilythe Morrissey Formation inferred from results of drilling theCalifornia Standard (Plate 23). Fording Mountain well (Dahlstrom et al., op. cit.), where More detailed descriptions of the major structural fea- the Lewisthrust fault was intersectedat a depth of tures of the Elk Valley coalfield follow. 3125 metres, considerably less than the depth predicted by projecting down-dip from the outcrop of the fault. Folding ALEXANDER CREEK SYNCLINE of theLewis fault took placeduring movement on an The Alexander Creek syncline is the dominant structure underlying, younger thrust. in the Elk Valley coalfield, as it underlies the main body of Outcropexpressions of subsurfacefolds in the Lewis the coalfield throughout its entire 97-kilometre length (Fig- thrust include the Alexander Creeksyncline, a major strnc- ures 3and 5; Plates 13and 17). As alreadynoted, itis ture of the Elk Valley coalfield, and the Fording Mountain believed to correspond with a syncline in the plane of the anticline. Lewis thrust fault. Coal deposits in southeastern British Columbia have gen- The syncline is in general upright, but is locally steeply erally been preserved in “structurally low” positions, or in inclined (e.& Section C-C’, Figure5). It is mainly an asym- other words, in the cores of synclines, the hangingwalls of metric fold, with the west limb being the shorter in most normal faults, and the footwalls of thrust faults (Grieve, cases (e.& Section C-C’). This asymmetryis accentuated in 1985). The major regional structures controlling the dis- parts of the northhalf of the coalfield by a tendency for dips tribution of the Kootenay Group in the Elk Valley coalfield to flatten on the eastlimb, producing a step-like cross- are the Alexander Creek syncline, the Erickson fault, the section (e& Section A-A’). The Alexander Creek syncline Greenhills syncline andthe Bourgeau thrust fault (Figure 3). is generally open, but is close in some instances. The Alexander Creek syncline (Plate 17) underlies the The most pronounced occurrencesof axial plane inclina- entire length of the coalfield, andencompasses the Line tion, fold asymmetry and close-fold tightness are where the Creek mine (Plate 13) and the Eagle Mountain component west limb is vertical to overturned. This is true especially of the Fording Coal operation. throughout the northern one-thirdof the coalfield, where the Coal occurrences in the GreenhillsRange to the west, Bourgeauthrust is in closeproximity to the west including the Greenhills pits of the Fording River and the (e& Sections A-A’, B-B’ and C-C’). Greenhills mine (Plate la), are part of the Greenhills syn- Another example of asymmetry is the greater tendency cline, and are separated fromthe main body of the coalfield for the eastern limb to be thickened significantly by thrust by the west-dipping Erickson normal fault. The Bourgeau faults, mainly in the Mist Mountain Formation(e&, Section thrust fault is in direct contact with, and delimits the west- G-G’).Some of these, including the Ewin Pass thrust fault, ward extent of the northern half of the coalfield (Plate 19). are described below.

51 Plate 17. View to the north from Burnt Ridge, looking up the Fording River valley. Approximate trace of the Alexander Creek synclinal axis is plotted. (ff = Fernie Formation; mf = Morrisssey Formation; mmf = Mist Mountain Formation; cf = Cadomin Formation).

Plate 18. View to the north of the upper paR of the Mist Mountain Formation in the core of the Greenhills syncline, exposed in a highwall of the Greenhills mine.

52 Plate 19. View to the west over the north pan of the Elk Valley toward Mount Bleesdell. The approximate trace ofthe Bourgeau thrust fault (bt) is shown. Pennsylvanian, Permian, and Triassic strata are exposed in the hangingwall. The footwall, including all of the foreground, is underlain by Kootenay Group and Cadomin Formation. The location of the Coal Creek measured section (Num- ber 2) is also shown.

The average trend of the axis of the Alexander Creek general toward one of the depressions, which occur at three syncline is north-northwest, but locally the trend changes to general locations. The most southerly is in the Ewin Creek northwest, north and north-northeast (Figure 26).Taken area (Fording Bridge depression, Pearson and Grieve, op. over its entire length, its axis can be considered to have no cif.). Another depression occurs north of the Fording Coal net plunge, although the plunge is in fact variable, with a operations (Osborne Creek depression) and the most north- subhorizontal to gentle plunge developed locally. Average erly is in the vicinity of Cadorna Creek (Cadorna Creek axial orientations at the positions of the eight cross-sections depression). are summarized helow (see Figure 26): Section A-A' ; No plunge; axial trend 321" THRUST ASSOCIATEDWITH THE EAST 0 Section B-B' : Plunge 8" to 337' FAULTS 0 Section C-C' ; No plunge; axial trend 334" LIMB Section D-D' : Plunge 10" to 326" Section E-E : Plunge 3" to 163' EWIN PASS FAULT 0 Section F-F' : Plunge 2" to 352' The Ewin Pass fault occurs in the east limb of the Alex- 0 Section G-G' : Plunge 8' to 345' ander Creek syncline throughout much of the south half of 0 Section H-H' : Plunge 4' to 168" the coalfield, including the portion between Line Creek and This variation in plunge has produced a series of axial Eagle Mountain (Figures 3 and 5; Plate 20). It may also depressions and highs or culminations. Axial depressions continue southward from Line Creek to Crown Mountain, are characterized by occurrences of Cadomin Formation assuming that the Crown Mountain fault is the same struc- preserved in the core of the fold (Pearson and Grieve, 1980). ture,although there is no direct evidence for this. As a result, the plunge of the axis at any given site is in Throughout its length it has had the effect of thickening the

53 Plate 20. View of the east limb of the Alexander Creek synclineon Castle Mountain, showing thetrace of the Ewin Pass thrust fault (ept). Note structural emplacement of the upper part of the Mist Mountain Formation (rnmf) over the Elk Formation (ef). Note small-scale deformation related to movement on the thrust. east limb by causing a repetition of strata. The Ewin Pass tact, the Elk Formation. Farther north, at a point roughly fault has been depicted in subsurface by Price and Grieve 1000 metres north of Section G-G’, a thin limestone bed (in press, a) as a listric, west-dipping splay of the Lewis believed to belong to the Blairmore Groupwas noted in the thrust. immediate footwall of the fault (Grieve and Fraser, 1985). The Crown Mountain fault has placed west-dippingFer- Movement on the Ewin Pass fault in the Mount Michael nie Formation strata inthe east limbof the Alexander Creek area has thusproduced two discrete blocksof coal measures syncline over west-dipping strata of the lower part of the (Section F-F‘), commonly referred to as the Ewin block Mist Mountain Formation (Section H-H’).The hangingwall (footwall, named after the Ewin Pass coal property) and block of Kootenay is much less extensive than the footwall Michaelblock (hangingwall, named after the Mount block at this location (Figure 5). Michael coalproperty). The characteristics of the coal- In the Line Creek mine area the Ewin Pass fault has bearing section in the twoblocks are dramaticallydifferent, placedFernie Formation, Morrissey Formation and the as outlined earlier (see Sections 11 and 12 on Figure 7), lower part of the Mist Mountain Formation onto, for the suggesting a fairly large pre-thrusting separation distance most part, strata of the Mist Mountain Formation (Figure5). for the two blocks. Associatedwith it is a zone of subsurfacedisturbance Other thrust faults, interpretedas splays of the Ewin Pass between Line Creek and Horseshoeridges (T. Hannah, fault, were also mapped in this area. Moreover, as noted personal communication, 1987). A splay referred to as the earlier, the base of the Michael block contains an unprece- Horseshoe Ridge fault has produced large folds and related dented thickness (roughly 210 m) of strata with no signifi- deformation on the lower slopes of Horseshoe Ridge. cant thicknesses of coal (Figure 7). This may be indirect To thenorth, the Ewin Pass fault climbs rapidly up- evidence for oneor more unmapped thrust faults associated section with respect to its footwall. On MountMichael with the Ewin Pass fault at this point, causing repetition of (Section G-G’) Mist Mountain strata overlie, in fault con- strata.

54 N N N

Cross-section A-A' Cross-section8-E' Cross-section C-C' (Elk Pass) (CadornaCreek) (WearyRidge - BteasdellCreek) Foldaxis: 0 to 321 Foldaxis: 8' to 337 Foldaxis: 0 to 334

N N

LI i :. .. B' .

Cross-section E-E' Cross-sectionF-F' (CastleMountain) (Mt. Bannerwest of Foldaxis: 3' to 163 EwinPass fault - BurntRidge) Foldaxis: 2' to 352

N N

Cross-section G-G' Cross-section H-H' (Mt. Michaelwest of (Crown Mtn.) EwinPass fault - BurntRidge South) Foldaxis: 4' to 168 Foldaxis: 8' to 345

Figure 26. Schmidt stereonet plots of the Alexander Creek syncline.

55 Between the Ewin Pass property and Ewin Creek to the north, the Ewin Pass fault occupies a footwall stratigraphic position equivalent to the upper Mist Mountain and lower Elk formations. In this area, however, the immediate hangingwall rocks are higher stratigraphically than they are to the south(upper Mist Mountain Formation), and atone point, north of Mount Banner, the fault is believed to have caused the emplacementof Elk Formation onto Elk Forma- tion (Figure 5). Associated large-scale smctures in this vicinity include a major splay in the hangingwall north of MountBanner, and a fold pair in the footwall (Plate 21; see below). On the south side of Ewin Creek the two separate blocks of coal measures, the Ewin block and the Michael block,are exposed with little if any intervening Elk Formation strata (Figure 5). Between Ewin Creek and Chauncey Creek the fault remains in the upper Mist Mountain and lower Elk formationswith respect to its footwall. Overalldisplace- ment, as evidenced by stratigraphic thickening, appears to he decreasing to the north. Splays and dragfolds continue to be commonly associated with the fault. Cross-section F-F' On CastleMountain, north of ChaunceyCreek, both Major folds on Mt. Banner footwall and hangingwall of the Ewin Pass fault are in the east of Ewin Pass Fault upper part of the Mist Mountain Formation (Section E-E'), except for one interval over which Mist Mountain Forma- N tion overlies lower Elk Formation on the fault (Figure 5; Plate 20). Drag folding is again evident. To the north, on Eagle Mountain,site of Fording Coal's surface operations, a significant fault which repeats.a portionof the Mist Moun- tain Formation has been interpreted to be the Ewiu Pass fault(mine geological staff, personal communication, 1984). On Mount Turnbull,to the north, the fault is believed to be very near the Elk - Mist Mountain contact (Figure5). North of Mount Turnbull its existence is not established. A fault on Henretta Ridge (Figure 5) may be the Ewin Pass fault.

STRUCTURES ASSOCIATEDWITH THE EWINPASS FAULT;MOUNT BANNER AREA As mentioned above, the Mount Banner area is characterized by significant structures associated with the Ewin Pass fault. These include an upper splay and a large fold pair. The splay of the Ewin Pass fault is continuous over a distanceof 2.5 kilometres. It hasnot caused significant Minor fold axes, duplication of strata, butdoes have minor (drag) folds Ewin Passfault zone, associated with it (Plate 22; Figure 5). Axes of these minor MI. Bannerarea folds, and minor folds associated with the Ewin Pass fault x directmeasurement itself in this area, tend to plunge moderately to the northwest [average orientation of 331315 (plungelplunge direc- * derived from p diagram tion); see Figure 271. This suggests northeasterly movement F.A.=fold axis on the Ewin Pass fault. Bedding orientations on thefold pair (Plate 21)near Figure 27. Schmidt stereonet plots of major and minor section line F-F' suggest a fold axial orientation of 10" to structures in the Mount Banner area. 358" (Figure 27), moresimilar to that of theAlexander Creek syncline in this area (2" to 353") than to those of the drag folds associated with the thrusting. Thus they are not believed to be drag folds related to the fault itself, despite their close spatial relationship to it.

56 LOWER SECTION THRUSTS West-dipping thrusts associated with the Morrissey For- N mation and the lower Mist Mountain Formation are common on the east limb of the Alexander Creek syncline throughout the Elk Valley coalfield. The most significant occur on Bare Mountain, Mount Turnhull and Henretta Ridge (Figure 5). These faults are believed to occupy a stratigraphic positionwithin the upper Fernie Formation north and south of each of these occurrences. In all three casesthe fault or faults reach their highest stratigraphic position at highest elevation. However, it is not known if the faults are related to each other, or to folding or deep-seated structures like the Ewin Pass thrust. The net effect of these faults has been to duplicate the section, mostnotably in the Morrissey Formation (Fig- ure 5). On Bare Mountain, itis possible to count three occurrencesof Morrissey Formation separated by fault planes. At Mount Turnbull both the Morrissey Formation and the thrust fault itself are folded. At Henretta Ridge a part of the Mist Mountain Formation has been repeated, together with the Morrissey Formation.

Greenhills Syncline Fold 'Axis: 0' to 319 ERICKSON FAULT The Erickson fault is a west-dipping, iistric normal fault which is part of the Flathead fault system (Price, 1962a). In N F.A.=foldaxis the study area it separates the Alexander Creek and Green- hills synclines. At the south end of the Greenhills Range, the Erickson fault brings strata belonging to the Femie Forma- tion and Kootenay Group into contact with Mississippian rocks. This represents a net displacement of greater than F.A. x 600 metres. Moving to the north, however, the net strati- '" graphic displacementdiminishes rapidly, until, at some point, it reaches zero. The exact location of this point is not known, but it is certainly north of the Fording River mine and probably south of Henretta Creek. There is no evidence of normal faulting on Mount Tuxford, farther to the north. The exact attitude of the fault is not known hut it has been depicted on earlier cross-sections as steep atthe surface and gentler at depth (Dahlstrom et al., 1962; Price, 1962a). The possibility of twostages of movement, thefirst being reverseand the second normal, was first proposed by Dahlstrom er al. (op. cit.).This is now a generally accepted model for major normal faults inthe southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. A normal fault with the same sense of movement as the Bingay Creek Syncline Erickson, and which affects the southern part of the Green- Fold Axis: 40' to 025 hills Range, is referred to as the Greenhills fault. It may be a splay of the Erickson fault, as indicated on Figure 5.

Figure 28. Schmidt stereonet plots of the Greenhills and GREENHILLS SYNCLINE Bingay Creek synclines. The Greenhills syncline underlies the Greenhills Range, and is separated from the Alexander Creek syncline by the Erickson fault. Its most southerly occurrence is near the south end of the Greenhills Range (Figure 5). Its northern This foldpair has had an impacton the resource potential extent is buried under cover inthe Elk Valley, west of of !:he east limb of the Alexander Creek syncline in this area, Mount Tuxford. It may extend to the north and be cut off by by bringing Mist Mountain Formation strata to the surface the Bourgeau thrust, hut this is not certain. in ;an area where they would otherwise be deeply buried (see The Greenhills syncline is upright and open (Plate 18). Its Section F-F'; Plate 21). axis treuds northwest to north and, on average, plunges Fording Mountain anticline) dips 45" to the northwest on average, while its west limb is vertical to overturned. This overturning is due to the proximity of the Bourgeau thrust fault (see below). The axis of the Bingay Creek syncline plunges 40" to 025" (Figure 28). BOURGEAU FAULT The Bourgeau thrust fault marks the western limit of the Lewis thrust sheet throughout the studyarea. It occurs west of the Elk River and dipsto the west. Rocks inits hanging- wallbelong mainly to Triassicand older formations (Piate 19). There are no Kootenay Group exposures in the Bourgeau sheet. In the southhalf of the coalfield (south of Bingay Creek) theBourgeau fault-trace lies well to thewest of the coalfield, incontact with Fernie Formation strata inits footwall. Its surface trace in this region is not indicated on the compilation map (Figure5). At Bingay Creek andto the north, however, the trace is either immediately west of the coalfield, in contact with the upper Fernie Formation, or actually markingthe western boundary of the coalfield, being in contact with Kootenay Group strata ranging from the Momssey to the upper Elk formations. A noticeable chaige in the surface trace of the Bourgeau fault occurs northward between Bingay Creek anda point in the Elk Valley west of Mount Veits. Specifically, it changes from a general north-northwest direction to northeast. This area is also marked by a notable decrease in the widthof the coalfield in thesame direction, whichis caused by the position of the fault. It thus appears that the Bourgeau fault ramped obliquely to the north, and in the process overrode and cut off the morewestward structural elements of the coalfield, the BingayCreek syncline, FordingMountain anticline and Plate 21. View to the northwest of upper Mist Mountain possibly even the Greenhills syncline. Unfortunately, there Formation (mmf) strata in the core of the large-scale anti- is no outcropin the Elk Valley at this point, and proof of this cline in the Ewin Pass - Mount Banner area. Note occur- over-riding relationship is not established. rence of basal Elk Formation (ef). The point at which thetrace of the Bourgeaufault returns to its more normal direction (opposite Mount Veits) also coincideswith a change in orientation of theAlexander gently northward throughout the length of the Greenhills Creek synclinal axis from north-northeast back to the more Range. At a position roughly 2 kilometres south of section typical orientation of north-northwest.From this point line E-E' the axis of the fold has no plunge and a trend of northward anotherdistinctive change occurs in the synclinal 319" (Figure 28). geometry: it changes from upright and open to overturned and close, with a higher degree of asymmetry (compare Sections D-D' andC-C'). It retainsthis geometry FORDING MOUNTAIN ANTICLINE AND throughout most of the area north to the Alberta boundary BINGAY CREEK SYNCLINE (Sections B-B', A-A'). The Fording Mountain anticline, which takes its name This increased asymmetry is probable due to the prox- from a hill southeast of Elkford, is' west of and parallel to imity of the leading edge of the Bourgeau sheet. The east- the Greenhills syncline, with which it shares its east limb ward vergence of the syncline is consistent with the direc- (Section E-E'). Its most northerly extent is also unknown, tion of movement on the Bourgeau thrust. due to lack of exposure,hut is somewhere north ofthe The Bourgeau faul; is offset 2 kilometres to the northeast Greenhills Range. It is upright and open, and its axis, in by a transverse fault near Elk Lakes at the north end of the general, plunges to the north. coalfield (Leech, 1979). Air-photo interpretation of this The Bingay Creek syncline to the west contains a rela- structure suggests a series of up to three faults produce the tively small occurrence of Momssey and Mist Mountain overall net offset (Morris and Grieve, 1990). With no field formations west of the Elk River near Bingay Creek (Fig- evidence to support this interpretation, only the single fault ure 5). The east limb ofthe syncline(west limb of the has been drawn.

58 Plate 22. Minor folds associated with a splay of the Ewin Pass thrust fault on the east limb of the Alexander Creek syncline, Mount Banner area.

Plate 23. View from the south of Mount Veits on the east limb of the Alexander Creek syncline. Notelandslide blocks of Morrissey Formationsandstone (marked with *). (ff = FernieFormation, mf = Momssey Formation, mmf = Mist Mountain Formation; photo by R.J. Morris).

59 MINORSTRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BOURGEAUFAULT; COAL CREEK N Minor structures associated with the Bourgeau thrust are not generallyobservable within thecoalfield because of poor exposure. The areaknown as Coal Creek, a tributaryof Bleasdell Creek on the west limb of the Alexander Creek syncline, is one exception. Here the stratigraphically lowest outcrops of Mist Mountain Formation exposed in the footwall of the Bourgeau fault are severely deformed (Plate12). Individual faults fall into two groups, thosehaving average E strikes of 340" and dipping steeply to the west, and those with strikes of 030" to 040" and dipping moderately to the southeast. The first set appears to be parallel to the Bour- geau fault and probably splays off theBourgeau or is caused by movement on it, while the second set is transverse in orientation. The creek bed itself, with a bearing of 040°, is believed tofollow the traceof a transverse fault, because the outcrops on the southeast sideof the creek are significantly more deformed than those on the northwest side.In particular, the southeastbank contains exposures of a strongly deformed coal seam, which has been severely affected by faulting, producing a zoneof thickened coal (Plate 12).The undeformed equivalentof this seamon the northwest sideof the creek is 8.1 metres thick in two benches (Figure 7), JOINTING DISTRIBUTION (0 compared with an apparent thickness exceeding 25 metres on the opposite bank. The sandstone formingroof the of the FOLD 310 AXIS seam, however, is structurally continuous from one side of ~ the creek to the other. L 300 . JOINTING Joint plane orientations were measured routinely only in 290 . the Henretta Ridgeand Mount Tuxford area in the northhalf 280 - of the coalfield (Moms and Grieve, 1990). At these locations two prominent sets of joints stand out. One (labelled A W- in Figure 29) is probably parallel to the axial plane of the Alexander Creek syncline.The other (labelledB) represents 260 jointing perpendicular to the fold axis. 250 I I I MASS-WASTING FEATURES Largelandslide blocks, with areas of up toa square kilometre,are prominent features of the Elk Valley Figure 29. Schmidt stereonet plot and rose diagram of coalfield. They mainly involve the Momssey Formation, jointing in the Mount Tuxford area. and take several forms. The first, and the smallest in scale, are blocks of Momssey Formation which dip into a moderate to steep slope, and which have brokenalong planes oriented boih perpendicular to strike and parallel to strike is a square kilometre block of Momssey Formation at the but dipping steeply down-slope. Individual blocks areup to north end of Weary Ridge which has moved downhill to the a few hundred metres in strike length, and the amount of west (Figure 5). down-slopemovement is onthe scale of 100 metres. A third typeof mass-wasting has produced"steps" in the Because of their small sizethey do not show up on Figure5. outcrop trace of the Morrissey Formation. The orientation A second style of mass-wasting feature involves down- of the breakage planes is again roughly perpendicular to dip movement of blocks of Mnmssey Formation which are strike, and vertical movement is a maximum of 50 metres. located on dip-slopes. The detachment planes are oriented The best developmentof these stmctures ison the south side parallel to bedding, and the boundaries of the blocks are ofMount Veits (Plate 23) and thenorth end of Mount oriented at right angles bedding.to The best example of this Tuxford (Figure 5).

60 CHAPTER 6: COALRANK DISTRIBUTION

DATA 100 metres of section (Table 14).Average gradients (ie. straight line relationships) are calculated using the public The surface distribution of ranks of grab and channel domain software package CURVEFIT. samples of Mist Mountain Formation coals from throughout the Elk Valley coalfield, as determined by the mean max- In the case of the subsurface samples, five reflectance imum vitrinite reflectance technique, is shown in Figure 5. parameters are plottedrelatiLe to depth on Figures31 to 41. Coal ranks have been classified as low, medium and high- T_he parameters graphed areR,,,, mean random reflectance volatile bituminous (see Chapter I). The reflectance values (R,), length of the maximum axis of the reflectance indicat- of c:oals from the basal coal zone are also plotted on Figure ingsurface or RIS(R,,,), RISstyle (Rs,), andRIS 5, together with the ranges of reflectance values on samples anisotropymagnitude (Ram). In addition, R,, valuesare plotted versus R,, values triangular.graphs (see collected from measured sections and drill cores. At mea- on Chapter Land Kilby, 1988). Average reflectance gradients suredsection locations, where thereflectance values of based on R,,, were also calculated foreach drill holeusing channel samples from the basal coal zone differ from those recorded in previous publications and are based on grab CURVEFIT (Table 15). samples only, the higher values are indicated. A series of grab samples was collected at Line Creek mine near the southernend of the in an attempt to The original data on which Figure 5 is based are found coalfield, document and quantifythe presence of down-diprank primarilyin Grieve and Fraser(1985) and Morrisand changes. The samples arefrom four seamsat various known Gril:ve (1990),as well ason the generalized measured elevations within the mine. Results, shownon Figure 42, are sections and drill logs contained in this bulletin (Figures 7 discussed below. and 8, Tables 12 and 13).In thecase of the Greenhills Range, new reflectance values were generated for this bul- Reflectance and depth data for four coalseams within one letin which are, on average, 0.1 per cent or one V-step, structural block onEagle Mountain were obtainedfrom higher than those publishedpreviously (Pearson and Grieve, FordingCoal. Graphs of reflectance versus depth were 1980; Grieve and Pearson, 1983). The new values reported generated for each seam, in order to document any down- here(Figures 5 and 7, Table 12) are believed to more dip rank changes. One example is shown in Figure 43. accurately represent the rankof Greenhills Range coals than those in the earlier publication. RANK DISTRIBUTION AND GRADIENTS Data for the Line Creek and Fording mine areas are not Rank of Elk Valley coals, as determined by maximum presented on Figure 5. Rank boundaries in these areas are vitrinite reflectance, ranges fromlow to high-volatile estimates, and are indicated by dashed lines. bituminous (Figures 5, 7 and 8, Tables 12 and 13). Rank Figure 5 is intended to provide only a general indication values, on average, decrease upsection at individual loca- of coal rank atany location; valueswhich do not conform to tions, and also vary along strike. the divisions indicated are common. These nonconforming At most locations, the lower part of the Mist Mountain samples are believed to reflect natural scatter in vitrinite Formation contains coals of medium-volatilebituminous refl<:ctance values,as well as variationintroduced by rank, typicallywith reflectance valuesof 1.3 to 1.4 per cent, uneven sample quality and by analytical techniques. while the upper part contains coals of high-volatile rank, The maximum reflectance values plotted for the basal with values of approximately 1.0 per cent or less. (The Elk coal zone of the Mist Mountain Formationon Figure 5 are Formation, although not discussed here, almost exclusively not necessarily the highest in thesection at any given contains high volatile-coals in the study area). The relative 1oca.tion. In fact, in many cases the highest values occur at stratigraphic positionof the transition frommedium to high- some position stratigraphically above the basal coal zone. volatile is variable, and depends on absolute rank values of Thistendency is apparent in the measured sectionrank thelower part of theformation and the rank gradient distributions (Figure 7). referred to in the next paragraph. (change per stratigraphic interval). As mentioned above, maximum vitrinite reflectance data At three locations, the lower part of the formation con- are also displayed adjacent to the generalized stratigraphic tains low-volatile bituminous coals, and the remainder of sections (Figure 7) and are listed in Table 12. Most of these the formation containsmainly medium-volatile. Thesethree values represent channel samples, although in some cases locations are at Crown Mountain in the extreme south end grab samples were used (see Table 12). Additional data are of the coalfield, at Mount Banner, and near Weary Creek in plotied adjacent to generalized drill-&re lithological logs the north part of the coalfield (Figure 5). (Figure S), representing grab samples of thin coal seams or Areas where the entire Mist Mountain Formation is of bands in the core. These data, listed in Table 13, provide high-volatile rank occur in the north part of the coalfield, information on subsurface rank variations. specifically on the west limb of the Alexander Creek syn- G.raphic plots of mean maximum reflectance &,ax) clineopposite Weary Creek.'The northernmost 15 kilo- versus stratigraphic position for each of the measured sec- metres of the coalfield also appearsto contain coals of tions are shown on Figure 30. These are used to calculate relatively low rank. In addition, the partial Mist Mountain average reflectance gradients, as change in reflectance per section exposed in the hangingwall of the Ewin Pass thrnst

61 TABLE.12 SUMMARY OF REFLECTANCE PARAMETERS -OUTCROP SAMPLES Mdm Number Mdm Number Sample SampleAbove Bm of Slandard - RES Sample Sample Above Base of SLlndard - RIS Number Typ , of Section Readings Em, &vialion Rm Shap Number Type of S~etion Readings ii,,, Deviation R, Shap Section 1 Weary Ridge Section 8 Ewin Pass I-i c 0.00 50 8-1 G 4.20 48 1.32 0.052 1.28 B- 1-2 c 5.40 50 8-2 G 91.60 49 1.29 0.039 1.24 B+ 1-3 C 17.20 50 8-3 G 173.60 49 1.24 0.029 1.19 B- 1-4 C 86.80 50 8-4 G 232.60 45 1.12 0.047 1.08 B- 1-5 C 101.40 54 8-5 G 376.50 48 1.14 0.035 1.10 B= 1-6 C 121.10 50 8-6 G 403.80 49 1.07 0.053 I .04 B- 1-7 C 170.30 5030 Section 9 Burnt Ridge 1-8 c 201.00 9-1 C 0.00 50 1.31 0.154 1.18 B+ 1-9 C 218.50 50 9-2 C 5.50 50 1.25 0.071 1.17 B- I-io c 274.30 50 9-3 C 125.30 50 1.32 0.066 1.23 B+ 1-11 C 349.70 50 9-4 C 50179.20 I .zn 0.043 1.12 B= 1-12 C 389.90 50 9-5 C 237.40 50 1.11 0.046 I .04 B= 1-13 C 423.00 50 9-6 c 315.80 50 1.11 0.044 I .05 B+ 1-14 C 433.30 50 9-7 C 50 347.20 1.10 0.059 I .04 B+ 1-15 C 491.10 50 9-8 C 420.70 44 1.13 0.09 I I .ox ill 1-16 C 500.30 50 9-9 G 565.00 25 0.99 Section 2 Coal Creek Section 10 Burnt Ridge South 2-1 c 6.50 49 0.820.0610.86 ** In-I G 48 169.40 1.25 0.067 1.20 B- 2-2 c 70.30 49 0.85 0.057 0.81 ** 10-2 G 214.40 45 1.13 0.039 1.10 B- 2-3 C 73.90 32 0.86 0.068 0.82 ** 10-3 G ' 250.20 50 I .09 0.067 I .05 B- 2-4 C 80.00 50 0.88 0.041 0.85 ** 10-4 G 471.30 48 1.12 0.044 1.08 B- 2-5 C 114.20 47 0.86 0.068 0.82 ** 10-5 G 516.60 45 I .04 0.052 I .04 B- 2-6 C 138.10 50 0.82 0.057 0.78 ** 10-6 G 585.50 47 0.83 0.044 0.80 B= 2-7 C 161.90 50 0.83 0.060 0.80 ** 2-8 c 199.60 48 0.74 0.069 0.72 ** Section 11 Mt.Michael Upper 2-9 C 259.50 49 0.84 0.053 0.80 ** 11-1 C 218.30 50 0.92 0.114 0.80 B- 2-10 C 273.90 49 0.59 0.053 0.57 ** 11-2 C 250.60 50 1.03 0.076 0.91 B+ 11-3 C 261.30 50 1.17 0.075 I .07 B= Section 3 Mt. Veils 11-4 C 294.60 50 0.85 0.050 0.70 B- 3-1 G 14.50 50 1.44 0.060 1.32 B- 11-5 C 304.10 50 1.01 0.044 0.89 B= 3-2 G 30.30 50 1.38 0.061 1.28 B= 11-6 C 315.60 50 I .06 0.051 0.99 B= 3-3 G 86.00 50 1.49 0.064 1.35 B- 11-7 C 328.30 50 0.91 0.038 0.72 B- 3-4 G 92.70 50 1.44 0.056 1.32 B- 11-8 C 349.60 50 0.99 0.037 0.86 B- Section 4 Mt. mxford 11-9 ' C 369.10 50 1.01 0.048 0.87 B- 4-1 G 55.70 50 11-10 C 373.20 50 1.01 0.052 0.93 B= 4-2 G 58.70 50 11-11 C 396.80 50 0.94 0.044 0.80 B= 4-3 G 91.50 50 11-12 C 409.10 50 0.99 0.049 0.90 B- 4-4 G 109.10 50 11-13 C 441.40 50 0.94 0.050 0.76 B- 4-5 0 152.40 50 11-14 C 447.90 50 0.95 0.038 0.93 B+ 4-6 G 196.10 50 11-15 C 453.70 50 0.92 0.05 I 0.74 B- 4-7 G 200.90 50 Section 12 Mt. Michael Lower 4-8 G 252.50 50 12.1 C 50 9.00 1.27 0.061 1.18 B= 4-9 G 256.60 50 12-2 C 50 18.00 1.23 0.065 1.16 B= 4-10 G 293.60 50 12-3 C 50 112.30 1.13 0.074 I .06 B- 4-11 G 376.20 50 12-4 C 50 206.40 1.16 0.069 I .06 B= 4-12 G 437.30 50 12-5 C 50 251.30 I .03 0.064 0.93 B= 4-13 G 548.30 50 12-6 C 50 298.60 1.10 0.085 0.99 B- Section 5 G-"hills 12-7 C 50 326.20 I .ox 0.053 0.99 B+ 5-1 C 10.00 46 12-8 c 361.00 50 1.00 0.054 0.90 B- 5-2 C 162.50 51 12-9 C 50 386.00 0.95 0.045 0.78 B- 5-3 c 218.00 50 5-4 C 296.00 49 1.19 0.047 1.12 B- .5-5 c 333.00 45 1.13 0.042 1.10 B- 5-6 C 381.50 48 I .03 0.044 0.99 B- 5-7 C 391.00 51 0.99 0.053 0.96 B+ 5-8 C 507.60 51 0.92 0.037 0.90 B= 5-9 C 519.80 50 5-10 C 565.00 49 5-11 C 618.60 50 1.38 0.122 1.30 B= 5-12 C 664.50 43 I .34 0.069 1.23 B- 5-13 C 694.00 49 1.28 0.066 1.18 B+ 1.21 0.051 1.12 B- Seelion 6 Burnt RidgeExtension 1.27 0.088 1.15 B= 6-1 C 42.50 50 1.47 0.075 1.35 B- 1.34 0.088 1.23 B- 6-2 c 50 193.20 1.26 0.056 1.19 B- 1.27 0.068 1.16 B= 6-3 C 50 279.60 1.17 0.074 1.08 B= 1.15 0.078 1.09 B= 6-4 C 287.00 50 1.22 0.081 1.12 B= 1.18 0.045 1.12 B= 6-5 c 292.40 50 1.05 0.092 0.91 B= 1.14 0.068 1.05 B+ 6-6 C 314.00 50 1.13 0.043 1.06 B- 6-7 C 317.00 50 1.04 0.056 0.93 B- 6-8 C 325.50 50 1.08 0.038 1.02 B- 0.90 0.049 0.71 B= 6-9 C 357.90 50 1.10 0.046 1.04 B- 1.18 0.065 1.08 B- 6-10 C 365.50 50 1.10 0.051 1.03 B+ I .30 0.058 1.23 B= 6-11 c 383.90 50 1.06 0.051 0.98 B+ Section 16 Crown Mountain 6-12 C 402.00 50 1.04 0.042 0.97 B= 16-1 C 50 19.60 I .63 0.05 I 1.50 B- 6-13 C 50 408.80 1.01 0.052 0.92 B- 16-2 c 5690 5n -1.29 -0.089 1.20 B+ Seelion 7 imprial Ridge 7-1 C 52 8.80 1.22 0.080 1.18 B= 7-2 C 21.00 49 1.29 0.046 1.23 B- C Channel sample 7-3 c 51.00 50 0.0571.19 1.14 B= G Grab sample 7-4 c 45 78.40 1.17 0.060 1.12 B= B- Biaxialnegative 7-5 C 47167.50 1.18 0.062 1.14 B- B= Bianail even 1-6 C 237.10 50 1.11 0.041 1.07 B- B+ Biaxail positive 7-7 C 292.90 49 0.0591.10 1.06 B- * Position with respect to base of Mist Mounrain Formation 7-8 c 356.60 53 1.02 0.044 0.98 B= ** cannot be interpreted 7-9 c 426.90 48 1.04 0.045. 1.01 B= 62 TABLE 13 SUMMARY OF REFLECTANCE PARAMETERS - DRILL-CORE SAMPLES - - Sa mp le DepthSample No. of Standard RIS Rmax RmlRevRint Rev Rmin Rst Ram Number (m) Readings Deviation &n Shape - MBE-IO1 A-'I 207.83 50 I .42 0.028 1.31 B- 1.46 I .34 1.12 I .297 1.010 -8.689 0.0507 A2 188.20 50 1.38 0.058 1.27 B- 1.48 I .30 I .06 1.268 1.005 -4.714 0.0634 A-3 74.69 50 I .39 0.042 1.30 B- I .45 1.32 1.14 I .293 I ,002 -4.715 0.0468 A-'l 55.12 50 I .34 0.040 I .27 B= 1.41 I .28 1.15 1,272 0.995 0.624 0.0399 EP-102 B-'I 259.00 50 1.31 0.028 I .23 B- 1.35 I .25 I .09 1.225 I .a04 -7.589 0.0410 B-2 248.20 50 1.29 0.043 1.20 B= 1.37 I .22 I .05 1.203 I.002 - 1.526 0.05 I7 B-:I 157.70 50 1.28 0.028 1.21 B- 1.32 1.22 I .07 1.197 I ,007 -7.098 0.0412 B-4 144.60 50 1.19 0.058 1.13 B= 1.27 1.14 I .oo 1.126 1.007 - 1.225 0.0459 B-!i 134.10 50 1.24 0.038 1.17 B- 1.30 1.18 I .01 1.154 1.015 -5.033 0.0491 B-6 108.50 50 1.25 0.042 1.18 B- 1.30 1.19 I .05 1.170 1.005 -3.963 0.0410 8-7 74.70 50 I .20 0.026 1.15 B= I .26 1.16 I .05 1.148 I .OW - 1.575 0.0351 B-8 64.30 50 1.18 0.044 1.11 B= I .24 1.12 0.98 1.105 1.004 -1.871 0.0460 B-!> 47.80 50 1.17 0.040 1.11 B= I .22 1.11 0.98 1.096 1.010 -2.1 I I 0.04 I I EP-105 c- I 233.95 50 1.26 0.039 1.17 B- 1.31 I .20 0.99 1.157 1.008 -9.223 0.0536 C-2 221.00 50 1.18 0.038 1.11 B- 1.24 1.13 0.96 1.100 1.008 -8.213 0.0491 C.3 134.50 50 1.21 0.046 1.15 B= 1.28 1.15 1.03 1.147 I .002 0.675 0.0409 C-4 105.73 50 1.12 0.032 1.07 B= 1.17 1.07 0.98 1.067 I.001 0.000 0.0342 C-:j 74.32 50 1.11 0.025 1.06 B- 1.15 I .08 0.96 1.057 1.007 -7.994 0.0339 C-6 12.09 50 0.95 0.037 0.90 B= I .01 0.92 0.82 0.908 0.996 -1.741 0.0401 EV-151 D- I 376.31 37 1.40 0.042 1.32 B+ I .45 1.32 1.21 1.318 1.003 2.755 0.0350 D-2 367.20 50 1.46 0.030 1.38 B- 1.52 1.42 I .22 1.376 I.005 - 10.893 0.0426 D-3 334.49 50 I .36 0.035 1.28 B= 1.41 I .29 1.16 1.279 I ,000 -0.649 0.0382 D-4 300.63 I .27 0.039 1.21 B- 1.31 1.21 I .09 1.198 1.013 -3.670 0.0361 D-5 295.05 50 I .23 0.032 1.18 B+ 1.28 1.17 I .09 1.177 I .000 5.209 0.03 I I D-6 23 1.47 50 1.38 0.040 1.31 B- 1.43 1.32 1.18 1.304 1.005 -4.531 0.0376 D-7 216.04 50 1.21 0.011 1.15 B- 1.25 1.17 1.04 1.147 1.003 79.367 0.0356 D-8 166.48 50 1.28 0.042 1.20 B- I .35 I .23 1.06 1.204 1.000 -5.209 0.0455 D-9 89.19 50 I .27 0.036 1.21 B- I .34 I .22 I .08 1.204 I.005 -2.543 0.0415 D-I0 69.59 50 I .24 0.036 1.17 B- I .30 1.19 I .M 1.167 1.005 -5.076 0.0429 D-l 1 42.98 50 1.15 0.028 1.09 B- 1.19 1.10 0.96 1.076 1.010 -6.587 0.0404 D-12 35.36 50 1.18 0.025 1.12 B- I .22 1.13 I .02 1.117 1.003 -4.950 0.0345 D-I3 12.19 50 1.19 0.043 1.12 B= I .26 1.14 0.99 1.123 0.998 -2.449 0.0461 D-14 6.71 50 1.11 0.043 1.06 B+ 1.16 I .06 0.97 1.057 I .XI4 2.543 0.0354 EV-150 E-I 290.02 51 1.43 0.053 1.33 B= 1.51 1.34 1.14 1.320 1.005 - 1.787 0.0536 E-:2 257.86 44 1.37 0.024 1.30 B- 1.42 ',1.33 1.17 1.299 0.999 -8.709 0.0366 E- 3 221.29 50 I .27 0.030 1.19 B- 1.31 1.21 1.07 1.192 I.001 -5.496 0.0388 E-.$ 217.87 50 1.26 0.028 1.21 B+ 1.31 1.21 1.12 1.208 0.998 2.680 0.0295 E- 5 201.48 50 1.31 0.032 1.23 B- 1.36 1.25 I .09 1.225 I .006 -5.397 0.0432 E6 187.45 50 1.24 0.046 1.17 B= 1.30 1.16 1.03 1.158 1.009 1.225 0.0447 E- 7 I 19.33 50 1.26 0.041 1.18 B= 1.32 1.19 I .04 1.173 1.007 -2.361 0.0458 E- 8 77.88 50 1.24 0.033 1.17 B- I .29 1.18 I .03 1.159 1.012 -4.531 0.0423 BMS1-1 F- 1 511.30 49 1.47 0.021 I .36 B- I .50 I .4l 1.15 1.341 1.017 - 16.537 0.0520 F-:? 46 I .90 50 1.36 0.036 I .27 B- I .42 I .29 I .08 1.252 1.011 -7.365 0.0516 F-.3 445.51 50 1.43 0.028 1.35 B- I .48 1.39 1.17 1.337 1.011 - 14.614 0.0459 F4 428.74 50 1.43 0.030 1.34 B- 1.49 1.37 1.20 1.341 0.998 -6.812 0.0416 F-.j 408.02 50 1.45 0.032 1.36 B- 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.361 1.003 - 10.893 0.0430 F-d 405.03 50 1.32 0.034 I .23 B- 1.36 1.26 0.99 1.193 1.031 - 14.857 0.0612 F-7 310.80 50 1.38 0.040 I .28 B- 1.44 1.29 1.11 1.270 1.009 -2.543 0.0490 F-i3 301.17 50 1.24 0.038 1.16 B- 1.29 1.18 I .02 1.156 1.004 -6.587 0.0459 F"> 190.07 50 1.17 0.052 1.10 B= 1.24 1.11 0.97 1.098 1.005 -0.624 0.0462 F-I0 181.76 50 1.15 0.035 1.08 B- 1.21 1.10 0.95 1.078 0.999 -4.531 0.0454 F-11 161.51 50 1.20 0.043 1.13 B- I .25 1.15 1.02 1.133 I .a01 -5.734 0.0391 F-I2 130.78 50 1.20 0.027 1.15 B= 1.24 1.15 I .07 1.146 1.000 1.945 0.0285 F-I3 102.27 50 1.10 0.028 1.05 B- 1.13 1.06 0.95 1.041 1.007 -6.234 0.0343 F-14 75.88 50 1.13 0.030 1.08 B- 1.18 I .09 0.98 1.077 I.OOO -4.950 0.0356 F-15 63.18 50 1.12 0.024 I .07 B- 1.16 1.08 0.97 I .073 1.005 -5.209 0.0343 F-I6 55.00 50 1.08 0.044 I .03 B+ 1.13 I .02 0.93 I .023 1.003 3.304 0.0376 F-17 43.86 50 I .05 0.038 1.00 B= 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.995 1.006 -0.848 0.0376 F-18 20.76 50 1.15 0.023 I .09 B- 1.18 1.10 0.96 1.072 l.0l2 -8.401 0.0388

63 TABLE 13 SUMMARY OF REFLECTANCE PARAMETERS - DRILL-CORE SAMPLES - Conrinued Sample Depth of Emax Slandard - RIS No. Rm Rmax Rint Rmin Rev RmIRev kt Ram Number (m) Readings Deviation Shape BM81-2 G- 1 529.00 50 1.50 0.043 I .40 B- 1.56 I .44 1.22 1.396 I ,007 -9.033 0.0479 G-2 5 I 2.06 so I .47 0.030 1.35 B- 1.51 I .40 1.12 1.328 1.013 -14.126 0.0578 G-3 497.60 50 1.41 0.036 I .30 B- I .46 1.34 1.11 1.295 1.006 - 10.284 0.052~ G-4 475.95 50 1.35 0.042 I .25 B= I .44 1.27 I .09 1.253 0.995 -0.945 0.0534 G-5 466.80 50 1.35 0.066 I .25 B= 1.46 I .26 1.04 1.241 I ,009 - 1.575 0.0645 G-6 399.00 50 1.43 0.03 I I .34 B- I .48 1.37 1.18 1.332 1.008 -8.753 0.0436 G-7 380.60 50 1.36 0.05 I 1.26 B- I .45 1.29 I .ox 1.264 1.oon -4.461 0.0561 G-8 339.40 50 1.36 0.03 I 1.28 B- I .40 1.30 1.11 1.263 1.011 -9.049 0.0446 G-9 330.40 50 1.31 0.049 1.21 B- 1.38 I .24 I .02 I .zoo 1.004 -6.766 0.0585 G-I0 320.04 50 I .37 0.054 1.28 B- I .43 1.29 1.10 1.263 1.012 -4.570 0.0494 G-l I 300.00 50 1.34 0.032 1.26 B- I .4l 1.28 1.12 1.259 1.000 -3.418 0.0442 G-12 298.68 30 1.35 0.045 1.27 B- I43 1.29 1.12 l27l 0.997 -2.709 0.0460 G-13 267.80 50 I .23 0.025 1.18 B- 1.27 1.19 I .07 1.174 I ,005 -6.587 0.0329 G-I4 251.46 50 1.38 0.048 1.30 B= I .47 1.32 1.16 1.307 0.996 -0.542 0.0477 G-15 211.77 50 I .30 0.036 1.21 B- 1.36 1.25 1.05 1.210 0.997 - 10.550 0.0499 G-16 198.12 50 1.29 0.029 I .20 B- I .34 1.22 I .04 1.192 I ,005 -7.250 0.0478 G-17 190.1 I 50 1.38 0.034 1.28 B- 1.43 1.33 I .04 1.255 1.018 -15.710 0.0616 G-18 112.28 50 I .20 0.037 1.13 B- 1.25 1.14 I .00 1.123 1.009 -4.531 0.0436 G-19 99.06 50 1.17 0.032 1.11 B= I .22 1.12 1.01 1.108 1.005 - 1.575 0.0364 G-20 93.60 50 1.14 0.033 1 .ox B= 1.19 I .09 0.98 1.082 0.996 n.oon 0.0372 G-21 90.97 50 1.18 0.049 1.12 B+ 1.25 1.12 I .no 1.117 I.001 2.644 0.0429

G-22 5 I .20 50 1.18 0.034 1.11 B+ 1.24 1.11 I .OO 1.107 I ,004 2.755 0.0416 SR-7 H- I 239.67 50 1.13 0.035 I .07 B= 1.19 I .08 0.97 1.074 0.998 -0.735 0.0402 H-2 218.94 50 1.13 0.037 I .07 B+ 1.18 I .ox 0.99 1.077 0.995 2.680 0.0330 H-3 201.20 50 1.11 0.034 1.06 B+ 1.17 I .06 0.97 I ,059 I .no0 3.304 0.0363 H-4 174.44 so 1 .la 0.028 1 .M B= 1.12 1.M 0.92 1.015 1 ,000 1.654 0.0378 H-5 158.86 50 1 .oo 0.036 0.94 B= I .05 0.95 0.84 0.939 I .no2 -0.769 0.0439 H-6 152.89 50 1.10 0.045 I .03 B+ 1.18 I .03 0.94 1.040 0.988 8.213 0.0447 H-7 139.78 50 I .03 0.034 0.97 B= 1 .ox 0.98 0.88 0.975 0.999 1.654 0.0394 H-8 123.75 50 I .06 0.023 0.97 B- 1.10 I .no 0.79 0.953 I.022 -10.550 0.0631 H-9 114.82 50 0.98 0.024 0.92 B- 1.02 0.93 0.82 0.917 1.001 -2.543 0.0408 H-IO 47.18 50 I .02 0.041 0.96 B= I .07 0.97 0.85 0.956 I ,005 -2.2114 0.0451 H-lI 41.88 30 I .02 0.037 0.95 B- I .07 0.97 0.83 0.952 1.om -5.496 0.0485 H-12 32.64 50 I .OO 0.044 0.94 B+ 1.06, 0.95 0.86 0.950 0.994 4.028 0.0415 H-I3 27.28 50 I .02 0.027 0.97 B- 1.07 0.98 0.87 0.965 1.003 -3.304 0.0398 SR-12 I- I 181.82 50 1.41 0.035 1.31 B- 1.45 1.34 1.15 I ,3116 I ,003 -7.672 0.0444 1-2 168.10 50 I .45 0.034 I .34 B- 1.50 1.39 1.14 1.335 I ,002 - 12.654 0.0529 1-3 157.64 50 1.36 0.044 1.28 B= I .43 1.29 1.13 1.277 0.999 -2.204 0.0450 1-4 146.40 50 1.38 0.042 1.28 B- I .44 1.30 I .09 I .268 1.009 -6.587 0.0531 1-5 131.37 50 1.33 0.048 I .26 B+ 1.40 I .26 1.15 1.261 0.997 3.372 0.0372 1-6 114.18 50 1.43 0.041 1.31 B- 1.51 1.33 1.11 1.306 I .ooo -3.304 0.0586 1-7 97.99 50 1.42 0.038 1.31 B- I .48 1.35 1.09 1.313 1.013 - 10.893 0.0585 1-8 91.72 50 1.37 0.035 1.24 B= I .4l 1.25 I .09 1.241 1.001 -0.509 o.osn1 1-9 83.21 50 1.33 0.041 I .24 B- 1.37 1.25 1.1 I I .234 1.009 -2.543 0.0404 1-10 66.72 50 1.35 0.032 I .26 B- I .40 I .29 1.08 1.248 I ,006 - 10.893 0.0492 1-1 I 59.07 50 1.33 0.023 1.25 B- 1.37 1.28 I .09 1.239 1.009 -10.513 0.0440 1-12 46.63 50 I .27 0.036 1.19 B= 1.33 1.19 1.04 1.181 1.006 -1.141 0.0470 1-13 33.83 50 1.31 0.044 1.21 B= 1.38 I .22 I .os 1.206 I .003 -2.004 0.05211 1-14 15.73 50 I .24 0.03 I 1.15 B= I .29 1.15 1.02 1.154 1.010 1.225 0.0453

SR-2 1-1 153.77 50 I .43 0.064 1.32 B= 1.53 1.32 1.13 1.317 1.004 1.654 n.0580 5-2 123.32 50 1.41 0.055 1.32 B= I .48 1.32 1.16 1.314 I.002 n.000 0.0467 1-3 m.80 50 1.41 0.056 I .30 B= 1.51 1.32 1.11 1.303 0.995 - 1.654 0.0586 1-4 75.10 50 I .52 0.051 I .40 B- I .59 1.41 1.19 1.387 I .om -3.304 n.oss2 J-5 63.25 50 I .48 0.048 1.35 B- 1.55 1.38 1.15 1.350 0.998 -4.950 0.0568 5-6 60.35 so 1.41 0.058 1.30 B= 1.50 1.30 I .07 1.278 1.014 -2.307 0.0642 5-7 58.22 50 I .46 0.058 I .34 B= 1.57 1.36 1.17 1.357 0.988 1.654 0.0564 5-8 15.18 50 I .46 0.047 I .35 B- 1.55 1.38 1.11 1.334 1.010 -7.475 0.0634 J-9 6.55 50 I .49 4.048 I .40 B- 1.56 1.41 I .24 1.394 1.004 -3.098 0.0441

64 TABLE 13 SUMMARY OF REFLECTANCE PARAMETERS - DRILL-CORE SAMPLES - Coniirtuerl No. of - Sample Depth Standard - R'S Rmax Rint Rmin Rev Rm/Rev Rsl Ram Number (m) Readines Rmax Deviation Rm Shaoe BREJ K- I 402.71 50 I .23 0.027 1.15 B- I .27 1.17 0.97 1.128 0.000 -9.826 K-2 354.35 50 I .so 0.061 I .40 B- 1.59 1.3871.41 1.19 aooo -3.304 K-2; 343.80 50 I .36 0.042 I .29 B- 1.41 1.30 1.15 1.277. aono -5.076 K-4- 3 16.76 50 I .36 0.038 1.30 B= I .42 1.31 1.19 I ,302 om0 n.om K-5 305.65 so I .40 0.042 1.32 B+ I .46 1.31 I .20 1.317 o.nm 4.361 K-6 285.95 50 0.023I .36 1.30 B= I .40 1.31 I .20 1.299 n.nw - 1.654 K-7 276.80 50 1.33 0.028 I .27 B- I .37 1.2531.27 1.14 n.Oo0 -3.514 K-8 264.95 50 I .26 0.032 I .20 B- 1.31 1.21 I .06 1.189 o.om -6.587 K-SI 255.20 50 1.31 0.043 1.25 B- 1.37 I .26 1.12 1.242 0.000 -5.278 K-IO 248.00 I .34 I .27 B- 1.39 I .29 1.13 1.262 aono -7.098

K-l I 242.30 I .24 B= 1.34 I .24 1.13~ ~~ I .230 n.ono -0.769 K-I2 236.16 I .24 B- 1.33 1.234I .25 1.14 0.000 -6.930 K-I3 225.40 1.23 B= 1.32 I1.234 .24 1.16 n.nnn - I ,002 K-I4 209.45 1.18 B- I .29 I .20 I .07 1.180 n.noo -5.132 K-I5 187.85 1.13 B- 1.23 1.13 1.01 1.118 n.non -3.670 K-I6 176.70 50 0.028 I.27 1.19 B- 1.31 1.21 1.187I .06 o.nw -5.278 K-I7 164.60 50 1.32 0.030 1.25 B- 1.37 I .26 1.13 1.246 n.ow -4.128 K-I8 I 56.07 50 I .26 0.046 1.21 B+ 1.31 1.21 1.13 1.211 n.om 4.461 K-I9 125.73 so I0.03 .24 I 1.19 B- I .29 1.19 1.07 1.180 n.nnn -3.004 K-20 I 17.80 so 1.19 0.029 1.11 B- I .24 1.13 0.99 1.1 14 n.nm -2.640 K-2 I I I 3.00 50 1.21 0.044 1.15 B= 1.27 1.15 I .04 1.150 n.ooo I .438 K-22 71.60 50 I .22 0.025 1.17 B- 1.27 1.18 1.165I .07 0.m -3.304 K-23 58.00 so 0.035I .37 I .24 B= I .42 1.25 I .09 1.243 0.000 1.526 K-24 52.00 so 0.036I .22 1.16 B+ I .27 1.16 I .07 1.159 n.ow 3.304 K-25 38.40 so 0.034I .20 1.13 B- I .24 1.15 1.01 1.128 0.000 -8.033 K-26 19.30 500.032 1.14 1.10 B= 1.19 1.11 I .02 1.101 aonn -0.945 on Mount Michael, Mount Banner andEwin Creek contains (Figure 7), havereflectance values ranging from 1.47 to ma.inly high-volatile rank. 1.25 per cent. Reflectance values in the hangingwallstrata, The slopes of reflectance versus stratigraphic position again limited in thickness, range from 1.47 per cent (basal graphsfor measured sections containing a reasonable coal zone) to 1.33 per cent. amount of section (Figure 30) range from 0.053to 0.119 per cent per 100 metres, with an unweighted average gradientof TEEPEE MOUNTAIN 0.0,73 per cent per 100 metres (Table 14). One section, No. 11 (MountMichael upper sheet), displays no systematic Reflectance valuesof coals on Tee Pee Mountain suggest relationship between reflectance and stratigraphic position. medium-volatile rank for the limited amount of the strat- The values of thedown-hole reflectance gradients (Fig- igraphic section preserved. Values range from 1.35 to 1.18 ures 31to 41) rangefrom 0.031 to 0.178per cent per percent (Figures 5, 7 and 30; Grieve andFraser, 1985, 100 metres with an unweighted average of 0.079 per cent Sheet 4), although the poor quality of outcrop at this loca- per 100 metres (Table 15). In one drill hole, SR-2, there is tion makes some of the readings suspect. An interesting no systematic relationship betweem reflectance and depth. observation is that a thin coal seam in the Moose Mountain Individual examplesof Mist Mountain Formation surface Member of the Morrissey Formation has a reflectance of and subsurface coal-rankdistributions and gradients at spe- 0.90 per cent, that is, it is of high-volatile rank. Its low cific locations within the study areaare discussed separately reflectance is consistent with the observations of Pearson below, beginning at the south end. The areasof the coalfield and Murchison (1990) concerning the influenceof roof-rock discussedunder each heading are indicated on Figure 5. lithology on coal rank. They observed that the rank of a seam with a sandstone roof is lower than the rank of the same seam in locations where the roof is a finer grained CROWN MOUNTAIN rock. No one specific factor was identified to account for 'Jitrinite reflectancevalues at Crown Mountain are this phenomenon. amongthe highest in the study area. Low-volatile bituminous rank characterizes thebasal coal zone in the footwall of the Crown Mountain thrust, while the hanging- HORSESHOERIDGE - LINE CREEK RIDGE wall1 of the thrust, and the remainder of the formation in the Reflectance values of coals from Horseshoe Ridge and footwall, contains medium-volatile coals (Figure 5). High- thenorthern portion of Line Creek Ridge (Line Creek est reflectance values obtained arein excess of 1.6 per cent, Extension) suggest that the ranks here vary from medium in the basal coal zoneof the thrust footwall (Figures. 7 and volatile at the base of the formation to high volatile in the 30; see also Grieve and Fraser, 1985, Sheets1 to 3). Overly- upper part (Figure 5). Highest individual reflectance values ing strata in the footwall, although limited in total thickness are obtained in the basal coal zone. and are between1.3 and

65 I I , -1 I t 1 100 I i 5 I I I 6W -1 I 1 I I- I I 1 I

1 300 1 I + 1- Ir SW i I f 200

I- 1 1- .W

I 1 I I- 1 1- 3W 1- I I

I I 1 -1 Section 9 sesrion 10 Sesfion 11 ssction 12 Seslion 13 section 14 section 15 Section 16 Burnt Ridge Brunt Ridge Soulh Mi. Michosi Upper Mt.Michoel Lower Nonamo RidgeHorseshoe Ridge Tee Pea Mountain Crown Mountain 0.9 1.1 r T I I I I I I I Im I I

I 1m I I I

I I -1 I I -1 I I I I- 1- I I I I I I IC€

I -i

- Figure 30. Variations in R,,, with position in measured stratigraphic sections. Error bars represent i 0.02 per cent reflectance Line of best tit is shown where applicable. TABLE 14 BURNTRIDGE BURNTRIDGE SOUTH GRADIENTS AND VALUES OF REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS - - FOR LINES OF BEST FIT THROUGH MAXIMUM VITRINITE NONAMERIDGE REFLECTANCE DATA -OUTCROP SAMPLES Rank valueson Burnt Ridge and areas tothe south Reflectance Gradient referred to as Burnt Ridge South and Noname Ridge, range -(decrease in from medium volatile in the lower part of the formation to Section RrnaxllOOm high volatilein the upper part (Figure5). Reflectance values Number Location upsection) r2 range from slightly over 1.3 per cent down to slightly less W eary Ridge 0.074% 0.7230 0.074% Ridge I Weary than 1.0 per cent (Figures 5 and 7; Grieveand Fraser, 1985, 2 Coal Creek 0.4937 0.071 Sheets 5 and 6). Reflectance gradients for measured sec- 3 Mt.3 Veils Minimal section - apparentup-section increase 4 Mt. Tuxford 0.088 Tuxford Mt. 4 0.9230 tions are: Burnt Ridge,0.057 per cent per 100 metres;Burnt 5 Greenhills 0.08 I 0.8765 Ridge South, 0.063 per cent per 100 metres; and, Noname 6 Burnt Ridge Extension0.119Ridge Burnt 6 0.8671 Ridge, 0.069 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 30). 7 Imperial Ridge 0.053 Ridge Imperial 7 0.8686 8 Ewin Pass 0.060 Pass Ewin 8 0.8647 9 BurntRidge 9 0.057 0.7840 EWINPASS 10Burnt Ridge South 0.063 0.6404 I I MI.Michael Upper Sheet No systematic variation Rank distribution on Ewin Pass is similar to that on the 12Mt. Michael Lower0.8367 Sheet 0.067 lowersheet of the Mount Michaelproperty, that is, the Noname Ridge 0.069 RidgeI3 Noname 0.9854 lower part of the formation is characterized by medium- 14 Horseshoe14 Ridge 0.077 0.6822 volatile coals, while the upper part contains high-volatile 15 TeepeeMountain Minimal section -two readingsonly 16 Crown MountainMinimal section -two readingsonly coals (Figure 5). Reflectance values on the basal coal zone range from 1.26 to 1.42 per cent, with a general increase from south to north over the property. Thistrend continues northward into the Mount Banner property, wherethe basal 1.4per cent (Figures 5 and 7; Grieve and Fraser, 1985, coals are low volatile (Grieve and Fraser, 1985, Sheet 6). Uppermost seams in the formation have reflectances near or Sheet 5). Lowest values are nearand below 1.0 per cent, and representstrata in the upper (but notuppermost) Mist below 1.0 per cent (Figures 7 and 8). Reflectance gradient for the Ewin Pass measured section is 0.060 per cent per MountainFormation. The average reflectance gradient 100 metres. Down-hole reflectance gradients for the two through the Horseshoe Ridge measured section 0.077is per cent per 100 metres (Figure 30). sampled cores are 0.060 per cent per 100 metres in hole EP-102 (Figure 32), and 0.112 per cent per 100 metres in Hacquebard and Donaldson(1974) gave a reflectance EP-105 (Figure 33). range of 1.49 to 0.97 per cent for Line Creek Ridge, and a calculated reflectance gradient of 0.164 per cent per 100 metres. This gradient ismuch higher than the one calculated MOUNTBANNER here, but the reason for this contrast is not known. The northward rank increase observedin Ewin Pass continues into Mount Banner, where the basal and lower coals MOUNT MICHAEL of the formation are low-volatile bituminous, and even the highest stratigraphic seams are medium volatile (Figure 5). The two sequencesof Mist Mountain Formation exposed onMount Michael, corresponding with the footwall and hangingwall of the Ewin Pass fault, have contrasting rank TAR1.F-."" 15" distributions. Rank values in the footwall sheet range from GRADIENTS AND VALUES OF REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS medium volatileto high volatile(Figure 5). Reflectance FOR LINES OF BEST FIT THROUGH MAXIMUM VITRINITE values range from approximately1.35 per cent in the lower REFLECTANCE DATA - DRILL-CORE SAMPLES part of theformation, down to valuesof approximately Reflectance Gradient 1.0 per cent in the uppermost part (Figures5 and 7; Grieve Drillhole Drillhole (increase in and Fraser, 1985, Sheets 5 and 6). The average reflectance I.D. Number Location knad100m deoth) rz gradient through the Mount Michael lower sheet measured A MBElOl Mt. Banner 0.03 I% 0.5175 section is 0.067 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 30). B EP-I02 Ewin Pass 0.060 0.7665 Rank values in the hangingwallof the Ewin Pass fault are C EP-I05 Ewin Pass 0.1 12 0.7855 mainly high volatile, with the exception of a relatively thin D EV-151 Ewin Creek 0.060 0.6593 zone of medium-volatile coal near the baseof the sequence E EV-1500.178 Creek Ewin 0.8451 (below (Figure 5). Even this medium-volatile coal, however, is of thrust) lower rank than corresponding strata on Line Creek Ridge F BM81-I Mountain0.079Bare 0.8876 tothe south (B. Ryan, personal communication, 1988; G BM81-2 Bare Mountain0.7187 0.069 Grieve and Fraser, 1985, Sheet 5). Reflectance values for (above the coals in the Mount Michael upper sheet measured thrust) sec- H SR-7 Weary Ridge0.5932 0.055 tion range from 1.17 to 0.92 per cent (Figure 7). Data of I SR-I2 Weary Ridge0.5846 0.088 reflectance versus stratigraphicposition (Figure 30) are J SR-2 Weary Ridge No systematic variation extremely scattered, and there is no systematic relationship K BRE-30.061 Ridge Burnt 0.5410 between reflectance and stratigraphic position. Extension

68 Reflectance in the basal coal zone reaches a maximum of 1.58 percent, while at thesame location a coal seam Reflesfance (7.) Rd 1.3 1.4 1.S -20-10 0 10 0 .02 .04 .06 .08 immediately below the Elk contact has a reflectance of 1.30 per cent (Grieve and Fraser, 1985, Sheet7). The down-hole reflectanceincrease for drill core MBE-101 is 0.031 per 50 cent per 100 metres (Figure 311, although this is based on 0 only four readings. 0 . The upper sheetof the Ewin Pass thrust is exposed in 1 PO also II

the Mount Banner area.As was the case on Mount Michael, ce this sheet is characterizedby lower rank coals, chiefly high- i volatile (FigureS), although onlya portion of the upper part .. c 150 of the formationis preserved (Grieve and Fraser, 1985). f P 0 0 206 Strata of the upper part of the formation exposed in the II core of the anticlinein the western part of the MountBanner =(:a also appear to be of lower rank than corresponding strata in the main part of the Mount Banner property (Fig- 250 urc 5).

300 EWIN CREEK - IMPERIAL RIDGE - TODHUNTER CREEK I Ranks of coals in the vicinityof Ewin Creek and Imperial Ridge aremedium volatile in the lower part of the formation an.d high volatile in the upper part (Figure 5). Reflectances in the basal coal zone range from 1.30 per cent on Imperial Ridge, to in excess of 1.4 per cent in drill cores EV-150 and E'/-I51 (Figures 5, 7 and 8). The uppermost seams in the formation have reflectances of approximately 1.0 per cent (Grieve and Fraser, 1985, Sheet 8). Reflectance gradient for thc Imperial Ridge measured section is 0.053 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 30). The down-hole gradient for drill core EV-151 is 0.060 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 34), and the gradient for the portion of drill core EV-150 below the thrust faultis 0.178 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 35). Figure 31. Variations in reflectance parameters in drill hole A (MBE-101). Line of best fit through R,,, data is Coals in the hangingwall of the Ewin Pass fault at Ewin shown. Creek are all of high-volatile rank (Figure 5). GREENHILLS BURNTRIDGE EXTENSION Rank values in the south and west part of the Greenhills The lower part of the formation on Burnt Ridge Exten- Range are somewhat lower than in the adjacent part of the sion is characterized by medium-volatile coals, while the coalfield. The lower part of the formation is medium vol- upper part contains high-volatile coals (Figure 5). Reflec- atile, while the restis high volatile(Figures 5 and 7). tances in coals in the measured section range from 1.47 per Reflectance valuesin the basal coal zone range from1.20 to ce:ut to 1.01 per cent, with the former representing a seam 1.27 per cent, while the uppermost part contains coals with roughly SO metres above the base of the formation, and the reflectances lessthan 0.8 per cent. The average reflectance latter a seam in the upper, but not the uppermost, part gradient for the Greenhills measured secton is 0.081 per (F'igure 7). Reflectance gradient for the section is0.1 19 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 30). cent per 100 metres (Figure 30). Reflectances in the basal Coals in the Bingay Creek syncline areof similar rankto cc~alzone at surfacerange from 1.36 to 1.45 percent those in the west part of the Greenhills Range (Figure 5). (Grieve andFraser, 1985, Sheets 7 and 8). In drill core As mentioned earlier, these values for Greenhills reflec- B:RE-3 reflectances range from 1.50 (basalcoal zone) to tances are somewhat higherthan those publishedpreviously 1.14 per cent (Figure8). The down-hole reflectance gradient (Pearson and Grieve, 1980; Grieve and Pearson, 1983), but is 0.061per cent per100 metres, omitting sampleK-1 which are believed to be more accurate. is from the Morrissey Formation (Figure 41). As was the ca.se of the surface sample fromthe Morrissey Formation at Tee PeeMountain, this samplehas 'an anomalously low BAREMOUNTAIN - CASTLEMOUNTAIN reflectance (1.23 per cent)for its stratigraphicposition, Coal ranks in the lower part of the formation on Bare and consistent with the observations of Pearson and Murchison Castle mountains are medium volatile, while those in the (1990) concerningthe influence of a sandstone roof on coal upper part are high volatile (Figure 5). Reflectances in the rank. basal coal zone range from 1.34 to 1.39 per cent in outcrop

69 portions of the formation arein excess of 1.5 per cent, while lowestvalues are near 1.0 per cent(Morris and Grieve, 1990, Sheets1 and 2). Thereflectance gradient of the Tuxford measured section is 0.088 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 30). 50 - MOUNT VEITS 100 - u Coal ranks on Mount Veits are transitional between those g on Mount Tuxford and theanomalously high values on E Weary Ridge to the north. Low-volatile ranks are associated -5 150 - with thelowest part of the formation, and high-volatile ra rankswith the uppermost part (Figure 5). Reflectance s 200 - values of 1.56 and 1.59 per cent were obtained on lower sectioncoals north of the measured section(Morris and Grieve, 1990, Sheet 3). Values for samples from within the 250 - measured section, which contains only thelower part of the Mist Mountain Formation, range from 1.38 to 1.49 per cent.

300 - WEARYRIDGE -WEARY CREEK t30 Coal ranks in the vicinity of Weary Ridge and Weary Creek are the highest in the coalfield, with the exceptionof parts of Crown Mountain. The lower part of the formation contains low-volatile coals, while most of the remainder is

r* Figure 32. Variations in reflectance parameters in drill :100 hole B (EP-102). Line of best fit through R,,, data is E shown. .. c $, 150 0 0

(Figure 5; Grieve and Fraser, 1985, Sheets 8,9 and IO), and 200 up to 1.50 per cent in diill core BM-81-2. Reflectancesin the uppermost part of the formation are less than 1.0 per cent. A thrust fault in drill hole BM-81-2 duplicates partof 250 the lowermost partof the formation. There does not appear to be any significant difference between reflectance values of correspondingstratigraphic positions in thetwo fault 130 slices. Down-hole reflectance gradient for core BM-81-1 is 0.079 per centper 100 metres(Figure 36). and forthe portion of BM-81-2 above the thrust fault it is 0.08 per CentllOO metres (Figure 37). Hacquebard and Donaldson(1974) gave a reflectance range of 1.43 to 1.13 per cent for a partial Mist Mountain section on Eagle Mountainto the north of Castle Mountain. Their calculated gradientwas 0.092 per cent per100 metres.

HENRETTA RIDGE- MOUNT TUXFORD Coal ranks on Henretta Ridge and Mount Tuxford are medium to low volatile in the lower part of the formation Figure 33. Variations in reflectance paramsten in drill and high volatile in the upper part (Figures 5 and 7). Max- hole C (EP-105). Line of best fit through R,,, data is imum reflectance values associated with basal and lower shown.

70 - metres. This gradient is higher than the one determined in Relleslonee (%) Rat Ram this study. This discrepancy accounted for by t.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.5 -20-10 0 10 0 .02 .04 .06 .OB ispartly " differences in sectionthicknesses; Cameron's section, 0 . which was a generalized one, provided to him by the exploration company, was roughly 100 metres thinner than the one 50 measured and used in this study. Some differences in reflectance values determined for some of the seams may also have contributed to this contrast. 1w Cameron (1984) also notedthat thegradient steepens i near the base of the section. He suggested a possible explan- I 150 ation for this is a higher percentage of sandstone in the e 0 \. x 0 . lower part of the Mist Mountain Formation, but the Weary Ridge section, as noted in Chapter 2, contains very little 5 200 sandstone, and less than some other sectionsin which there f is no such steepening of gradient. 0. 1' 250 Down-bole reflectance gradients for Weary Ridge are: SR-7, 0.055 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 38); SR-12, 0.088 per cent per 100 metres (Figure 39); and SR-2, no 500 systematic relationship between depth and reflectance (Fig- ure 40).

330

400 .. 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 -20-10 0 10 0 .02 .04 .OB .06 - "

Q\ x

Q\X 0 . Figure 34. Variations in reflectance paramsiers in drill \ \ hole D (EV-151). Line of best fit through R,,, data is obx 0 :shown. ""L """"_ HORRISSEY FORUATION

+30

me'dium volatile, with some' high volatile corresponding with the uppermost seams (Figures 5,7 and 8). Reflectance values as high as 1.53 per cent were obtained from the basal coal zone, but at most locations the highest reflectauces are from the lower part of the formation but above the basal coal zone (i.e. the gradient steepens in the lowermost part of the section). Highest reflectance values are in excess of 1.6 per cent (Morris and Grieve, 1990, Sheet 4). The lowest values are inthe vicinity of 1.0 per cent. The measured section reflectance gradient is 0.074 per cent per 100 metres (Fiigure 30).

Cameron and Kalkreuth (1982) gave a reflectance range Figure 35. Variations in reflectanceparamsters in drill of 1.56 to 1.04per cent for Weary Ridge, and Cameron hole E (EV-150).Line of best fit through R,,, datais (1984) calculated a gradient of 0.123 per cent per 100 shown.

71 location]. The highest reflectance value obtained in this area is 1.00 per cent, but most seams have associated values of less than 0.90 per cent (Morris and Grieve, 1990, Sheet 4). The lowest values are less than 0.7 per cent (high-volatile B bituminous) which makes these the lowest rank Mist Moun- . tain coals in southeastern British Columbia.

. CADORNACREEK TO ELK PASS , The northern partof the coalfield is characterized by sparse outcrop. Consequently very few coal samples were obtained from this area, and some of these were of poor quality. Based on these limited data, it is believed that much of the northernmost part of the coalfield contains coals of relatively low rank (Figure 5). The west limb of the Alex- ander Creek syncline is assumed to contain high-volatile coals. Thisis based on the occurrence of five readings helow 0.8 per cent for coalsin the upper part of the formation roughly 5 kilometres north of Cadorna Creek (Morris . and Grieve, 1990, Sheet 6). The east limb contains medium-volatile coals in the lower partof the formation, and high-volatile coals in the remainder (Figure 5). Compared with most other parts of the coalfield, however, the rank atany given position is .. probably relatively low, and the transition from medium to . high volatile is at a relatively lower stratigraphic position. . This assumption is based on reflectance values ranging from 1.06 to 0.69 per cent in the Tobermory Ridge - Elk Pass area (Morris and Grieve, 1990, Sheets 7 and 8). The highest of these values, 1.06 per cent, represents a position in the k"-&,-"""" I lower, but not basal, part of the formation, while the lowest 1 MORRISSEY FORMATION values are from the upper pan. Direct evidencefor the t3O existence of medium-volatile coals in the lowermost part of the section is provided by Graham ef a/.(1977), who report that reflectance values as high as 1.16 per cent were deter-. mined.for basal zone coalsin drill cores in the Elk Pass area. Down-holereflectance gradients in thesecores average 0.079 per cent per 100 metres.

DOWN-DIP RANKGRADIENTS Pearson and Grieve (1985) observed down-dip increases in reflectance on individual coal seams at several locations in the Crowsnest coalfield. The rate of increase, or reflec- 0 tance gradient, ranges from 0.02 per cent per 100 metres at the north end of the coalfield, to 0.065 per cent per 100 Figure 36. Variations in reflectance paramsters in drill metres at thesouth end. Thelocations where these increases hole F (BM81-1). Lineof best fit through R,,, data is were observed were on the sides of large creek valleys, shown. which cutperpendicular to strike. This configuration allowed outcroppingcoal to besampled through large vertical intervals (exceeding 600-metres in some cases). Unfortunately there are no similar locations in the Elk COAL CREEK- BLEASDELL CREEK Valley coalfield. The Line Creek mine, however, offers an In marked contrast with the high-rank coals near Weary opportunity to sample one seam, the %seam, through a Creek are the anomalously low-rank coals on the west limb vertical interval of over 350 metres, and four other seams, of the syncline, immediately to the west, in the vicinity of IOA, 10B, 9 and 7, through smaller intervals. Results are Bleasdell Creek. At this location all coals in the section are illustrated by Figure 42, and are inconclusive. Seams IOB, 9 high volatile in rank, with a reflectance gradient of 0.071 and 7 exhibit no change other than that allowed for under per cent per 100 metres (Figures 5, 7 and 30), although the assumed experimental error (0.02 per cent). The IOA-seam data scatter is considerable (r210.5) [Hacquebard and Cam- shows a reflectance increase of 0.08 per cent over a vertical eron (1989) report little or no measureable gradient at this interval of 21 1 metres, but this is not believed to represent a

72 down-dip rank increase because the samples were collected .. in close proximity to the IOB, 9 and 7-seam samples. This 1.1 1.21.3 1.4 1.5 -20-10 0 10 0 .02 .04 .OB .08 increaseprobably represents errors or variation not 7 50 e\ x --II accounted for in the assumed experimental error. . Seam 8 also exhibits no significant reflectance change over 200 metres, but over the entire sampling interval, 356 100 metres, its reflectance increases from 1.31 to 1.39 per cent. This represents an average reflectance gradient of approximately 0.02 percent per 100 metres, equivalent to the 150 gradientat the north end of the Crowsnest coalfield. Whether this increase is real, or is merely due todata 200 variation, is not clear. Therefore, given the amountof reflec- tano: data scatter observed in down-hole rank profiles in this study (e.g. Figures 31 to 41) this is not believed to (I 250 represent conclusive proof of down-dip rank increase, A *: larger difference in sampling elevations would be desirable, i but is not available at this location. C 300 f Other data were made available by Fording Coal. These *. 0 allow comparison of reflectance of samples taken from drill 350 core within one structural block on Eagle Mountain at different elevationson four separate coalseams. Graphs were constructed showing reflectance versus elevation for 400 each seam, of which one example is reproduced here (Fig- ure 43). Reflectance values range from I .21 to I .44 per cent, but despite an elevation range of over 650 metres, there is 450 no obvious systematic variation of reflectance with elevation, and thus no discernable down-dip rank gradient. This 500 agan reflects a high degree of data scatter or variation. In 1_ one case, two samples of. the same seam from the same elevation, and separated by only 150 metres along strike, t hav,e reflectance values which differ by 0.1 I per cent.

Further attempts toidentify down-dip reflectance changes +30 were made,using data obtained from individual seams sampled in outcrop and nearby drill core in the course of this study.Only surface samples directly up-dip from the drill-core sample were used, in order to avoid the effects of rank changes along strike. For example, a sample from the basal coalzone in drill-hole BRE-81-3, on Burnt Ridge Ext,:nsion, has a reflectance of 1.44 per cent, comparedwith two outcrop samples from the samepart of the property with reflactances of 1.36 per cent(Figure 31). Based on an elevation difference of 450 metres, this represents an apparent down-dipreflectance gradient of justunder 0.02 per cent per 100 metres, or roughlyequivalent to the gradient observed in the northern part of the Crowsnest coalfield. of how much faith to put in a calculation like The: question Figure 37. Variations in reflectanceparameters in drill this is a difficult one to answer. To begin with, surface and hole G (BMSl-2). Lineof best fit through R,,,, data is subsurfacesamples may not be directly comparable, shown. because of the relatively greater amount of weathering in the surface samples. Furthermore, the degree of data scatter observed in most of the drill cores (Figures 31 to 41), and the Eagle Mountain example (Figure 43),makes itvery However, it is alsoknown that reflectancevalues are difficult to assign exact reflectance values with any degree increasing to the south between Imperial Ridge and Mount of confidence. Banner (Figure S), and so the increase observed in the drill cores may be largely due to a lateral gradient. Other similar attemptsat documentingdown-dip rank changes were frustrated by the possible influence of gra- In summary, no conclusive evidence for down-dip rank dients along strike. For example, the basal coal on lmperial gradients was found in the Elk Valley coalfield. Either no Rid.ge has a reflectance of 1.30 per cent (Figure S), while in gradient exists, or it exists but is too low to detect given the drill cores EV-150 and EV-151 it has an average value of sampling conditions. The implications of this will be dis- 1.43per cent(average of threevalues; see Figure S). cussed later.

13 however, samples classified as biaxial negative (B-) have Rsfleclancs (%) Rst Ram values less than -2.5, biaxial even (B=) samples have 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 -20-10 0 10 0 .02 .04 .os .08 R,, R,, values between -2.5 and +2.5, and samples classified as biaxial positive (B+) have R,, values greater than +2.5. %. The most striking and significant feature of these data is that they suggest that all the samples analyzed are biaxial. R,, values range from - 16.537 to +5.209, with an average of -3.750 (Figure 45); a uniaxial negative RIS has an R,, value of -30. R,, values range from0.0285 to 0.0645, with . an average of 0.0435; an isotropic RIS would have an R,, I value of zero. 'The averages of the RIS data for each drill hole (Fig- ure 45) are reasonably close to each other and do not suggest any systematic variation with structural or geographic position. Moreover, there is no apparent systematic variation with stratigraphic or structural position within each drill hole (Figures 31 to 41), with a few possible exceptions. For example, R,, values for samples collected from within the basal coal zone of the Mist Mountain Formation may be distinctive. Five out of the ten samples have R,, values less than -8.0, compared with only 18 per cent for the remainder of the formation. Also of possible significance is the fact that the highest R,, value in the entire population (0.0645) is associated with a sample from immediately beneath the large thrust fault indrill core BM81-2 (Figure 37).

Figure 38. Variations in reflectance parazeters in drill hole H (SR-7). Line of best fit through R,,,, data is shown.

REFLECTANCE INDICATING SURFACE (RIS) ANALYSIS All subsurface grab sample reflectance results were suh- jected to further analysis designed to calculate the three major axes (Rmin, Rin,,and R,,,) of their reflectance indicating surfaces (RIS). The cross-plot methodology for particulate samples as outlined in Kilby (1988) was utilized; it is summarized in Chapter I. The objectives of this analysis +30 are: to derive the reflectance parameters Re,, R,, and R,, from the values of the three major axes, and to classify the RIS of each sample. The reasons for selecting only subsurface samples for rigorous analysis were outlined earlier: the subsurface samples are mainly taken from thin coal hands, and so any variations present within seams are avoided; and, the subsurface samples are relatively fresh. Examples of cross-plots for samples used in this study are shown in Figure 44. Results of RIS analysis for each separate drill core are shown in Table 13 andFigures 31 to 41. In the diagrams, both R,, and R,, are plotted against depth and on a triangular graph. All the R,, and R,, data are plotted on the triangular graph in Figure 45, together with the average Figure 39. Variations in reflectance parazeters in drill position of each drill core. In theory, a biaxial negative RIS hole I (SR-12). Line of best fit through R,,, data is would have an R,, of less thanzero. For purposes here, shown.

74 theCrowsnest coalfield (Pearson and Grieve, 1985). An Refbclanco (%) Rrt RQm 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 -20-10 0 10 0 .02 .Ol .OS .OB example is the rank increase betweenEwin Pass and Mount " c? Banner, as evidenced by reflectance values in the basal coal 0 zone, which increase from 1.26 per cent to 1.58 per cent. This represents an average lateral gradient of greater than 0.06 per cent per kilometre. As mentioned in a previous section, down-dip rank gradients were not positively detected in this studyas they were in the case of the Crowsnest coalfield. There isan across-structure rank gradientbetween Weary and Bleasdell creeks in the north half of the study area. In this casereflectances on roughly stratigraphicallyequiv- alent horizons decrease by as much as 0.7 per cent over a horizontal distance of 4.5 kilometres.

Figure 40. Variations in reflectance parameters in drill hole J (SR-2).

Correlations between the various reflectance parameters are listed in Table 16. The matrix indicates strong correlations (r>0.9) between all combinations of R,,,, R,,R,,,, Rint, Rmi, and Rev. On the other hand, correlationsbetween all combinations involving R,, and R,, are not pronounced (K0.5).

DISCUSSION *-* RA.NKGRADIENTS 1 There is considerable variation in coal rank, as measured by the maximum vitrinite reflectance method, throughout rt5 Rrl the study area.In order to attempt interpretationof observed rank distributions, these variations have been quantified in terrns of gradients.For example, the reflectance versus stratigraphic position graphs for measured sections (Figure 30 30) suggest average gradientsin the neighbourhood of 0.07 per cent per 100 metres of section (Table 14). However, the vanation in these gradients does not appear to be related to geographic position orto the absolute valuesof reflectances at a.ny location. The same is true for the reflectance versus depth plots for subsurface samples (Figures31 to 41; Table 15). This is consistent with observations by Hughes and Cameron (1986) for the Kootenay Group in general. Figure 41. Variations in reflectance paramzters in drill L.atera1 rankgradients also occur in the Elk Valley hole K (BRE-3). Line of best tit through R,,, data is coalfield, although they are not as pronounced as those in shown. coalfield depended on the observation that coals from the hangingwall of a majornormal fault are of lower reflectance than those from the footwall, assuming thatthe normal fault was initially a thrust. The Erickson fault is the only large- scale normal fault in the study area, and it is believed to have initially been a thrust fault (Dahlstrom et al., 1962). Strata in its hangingwall comprise the Greenhills Range. Pearson and Grieve (1980) noted that coals from the Green- bills Range aretypified by somewhat lower reflectance values than those from the adjacent parts of the coalfield. Greenhills samples were re-analyzedfor this paper, and the results indicate that although the difference is smaller than that previously published,they are of relatively low rank. A typical value for the basal coal zoneat the south end of the GreenhillsRange is 1.21 percent; in contrast, the same stratigraphicposition on BurntRidge Extension, immediately to the eastand on the other sideof the Erickson fault, has a typical reflectanceof 1.36 per cent. This is believed to constitute evidence for the completionof coalification prior to normal faulting. The tectonic significance of lateral rank gradients is not clear; in the case of the Crowsnest coalfield (Pearson and Grieve, 1985), it was noted that the areas with the highest - absolute rank values tendedto have the largest contribution Romax(%) of postfolding coalification.Verification of this observation is not possible in this study, because of the lack of detect- - able down-dip rank increases. Hughes and Cameron (1986) Figure 42. Variations in vitrinite reflectance (Rmax)with elevation for four coal seams at Line Creek mine. also noted that on a more regional scale, rank gradients do not vary consistently with geographic position in the Koote-

TECTONIC IMPLICATIONSOF RANK DISTRIBUTIONS 0 The timingof coalfication relativeto structural eventshas been interpreted for the Crowsnest coalfield (Pearson and OD Grieve, 1985) and, by extrapolation, is believed to apply to all of southeasternBritish Columbia, including the Elk Valley coalfield. The most notable of the conclusionsof the 0 earlier study were that coalification occurred both before and after folding and thrust faultingand was complete prior 0e 0 0 to normal faulting. Hughes and Cameron (1986) and Hac- quebard and Cameron (1989) corroborated the first conclusion for Kootenay Group occurrences in general. 0 Oneline of evidence used to establish thetiming of coalification relative to folding and thrust faulting in the Crowsnest coalfield was theobservation that coal seam reflectances increase down-dip.As outlined above, there are no clearcut examples of this in the current study. Another line of evidence involved comparison of reflectances of coals in the hangingwalland footwall of major thrust faults: 1.30 samples of coal from the hangingwallof major thrusts in the Crowsnest coalfield have lower reflectances than samples from corresponding stratigraphic positions in the footwall. This appears to be the case for coals above and below the Ewin Pass thrust at Mount Michael, Mount Banner and 1500 1600 1700, 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 Ewin Creek (Figures 5 and 7). The thrust fault in drill hole Elevation inmetres BM-81-2, on the other hand, does not show this relationship, presumably because its displacement is too small. Figure 43. Vitrinite reflectance (E,,,) versus elevation Inthe case of thetiming of coalificationrelative to for a single coal seam within one structural block on Eagle normalfaulting, the evidence used in the Crowsnest Mountain in the Fording River operations.

76 ANALYSIS RIS ANALYSIS RIS RIS ANALYSIS

MAX=I .28 .41 MAX=I INT=1.17 INT=1.285 .09 MiN=1.155 MiN=I .09 NO. OF PTS.50 NO. OF PTS.=50 MEAN MAX.=1.2276 MEAN MAX.=1.3554 MAX. SD.=.0317958 Biaxial *“e” MAX. SD.=3.522704E-02 MEAN MIN.=l.2078 MIN. SD.=.0283749 MEAN RANDOM=1.279289 Rev=1.177445 .. Rsv=1.279091 !L Rrk5.20866 n Rst=-.6485481 111 Ram=3.111622E-02 m Ram=3.824254E-02

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.51.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.6 REFLECTANCE REFLECTANCE

AN ALYSIS RIS ANALYSIS RIS RIS ANALYSIS MAX=1.36 INT=l.245 MIN=1.085 NO. OF PT5.=50 MEAN MAX.=1.3112 Biaxioi negative MAX. SD.=3.191799E-02 x MEAN MIN.=1.1574 MIN. SD.=0.498498 MEAN RANDOM=1.231569 Rev=1.224746 ..

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 REFLECTANCE REFLECTANCE

Figure 44. Examples of vitrinite reflectance cross-plots used in this stidy. See text for explanation. nay Group. They concluded that “differences in absolute calculated for the Bleasdell Creek area, thereis a great deal rank between localities with similar geological settings are of data scatter and a corresponding low regression coeffi- related to differences in maximum depth of burial”. This cient. Hacquebard and Cameron (1989) report no discern- seems a very reasonable conclusion. iblegradient in this area, and thereforeconclude that a The dramatic rank contrast between Weary Creek on the “substantialcomponent” of thecoalification was east limb of the Alexander Creek syncline and Bleasdell postfolding. Creek on the west limb isprobably of tectonic significance. The last line of evidence for the timing of coalification Afte.r modelling the time-temperature history of this occur- relative to structuralevents isthe reflectanceindicating rence and twosimilar occurrences involving overturned surface (RIS) analysis. To summarize, all samples forwhich synclines adjacent to large thrust faults in southern Alberta, the RIS parameters were determined in this study are biax- Hughes and Cameron (1986) concluded that compressional ial. This implies that a secondary stress field existedduring defcmrmation began during the Late Cretaceous, before depo- Coalification that was not perpendicular to bedding, that is, sition of since-eroded younger strataover the Kootenay not parallel to overburden pressure (Kilby, 1988). A likely Group. In other words, early, incipient thrusting created a candidate for this secondary stress field is horizontal stress regional warping with an axis perpendicular tothe direction corresponding to compressional forces present during defor- of compressional stress. The amount of warping was great mation of a fold and thrust belt, therefore implying that enough to allow a thicker blanket of younger sediment to coalification was inpart concurrent with folding and accolmulate over strata now underlying Weary Creek than. thrusting. overthose underlying Bleasdell Creek. An important In summary, available reflectance data for the Elk Valley imp1:ication of this model is thatLaramide deformation coalfieldappear to be consistent withthe conclusions spanned a period of at least 10 million years. regardingthe timing of coalificationrelative to tectonic Also of interestin the Weary Creek - Bleasdell Creek area eventsin the Crowsnest coalfield (Pearson and Grieve, is the observation that, although a reflectance gradient was 1985). Coalificationis believed to have begun prior to compressionaldeformation, and tohave continued until some time after compression ended,but prior to extensional deformation.

USE OF REFLECTANCEPARAMETERS In biaxial coals,the value of E,,, is smaller than the length of the maximum axis ofthe RIS, R,,,. Therefore, the conclusion derived from RIS analysis that all the samples examined, and by extrapolation all the coals in the study area, are biaxial, raises the question of which reflectance parameter best characterizes coal rank,Some of the choices are: mean maximum reflectanceor R,,,, which is u>ed throughout this study; mean random reflectance or R,; Figure 45. Rs, versus R,, for all data and position of average Rst-Ram values of each drill hole.

TABLE 16 CORRELATION MATRIX OF REFLECTANCE PARAMETERS, DRILL-CORE SAMPLES

,224 lRst

. . I I .... . 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 i.4 1.5 1.6 I'II .5 .. I R,mox (X) ...... - ...... - ..... Figure 47. R,,, versus F& (all data)...... *::

R,,,, Rint,and Rmi,, the determined lengthsof the principal axes of the RIS; and Re,, the radius of a sphere of equal volume as theRIS ellipse. All arelisted in Table 13, together with the ratio of R, to Rev. The first three are plotted, with respect to depth, on Figures 31 to 41. Relation- ships between the various parameters are indicated in the correlationmatrix (Table 16), and were-described-in an earlier section. The relationship between R,,, and R, for allsubsurface samples is plotted on Figure 46, and that between R,,, and R,,, on Figure 47. The first observgtion is that Re, provides a very close approximation of R,, with R, generally being slightly larger than Re,. For example, the ratio R,/R,, ranges from Figure 46. E,,,,, versus (all data). 0.994 to 1.031, and averages 1.004. These two parameters

78 aretherefore believei to be interchangeable. Both are only the absolute values vary. as already noted. This is smaller in value than R,,,, which is an-expected outcome, consistent with their strong intercorrelations (Table 16). considering the definitions of R,,, and R,,,,. Based on the Therefore, for the purposes of demonstrating relative rank graph ocEnrdxversus R, (Figure 46), therelationship of the distributions and calculating grddienls, none appears to have tu'ois R,,, = 1.064R,. This comparEsvery well with particular advantage. In this study R,,,,, was used, mainly previouslypublished relationship of R,,,, = I.066Rm because of its precedence in studies of the Kootenay Group, (Ting, 1978) and R,,,, = 1.061Rn, (Hoover and Davis, and its generally wide acceptance asong coal geologists 15180, in Davis, 1984). - and petrographers. However, either R,, or R,,,,,, together Secondly, R,,, is always larger than R,,,, which is with R,, Ri,, and R,,i,, would have been equally effective gain the expected relationship. The difference R,,, - in demonstrating rank variations in the study area. R,,,, ranges from 0.03 to 0.1 I per cent, with a mean of For appl'ption of the reflectance data tocoal quality approximately 0.06 per cent, and a m-ode of 0.05 per cent. predictions R,,,, certainly has precedence, especially in the Based on the graph of R,,, versus R,, (Figure 47), the field of petrographic prediction of coke-making potential. relationship of the two is -R,,,, -= I .044R,,,. However, where many of_the coals are apparently biaxial, When depth profiles of R,,,, R,, and RAnxare compared such as in the study area, R,,,, is lower in value than R,,,;,,, (Figures 31 to 41), there does not appear to be much varia- the maximum reflectance axis of the RIS. Thiscan be tion in their overall relative shape. Neither the slopes of the expected to have some impact on the prediction process, hut lines nor the degree of scatter about the lines are different; the size of the impact has not yet been studied.

79 CHAPTER 7.: COALQUALITY

INTRODUCTION BULK SAMPLES This chapter briefly summarizes some of the available Bulksamples are in theminority of coalanalyses dataconcerning the quality of coal in theElk Valley reported in assessment reports, hut as they are the most coalfield. Further information, on a seam-by-seam basis for representative samples,they have been chosen for inclusion. some of the properties in the coalfield, may be found in the Analyses of raw, bulk (adit) samples of several seams on “British Columbia Coal Quality Catalog” (British Colum- each of three properties, two from the south half of the bia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, coalfield (Burnt Ridge and Ewin Pass) and one from the 1992). north half (Elk River), are shown in Table 17 (data on clean coals are for the most part confidential, and so can not be Large amounts of relevant coal-qualityanalytical data are included here). Data are taken from coal company assess- available in coal-property assessment reports on file with ment reports. Adit locations are shown on Figure 48. The the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. approximate stratigraphic positions of coal seamsare shown Comprehensive tabulation and interpretation of these data on Figure 7. At two of the locations, Burnt Ridge and Elk are not within the scopeof this study, hut are being included River, coal seams are numbered upward from “1” at the within the context of other Ministry studies. base of the formation, hutno correlation on a seam-by-seam Vitrinite reflectance distribution and coal maceral com- basis is implied. At the Ewin Pass property, seam numbers positions in the study areaare covered in earlier chapters. In decreasefrom IO at the base to 4 near the topof the combination, they can be used to make general, qualitative formation. assumptions concerning quality characteristics. These data are not intended to represent the range of coal quality over the coalfield, nor should they be considered Coal-quality data summarized hereare grouped into three representative of coalseams within each property away categories: a) analysis ofraw, whole-seam, bulk-sampled from the actual sample locations. They are reproduced here coal from the Elk River, Burnt Ridge and Ewin Pass proper-for general discussion and comparison only. ties; thesedata are fromassessment reports; b) product specifications from eachof the three producing minesin the BURNTRIDGE coalfield, Line Creek, Greenhills and Fording; and, c) pro- Data for Burnt Ridge in Table 17 are presented on a dry posed product specifications of the “Elco” mine on the Elk basis. Ash values range from 9.3 per cent to 33.1 per cent, River property. These are discussed separatelybelow. volatile matter contents(daf) from 23.6 to 30.9 per cent and

TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF QUALITY OF RAW BULK SAMPLES FROM ELK RIVER, BURNT RIDGE AND EWIN PASS PROPERTIES

Volatile Fixed Calorific Assess. Sample Moisture Ash Matter Carbon S Value Report Property Adit Seam Type Basis - (90) (%I (90) (90) (%) FSI (kcalikgl No. Elk 2 B(2) - AD16.36 0.72 18.85 6477 0.6 . 7 no80 266 River 3 C(3) - AD 71.370.66 20.14 8.49 0.5 n266 7910 4 D(4) - AD 0.67 25.14 58.72 15.47 266 0.33 6490 4 7 F(7) 7 - AD14.46 0.44 17.85 0.59 67.25 266 7145 4.4 8 F(8) - AD 0.51 19.34266 11.347515 5.4 0.41 68.81 9 G(9) - AD0.42 66.390.68 19.27 13.66 3.8 7190 266 1.50 9.19 26.60 64.21 0.68 8.5 no70 S-l 8.5 Q(15) 0.68 64.21- 26.60AD 9.19 1.50 266

Bimt ~ EV-2 6 - Dly - 9.3 24.5 0.56 66.2 NC - 262 Rdge EV-3 7 - DV - 33.1 20.7 46.2 0.70 6.5 - 262 EV-4 4 - Dry - 19.3 20.7 60.0 0.48 I - 262 EV-5 2 - 19.9 Dry - 15.7 64.4 0.43 2.5 - 262 EV-6 8(?) - Dry - 9.464.0 26.6 0.41 NC - 262 EV-7 I - Dry - 20. 19.2 I 0-39 60.7 I .5 - 262 Euin I 7 Cross-cut27.23 AD7.87 0.62 64.28 - 7.5 - 396 P,SS Channel 2 4 Cross-cut AD 0.6027.16 6.47 65.77 - 7.5 - 396 Channel

3 n C~OSS-CUI AD 52.050.86 18.29 28.80 ~ I .o - 396 Channel - AD = Air dried NC = Non-caking

81 I sulphurcontents range from 0.39 to 0.70 per cent.The LEGEND generally low free swelling index values (non-cakingto 6.5) are not typical of the coalfield,and suggest that most of the samples were oxidized.

EWIN PASS Ewin Pass data in Table 17 are presented on an air-dried basis. Only threeseams are represented, for which ash contentsrange from 6.47 to 28.80per cent and volatile matter (daf) from 26.0 to 29.8 per cent. Two of the three samples have free swelling index values of 7.5.

ELK RIVER With one or two possible exceptions data are presented on an air-dried basis (Table 17). Ash contents range from 8.49 to 25.14per cent. Dry, ash-free volatile matter contents range from 20.9 to 29.3 per cent and sulphur values range from 0.33 to 0.68 per cent. Free swelling index values range from 2.5 to 8.5,and calorific values (air-dried)from 6495 to 8085 kilocalories per kilogram.

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS Each of the three mines in the coalfield processes and ships a range of products of differing specifications which are dependent mainly on user requirements. Current products include coking coalof differing volatilities, semicoking coal and thermal coal. Most of the coal falling into the last category is oxidized and is thereforenot suitable for coking purposes. Product specification data are summarized in Table 18. These areall taken from the 1988TEX Coal Manual (Hone, 1988) and represent specifications stipulated’ in contracts between Elk Valley mines and Japanese steel mills and utilities.

FORDINGRIVER Fording Coal’s Fording’River operation ships three types of coking coal (Table IS). The differing specifications are met by mining seamsfrom different parts of thestrat- igraphic section. The “standard product” has an air-dried volatile matter contentof 21 to 24 per cent. In contrast, the air-dried volatile matter content of the “medium volatile” and “high volatile” products are25 to 28 per centand 30 to 33 per cent, respectively. Air-dried moisture is 1.0 per cent in all three cases, ash content varies from6.5 to 9.5per cent, and sulphur values range from 0.45 to 0.85 per cent. Cal- orificvalues (daf) all exceed8340 kilocalories per kilogram. Fording’s semicoking products fall into “high volatile” and “low volatile” categories (Table 18). Ash values are 11s ow slightly higherand free swelling index values are lowerthan in the coking coals. Figure 48. Locations of adit-sample sites for bulk sample The thermal coal product specifications require 7.0 per data described in this study. cent ashand a calorific value (daf?)of 7595 kilocalories per kilogram.

82 TABLE I8 SPECIFICATIONS OF PRODUCT COALS FROM MINES IN THE ELK VALLEY COALFIELD

______~ ~~~ Fording Coldng - standard ...... 8.0 I .0 9.5 21-24 65.5-69 0.45 8335+ 6-8 Coliing - medium volatile...... 8.0 I.n 8.0 25-28 62-65.5 0.85 8335+ 6.4-8.5 Coking - high volatile ...... 8.0 1.0 6.5 30-33 59-62.5 0.55 8335+ 6-8 Serni-coking ...... 9.5 - 10.0 26-28 - 0.6 - 4-6 Serni-coking ...... 8.0 - 10.5 21-25 - 0.45 - 4-6 Thermal ...... - I.n 7.0 32.0 60.0 0.5 7590 - Greenhills Cdking “guaranteed rpecifications” ...... 8.0 - 7.0 24 - 7-8 Coking - base product 1990 ...... - - 7.0 28.1 - - Coking - high volatile 1990 ...... - - 6.5 32.0 - - Thlmnal ...... 10.0 I .5 16.0 25-28 54.5-57.5 - Line Cmek Coking...... 8.0 1.2 9.5 19.5-22.5 - 5-6.5 Th<:mai - unwashed ...... 6.0 - 23 17-20 - - Th<:mal - washed ...... 8.0 - 10-12 19.5-22.5 6400- 0.5 - - - (From Horie, 1988.)

G-REENHILLS cent interest in the property heldby Elco Mining Ltd. at the time the proposalwas made isnow owned by Fording Coal. Westar Mining’s Greenhills operation produces a “base metallurgical” product and a “high-volatile metallurgical” Coal-quality specifications (Table 19) were based on a product for the Japanese steel industry (Horie, 1988). The mine plan which would have involved continuous blending former has 1990 specifications (air-dried?) of 7.0 per cent of coalfrom seams throughout the stratigraphic section. ash, 28.1 per cent volatile matter, 0.58 per centsulphur, and Seams were dividedinto three generalquality types, and the a fluidity of 156 dial divisions per minute (Table 18). The proportions of each type were to remain constant during high-volatile product, which is mined fromstratigraphically production.Product specifications (drybasis) included higher coal seams, contains 6.5 per cent ash, 32.0 per cent 9.5 per cent ash, 20.4 per cent volatile matter, 0.6 per cent volatile matter, 0.56 per cent sulphur and has a fluidity of sulphur, a free swelling index of 6 and fluidity of 5 to 18 250 dial divisions per minute. dial divisions per minute. Greenhills thermal coal contains, on an air-dried basis, DISCUSSION 16.0per cent ash, 25.0 to 28.0 percent volatile matter, Tables17 to 19 demonstrate in a simplistic way the 03 per centsulphur, and a calorific value (air-dried) of 6900 potential of coals within the ElkValley coalfield, and indeed kilocalories per kilogram. within the entire southeastern British Columbia region, to meet a range of quality requirements. Taken in concert with L.INE CREEK petrographic data givenin earlier chapters, they allow com- parision with the petrographically based coking coal classi- Line Creek’s cokingcoal specifications (air-dried) are fication cited by Pearson (1980; see also Table 20). 9.5 per cent ash, 19.5 to 22.5 per cent volatile matter and Thecoals for which quality parametersare tabulated 0.5 per cent sulphur (Table 18). Clean thermal coal specifi- mainlybelong to Group G3 whichencompasses low to cations (also air-dried) are 10 to 12 per cent ash, 19.5 to medium-volatile cokingcoals, typified by Balmer coal from 22.5 per cent volatile matter, 0.5 per cent sulphur and a Westar’s Balmer operation at Sparwood in the Crowsnest calorific value of 6405 kilocalories per kilogram.

TABLE 19 PROPOSED PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONSOF PROPOSED PRODUCT COAL FROM - ELK RIVER PROJECT “ELCO” MINE, ELK RIVER PROPERTY Volatile matter 20.4% The only inactive property in the Elk Valley coalfield to Ash 9.5% havegone through the Ministry’s Mine Development Sulphur 0.6% Review Process for development approval is the Elk River Phosphorus n.o3~).040k. property in the northern pat of the coalfield. The proposed Fluidity ddpm 5-18 “Elco” minesite is north of Weary Creek, centred on Little FSI 6 Cake Stability Index (petrographic) 56.5-57.1 Weary Ridge on the east limb of theAlexander Creek syncline. The project is currently dormant, and the 50 per (From Elco Mining Ltd., 1978.)

83 TABLE 20 COKING COAL CLASSIFICATION Max. Volatile Inert Max. Max. Coke Strength Group -Rank Content Dilatation Fluidity Matter GroupNo. Name (Rrnax 70) (%) (70) (ddprn) FSI (%I JIS D:! ASTM 25mm

Kevstone GI > i .50 8-30 0 to 70 5-100 6-9 16-19 92-93.5 50-65~ ~ ~~ Pittstan G2 1.0-1.4 8-30 80 to 260 1500-30000 7-9+ 22-3448-65+ 1-94 9 Balmer G3 1.2-1.5 25-45 -10 to 100 3.1500 5-8 19-26 40-62 90.5-93.5 Moura G4 25-450.9-1.2 -10 to 100 3-2500 5-8 25-32 90-92.5 45-57 Kellerman G5 0.8-1.0 0-25 100 to 300 1500->30000 7-9+ 32-38 75-90.5 20-48 Ben G6 Biz Ben <0.9 5-20 -10 to 100 3-1000 5-7 37-40 50-80 0-30

(From Pearson, 1980.) coalfield. Some of its characteristics include: E,,,, 1.2 to are not a validassessment of western Canadian coking 1.5 per cent; inert content,25 to 45per cent; volatile matter, coals. 19 to 26 per cent; FSI, to5 8; and maximum dilatation, - 10 Other coking groups are expected to occur within the to 100. This category probably includes:Fording’s standard coalfield, although definitive evidence in the form of ana- product;Greenhills’ base metallurgical product; Line lytical results from exploration samples doesnot exist. One Creek‘s metallurgical product; and coal from the proposed area expected to have anomalous coal-quality characteris- Elk River project. Bulk-sampled coals on Burnt Ridge and tics is ihe Bleasdell Creek- Coal Creek area in thenorth part onthe east side of the Elk Riverwithin the Elk River of the coalfield. The low rank of coals in this area might property would probably also fit within this classification. place them in the G5 G6 or categories. Their relatively high liptinite contents would contribute to fluidity, although the Another coking coal classification represented by these actual extent of this contribution is unknown. coals is Group G4. This group includes relatively high-inert, medium to higIpolatile coking coals, with typical proper- Some of the upper-section (low-inert) coals from areas ties including: R,,,, 0.9 to 1.2 per cent; inert content,25 to where overall rank is elevated, such as at Weary Creek and 45 per cent; volatile matter, 25 to 32 per cent; FSI, 5 to 8; Mount Banner, might fall into GroupG2. Again, however, it and maximum dilatation, -10 to 100. This category may is doubtful that the high fluidity values which are charac- include some of the seams from Greenbillsand other areas. teristic of this group of coals would be met by Elk Valley coals. Some high-volatile, upper-section coals from Greenhills, In terms of thermal utilization potential, the generally Fording and other areas are expected to fall into the G5 highcalorific values and lowsulphur contents found in group.This group includes relatively low-inert, high- these coals arevery attractive characteristics. The relatively volatilecoking coals, with typical properties including: high inertinite contents, which aretypical of most coals R,,,, 0.8 to 1.0; inert content, up to 25 per cent; volatile from southeastern British Columbia, are generallynot detri- matter, 32 to 38 per cent;FSI, 7 to 9+; maximum dilatation, mental to combustion or other utilization processes, as a 100 to 300; maximum fluidity, 1500 to>30 000. The larger portion of semi-inertinites (that is, semifusinite) are expected fluidity, however, is probably unreasonably high more reactive than is typical in many coalfields throughout for the Elk Valley coals. Fluidity measurements, as a rule, the world (Pearson, 1980).

84 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS

‘The Elk Valley coalfield is one of three coalfields in samplescollected, while semifusinite is the secondmost southeastern British Columbia. Exploration dates back to abundant, and themost abundant intertinite maceral. In the turnof the century,and actual production began in 1972, general, the amount of vitrinite increases up-section, with on the Fording River property of Fording Coal Limited. the exception of the basal coal zone which often contains There are three producing mines in the coalfield (1991), some of the more vitrinite-rich seams in the section. Lip- Fording River, the Greenhills Operations of Westar Mining tinite is generally rare or absent, although sections of pre- Ltd., and ManaltaCoal Ltd.’s Line Creekmine, which had a dominantly high-volatile rank contain a range of about I to combined1988 production of 11.1 million tonnes. Total 5 percent liptinite. Maceralcontents and derived potential in situ coal resources are a minimum of 7.8 billion petrographic parameters suggest that the height of the water tonnes. table probably increased up-section. :In the study area the coal-bearing Mist Mountain Forma- The Elk Valley coalfield is part of the Lewis thrust sheet. tion of theJurassic-Cretaceous Kootenay Group ranges Major structures influencing distribution of the Kootenay from less than 425 to approximately 700 metres in thick- Group are the Alexander Creek and Greenhills synclines, ness. An average of approximately 10 per cent of its total which are separated by the Erickson normal fault, and the thickness is composed of coal seams which range in thick- Bourgeau thrust fault, which marks the western boundary of ness up to 13 metres. Coal seams between I and 2 metres the north half of the coalfield. The Alexander Creek syn- thick are the most common and, on a qualitative basis, also cline is the dominantstructure, and hosts coal deposits more aplpear to account for the most volume. The second largest or less continuously throughout its length. Overall the Alex- co:ntribution to coal volume is fromseams in the 5 to ander Creek syncline has a north-northwest trend, and no 6-metre thickness range. net plunge. Locally its plunge is subhorizontal to gentle, Seam correlation is generally difficult in the study area. resulting in a series of depressions and culminations. It is However, the basal 20 metres of the formation, referred to generally asymmetric (with the west limbbeing the shorter), informally as the “basal coal zone”, consistently contains open, and has an upright to steeply inclined axial plane. The coal andother carbonaceous strata, in some instances in instanceswhere the fold is overturnedare close to the contact with the underlying Morrissey Formation. A thick Bourgeau fault. Thrust faults affecting the Mist Mountain coal seam in the lower half of the formation, referred to as Formation are more common on the east limb than on the the “Imperial seam”, has been correlated laterally in drill west limb. The most important example is the Ewin Pass core and surface exposures overa distance of approximately fault, which has the effect of repeating the Mist Mountain 17 kilometres. Formationat some locations, most notably on Mount Lithologies in theMist MountainFormation form a Michael. Markov chain. The data confirm a general fining-upward sequence typical of fluvial-alluvial depositional systems. Coal ranks, based on the maximum vitrinite reflectance Within a sequence, point-bar or channel sandstone deposits method,range from low-volatile tohigh-volatile B give way up-section to intermixedshale and sandstone bituminous. Reflectance gradients within stratigraphic sec- un.its, which probably represent levee andor crevasse-splay tions range from 0.057 to 0.119 per cent per 100 metres, deposits, which in turn are overlain by floodplain shales. with no systematic variations with geographic or structural The sequence may continue upward into intermixed shale position. At most locations, the lower part of the Mist and sandstone units or to coal. The coal-forming environ- MountainFormation contains coals of medium-volatile m”nt is believed tohave beenrelatively isolated from bituminous rank, typically with reflectance values of 1.3 to sources of clastic material. Coal deposition was generally 1.4 per cent, while the upper part contains coals of high- terminated bydrowning of the swamp, accompaniedby volatile rank, with values of approximately 1.0 per cent or de.position of fine-grained sediments. The portions of the less.At three locations, Crown Mountain, MountBanner Mist MountainFormation aboveand below 200 metres and Weary Creek, the coals of the lower part of the forma- abovethe base are not significantly different fromeach tion are of low-volatile rank. At one location, namely near other in terms of their statistical sequence models. Bleasdell Creek, the entireformation contains coals of high- Tonsteins are found throughout the Mist Mountain For- volatile rank. mation, fromthe basal coalzone to the uppermost part. Analysis of the reflecting indicating surface (RE) of Lateral continuity of 1.4 kilometres is demonstrated for two subsurface grab samples suggests that all the coals in the individual tonstein hands. Based on their petrographic tex- study area are biaxial. Several reflectance parameters gener- tures, chemistry and mineralogy, they are believed to be atedduring this analysis, including R,,,, R,, R,,,,, and primarily of volcanic or reworked volcanic origin. Essen- Re, are strongly intercorrelated, and any one would be an tially all are kaolinite rich, but one example,from Ewin acceptableindicator of rank variations. The R,, values, Pass, is poor in kaolinite and rich in the phosphate mineral representing the style of theRIS, range from -16.537 gorceixite. (biaxial negative) to +5.209 (biaxial positive). Neither R,, Vitrinite, with a range of51 to93 per centof total organic nor R,,, (am=reflectance anisotropy) appear to vary sys- material, is the maceral of greatest abundance in all channel tematically, with the possible exceptions that R, values on

85 basalsection coals may haveanomalously high negative A potentially wide variety of bituminouscoal quality values, and one R,, value from the immediate footwall of a types is available in the Elk Valley coalfield. Volatile matter thrust faultunusually is high. contents (dry, ash-free) of selected,bulk raw samplesfrom three propertiesrange from 20.9 to 30.9 per cent. Ash Evidence for the timingof coalification relative to S~NC- contents, on a dry basis, range from 6.5 to 33.1 per cent and tural deformationis not as marked in the Elk Valley sulphur contents are all less than or equal to 0.7 per cent. coalfield as it is in the Crowsnest coalfield. For example, there is no firm evidence for down-diprank increases in the Specifications of product coals from mines in the Elk Elk Valley coalfield. On the other hand, coal seams in the Valley coalfield also show a variety of coal-quality charac- hangingwall of the Ewin Pass thrust fault have lowerreflec- teristics. Volatile matter contents (air-dried) of coking coals tances than thoseat corresponding stratigraphic positions in range from 21 to 33 per cent, ash contents range from6.5 to the footwall. Moreover, the reflectances of coals at the south 9.5 per cent and sulphur contents are generally less than end of the GreenhillsRange, in thehangingwall of the 0.6 per cent. Free swelling index values of coking coals Erickson normal fault, are slightly lower than those in the range from 5 to 8. adjacent part of theAlexander Creek syncline structural Semicoking coal fromthe Fording River mine (two products) has 10 to 10.5 percent ash and 21 to 28 percent block. The RIS analvsis sumests that coalification~~ ~ was at~~~ ,~~" ~ ~ ~~ least partly concurrentwith compressional deformation. volatile matter. Taken overall, it is believed that coalification began before Volatile matter in thermal coal ranges from 17 to 32 per compressionaldeformation and continued until aftercom- cent, while ash contentsrange from 7 to 23 per cent. pressionceased, but was completedbefore the later exten-Specified sulphur values are 0.5 per cent, and calorific sional phase,consistent with conclusionsreached in the values, where reported, are close to 7200 kilocalories per Crowsnest coalfield. kilogram.

86 REFERENCES

Beavan,C.R. (1981): Ewin Pass Coal Property; Crows Nest Mountains; unpublished MSc. thesis, The University ofBritish Resources Limited, open tile assessment report, 43 pages. Columbia, 180 pages. Bouroz, A. (1962): Sur la Pluralit6 d'Origine des Tonsteins(A Dunlop, R.L. and Bustin, R.M. (1987): Depositional Environments I'ropos d'une CinCrite Oligoche du Japan); Annales de la of the Coal-bearing Mist Mountain Formation, Eagle Mountain, !iociPre! G4ologique du Nord, Volume 82, pages 77-94. Southeastem Canadian Rocky Mountains;Canadian Petroleum BrilishColumbia Ministry of Energ5 Mines andPetroleum Geology, Bulletin, Volume 35, pages 389-415. I?esources (1992):British Columbia Coal Quality Catalog, Eden,R.A., Elliot, R.W., Elliott, R.E.and Young, B.R.(1963): Information Circular 1992-20, 51 pages. TonsteinBands in theCoalfields of theEast Midlands; Bustin, R.M., Cameron, A.R., Grieve, D.A. and Kalkreuth, W.D. Geological Magazine, Volume 100, pages 47-58. 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(1989): Stratigraphy of the Mist Mountain Formation For Coal and Coal Products, Volume 1, Karr, C., Editor, Aca- (Jurassic-CretaceousKootenay Group) in the Elk Valley #lemicPress, New York, pages 27-81. Coalfield,Southeastern British Columbia; in Advancesin Davis, A. (1984): Coal Petrology and Petrographic Analysis; in WesternCanadian Coal Geoscience - ForumProceedings, 'Coal Geology and Coal Technology, Ward, C.R.. Editor,Bluck- Alberta Research Council Information Series, Number103, !we// Scienrtfic Publications, pages 74- 1 12. pages 24-41, Davis, J.C. (1973): Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology; John Grieve, D.A. and Elkins, P.R. (1986): Correlation and Comparison Wiley and Sons, New York, 550 pages. ofTwo Coal-bearing Zones Between Ewin Pass and Bare Diessel, C. (1982): An Appraisal of Coal Facies Based on Maceral Mountain, Elk Valley Coalfield, Southeastern British Colum- 'Characteristics; Australian Coal Geology, Volume 4, Part2, bia; in Geological Fieldwork' 1985, B.C. 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87 bia; B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, McCabe, P.J. (1984):Depositional Environments of Coal and Paper 1989-2. Coal-bearing Slrdla; in Sedimentology of Coaland Coal-

Grieve, D.A. and Pearson, D.E. (1983): Geology of the Greenhills bearing~~ Sequences, Rahmani, R.A. and Flores, R.M., Editors, Range, Elk Valley Coalfield; B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines Internationai Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publica- and Petroleum Resources, Preliminary Map 5 I. lion No. 7, pages 13-42. Grieve, D.A. andPrice, R.A. (1985):Geological Setting of the McCabe, P.J. (1987):Facies Studies of Coal andCoal-bearing South Half of the Elk Valley Coalfield, Southeastern British Strata; in Coaland Coal-bearing Strata, Scott, A.C., Editor, Columbia (Parts of82G/l5 and 821/2);B.C. Ministry of Energy, Geological Society, Special Publication No. 32, pages 51-66. Mines and Petroleum Resources, Preliminary Map 63. Mtriaux, E. (1972): Les Tonsteins de la Veine de Charbon No. 10 Hacquebard, P.A. andCameron, A.R. (1989):Distribution and (Balmer) B Sparwood Ridge dans le Bassin de Fernie (Colum- Coalification Patterns in Canadian Bituminous and Anthracite bie Britannique); in Report of Activities, Geological Survey of Coals; International Journal of Coal Geology, Volume13, Canada, Paper 72-18, pages 11-22. pages 207-260. Mkriaux,E. (1974): A Propos de QuelquesTonsteins Observes Hacquebard, P.A. andDonaldson, J.R. (1974): Rank Studies of dans les Veines de Charbon de la Formation de Kootenay en Coals in the Rocky Mountains and Inner Foothills Belt, Can- ColombieBritannique et enAlberta (Canada): in Reportof ada; in CarbonaceousMaterials as Indicatorsof Metamor- Activities, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 74-1, Part A, phism,Dutcher, R.R., Hacquebard, P.A., Schopf,J.M. and Page 7. Simon, J.A., Editors, Geological Society of America, Special Moore,L.R. (1968): Some Sediments CloselyAssociated with Paper 153, pages 75-94. Coal Seams; in Coal and .Coal-bearing Strata, Murchison, D. Horie,H. (Editor) (1988): 1988 Coal Manual; The TEX Report, and Westoll, S.T., Editors, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pages Ltd., 528 pages. 105-123. Hughes,I.D. and Cameron, A.R. (1986):Modelling Maturation Morris, R.J. and Grieve, D.A. (1990): Geology of the Elk Valley Regimes in the Kootenay Group, Alberta and British Columbia Coalfield, Northern Half (Henretta Creek to Elk Lakes); B.C. (abstract): in Proceedings,Western Canada CoalGeoscience Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resuurces, Prelimin- Forum, Calgary, Alberta, November 1986, page 29. ary Map.68. Huryn, J.A. (1982): Ewin Creek Coal Licences, Exploration Pro- Pearson, D.E. (1980): The Quality of Western Canadian Coking gress Report; B.C. Coal Ltd., open file assessment report, 22 Coal; Canadian Institute of Mining and Metaiiurgy, Bulletin, pages. Volume 73, pages 70-84. ICCP (International Committee for Coal Petrology) (1963): Hand- Pearson, D.E. andDuff, P.McL.D. (1977): Studies in the East book of Coal Petrography, Second Edition;Centre National de KootenayCoalfields; in Geology in BritishColumbia 1975, la RPcherche ScientGque, Paris, France. B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Irvine, J.A. (1972): Exploration Techniques, Upper Elk Coal Field, pages G94-G99. British Columbia; in Proceedings of the First Geological Con- Pearson, D.E. and Grieve, D.A. (1980): Elk Valley Coalfield; in ference on WesternCanadian Coal, Mellon, G.B., Kramers, GeologicalFieldwork 1979, B.C. Ministry ofEnergy, Mines I.W. and Seagel, E.J., Editors, Research Council of Alberta, and Petroleum.Resources, Paper 1980-1, pages 91-96. Information Series, No. 60, pages 9-24. Pearson, D.E. and Grieve, D.A. (1985): Rank Variation, Coalifica- Jansa, L. (1972): Depositional History of the Coal-bearing Upper tion Pattern and Coal Quality in the Crowsnest Coalfield, Brit- Jurassic-LowerCretaceous Kootenay Formation, Southern ish Columbia; Canadian Institute of Mining and Metaliurgy, RockyMountains, Canada; Geological Society of America, Bulletin, Volume 78, pages 39-46. Bulletin, Volume 83, pages 3199-3222. Pearson, I. and Murchison, D.G. (1990): Influence of a Sandstone Kilby, W.E. (1986a): British Columbia coal resource calculations, Washout on the Properties of an Underlying Coal Seam; Fuel, unpublished data. Volume 69, pages 251-253. Kilby, W.E. (1986b): Some Chemical and Mineralogical Cllarac- Poulton, T.P. (1988): Major Interregionally Correlatable Events in teristicsof Tonsteins and Bentonites in Northeast British the Jurassic of Western Interior, Arctic, and Eastern Offshore Columbia (930,P,1;94A); in Geological Fieldwork 1985, B.C. Canada; in Sequences,Stratigraphy, Sedimentology: Surface Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Paper and Subsurface, lames, D.P. and Leckie, D.A., Editors, Cana- 1986.1, pages 139-149. dianSociety of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 15, pages Kilby, W.E. (1988):Recognition of Vitrinite with Non-uniaxial 195-206. Negative Reflectance Characteristics; Inrernational Journal of Coal Geology, Volume 9, pages 267-285. Price, N.B. and Duff, P.McL.D. (1969): Mineralogy and Chemistry of Tonsteins from Carboniferous Sequences in Great Britain; Kilby, W.E. andOppelt, H.P. (1985):Numerical Depositional Sedimentology, Volume 13, pages 45-69. Modelling - GethingFormation Along the Peace River: in GeologicalFieldwork 1984, B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines Price, R.A. (19621): Geological Structure of the Central Partof the and Petroleum Resources, Paper 1985-1, pages 233-249. Rocky Mountains in the Vicinity of Crowsnest Pass; Alberta Society of Petroleum Geology, Journal, Volume No. 7, pages Langenberg, W., MacDonald, D. andKalkreuth, W. (inpress): IO, 341-351. Sedimentological and Tectonic Controls on Coal Quality of a Thick Coastal Plain Coal in the Foothills of Alberta, Canada; Price, R.A. (1962b): Femie East-half Map-area, Alberta and Brit- Geological Society of America, Special Paper. ish Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada, Preliminary Paper Leech, G.B. (1979): Kananaskis Lakes; Geological Survey ofCan- 61-24, Report and Map 35-1961. ada, Open File 634. Price, R.A. (1980): The Cordilleran Foreland Thrust and Fold Belt Levine, J.R. andDavis, A. (1989): Reflectance Anisotropy of inthe Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains; Geological Upper Carboniferous Coalsin the Appalachian Foreland Basin, Society of London, Special Publication 9, 22 pages. Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; International Journal of Coal Geology, Price,R.A. and Grieve, D.A. (inpress, a): TornadoMountain Volume 13, pages 431-373. (826/15); Geological Survey of Canada, Map.

88 Price, R.A. and Grieve, D.A. (in press, b): Fording River (82J/2); Smith, G.G.(I 989): Coal Resourcesof Canada; Geologicrrl Survey Geological Survey of Canada, Map. of Canada, Paper 89.4, 146 pages. Rapson,J.E. (1965): Petrography and Derivation of Jurassic- Spears, D.A. and Kanaris-Sotiriou, R. (1979): A Geochemical and Cretaceous Clastic Rocks, Southern Rocky Mountains, Canada; Mineralogical Investigation of Some British and Other Euro- American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, Vol- peanTonsteins, Sedimentology, Volume 26, pages407-425. ume 49, pages 1426-1452. Spears, D.A., Duff, P.McL.D. and Caine, P.M. (1988): The West Ricketts, B.D. and Sweet, A.R. (1986); Stratigraphy, Sedimentol- WaterbergTonstein, South Africa; Intemntionnl Journal of ogy and Palynology of the Kootenay-Blairmore Transition in Coal Geology, Volume 9, 221-233. SouthwesternAlberta and Southeastern British Columbia; Stott, D.F. (1984): Cretaceous Sequences of the Foothills of the Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 84-15. Canadian Rocky Mountains; in The Mesozoic of Middle North Ruby,C.M., Horne, J.C. and Reinhart, P.J. (1981):Cretaceous America, Stott,D.F. and Glass, D., Editors, Conadion Sociery of Rocks of Western North America - A Guide to Terrigenous Petroleum Geologisfs, Memoir 9, pages 85.107. Clastic Rock Identification; Research Planning Insriture, Inc., Ting, F.T.C. (1978): in AnalyticalMethods for Coal and Coal 100 pages. Products. Volume I, Karr, C.. Editor, Academic Press, New Schuller, A. and Hoehne, K. (1956): Petrographie, Chemismus und York, pages 3-26. Facies der Tonsteine desSaargebiets; Geologie, Volume 5, Walker,R.G. and Cant, D.J. (1984):Sandy Fluvial Systems; in pages 695-755. FaciesModels, Second Edition, Walker, R.G.,Editor, Geos- Siemers, C.T. (1978): Generationof a Simplified Working Deposi- cience Canada, Reprint Series I, pages 71-89. tionalModel for Repetitive Coal-bearing Sequences Using Field Data: An Example from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Williamson, LA. (1961): Tonsteins: A Possible Additional Aid to Formation (Mesaverde Group), Northwestern New Mexico; in CoalfieldCorrelation: Mining Magazine, Volume 104, pages Proceedingsof the Second Symposium on theGeology of 9-14. RockyMountain Coal, Hodgson, H.E.,Editor, Colorado Williamson, LA. (1967): Coal Mining Geology; Oxford Universify Geological Survey, pages 1-22. Pres, 266 pages.

89 APPENDIX 1 MEASURED SECTIONS -ELK VALLEY COALFIELD Mist Mountain Formation- Weary Ridge Section 1

Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval - (m) (m) SILTSTONB Fining upward; base of unit is top of Momssey Formation 0.0 0.5 COAL 0.5 1.1 INTERBEDDED SHALE ANDCOAL 1.1 1.6 MUDSTONE Silty 1.6 2.9 COAL 2.9 3.6 MUDSTONE Silty 3.6 4.2 SAP?DSTONEWITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fme grain& unit fmes to siltstone at top 4.2 5.0 BEDS SILTSTONE OVERLAIN BY MUDSTONE Siltstone: dark grey; mudstone: black; fining-upwardunit 5.0 5.4 COAL WITH SHALE BANDS Shale rare, in thin bands 5.4 9.5 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND-Siltstone: platy; sandstone: very fme grained 9.5 10.7 STClNE SIUSTONE WITH SANDSTONE INTER- Saidstone: very fme grained: orange weathering 10.7 15.2 BEDS MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: carbnace~us;black; siltstone: blocky 15.2 17.2 BEDS COAL 17.2 19.0 MUDSTONE Dark grey; rubbly 19.0 20.3 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE ANDSILT- Sandstone: fme grained; thingupward unit 20.3 22.7 STCINE SILlrSToNE Dark grey: recessive 22.7 27.1 SMDSTQNE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fme grained; siltstone: thin bedded 27.1 27.9 BEDS su~rsmm Calcareous and orange weathering at top of unit 27.9 29.0 MUDSTONE Dark grey; rubbly; recessive 29.0 34.5 SILIISTONE Calcareous and orange weathering at top of unit 34.5 35.8 NERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- Recessive 35.8 39.3 STClNE INTERBEDDED SILT- Sandstone: fme grained smNE SANDSTONE AND 39.3 40.3 SILISTONE WITH SANDSTONE INTER- Recessive; sandstone: fme grained 40.3 44.6 BEDS SILISTONE Carbonaceous; black 44.6 45.8 PARTLY COVERED Predominantly silty mudstone 45.8 47.8 MAINLY COVERED Carbonaceous interval, probably mainly coal in uppermost 47.8 49.3 lm SHPLE Carbnaceous 49.3 49.7 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE AND Mudstone: concretionary; siltstone and sandstone: two 49.7 53.7 smlDsTONE COUSNng-UpWard SeqUeKeS INI?ERBEDDEDSANLXTQNE AND SILT- C-dag-upward sequences of Siltstone to fine-grained 53.7 55.7 STONE sandstone SAhIDrnNE In p;a ripple cmsslaminated, in pan flaggy 57.7 60.7 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained; CaiCareoUS, orange-weathering 60.7 64.5

STONE~~~~ siilntone~ at ton PARTLY COVERED Predominantly siltstone 64.5 72.0 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONEAND SILT- Mudstone: black; silfstone:orange weathering 72.0 75.0 STONE PARTLY COVERED Predominantly siltstone; some interbedded fine-grained 75.0 76.5 sandstone near top INTI2RBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD 76.5 84.0 STONE MUDSTONE WITH COAL BANDS Mudstone: black ~bbly 84.0 86.2 INTERBEDDED COAL AND SHALE Shale: carbonaceous 86.2 86.8 COP& Hard: dull 86.8 90.0 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Fining-upward unit; sandstone: fine grained 90.0 92.4 BEDS SILlSrnNE Some distinct orangeweathering bands 92.4 94.2 MUDSTONE WlTH COALBANDS Mudstone: black; ~bbly;coal: bright 94.2 95.8 SILISTONE Dark grey 95.8 ,963 MUDSTONE Dark grey; carbonaceous 96.8 97.8 C0A.L Hard; mudstone parting 30 cm below roof 97.8 100.1 SILISMNE Dark grey 100.1 101.4 C0A.L Dull; hard 101.4 105.8

93 Lithology Description

SILmoNE WlTH MUDSTONE INTER- Mudstone: mbbly 105.8 107.1 BEDS SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fine grained 107.1 108.2 BEDS MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONEINTER- Mudstone: silty 108.2 109.7 BEDS INTERBEDDED SANDSlQNE AND SILT- Sandstone: fw grained 109.7 112.5 STONE MUDSTONE silly; myCarboMeeOUS 112.5 114.2 sILmNB Orange-weathering bed at base 114.2 114.9 SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- 114.9 115.6 BEDS INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- Mudstone: carbonaceous 115.6 117.1 SmNE MUDSTONE partCarbonaceous in 117.1 121.1 COAL Hard; dull 121.1 122.7 MUDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: grey; rubbly; siltstone: orange weathering 122.7 127.7 BEDS SANDSTONE Very fine grain4 orange weathering 127.7 128.3 MUDSTONE Dark grey; rubbly 128.3 130.8 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONEPART- Sandstone: fine grained 130.8 132.1 INGS SILTSlONE Dark grey 132.1 134.6 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained' &qk grey carbonaceous; silt- 134.6 139.6 STONE stone:grey light weathedng; mn sdned INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- All dark grey; mudstone at base, siltstone attop 139.6 143.0 STONE SILTsMlNE Orange-weathering beis 143.0 145.3 SANDSTONE Lower contact swd,fines upward, medium to fine 145.3 148.3 grained INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: finegrained 148.3 155.7 STONE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- 155.7 160.2 STONE MUDSlDNE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: mbbly; dark grey 160.2 167.2 BEDS SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: very fine grained 167.2 168.5 BEDS MAINLYCOVERED Robably mudstone 168.5 170.3 PAKlzY COVERED Predominantly coal 170.3 176.3 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- 176.3 181.2 SlUNE smmINTERBEDDED SANDSlUNEAND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained 181.2 182.7 SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fine grained 182.7 187.0 INGS INTERBEDDED SANDSlONE SILT- Sandstone: finegrained smm AND 187.0 191.5 SILTSTONE 191.5 193.5 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- Sandstone: fine grained smm. 193.5 198.0 MUDSTONE WITH COAL BANDS Mudstone: carbonaceous;blxk coal: bright 198.0 201.0 COAL 201.0 204.1 SILTSTONE Light grey weathering 204.1 205.5 llMEsmNE Lenticular pod; orange weathering 205.5 206.4 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: finegrained 206.4 207.1 INGS SILTSTONE WlTH SANDSTOM INTER- Siltstone: light grey weathering; sandstone: fine grained 207.1 213.2 BEDS INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- 213.2 216.0 STONE INTERBEDDEDMUDSTONE AND Mudstone: dark grey 216.0 218.5 SHALE~~~~~ COAL Very hard two 1 to 2 em thick tonsteins, 50 and 60 cm 218.5 221.7 below mk;both sampled MUDSTONE WlTH COAL BANDS Mudstone: black friable; coal:bright; tonstein (?) 30 cm 221.7 223.2 above base smmINTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- 223.2 227.7 PmYCOVERED Predominantly siltstone 227.7 230.7 COAL Hard; bright 230.7 231.5

94 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

MUDSTONE Rubbly: some concretionary, orange-weathering layers232.3 231.5 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained, ripple crosslaminated; siltstone: 232.3 233.0 SIroNE fissile SILTSTONE Brownish grey 233.0 234.0 PARTLY COVERED Predominantly dark grey and black, rubbly mudstone 234.0 246.0 SILTSTONE WITH SANDSTONE AND Siltstone: $“y brown; sandstone: very fine grained,249.5 mud- 2A6.0 MUDSTONEINTEXBEDS stone: dar grey MUDSTONE Dark grey; rubbly u9.5 250.9 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: very fine grained 252.6 250.9 SlroNE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE, SILT- Sandstone: very fme grained: siltstone: brown;mudstone: 258.1 252.6 SIDNEMUDSTONE AND black MUDSTONE Black; rubbly 259.2 258.1 COAL 261.0 259.2 MUDSTONE WlTH COALINTERBEDS Mudstone: black 261.0 262.5 MUDSTONE WlW SETSTONE IN’IBR- 266.5 262.5 BEDS INTERMIXED MUDSTONE AND SILT- Chaotic mixture of over and underlying units 267.9 266.5 SlDNE SILTSTONE Orange weathering; calcareous 269.4 261.9 MUDSTONE Dark grey; rubbly 270.4 269.4 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: very fme grained 271.9 270.4 SlrnNE MUDSTONE Grey; rubbly 273.4 271.9 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 273.4 274.3 COAL 274.3 277.1 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: brown; silty 284.4 277.1 BEDS SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONEAND Sandstone: very tine grained 284.4 291.7 SANDSTONE INTERBEDS PARTLY COVERED Exposures of siltstone and mudstone 295.7 291.7 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fme grained 295.7 291.4 BEDS INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- Recessive unit;, mudstone: in pat silty; siltstone:316.9 in part 297.4 STONE oranxe- weathennr COAL 317.0 316.9 IiiTERBEDDEDMUDSTONE ANDSILT- Mudstone: in palt black and carbonaceous, in pat326.9 silty; 317.0 SlYlNE siltstone: orange weathering SILTSTONE In part fissile, in part orange weathering 327.8 326.9 MUDSTONE AND SILTSTONE Same as unit underlvine, -. Dreviws 329.0 327.8 IXTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE, MUD- Sandstone: very fine grained 330.4 329.0 STONE AND SANDSTONE IKTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE, MUD- Sandstone: fme grained; reshicted to upper portion343.9 of unit 330.4 STONE AND SANDSTONE MUDSTONE Black; carbonaceous 345.4 343.9 IKTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fiegrained 346.9 345.4 SIXJNE COVERED Evidence of carbonaceous material (coal?) 348.4 346.9 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fiegrained slrow 351.0 348.4 SHALE Carbonaceous 351.4 351.0 COAL 358.9 351.4 MUDSTONE Silty; CX~MC~OUSat top 363.4 358.9 SILTSTONE WHSANDSTONE INTER- Siltstone: oranee weatherine: crosslaminated sandstone: 363.4 366.6 BEDS fine grained, crisslaminat& PARTLY COVERED Predominantly dark greybrown siltstone with dark378.5 grey 366.6 mudstone interbeds lNTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained s1Y)NE 381.2 378.5 SANDSTONE Fine grained; crosslaminated 383.5 381.2 SILTSTONE Dark grey; blocky 383.5 383.9 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- 383.9 388.3 STONE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fme grained 391.2 388.3 STONE INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Mudstone: black rubbly, concretionary layen; forms392.0 base 391.2 SHALE of unit: shale: blkk coal banded.. at IOD COAL 396.5 392.0 INTERBEDDEDCOAL AND SHALE Coal: 10 to 20 cm thick bands 396.5 399.5 MUDSTONE Silty; rubbly 399.5 402.5

95 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SILTSTONE Conlains 1 m diameter irregular bodies of orangeweather- 402.5 404.0 ing, calcareous siltstone SILTSTONE Contains orange-weathering, calcarms layers 404.0 411.5 SILTSTONE WlTH MUDSTONE INTER- Mudstone: silty 411.5 420.5 BEDS MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- 420.5 422.4 BEDS SHALE WITH COAL BANDS Shale: C~~~~MCWUS 422.4 422.9 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous; coal: beds up to 20 cm thick 422.9 423.8 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- Shale: black; carbonaceous; siltstone: dark grey; fissile 423.8 424.3 STONE COAL 4243 428.7 INTERBEDDED COAL AND SHALE Coal: beds up to 5 cm thick 428.7 429.8 MUDSTONE Silty 429.8 431.3 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL 431.3 432.1 COAL 432.1 433.1 MUDSTONE Rubbly 433.1 433.9 COAL WITH SHALE BANDS 433.9 434.6 COAL 434.6 437.2 SILTSTONE 437.2 437.8 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER-Sandstone: fine grained: orange weathering 437.8 438.7 BEDS SILTSTONE Contains orange-weathering layers 438.7 444.5 SILTSTONE Bluff forming; buff to orange weathering; calcareous, es- 444.5 449.7 pially in uppermost 1 m INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT-Mudstone: silty; siltstone: thin bedded, similar to underly- 449.7 453.9 STONE mg umt SANDSTONE Finegrained 453.9 454.7 INTERBEDDED MODSTONE AND SILT-Mudstone: silty 454.7 456.9 STONE SILTSTONE Resistant; similar to 444.5 to 449.7 456.9 458.6 MUDSTONE Dark grey; lubbly 458.6 460.1 SILTSTONE Resistant 460.1 461.1 MUDSTONE Dark grey; lubbly 461.1 468.6 SILTSTONE Resistant; orange weathering: similar to 444.5 to 449.7 468.6 469.4 MAINLY COVERED Siltstone ? 469.4 476.7 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- 476.7 478.9 BEDS MAINLY COVERED Siltstone and mudstone ? 478.9 487.4 MUDSTONE Carbonaceous zones 487.4 490.3 COAL WITH SHALE BAND Shale band near top 490.3 490.9 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER-Sandstone: fine grained, thin bedded 490.9 492.4 BEDS COAL 492.4 499.6 INTERBEDDED SHALE ANDMUD Shale: carbonaceous 499.6 501.6 STONE COAL WITH SHALE BAND Shale band 10 cm thick 501.6 503.4 MUDSTONE Silty 503.4 507.9 SANDSTONE Bluff forming medium and come grained: large-scale 507.9 513.0 crossbedded; ihickness a minimum

96 Mist Mountain Formation- Coal Creek Section 2

Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m) - .. .. INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE. SHALE Shale: carbonaceous coal: beds to 20 cm thick: base does 0.0 4.1 AN D COALAND not correspond with base of formation COAL Contains a 5 cm thick siderite band and 10 cm thick shale 4.1 5.3 Ihd." INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous; unit contains a 3.5 cm thick tonstein 5.3 6.5 COAL 6.5 9.1 SHALE Carbonaceous 9.1 9.7 COAL 9.7 12.4 SANDSTONE Mediumtine to rainedthin bedded to flaggy; low-angle, 12.4 16.6 large-scale cross%dded' INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Bedding thickness IO to 40 cm; sandstone: fme grained 16.6 31.4 SlONE SLLTSTONE WITH MUDSTONEPART- Spheroidal weathering 31.4 33.2 INGS MUDSTONE Medium and dark grey 33.2 43.2 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Thin bedded; sandslone: fine grained 43.2 45.9 SlONE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD 45.9 49.6 SlONE SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE AND Sandstone: tine grained, coal: concentrated near top of unit 49.6 56.6 COAL PARTINGS INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained 56.6 58.4 SlONE SILTSTONE WlTH SANDSTONEAND Sandstone: very fme grained 58.4 61.1 MUDSTONE INTERBEDS 1NTERBEDDEDMUDSTONE, SHALE Shale: cabonaceous 61.1 65.8 AND COAL COAL 65.8 66.3 MUDSTONE WTH COAL STRINGERS Mudstone: carbonaceous near top; coal: concentrated near 66.3 67.2 tnn ."Y INTERBEDDEDCOAL AND SHALE Coal: in beds up to 25 cm thick 67.2 68.4 COAL 68.4 68.8 SHALE Carbonaceous 68.8 69.2 MUDSTONE Orange weathering 69.2 70.3 COAL 70.3 72.5 SANDSTONE Fine grained; small-scale crnsslaminated; silty at top 72.5 73.9 COAL Hare hlwky; sheared 73.9 75.1 MUDSTONE Fe-rich near base 75.1 76.2 COAL 76.2 77.0 MUDSTONE WlTH COAL STRINGERS Mudstone: orange weathering; concretionary: coal: top 40 77.0 80.0 cm of unit COAL 80.0 81.7 MUDSTONE WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous 81.7 83.2 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fme grained, crosslaminated, flaggy 83.2 83.7 INGS SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE PART. 83.7 85.7 INGS SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- 85.7 88.2 BEDS SANDSTONE Fine gained; orange weathering; fines upward into overly- 88.2 90.9 ing unit INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE, MUD- Shale: carbonaceous 90.9 95.6 s1romAN~SHALE SHALE WITH COAL STRINGERS Shale: black; C~~~~MCWUS 95.6 97.9 BITERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- Coarsening-upward unit; mudstone overlies siltstone 97.9 99. I STONE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Fining-upwanj unit; sandstone: very fme grained, forms 99.1 102.2 STONE base of UN~;sdutone: forms top of unit INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Bedding thickness 20 to 70 cm 102.2 107.7 SrONE SANDSTONE Medium grained, tree casts; calcareous 107.7 108.7 SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE INTER- Mudstone: light gre weatherin occurs at top of unit; unit 108.7 111.0 BBDS contains large ironsfone concretons MUDSTONE WITH COAL INTERBEDS Coal: murs near top of unit 111.0 113.5

97 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m ) (m) (m)

INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Light rey weathering; fining-upward unit; sandstone:114.2 fine 113.5 STON E mame%STONE occursunlt at base of COAL 114.2 116.2 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD-Orange weathering: same unit across creek has sand lenses 116.2 130.7 STONE and beds INTERBEDDED SHALEAND COAL Shale: carbonaceous: coal: one 50 cm thick bed 130.7 132.7 MUDSTONE 132.7 138.1 COAL 138.1 140.0 MUDSTONE 140.0 140.7 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONEANDMUD- 140.7 145.6 STONE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND Shale: black; some carbonaceous 145.6 152.4 SHALE SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: very fine grained 152.4 155.4 INGS MUDSTONE WTH SILTSTONE INTER- 155.4 157.8 BEDS SILTSTONE WlTH MUDSI'ONE INTER- 157.8 161.4 BEDS MUDSTONE 161.4 161.9 COAL 161.9 164.6 MUDSTONE 164.6 164.8 SILTSTONE WlTH MUDSTONE PART- 164.8 168.2 INGS INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Finin upward unit; well laminated and cross laminated; 168.2 171.2 STONE sands%ne: very fine grained; occurs at base MUDSTONE Black at top 171.2 172.0 INTERBEDDED COAL AND SHALE 172.0 175.2 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Fining-upward unit' oran e weathering; sandstone: very 175.2 179.1 STONE fmegralned; forms base of unit INTERBEDDEDMUDSTONE AND Shale: carbonaceous 179.1 186.6 SHALE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD-Siltstone: blocky: calcareous, orange weathering at top of 186.6 191.3 STONE unit MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: in part carbonaceous 191.3 194.5 BEDS COAL 194.5 195.3 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- 195.3 196.8 BEDS SILTSTONE WITH SHALE INTERBEDS 196.8 198.6 MUDSTONE Concretionary layer at base 198.6 199.6 COAL Apparent faulting at footwall 199.6 204.0 SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE PART- Siltstone: in beds up to 40 cm thick 204.0 216.9 INGS INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 216.9 217.9 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- 217.9 219.3 BEDS SILTSTONE WlTH MUDSTONE INTER- Orange weathering 219.3 221.3 BEDS AND PARTINGS MUDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: dark grey 221.3 223.8 BEDS SILTSTONE WlTH SHALE PARTINGS 223.8 224.7 MUDSTONE Dark grey; fissile 224.7 225.8 SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: very fine grained 225.8 226.7 INGS SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE INTER- Mudstone: concEtionary 226.7 228.7 BEDS SANDSTONE WITH SHALE PARTINGS Sandstone: very fine grained 228.7 230.7 PART LY COVERED PARTLY Siltstone 230.7 231.8 COVERED Some siltstone exposed 231.8 238.8 PARTLYCOVERED Shale exposed, in part carbonaceous 238.8 244.1 SANDSTONE Very fine grained; orange weathering 244.1 245.2 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Siltstone beds up to 80 cm 245.2 249.9 STONE INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE, MUD- Shale: carbonaceous; cml: 3 beds, 10 to X) cm thick 249.9 255.9 STONE, SHALE AND COAL COAL Shaly at top and base 255.9 256.4 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE,SAND- 256.4 257.5 STONE,MUDSTONE & SHALE SANDSTONE Bluff-fonning: buff weathering; massive: calcareous 257.5 259.5

98 Ldthology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

COAL Very bright: gouge zone at lower wntact 259.5 261.4 NIIJDrnNE 261.4 262.5 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- 262.5 263.8 smm SUTSTONEWlTHMUDSTONE PART- Siltstone: medium bedded 263.8 266.8 INGS MUDSTONE Nbbly Silty: 266.8 267.8 SUTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE INTER. 267.8 271.2 BEDS AND PARTINGS INTERBEDDED COALAND MUDSTONE 271.2 272.8 SLTSTONE Orange weathering; calcareous 272.8 273.9 COAL Gouge zone at base 273.9 274.9 SUTSTONE Orange weathering: calcareous 274.9 276.2 COAL. Interbedded shale in basal half metre 276.2 279.5 R4RTLY COVERED Interbedded siltstone and mudstone 279.5 284.2 SANDSTONE Fine grained: thin to medium bedded; silty paaings near 284.2 287.7 10" COVERED Semi-recessive 287.7 293.2 SANDSTONE Medium grained 293.2 302.2 MUDSTONE 302.2 304.2 SANDSTONE Thickness aminimum 304.2 307.0

99 - Mist Mountain Formation- Mount Veits Section 3

Liithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (ml (m) INTERBEDDED SHALEAND MUD- Brown 0.0 7.8 SlDNE SHALE WITH SILTSTONE INTERBEDS Shale: black and brown; siltstone: ironstone concretions 7.8 10.4 SHALE Black; carbonaceous 10.4 11.6 SILTSTONE Fe-rich 11.6 12.3 SHALE WITH SILTSTONE INTERBEDS Shale: black 12.3 14.5 COAL Bright 14.5 16.4 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- Shale: black 16.4 17.6 SlrnNE COAL 17.6 18.3 SHALE Black and brown 18.3 20.9 SANDSTONE Fine tomedium grained; brown; laminated 20.9 21.5 SlLTSTONE Carbonaceous; in part Fe-rich 21.5 24.4 SILTSTONE Brown to black N.4 26.1 SHALE Carbonaceous 26.1 30.3 COAL 30.3 32.0 SHALE Black 32.0 33.7 JNTERBEDD SILTSTONEAND MUD- Brown yellow 33.7 34. I s:MINE SHALE Black 34.1 37.0 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fme grained, laminated; thin bedded, brown 37.0 40.0 REDS slwDsmm Medium lo coarse grained: grey salt and pepper 40.0 43.4 SHALE Black 43.4 46.6

INEXBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Laminated; brown 46.6 58.1 STONE SHALE Black; carbonaceous 58.1 60.9 SANDSTONE Medium-coarse grained; light grey salt and pepper: thin 60.9 65.9 bedded, laminated, erosronal ~ower’contact INTERBEDDEDSANDSTONE ANDSILT- 65.9 68.9 STONE SHALE Black 68.9 69.2 DRERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- 69.2 76.7 SIYINE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- 76.7 81.6 SIYINE SHALE Black 81.6 82.3 s.4NDsTONE 82.3 82.6 SHALE Black 82.6 86.0 COAL Hard 86.0 87.5 SHALE Black 87s 88.6 LWERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- 88.6 89.3 STONE IPRERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- 89.3 91.1 STONE SHALE Black 91.1 92.7 OOAL 92.7 95.2 SIHALE Black 95.2 99.9 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- 99.9 102.5 SIYINE SIHALE Black; carbonaceous 102.5 104.0 s.4NDsTONE 104.0 104.9 S!HALE WITH MINOR COAL INTER- 104.9 106.7 BEDS Fines upward; coarse grained at base 106.7 119.2 119.2 120.1 S!HALE Black 120.1 121.7 S.ANDSTONE Coarse grained 121.7 127.7

101 Mist Mountain Formation- Mount Tuxford Section 4

Lithology Description Top of Interval - (m) COVERED 0.0 9.0 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Brown 9.0 14.0 sTnm.. .. - COVERED 14.0 22.4 SEIALE 22.4 Black and brown 24.3 SANDSTONE Medium grained, laminated: grey brown 24.3 27.5 COVERED 27.5 35.5 COVERED Fine-grained sandstone float: brown; laminated 35.5 43.7 SANDSTONE Fine grained, laminated: grey brown 43.7 46.7 SPNDSrnNE 46.7 47.3 SHALE Black 47.3 48.1 COAL 48.1 48.5 SHALE Black 48.5 49.2 SPXDSTONE Fine grained: medium bedded: grey 49.2 51.6 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- 51.6 53.8 STONE INTERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- 53.8 56.2 STONE SPXDSTONE Fine grained: grey; thin bedded; laminated 56.2 57.5 INTERBEDDED SHALEAND SILT- Black 57.5 61.0 STONE SU~TSTONE Rusty 61.0 61.4 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- Black 61.4 63.2 STONE COAL 63.2 64.1

SHALE Black; carbonaceous 64.1 66.1 COAL 66.1 66.9 SHALE Brown 66.9 68.6 SPrnSTONE Brown and grey 68.6 73.9 INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE AND In part black 73.9 78.0 SHALE SANDSTONE WITH MINOR SILTSTONE Sandstone: fme to medium grained: thin bedded: grey 78.0 88.4 INTERBEDS INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Dominantly black 88.4 93.5 STONE INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Black 93.5 96.0 STONE SANDSTONE Fine grained,Bey 96.0 96.5 s70NEINTERBEDDED SHALE ANDSUT- Shale: black 96.5 98.5 COAL 98.5 99.5 SHALE Black 99.5 102.0 COAL 102.0 103.0 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- 103.0 108.3 SlONE SHALE Black 108.3 110.7 SPaDSTONE Fine grained: sandstone 110.7 112.6 SU-TSTONE Grey 112.6 113.6 SHALE Black 113.6 116.1 COAL 116.1 117.0 INTERBEDDEDSILSTSONE AND Black andbrown 117.0 118.3 SHALE SANDSTONE Fine grained: grey 118.3 121.9 SANDSTONE 121.9 123.1 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- 123.1 129.7 STONE SHALE Brown 129.7 131.8 SHALE Black; very coaly 131.8 134.7 SFLALE Black 134.7 135.5 COAL Very diny 135.5 136.4 SHALE Black: brown 136.4 139.1

103 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SANDSTONE 139.1 144.0 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- 144.0 148.0 STONE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONEAND SAND. 148.0 150.1 STONE SHALE Black 150.1 152.2 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONEAND SAND- 152.2 153.9 STONE SHALE Black 153.9 159.4 COAL 159.4 164.2 SHALE Black bmwn 164.2 167.2 SANDSTONE 167.2 176.1 SANDSTONE Rne grained; thin bedded, mey 176.1 188.1 SHALE 188.1 203.1 COAL 203.1 204.7 SHALE Black 204.7 207.9 COAL WITH SHALE INTERBEDS 207.9 210.6 SANDSTONE 210.6 211.7 SHALE Black 211.7 213.3 SANDSTONE Rne grained; brown 213.3 215.4 SHALE Blackto brown 215.4 219.7 SANDSTONE 219.7 224.0 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- Shale: bmwn 224.0 231.9 STONE COAL 231.9 232.4 SHALE Black carbonaceous 232.4 238.7 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND Rusty 238.7 239.8 SNDSTONE SANDSTONE Rusty brown 239.8 245.8 COVERED noat of siltstone and black shale 245.8 254.8 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- 254.8 258.6 STONE COVERED 258.6 259.5 COAL 259.5 260.9 SHALE Black C~~~OMCWUS 260.9 263.4 COAL 263.4 265.1 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND Brown 265.1 268.9 SHALE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDSAND Brown 268.9 277.2 STONE SHALE Black 277.2 281.7 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND-Brown; mty 281.7 288.6 STONE SHALE Black 288.6 300.6 COAL 300.6 305.8 SHALE Black 305.8 307.9 WmgEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND-Laminated 307.9 318.4 mRBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Brown and black 318.4 321.7 STONE INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Greyblack 321.7 338.0 STONE SHALE Black; some rusty siltstone 338.0 344.0 COAL 344.0 346.9 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDSAND 346.9 348.6 STONE SHALE Black 348.6 351.5 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- 351.5 353.2

STON@~~.~~ SHALE Black to brown 353.2 354.9 INTERBEDDED SHALEAND SILT- 354.9 357.8 STONE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDSAND- 357.8 368.2 STONE SANDSTONE Fine grained, brown; laminated 368.2 372.2 SANDSTONE 372.2 375.1 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND 375.1 378.0 SHALE SANDSTONE Rne to grained,medium laminated; brown 378.0 381.5

104 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m)

COAL 381.5 383.2 SANDSTONE Contains some chert pebbles 383.2 388.5 SANDSTONE Medium to coarse grained, grey 388.5 403.0 SAIWDSTONE Very coarse grained; red stained 403.0 417.5 COVERED Sandstone float 417.5 424.8 COVERED Siltstone and shale float 424.8 432.9 COVERED Shale debris 432.9 444.3 COAL 444.3 449.5 COVERED Possibly coal 449.5 45 1.7 SANDSTONE Laminated brown 451.7 453.8 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE, SHALE 453.8 465.8 AND MINOR SANDSTONE INTERBEDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- 465.8 468.2 STONE SAND~NE Brown and I,erev 468.2 480.2 SANDSTONE 480.2 487.8 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND 487.8 492.0 SHALE 492.0 494.5 COVERED Float of shale and siltstone 494.5 496.9 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE, SAND- 496.9 509.4 STONE AND MINOR SHALE SHALE Black 509.4 510.8 COAL 510.8 512.2 SANDSTONE Fine to medium grained; mediumbedded;grey: minor 512.2 523.5 black shale near top INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE. SAND- 523.5 532.9 STCINE AND SHALE COAL 532.9 533.3 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- 533.3 535.9 STONE SANDSTONE 535.9 537.3 SHALE 537.3 543.6 SHALE Black very carbonaceous 543.6 548.0 SANDSTONE 548.0 551.8 SHALE Brown 551.8 554.0 554.0 555.3 COAL 555.3 557.5 SANDSTONE WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Base of unit = EudMist Mountain contact 557.5 5m.0

105 Mist Mountain Formation- Greenhills Range

~~ Section 5

Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m) CO4L Base of unit =top of Morrissey Formation 0.0 1.o SEI'STONE WITH SANDSTONE INTER- 1.0 10.7 BEDS C0.4L 10.7 11.1 CCSVERED INTBRVAL 65.3 11.1 SANDSTONE Localty come grained, well crosslaminated 65.3 96.3 SETSTONE 96.3 115.0 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- 115.0 129.0 STONE SANDSTONE WITH MINOR SILTSTONE Resistant 129.0 157.0 MERBEDS SETSTONE 157.0 162.5 COAL 162.5 165.9 SETSTONE 171.9 165.9 SANDSTONE 171.9 200.0 SANDSTONE Intertedded... fine and medium -erained 200.0 206.0 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- 211.0 206.0 STONE sIL:rsmNE 211.0 218.0 COAL 219.8 218.0 SA ND STON E ReSistant SANDSTONE 219.8 235.0 INTERBEDDED snrsmNEAND SAND- 235.0 238.0 , STCINE COVERED INTERVAL 257.0 238.0 SANDSTONE Dark grey, fine grained 266.0 257.0

SANDSTONE 266.0 280.0 sumom Orange weathering 280.0 281.0 SILTSTONE Grey 281.0 285.0 SILTSTONE Orange weathering 285.0 286.0 SILTSTONE 286.0 296.0 COAL 296.0 297.5 COVERED INTERVAL Siltstone? 297.5 303.5 COVERED INTERVAL 303.5 330.0 SAKDSTONE Fine grained 330.0 333.0 COAL 333.0 335.2 COVERED INTERVAL 365.0 335.2 SANDSTONE Wrm SILTSTONE INTER- 365.0 379.0 BEDS SIL7STONE 379.0 381.5 COAL 381.5 382.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained: thinly interbedded unit 382.8 384.8 STONE SILTSTONE 384.8 391.0 COAL 391.0 393.4 SILTSTONE 393.4 394.0 SANDSTONE 394.0 454.5 SANDSTONE Fine grained 454.5 457.0 SILTSTONE 457.0 464.0 SANDSTONE Fine grained 464.0 468.0 SILTSTONE 468.0 469.0 SHR.LE Carbonaceous 469.0 469.3 COAL 469.3 470.0 COVERED INTERVAL 470.0 483.0 SANDSTONE Interbedded coarse grained and fine grained 483.0 494.0 INT€RBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fme grained 494.0 498.0 STONE SILTSTONE Orange weathering 498.0 498.1 srom1NTE:RBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained 498.7 502.0 SILTSTONE 502.0 502.5

107 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (rn)~, (m)

COAL 502.5 502.8 lNTEXBEDDED SILTSTONEAND COAL 502.8 503.8 SILTSTONE 503.8 506.6 COAL 506.6 506.9 SHALE CaKboilaCeOUS 506.9 507.6 COAL 507.6 510.4 SHALE 510.4 516.0 MUDSTONE Oranze weathering 516.0 516.8 516.8 519.8 COAL 519.8 521.0 SHALE Carbonaceous 521.0 522.0 COAL 522.0 523.4 SHALE Carbonacews 523.4 523.6 COAL 523.6 524.0 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- 524.0 533.0 STONE SANDSTONE Medim and fme grained 533.0 546.0 SILTSTONE Orange weathering 546.0 546.8 SILTSTONE 546.8 549.0 SANDSTONE 549.0 552.0 COVERED INTERVAL 552.0 565.0 SHALE carbonaceous 565.0 565.3 COAL 565.3 566.0 SHALE 566.0 566.3 COAL 566.3 570.3 SILTSTONE WlTH MINOR SANDSTONE 570.3 600.0 INTERBEDS SANDSTONE Fine grained 600.0 601.0 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 601.0 603.0 sumom EO3.0 W.0 SANDSTONE 604.0 610.7 SHALE 610.7 614.4 COAL 614.4 615.0 SHALE Carbonacews 615.0 615.6 COAL 615.6 618.6 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND Siltstone: orange weathering; blocky; shale: carbonaceous 618.6 621.0 SHALE COVERED INTERVAL 621.0 639.0 SANDSTONE 639.0 661.0 COAL 661.0 664.5 SANDSTONEWITH MINOR SILTSTONE Sandstone m pw carbonaceous; some sapmpelic coal 664.5 690.0 INTERBEDS SANDSTONE 690.0 692.0 SILTSTONE 692.0 694.0 COAL 694.0 695.0 SILTSTONE 695.0 695.5 COAL 695.5 696.0 SANDSTONE Basal unit of Elk Formation 696.0 700.0

108 Mist Mountain Formation- Burnt Ridge Extension Section 6

Lithology Description Base of Top of hteNd Interval (m ) (m) (m) COAL Base of unit wmsponds with the top of the Momssey 0.0 0.3 Formation INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDMUD. Siltstone: laminated; dark grey;mudstone: w grey; fria- 0.3 8.9 SPINE ble COAL 8.9 9.4 SILTSTONE Pan cahnacmus; part blocky, fissile and dark grey 9.4 11.8 COAL 11.8 ,12.1 MUDSTONE WITH SHALE LNTERBED Mudstone: veryfriable; thinly bedded: 25 cm thick concre- 12.1 15.3 tionary layei: shale: carbonaceous c0.m 15.3 15.5 SAI~STONE Medium grained (coarse at base). mediumto thick bedded, 15.5 31.8 medium to large-scale crossbedded,~ree casts SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER. Sandstone:vefine rained dark grelaminated: 31.8 38.8 BEDS blocky; thick be%& sihtone: &rangeweaering MUDSTONE Friable; carbonaceous 38.8 39.6 39.6 40.4 Siltstone and shale: dak grey to black 40.4 42.5 Coal 42.5 50.1 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDMUD.Siltstone dark.grey; mudstone vilrain stringers, large, 50.I 52.6 SKINE orange-weathenng wncrehons COAL 52.6 52.8 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Mudstone and shale: carbonaceous;coak bright: up to5 cm 52.8 53.5 SHALE WITH COAL BANDS thick SUTSTOF WLTH SANDSTONE "CON- Siltstone:gre /brown rubbly; sandstone: very fine 53.5 56.2 CRE!TlOW grained; convorUted Whng; rooted? SANDSTONE Medium & coarse grained (fine "ear top cross & parallel 56.2 71.7 WM masswe, ttun to medmm &led; plant casts suTsrom Blocky; dark grey 71.7 76.0 SUTSTONE Dark grey; friable 76.0 77.1

INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE ANDSUT- Sandstone: fme grained 77.1 80.1 STONE MUDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: silty; dark grey: friable 80.1 81.6

BEDS~~~ ~ INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fme grained 81.6 86.4 STONE MUDSTONE andgreyDark cahnaceousbase; at brownishandgrey 86.4 96.9 friable at too COVERED 96.9 105.4 SANDSTONE 105.4 108.9 108.9 113.5 MAINLYCOVERED Recessive;friable silytone mudstone;and locally carbona- 113.5 141.0 ceous (no coal); possrble fault attop INTFABEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND-Siltstone: firable; sandstone:fine grained; blocky 141.0 144.9 STOlW INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE, SHALb Shale: carbonaceous; wal: bright; beds up to IO cm thick 144.9 157.2 AND COAL COAL WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous; abundant in lower halfof unit 157.2 158.0 INTERBEDDEDMUDSIONE, SHALE Mudstone and shale: carbonaceous; siltstone:blocky; oc- 158.0 166.2 AND SILTSTONE CUTS near top of unit COAlL 166.2 166.5 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE, SHALE Mudstone:very carbonaceouslocall concretionary; 166.5 169.3 AND COAL shale: carbonaceous; coal: in & up to 10 cm INTRERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND Fining-upward unit; sandstone:fine grained, occurs at base 169.3 171.3 SILTSTONE of nrut INTERBEDDED MUDSTONEAND SILT- Mudstone andsiltstone: carbonaceous; coal: bright 171.3 172.3 STONE WITH COAL BANDS INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT. 172.3 184.3 smm~ COVERED 184.3 188.8 SILlXTONE Blocky 188.8 190.0 INTERBEDDED COAL, MUDWQNE Coal: beds up to20 cm thick mudstone and shalc carbo- 190.0 193.2 AND SHALE naceous

109 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

COAL 193.2 196.2 SILTSTONE 196.2 200.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- lhin to medium bedded, sandstone: fine grained 200.8 207.8 STONE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Recessive 207.8 218.3 STONE COVERED 218.3 220.4 COAL 220.4 221.7 MUDSTONE 221.7 221.9 COAL 221.9 223.4 MUDSTONE 223.4 224.6 SILTSTONE WITH SANDSTONE INI'ER- Sandstone: very fine grained 224.6 227.6 BEDS INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: C~~~~MC~OUS;CMI: beds up to 15 cm thick 227.6 228.4 MUDSTONE 228.4 229.3 SANDSTONE Very fine grained 229.3 230.3 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: carbonaceous near top 230.3 234.8 BEDS SANDSTONE WlTHSILTSTONEAND Vivain bands; sandstone: very fine grained; shale: carbo- 234.8 238.8 SH ALE INTERBEDS SHALE naceous SANDSTONE Fine grained 238.8 239.8 SANDSTONE Medium grained, large tree casts; thin bedded and flaggy 239.8 2A4.8 near top COVERED Medium-grained sandstone float; part recessive interval? 244.8 247.1 COVERED 247.1 248.6 SANDSTONE Fine to medium grained; thin bedded, flaggy; cmss- 248.6 252.1 laminated MAINLYCOVERED Recessive. upper 505% hefloat of siltstone and mudstone 252.1 275.6 and a fewkxposures of sdtstone INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: C~~~~MC~OUS 275.6 279.6 COAL 279.6 283.1 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONEAND Minorviuain bands; shale carbaonaceous 283.1 284.8 SHALE INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous; coal: in beds up to 50 cm thick 284.8 287.0 COAL 287.0 288.9 SANDSTONE Fine grained 288.9 291.9 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous 291.9 292.4 COAL 292.4 294.9 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandsmne: very fine grained 294.9 300.2 STONE INTERBEDDED COAL AND SHALE Shale: carbonaceous 300.2 301.8 SHALE CSboMWOUS 301.8 303.1 COAL 303.1 304.0 SILTSTONE Blocky 304.0 314.0 COAL 314.0 316.0 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous 316.0 317.0 COAL 317.0 317.9 SANDSTONE Very fine grained 317.9 319.1 SLTSTONE 319.1 325.5 COAL 325.5 330.0 INI'ERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous; cwl: bright 330.0 330.5 SLTSTONE 330.5 340.5 INTERBEDDED MUDSlONE AND SILT- Mudstone: silty 340.5 351.0 STONE INTERBEDDEDMUDSTONEAND Shale: carbonaceous; minor vitrain bands 351.0 357.4 SHALE INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 357.4 357.9 COAL 357.9 359.7 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bright 359.7 360.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- 'Ilinly intemedded, sandstone: very fine grained 360.8 365.5 STONE COAL 365.5 367.1 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- Mudstone: Nbbly; dark grey weathering; siltstone: dark 367.1 371.6 STONE grey weathenng SLTSTONE Blocky; orange weathering 371.6 373.0 MUDSTONE Friable; dark grey; in part carbonaceous 373.0 375.6 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- Sandstone: very fine grained 357.6 378.0 STONE

110 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SILIrsTONE Fissile 378.0 378.4 CO/\L WITH SHALE PARTINGS 378.4 379.9 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND COAL Siltstone: carbonaceous; coal: bright 379.9 381.1 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Shale: carbonaceous 381.1 382.6 STCINE INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 382.6 383.9 COAL Contains 3 to 4cm thick tonstein 383.9 386.7 MUDSTONE Friable 386.7 387.8 SEBTONE Crosslaminated 387.8 396.9 SEBTONE 396.9 399.9 IN?ERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 399.9 401.5 COAL 401.5 402.0 SHALE Carbonaceous 402.0 402.4 C0,4L 402.4 403.2 sIursmNE Crosslaminated 403.2 408.8 C0.4L 408.8 413.4 SEISTONE Carbonaceous at top 413.4 418.0 C0.4L 418.0 418.9 s~rsmm Thin to medium bedded; in pan crosslaminated 418.9 430.4 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous at base; crosslaminated 430.4 435.0 INTERBEDDEDSHALE, MUDSTONE Shale and mudstone: carbonaceous; coal bright 435.0 437.5 AND COAL SANDSTONE Very fine grained 437.5 438.0 SANDSTONE Medium to coarse grained 438.0 440.0 MUDSTONE Friable; dark grey: slightly carbonaceous 440.0 441.5 SANDSTONE Coarse to medium grained, cmssbedded, tree csts at base 441.5 444.5 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Bluff forming; sandstone: tine grained, platy; cross- 444.5 449.2 STONE laminated COAL 449.2 449.7 SANDSTONE Thickness a minimun 449.7 453.0

111 - Mist Mountain Formation- Imperial Ridge - Section 7

Lithology Base Description of Top of Interval Interval - (m) (m) SILTSTONE WITH COAL BANDS Siltstone: carbonaceous 0.0 1.5 SILTSTONE Grey; friable 1.5 7.9 SANDSTONE grained; Fine fissile 7.9 8.8 CI3AL 8.8 12.0 SILTSTONE Fissile 12.0 13.5 SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Thin bedded: sandstone: fine and medium grained 13.5 20.0 B:EDS SILTSTONE Carbonaceous at top 20.0 21.0 03AL 21.0 24.1 SILTSTONE 24.1 31.1 SANDSTONE Flaggy; finegrained 31.1 31.6 SILTSTONE 31.6 37.4 SANDSTONE Flaggy; finegrained 37.4 38.4 SILTSTONE 38.4 43.7 SILTSTONE In part carbonaceous 43.7 49.4 C'OAL 49.4 50.1 SHALE Carbonaceous 50.1 51.0 C'OAL 51.0 53.3 SILTSTONE 53.3 56.1 SANDSTONE Fine grained,flaggY 56.1 56.5 SIUTSTONE 56.5 68.3 SANDSTONE 68.3 69.0 SILTSTONE 69.0 76.4 SIUTSTONE mHCOAL NIERBEDS 76.4 78.4 C'OAL WlTH SHALE BANDS Shale: bands of 2 and 6 cm 78.4 81.9 SIUTSTONE Grey: in paR orange weathering: friable 81.9 87.1 SANDSTONE Fine grained; thin bedded 87.1 87.8 SIUTSTONE Dark grey 87.8 90.4 OOAL 90.4 90.9 SIUTSTONE Dark grey 90.9 93.4 SANDSTONE Medium grained: bedding thickness 5 to20 cm; resistant 93.4 125.5 S.4NDSTONE Fining-upward unit; fineto very fme grained 125.5 128.2 Sl&TSTONE 128.2 130.5 SANDSTONE Medium grained: crosslaminated 130.5 134.3 S:[LTSTONE Grey 134.3 137.5 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained 137.5 139.3 S'lQ'oNE Grey 139.3 143.7 Fine xrained, thin bedded 143.7 145.2 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- SiItsl&e: C~~~~MC~OUSat base. sandstone: fine grained; 145.2 157.2 HONE beddedthinexcevt in uvcer.. 2.5 h (UD0.75.. to m) S UTSTONE 157.2 162.1 S:UTSTONE Carbonaceous 162.1 163.4 COAL WITH SHALE INTERBANDS 163.4 167.5 COAL 167.5 173.9 S UTSTONE Dark grey; friable 173.9 184.8 SANDSTONE Medium grained: thin bedded;crossbedded, reiistant 184.8 214.4 S.4NDSTONEworn OVERLAIN BYSILT- Fining-upwardunit; sandstone: fine grained 214.4 216.7 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained 216.7 219.3 STONE Dark grey 219.3 223.5 Fine grained 223.5 223.8 Grey and orange weathering 223.8 232.4 S.4NDSTONE Fine grained: thin bedded 232.4 233.4 S:UTSTONE 233.4 235.9 S:[LTSTONE Carbonaceous 235.9 237.1 COAL 237.1 238.6 INTERBEDDED COAL AND SILTSTONE Siltstone: carbonaceous 238.6 240.4

113 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

COAL 240.4 241.7 JI INTERBEDDED COAL AND SILTSTONECoal: bands up to 20 cm 241.7 242.4 SANDSTONE bluff-forming grained, Medium 242.4 256.7 SANDSTONE Mediumbedded grained; thin 256.7 266.2 SANDSTONE Mediumchannel grained; crossbedded 266.2 275.9 SILTSTONE and Orange grey weathering 275.9 278.7 SILTSTONE 278.7 287.7 INTERBEDDED COAL AND SIETSTONE 287.7 289.1 COAL 289.1 289.9 SILTSTONE 289.9 290.6 COAL 290.6 291.0 INTERBEDDED COALAND SILTSTONE Coal: bright; siltstone: carbonaceous 291.0 292.5 SILTSTONE 292.5 292.9 COAL WITH SILTSTONE INTERBANDS 292.9 294.9 SILTSTONE 294.9 296.1 SANDSTONE Fine grained 296.1 303.0 WTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone:fine grained 303.0 307.2 STONE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDSAND 307.2 311.6 STONE INTERBEDDED COAL AND SHALE 311.6 312.6 SILTSTONE 312.6 314.6 SANDSTONE Fine grained 314.6 315.6 SILTSTONE 315.6 322.1 INTERBEDDED COAL AND SHALE 322.1 323.6 SILTSTONE 323.6 325.6 SILTSTONE Orange weathering 325.6 327.0 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained;beds up to 1.5 m thick 327.0 338.2 STONE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained; 2 bed m at base, 1m bed at top of 338.2 348.3 STONE unit INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: finegrained 348.3 350.7 STONE SILTSTONE Grey-brown and orangeweathering 350.7 356.6 COAL WlTH SHALE BANDS Best coal attop and bottom 1 m 356.6 360.1 SILTSTONE 360.1 362.1 SANDSTONE grained, Finebedded thin 362.1 364.1 SILTSTONE Somebeds orange-weathering 364.1 376.2 SILTSTONE friable Grey; 376.2 381.7 SILTSTONE 381.7 402.0 SANDSTONE Fine grained 402.0 403.2 MAINLY COVERED 60 cm coal exposed insmall trench 403.2 410.1 SANDSTONE Fine grained 410.1 413.5 SILTSTONE Friable; orange andbrown weathering 413.5 425.7 INTERBEDDED COAL ANDSILTSTONE 425.7 426.9 COAL 426.9 432.2 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained 432.2 444.8 STONE SANDSTONE Finegrained 444.8 445.5 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: finegrained 445.5 453.5 STONE SILTSTONE 453.5 456.5 SANDSTONE Fhe grained 456.5 451.8 SILTSTONE 457.8 459.8 COAL 459.8 460.2 SILTSTONE WlTH COAL BANDS Siltstone: carbonaceous 460.2 462.2 SILTSTONE 462.2 463.7 COAL 463.7 464.4 SANDSTONE Thin bedded; bluff forming 464.4 477.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: finegrained 477.8 486.0 STONE SANDSTONE Medium grained, thin bedded; bluff forming 486.0 495.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Fining-upward unit 495.8 500.0 STONE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Fining upward unit 500.0 506.2 STONE

114 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) Im)., ~~~~ ~~~ ~

SIIIALE 506.2 506.9 C'DAL 506.9 507.5 SHALE 507.5 508.2 SANDSTONE Coarse and medium grained 508.2 511.0 SANDSTONE Medium grained; thin bedded 511.1 514.2 PARTZY COVERED Predominantly brown-weathering siltstone 514.2 525.6 S:LTSTONEWITH COALBANDS Siltstone:carbonaceous; coal: bright 525.6 521.6 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained 527.6 557.5 SIDNE S.4NDSTONE Medium and coarse gained; thin bedded 557.5 561.3 S.4NDSTONE Medium grained; fining upward; flaggy near top 561.3 563.8 SANDSTONE Fine grained 563.8 565.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained 565.8 568.4 STONE SILTSTONE 568.4 576.4 S.ANDSTONE Medium grained: thin bedded 576.4 585.7 NIAINLYCOVERED Exposures of siltstone: carbonaceous zone 585.7 591.7 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained 591.7 597.1 STONE P.4RTLY COVERED Exposures of fine-grained sandstone and siltstone 597.1 612.1 NIAINLYCOVERED Small exposures of fine-grained sandstone 612.1 629.1 SANDSTONE Fine grained 629.1 630.6 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained 630.6 638.6 STONE SANDSTONE Finebedded grained; thin 638.6 641.0 Mist Mountain Formation - Ewin Pass Section 8

Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m) MUDSTONE Darkorange grey; weathering;rubbly 0.0 2.5 INTERBEDDED COALAND SHALE Shale: carbonaceous 2.5 3.5 MUDSTONE Carbonaceous 3.5 4.2 COAL 4.2 9.1 INTERBEDDEDSHALE ANDMUD-Shale: dark grey; carbonaceous; fissile; coal: bright 9.1 13.0 S'IONE WITH COAL BANDS SHALE WITHCOALINTERBEDS Shale: darkgrey; carbonaceous; fissile; coal: beds up to IO 13.0 15.7 cm thick COAL 15.7 21.0 COVERED Coal bloom 21.0 22.1 COVERED 22.1 23.1 PA.RTLY COVERED Exvosnres of rubbly siltstone 23.1 24.6 COVERED X.6 35.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Orange weathering; bed thickness 2 to 20 cm; sandstone: 35.8 40.1 SlONE fine grained COVERED 40.1 41.8 SANDSTONE WlTH SETSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fine grained, fissile to flaggy: laminated and 41.8 44.1 BEDS crosslaminated SILTSTONE Dark brownrubblybedded, thinto grey: 44.7 46.5 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained 46.5 41.5 SlONE INTERBEDDED SUTSTONE AND MUD- Mudstone: in part concretionary, orange weathering 41.5 51.9 SlONE SDLTSTONE Blocky 51.9 52.8 SHALE Carbonaceous; dark grey; fissile 52.8 53.0 SIILTSTONE Dark grey; orange weathering; concretionary; spheroidal 53.0 54.6 weathering

INTERBEDDED SHALE AND MUD- 54.6 55.8 STONE SU-TSTONE grey Dark to brown 55.8 58.0 SD-TSTONE rubbly grey; Dark 58.0 62.6 SILTSTONE Dark grey to brown; medium bedded; blocky 62.6 63.6 MIJDSTONE Dark grey 63.6 64.1 INTERBEDD SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 64.1 64.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: medium grained 64.8 65.4 STONE SA.NDSTONE crosslaminated andlaminatedgrained, Medium 65.4 66.1 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- 66.4 67.4 STONE SANDSTONE Bed tbicknqs 5 cm to 1 m variable grain size, medium 67.4 70.0 grained lammat&, fine grahed:flag= SUXSTONE Orange weathering; concretionary 70.0 70.8 SA.NDSTONE Fine grained; thin bedded 70.8 72.2 SAHDSTONE grained Medium 72.2 12.9 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: medium grained 72.9 75.9 STONE NI'ERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Orange weathering; sandslone:fine grained 75.9 79.1 STONE 79.1 80.9 SII.TSTONE wey: Dark I ~.oranee - weatherineI COVERED 80.9 83.0 INrERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Orange weathering; blocky; sandstone: fine grained 83.0 86.3 STON6 SII.TST0NE Dark grey; orange weathering; bl&ky 86.3 89.8 INI'ERBEDDED SHALE AND SILT- Shale: carbonaceous 89.8 91.6 STONE COAL 91.6 93.1 Sn.TSTONE 93.1 93.5 PARTLY COVERED Coal bloom; close to in-place 93.5 99.5 COVERED 99.5 113.4 MlJDSTONE Fissile; dark brown; rubbly 113.4 115.3 SANDSTONE Coarse to very coarse grainedplant casts andcoal string- 115.3 120.7 en; trough crossbedding; medium bedded

115 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SANDSTONE Coarse grained' carbonaceous; plant casts and coal string- 120.7 124.5 ers; thin bedded SANDSTONE Come grained; laminated: thick bedded 124.5 127.0 ' SANDSTONE Medium grained, flaggy 127.0 129.2 SANDSTONE Medium grained, massive 129.2 131.1 SANDSTONE Fine to medium grained, flaggy 131.1 132.4 SANDSTONE Medium and fme grained; lhick bedded 132.4 136.5 SANDSTONE Medium and fine grained; thin and medium bedded 136.5 139.6 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- 139.6 143.2 STONE SILTSTONE Part concretionary, orange weathering 143.2 143.8 SANDSTONE Fine grained 143.8 144.1 MUDSTONE Rubbly; concretionary layers 144.1 145.9 SANDSTONE Fine IO medium grained, orange weathering 145.9 146.7 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Part concretionary, orange weathering 146.7 151.6 STONE INTERBEDDEDMUDSTONE, SHALE Thin bedded', shale: carbonaceous 151.6 153.7 AND COAL COAL WITH SHALE BANDS One siderite layer 153.7 155.5 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 155.5 156.9 MUDSTONE Dark grey; rubbly 156.9 157.9 INTERBEDDED SHALE, SILTSTONE Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bed tbiclmess up IO 20 cm 157.9 162.5 AND COAL MUDSTONE Dark grey; orange weathering; part concretionary 162.5 168.9 INTERBEDDEDSANDSTONE AND Sandstone: blccky; mudstone: rubbly 168.9 173.3 MUDSTONE INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 173.3 173.6 COAL 173.6 176.4 MAINLY COVUlED Coal bloom 176.4 181.8 MUDSTONE 181.8 183.5 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: ripple crosslaminated 183.5 185.7 BEDS SILTSTONE WlTH MUDSTONE INTER- 185.7 187.8 BEDS INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained, cmsslaminated 187.8 194.8 STONE SANDSTONE Coarse grained; trough crossbedded 194.8 198.5 SANDSTONE Fine and medium grained; flaggy to crosslaminated 198.5 206.2 SANDSTONE Fine grained: flaggy 206.2 210.0 SANDSTONE Medium grained: thin bedded; laminated 210.0 216.5 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fine grained 216.5 223.8 BEDS PARTL Y COVEREDPARTLY Exposures of siltstone 223.8 225.7 COVERED 225.7 226.8 SILTSTONE Rubbly 226.8 227.5 COVERED 227.5 228.0 SHALE WlTH COAL INTERBED Shale: carbonaceous; coal 10 crn thick bed 228.0 229.0 SILTSTONE Orange weathering; fissile; mbbly 229.0 231.0 SHALE Carbonaceous: fissile 231.0 232.6 COAL Very poorly exposed 232.6 237.0 COVERED 237.0 239.3 SILTSTONE Dark grey 239.3 240. 1 SANDSTONE Medium grained 240.1 M.6 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained 240.6 244.7 STONE COVERED Float of material similar to underlying unit 244.7 254.3 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Thinly bedded unit; sandstone: fine grained 254.3 257.3 STONE PARTLYCOVERED Exposures of interbedded sillstone and mudstone; cm>20 257.3 262.3 thick coal seam mughly 1 m blow top of unit INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Orange weathering; rubbly 262.3 266.8 STONE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained: cmsslaminated 266.8 269.4 smm. INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE, MUD- Sandstone: fine grained 269.4 279.4 STONE AND SANDSTONE MAINLYCOVERED Exwsures of finwrained- sandstone and siltstone 279.4 285.9 SILTSTONE 285.9 287.2

118 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

COVERED 287.2 290.7 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND CON-Sandstone: wane grained; conglomerate: pebble clasts 290.7 291.4 GLOMERATE SAINDSTONE Coarsegrained; thin IO mediumbedded, in part massive, in 29 1.4 295.9 part lanunated SA:NDSTONEWITH CONGLOMERATE Sandstone: come grained; Carbonacwus; conglomerate: 295.9 298.6 LENSES pebble clasts WYDSTONE Coarsegrained; thin bedded; trough crosslaminated; paral- 298.6 300.5 lel-laminated near top SA'!4DSTONE grained Medium 300.5 305.4 MAINLY COVERED Small exposures and float ofsiltstone 305.4 307.2 SA:VDSTONE WTH SILTSTONE PART Sandstone: fme grained; thin bedded 307.2 312.2 INGS MLIDSTONE Carbonaceous 312.2 314.3 COAL 314.3 315.8 SILTSTONE In part cahnaceous 315.8 316.2 COAL 316.2 317.5 SAIUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fine grained, thin bedded; crosslaminated 317.5 318.5 INGS SETSTONE 318.5 320.2 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale:carbonaceous 320.2 321.8 INTERBEDDSHALE AND COAL Thinlybedded unit: shale: carbonaceous 321.8 322.8 COAL 322.8 323.5 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Dark grey 323.5 324.6 STONE MUDSTONE 37.4.6 326.0 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- 326.0 327.7 STONE SANDSTONE grained Fine 321.7 332.4 MDDSTONE weathering; Orange concretionary. 332.4 332.9 SANDSTONE WTH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: medium frai~ed,with some fine-grained sand- 332.9 333.4 BEDS stone partmgs; cross ammated SICKSTONE WITH SANDSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fme grained; thin beds 333.4 336.8 BEDS INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND COALMudstone: carbonaceous 336.8 341.0 SKrSTONE 341.0 341.9 SAlrlDSTONE WITH SILTSTONEPART- Sandstone: fine to medium grained, thin bedded: cross- 341.9 342.8 INGS hliMIed sIcrsmm weathering orange grey; Dark 342.8 348.3 c0.a 348.3 350.1 PARTLY COVERED Some rubbly mudstone exposed 350.1 360.3 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- 360.3 364.5 INCiS COVERBD Float of siltstone and mudstone 364.5 371.5 smssToNE 371.5 376.5 COAL 376.5 379.0 PARlLY COVERED Exposures of Nbbly mudstone 379.0 384.5 SKISTONE Orange weathering 384.5 386.0 PARTLY COVERED Exposures of rubbly mudstone 386.0 392.0 SUBTONE Dark grey; blocky 392.0 393.3 COVERED Float of fine-grained rocks 393.3 403.8 C0.4L 403.8 416.8 MUDSTONE WITH COAL STRINGERS Mudstone: rubbly; coal: confined to top of unit 416.8 418.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Graded unit; dark grey; sandstone: fine grained 418.8 420.6 STONE COAL 420.6 422.1 SHALE WITH COALINTERBEDS Shale: carbmaceous 422.1 425.7 SANDSTONEWITH SUTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fme grained 425.7 426.3 INGt (ONE) INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 426.3 426.6 SANDSTONE Very fi,ne weathering;grained;orangecross- ripple 426.6 429.5 lamnatlons SHALE Carbonaceous 429.5 430.3 suxsTom weathering Orange 430.3 431.3 SHALE Carbonaceous 431.3 431.8 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Grey; orange weathering 431.8 446.4 BEDS SANDSTONEVery crosslaminatedgrained; fine 446.4 447.7

1 I9 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SILTSTONE Dark brown 446.6 448.1 SHALE Carbonaceous 448.1 448.5 SILTSTONE Mainly massive; some laminated 448.5 450.2 MUDSTONE In pari carbonaceous; fissile to thin bedded 450.2 451.5 SILTSTONE Orange weathering; plant fossils 451.5 452.1 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceo&. 452.1 452.6 MUDSTONE 452.6 453.0 SHALE WITH COAL INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous 453.0 453.7 SANDSTONE Very fine grained: crosslaminafed 453.7 454.3 MUDSTONE Dark grey to brown: fissile 454.3 455.0 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDMUD- Siltstone: blocky 455.0 457.3 STONE SHALE WITHCOAL INTERBEDS 457.3 457.9 MUDSTONE Rubbly 457.9 459.6 MUDSTONE Orange and red weathering; concretionary 459.6 462.6 SHALEWITHCOALINTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous; coal: beds up to 20 cm thick 462.6 465.1 SILTSTONE Dark grey to brown 465.1 466.4 SANDSTONE Medium grained: ripple crosslaminated 466.4 467.7 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous 467.7 468.0 COAL 468.0 468.3 SILTSTONE 468.3 469.0 SILTSTONE WlTH SANDSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fine grained 469.0 469.7 BEDS SANDSTONE Medium grained: thin bedded 469.7 471.1 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous 471.1 472.3 MUDSTONE Part concretionary 472.3 473.2 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Thinly bedded unit; sandstone: fine grained 473.2 474.2 STONE INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 474.2 475.0 SANDSTONE Medium grained; fines upward; crossbedded; coal string- 475.0 477.6 ers INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Fining upward unit: sandstone: fme grained 477.6 478.5 STONE SILTSTONE Dark grey 478.5 479.1 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous; darkwhife grey: weathering; contains mot- 479.1 479.4 lets COAL 479.4 480.0 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Thinly bedded 480.0 481.5 STONE SILTSTONE 481.5 482.9 MUDSTONE Fissile 482.9 484.1 SANDSTONE Very fine grained 484.1 484.4 SILTSTONE Dark grey 484.4 484.6 SHALE Carbonaceous 484.6 486.8 SANDSTONE Mediumto coarse rained trough crossbedded; plant 486.8 490.0 casts; cod stringers; &c!ads a rmnlmum

I20 Mist Mountain Formation- Burnt Ridge

~~~ Section 9

Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval Interval - (m) (m) CCIAI. 0.0 0.9 SlI>WTONE 0.9 2.6 COAL 2.6 3.6 INI‘ERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 3.6 4.2 COAL 4.2 4.5 SII.TSTONE 4.5 4.7 WPERBANDED COAL ANDSHALE Shale: carbonaceous 4.7 5.0 SHALE Carbonaceous 5.0 5.2 COAL Contains two siderite bands 5.2 10.2 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 10.2 10.7 SHIALE Carbonaceous; thin bedded 10.7 11.6 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONEINTER- Mudstone: dark grey to brown weathering; suongly frac- 11.6 17.3 BE:DS tured, siltstone: near base of unit SLTSTONE Orange wealhering 17.3 17.5 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- 17.5 18.7 STONE MIJDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE BAND Siltstone: orange weathering 18.7 22.0 (ONE). ~, MIJDSTONE Orange weathering; concretionary 22.0 22.5 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- 22.5 24.0 STONE MUDSTONE 24.0 26.0 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Siltstone: crosslaminated 26.0 28.1 STDNE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Finin upward unit; sandstone: medium grained at base; 28.1 28.8 STONE cross%Anated

MUDSTONE WITH SETSTONE INTER- 28.8 29.5 BED (ONE) MIJDSTONE Includes orange-wealherina. concretionary bands 29.5 32.6 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Fining-upwa;unic sandstane: medium grained at base 32.6 34.0 STONE MUDSTONE 34.0 34.3 SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE INTER- Siltstone: orange weathering; blocky 34.3 36.3 BEDS COVERED 36.3 39.8 SANDSTONE Medium grained; crosslaminated 39.8 40.5 PARTLY COVERED Coaly interval: coal bloom; about 1 m coal exposed at top 40.5 43.5 of urn1 SANDSTONE WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Fine grained; flaggy; shale: carbonaceous 43.5 45.0 SANDSTONE Coarse grained; carbonaceous 45.0 45.8 SILTSTONE Friable 45.8 47.7 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: very fine grained 41.7 49.2 STONE SANDSTONE Fine grained, flaggy 49.2 55.2 SANDSTONE Mediumgrained at base, fine grained at top; cross- 55.2 58.1 laminated COVERED cleanFloat of medium-grained, massive sandstone coal 58.1 84. I bloom at top df interval: equivalent to sandstone cliff M.41NLY COVERED Ex...Po.”. SUES of sandstone in uppermost few metres of inter- 84.1 97.6 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- 97.6 98.8 SlDNE SILTSTONE Orange weathering 98.8 99.5 SILTSTONE Dark grey; orange weathering; intensely fractured 99.5 105.3 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: medium grained; crosslaminated 105.3 106.3 STONE MUDSTONE Part carbonaceous, part concretionary 106.3 108.5 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND COALMudstone: carbonaceous; coal: in beds up to 15 cm thick 108.5 109.6 MUDSTONE Concretionaly; orange weathering 109.6 110.0 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Fining-upwad unit; siltstone at base 110.0 112.0 STONE COAL WITH SHALE BANDS Shale: carbonaceous; up to 0.2 m thick 112.0 113.1 S ILTSTON E Brown;SILTSTONE orange weathering 113.1 115.2

121 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m) (m)

SILTSTONE Darkorange grey; weathering;in pan CX~~MC~OUS 115.2 121.4 COAL WITH SHALEINTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous; mainlyat base of unit 121.4 124.4 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND COAL Siltstone: carbonaceous;blocky 124.4 125.3 COAL 125.3 128.0 COVERED coal? 128.0 129.5 MUDSTONE carbonaceousgrey; Dark at unittop of 129.5 135.6 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Several fining-upward sequences; overall unit is fining 135.6 137.9 STONE . upward MUDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: dark grey; rubbly 137.9 143.8 BEDS SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE INTER- Siltstone: blocky 143.8 144.7 BEDS MUDSTONE grey-yellow Dark orange to weathering 144.7 150.1 MUDSTONE WITH COALINTERBEDS Mudstone: carbonaceous 150.1 152.4 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone:fine grained; crosslaminated;bed thickness up 152.4 154.7 STONE to 0.25 m INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Composedpf threqorfour fining-ppwardsequences; sand- 154.7 156.6 STONE stone: medmm gamed: crosslammated MUDSTONE Dark grey; orange, concretionary layer at base 156.6 158.0 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Finin upward sequences; sandstone: medium grained; 158.0 159.4 STONE trougicrosslaminated; bedslo up 40 cm; siltstone: dark grey SHALE Carbonaceous 159.4 160.1 COAL 160.1 160.8 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 160.8 162.6 MAINLY COVERED Exposures of siltstone 162.6 166.0 SANDSTONEFining-upward mediumgrainedat unit; base, very fine 166.0 167.2 grained at top:Crosslamlnated INTERBEDDED COAL AND SHALE Shale:carbonaceous 167.2 168.1 MUDSTONE mbbly Dark grey; 168.1 169.4 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous;coal: forms top 40 cm of unit 169.4 170.7 MUDSTONE Brownish grey; rubbly 170.7 174.9 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale:carbonaceous 174.9 175.7 COAL 175.7 176.6 MUDSTONE In palt carbonaceous 176.6 179.2 COAL 179.2 183.1 INTERBEDDEDCOAL AND SHALE Beds up to 40 cm thick; shale: carbonaceous 183.1 185.4 COAL WITH SHALE BANDS Shale: bands from 2 to 5 cm thick 185.4 186.8 MUDSTONE WlTH COAL BANDS Mudstone: carbonaceous; dark grey to black; coal: bright 186.8 187.8 SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE INTER- Dark brown; orange weathering 187.8 190.8 BEDS MUDSTONE Fissile; dark grey 190.8 193.6 SILTSTONE Brownish grey; thinbedded 193.6 197.5 SILTSTONE Orange weathering; pan crosslaminated; bed thickness up 197.5 203.5 to 50 cm MUDSTONE Part carbonaceous;dark grey 203.5 204.8 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND MUD- Shale: C~~~~MC~OUS 204.8 207.4 STONE WITH COAL MUDSTONE Brownish grey; rubbly; massive; siltytop near 207.4 214.6 SANDSTONEMediumto coarse grained,; crosslaminatedpor-lower in 214.6 220.9 tion; tree casts and coal stnngers near base COVERED 220.9 227.9 SANDSTONE Very fine grained:greyish brown 227.9 228.4 COVERED 228.4 231.3 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Fining-upward unit; all dark grey 231.3 234.3 STONE COVERED 234.3 235.2 COAL 235.2 235.5 INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE AND Shale: carbonaceous 235.5 237.4 SHALE COAL 237.4 246.3 SHALE Carbonaceous 246.3 246.5 COAL 246.5 247.9 SILTSTONE Laminated 247.9 250.2 MUDSTONE Dark grey 250.2 250.7 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Thinly bedded: finer at top; well laminated 250.7 257.5 STONE SILTSTONE Orange weathering;thin beddedto thick 257.5 259.7

I22 L ithology Description Lithology Base of Top of InteNd Interval

INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Fining-upward unit; siltstone: thin bedded 259.7 263.9 STCINE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Fining-upw@ unit;laminated and crosslaminated, sand- 263.9 265.9 STCINE stone: fme gmned INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Mudstone: fissile; siltstone: orange weathering; parallel- 265.9 270.2 STCINE laminated SILISTONE Laminated; greyish brown 270.2 271.9 MUDSTONE WITH COAL BAND(ONE) 271.9 273.1 SILTSTONE Parallel and crosslaminated; orange weathering 273.1 274.1 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Shale: carbonaceous 274.1 279.6 SHALE WlTH COAL BANDS MUDSTONE WlTH COALBANDS Mudstone: carbonaceous: coal:in bands up to 10 cm thick 279.6 280.5 COAL 280.5 281.5 MUI2STONE WITH COALINTERBEDS Mudstone: carbonaceous 281.5 283.3 MUDSTONE WITH COALINTERBEDS Mudstone: carbonaceous 283.3 284.4 MUDSTONE Dark grey 284.4 287.4 smmINTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: medium grained, laminated andcrosslaminated 287.4 290.0 COVERED 290.0 293.0 MAINLYCOVERED Exposures of dark grey siltstone 293.0 294.3 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Fining-upward sequences; both ,@pes dark grey; sand- 294.3 295.6 STONE stone: very fme gram* crosslammated SILISTONE Dark grey 295.6 296.5 INTERBEDDEDSANDSTONEANDSILT-Fining-upward qit; sandstone: oran e weathering; fme 296.5 298.9 STONE grained; msslam~nated;siltstone: darg grey COVERED 298.9 299.8 SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE INTER- Recessive: siltstone: darkgrey; mudstone: orange weather- 299.8 310.9 BEDS mg: wncreuonary MUIXTONE In part carbonaceous; darkfissile grey: 310.9 315.8 MAINLY COVERED Coal seam included 315.8 320.8 MAINLYCOVERED Exposures of interbedded siltstone and mudstone 320.8 324.7 SILlSTONE Dark grey; fissile 324.7 326.0 INTIZRBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- Coarsening-upward unit silgtone: dark grey; part fissile; 326.0 328.7 STONE sandstone: fine grand, iammated SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE ETIER- Sandstone: maid medium grained, carbonaceous at base 328.7 335.5 BEDS of unit; laminatd siltstone: dark grey SANDSTONEVery fine grained, thin bedded; dark grey 335.5 336.9 SAKDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: medium grained; resistant: outcrop weathers 336.9 346.7 BEDS red; thln Wed, vltraln partlngs COVERED 346.7 347.2 COAL 347.2 354.6 MUDSTONE Fissile 354.6 355.6 COAL Bright; well banded 355.6 356.7 SILTSTONE Grayish brown: thin to medium bedded 356.7 358.0 COAL 358.0 359.4 PAKILYCOVERED Exposures of,carbonaceous siltstone, siltstonemud- and 359.4 372.7 stone (ascendmg order) INTERBEDDED SILTSTONEAND MUD- 374.1 373.9

STONE~ ~~~ SILTSTONE WITH COALINTERBEDS Siltstone: carbonaceous 373.9 374.6 MUDSTONE Part carbonaceous:part concretionary and orange weather- 374.6 382.2 ing; fissile SILTSTONE Well laminated, orange weathering 382.2 383.7 SANDSTONE Mediumped;bedded thin to flaggy; ripple drift cross- 383.7 386.1 laminat INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEANDSILT- Fi%ng-upward unit, orange weatherin%; sandstone: fme 386.1 388.2 STONE grad PAKEY COVERED Predomingtly siltstone 388.2 390.8 PARI'LYCOVERED Carbonaceous zone; about M) cm of coal at top of interval 390.8 392.3 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous 392.3 393.3

COVERED-.. -. " 393.3 396.2 SANDSTONE Medium to warse grained; trough cmssbedded; plant casts 396.2 398.6 and coal stringers near base SANDSTONE Medium grained, thin bedded 398.6 403.0 SANDSmNE Fine grained, orange weathering at base; medium grained 103.0 405.9 overlying: crosslaminated COVERED Fine grained rocks in top of unit? 405.9 420.7 COAL WITH SANDSTONE INTERBED Sandstone: fme grained, 25 cm thick bed, 2 m above base 420 7 432.5 (ONE)

123 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SILTSTONE base Dark brown;at carbonaceous 433.2 432.5 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained; laminated and crosslaminated,437.2 4 433.2 STONE to 20 cm thick beds SANDSTONE Medium grained; crosslaminated;thin to medium bedded 437.2 442.1 SANDSTONE Medium mined: thin bedded.. ride.. cmslaminated 442.1 449.9 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE lNTER. Sandsto& fine &ned 449.9 457.4 BEDS COVERED 457.4 463.1 SILTSTONE Crosslaminated 463.1 465.8 COVERED 465.8 491.3 COVERED Carbonaceous bloom at top 491.3 495.3 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: medium grained to fine grained(gradational); 495.3 499.7 "_REDS . lhin bedded to flaggy;siltstone: near top sILmNE Blocky 499.7 503.6 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fine grained, crosslaminated 503.6 505.0 BEDS COVERED Coal bloom in top5 m 505.0 523.1 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fine grained,thin bedded 523.7 534.8 INGS SILTSTONE Thin Wed, orange weathering 534.8 538.9 COVERED 538.9 540.2

COAL~~~~~ 540.2 545.1 MAINLY COVERED Coal uncovered at three locations 545.1 548.1 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- Mudstone: &naceous 548.1 549.8 STONE COVERED Float of siltstone 549.8 553.1 MUDSTONE Rssile; darkgrey: some orangeweathering andconcretion- 553.7 561.5 ary SHALE Carbonaceous; fissile 561.5 562.2 COAL Dull; diny 562.2 568.9 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fine grained; cmsslaminated,blocky 568.9 573.4

INGS~~ COVERED 573.4 576.4 SANDSTONE Medium grained; thin bedded to flaggy;crosslaminated 576.4 579.4

124 Mist Mountain Formation- Burnt Ridge South Section 10

Litliology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m) COVERED Recessi,ve; carbonaceousmaterial in burrow; Moose 0.0 3.0 Mountam Member SANDSTONE Medium grained, well laminated, thin to medium Wed, 3.0 11.0 upper Moose Mountain Formation COAL 12.1 11.0 SHALE WITH COAL INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous 19.5 12.1 COAL 19.5 20.8 SHALE WITH COAL INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous; coal: thin beds 20.8 22.5 PAR.TLY COVERED Predominantly coal 26.1 22.5 COVERED 26.1 38.1 SANDSTONE Bluff-forming unit; medidcoarse grained, trough and 38.1 51.6 planar crossbedded, flaggy near top COVERED Float of fine-grained sandstone in lowest paion71.1 51.6 PAR!lZY COVERED Float of siltstone and shale; shale: carbonaceous;83.1 concen- 71.1 trated in upper part of inlCNa1 SANDSTONE Medium to coarse grained; medium bedded;93.6 well lami- 83.1 nated and low-angle crosslaminated; plant casts COVERED 137.1 93.6 MAINLY COVERED Siltstone exposures; carbonaceous at base and top 140.6of inter- 137.1 val COAL 142.9 140.6 COVEmD Carbonaceous material (shale and coal?) dug out 144.6 142.9 SANDSTONE Fine to mediumgrained, thin bedded;laminated and157.5 cross- 144.6 laminated SErSToNE Recessive 163.1 157.5 INTWlBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Fining:upward unit; sandstpne: very fine grained;169.4 dak 163.1 STONE grey; sdtstone: dark grey; fnable near top COAL 172.4 169.4

COAL Alternating dull (dirty) and bright 172.8 172.4 COAL Dull; thin banded 174.6 172.8 COAL Alternating dull (dirty) and bright 175.3 174.6 SETSTONE Dark grey; friable 177.2 175.3 COAL Alternating dullbright (dirty) and 178.6 177.2 SETSTONE Dark grey; friable; carbnaceous in lower portion 186.2 178.6 COAL 188.0 186.2 COI\L Alternating dull (dirty) and bright 188.4 188.0 COAL 189.9 188.4 COAL Dull (dirty) 190.6 189.9 COAL 193.0 190.6 COAL Alternating dullbright (dirty) and 193.0 193.9 SETSTONE Semirecessive; in pan friable 193.9 205.9 SETSTONE Recessive; in part friable 205.9 214.4 COAL WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous; beds up to IO cm thick 219.2 214.4 INTERBEDDEDSHALE ANDCOAL Shale: carbonaceous 221.1 219.2 SANDSTONE WITH SiLTSToNe INTER- Finin u ward unit; sandstone: fme grained: cross lami- 221.1 237.4 BEDS natd3stone: m part calcareous SILTSTONE Friable; dark grey 240.1 237.4 SANDSTONE Very fine mined; dark grey; thin bedded 240.1 240.9 SErSTONE WTI'HSANDSTONE WTER- Sandstone: ve fme rained; concentratedneartopofunit; 240.9 2.44.4 BEDS siltstone: friabx; darf grey INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Fining-upward unit; sandstone: very fine grained, medium248.4 244.4 STONE bedded to thm SETSTONE WITH SANDSTONE INTER- Siltstone: dark grey; friable; sandstone: veryfine grained249.8 248.4 BEDS SHALE Carbonaceous 249.8 250.2 COAL 250.2 252.3 SHALE WITH COAL PARTINGS Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bright 252.3 252.9 COAL Clean; bright; thin siderite and clay bands 256.9 252.9 COAL Alternating dull (dirty) and bright 258.6 256.9 SHALE WITH COAL. INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous 259.6 258.6 COAL WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous 259.6 261.1

125 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

MUDSTONE Friabltz dark grey 261.1 265.5 COAL 265.5 265.9 MUDSTONE Dark grey; friable 265.9 269.4 COAL 269.4 271.1 SILTSTONE Friable; dark grey: brown and orange weathering; part 271.r 272.7 WboMCeWS SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE PART- Findmedium grained, bluff forming 272.7 282.2 ING (ONE) COVERED Float of siltstone and fine-grained sandstone 282.2 286.2 SANDSTONE Medium to come grained, plant casts; small scale cross- 286.2 292.2 beddine- COVERED Recessive 292.2 297.7 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: very fine grained; small-scale crosslaminated 297.7 305.2 ..mNE. .. .- MUDSTONE Friable; grey brown; silty 305.2 313.4 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous at base; friable; dark grey 313.4 316.8 SANDSTONE Thin bedded, very fine grained 316.8 318.0 SILTSTONE WlTH SHALE INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous 318.0 320.7 COAL 320.7 321.5 SILTSTONE WlTH SHALE INTERBEDS Shale: C~~~~MWUS 321.5 323.7 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Recessive unit; mudstone: silty 323.7 330.6 STONE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: tine grained; crosslaminated; siltstone: grey 330.6 342.8 STONE andlor grey brown SANDSTONE Medium grained; thinmedium and bedded: well cross- 342.8 349.1 bedded. resistant SILTSTONE Grey brown; friable; Nbbly; recessive 349.1 355.1 SILTSTONE Calcareous; thin bedded; orange weathering 355.1 356.6 SANDSTONE Very fine grained; thin bedded;small scale cross- 356.6 359.6 lammnauons SILTSTONE Dark grey; friable; recessive 359.6 361.0 SILTSTONE Fissile; carbonaceous 361.0 362.2 COAL WlTH SHALE PARTINGS 362.2 363.5 MANYCOVERED Semirecessive' carbonacedus siltstone at base; small expo- 363.5 372.0 sures of very tine grained sandstone; siltstone float PARTLY COVERED Ex sures and float of dark grey siltstone; carbonaceous 372.0 378.0 s& and 20 cm coal at base SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fine and very fine grained; thin bedded; cross- 378.0 380.6 BEDS laminated COVERED Siltstone floar in lower part; very fine grained sandstone 380.6 404.6 exposures in upper part SANDSTONE Fine grained, thin bedded, crosslaminated; semiresistant 404.6 413.6 COVERED Float of fine-grained sandstone (underlying unit) and silt- 413.6 419.6 stone SILTSTONE Brownish: ~bbly;dark grey and .&naoeous at top of 419.6 43 1.6 unit COAL WITH SHALE PARTINGS Panings: restricted to lower one halfof unit 431.6 434.1 SILTSTONE WlTH SANDSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fine grained 434.1 440.6 BEDS COAL 440.6 441.4 SILTSTONE Dark grey; friable 441.4 442.7 SANDSTONE Fine grained; thin bedded; semiresistant 442.7 448.7 SILTSTONE Mainly dark gFy and brown grey; rubbly; two beds of 448.7 453.7 orangeweathenng, calcareous siltstone MAT 453.7 455.2 SUTSTONE Dark grey and bmwn grey; Nbby 455.2 456.7 lNTERLlEDDEDsmm SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained 456.7 463.2 SANDSTONE Fine gain&, thin bedded; in part carbonaceous 463.2 465.5 SILTSTONE Grey; friable 465.5 467.3 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE ANDSILT- Sandstone: very tine grained; carbonaceous shale at top 461.3 4771.3 STONE COAL WITH SHALE PARTINGS 471.3 472.3 SHALE CarbonaceouS 472.3 474.1 COAL 474.1 475.1 COVERED Some siltstone float 475. 1 491.1 SANDSTONE Fine grain&, thin bedded 491.1 501.6 INTERBEDDED SANDSTOF AND SILT- 501.6 506.1 STONE

126 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

COVERED 506.1 516.6 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous; coal: beds up to 30 cm 516.6 518.5 SILTSTONE Dark grey; in part brown 518.5 525.1 SA.NDSrnNE Fine grained, thin bedded 525.7 527.5 SIIXSTONE WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Siltstone: friable; dark grey; shale: carbonaceous: mainly 527.5 535.0 near top of un~t MAINLY COVERED Coal dug up at three places; one seam? 535.0 538.0 COVERED 538.0 546.4 SANDSTONE Fine grained; thin bedded 546.4 568.7 SIl

I27 - Mist Mountain Formation- Mount Michael Upper Sheet Section 11

Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval - (m) (m) SANDSTONE Medium grained; thin bedded 0.0 9.0 SILTSTONE Concretionary, orange-weathering siltstone layers inter- 9.0 15.5 bedded SILTSTONE 15.5 26.5 snrsmm Grey and brown locally dark grey' lo+dy orange weath- 26.5 44.5 ering and concre'tionary: fissile; rec'esslve INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained, crosslaminaled, thin bedded 44.5 55.0 STONE INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND Carbonaceous zone: siltstone: dark grey; shale: carbona- 55.0 62.8 SH.ALE cenus with vitrain bands INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE ANDSILT- Fining-upward unit: sandstone: fine grained, siltstone: 62.8 63.6 STONE dark grey MUDSTONE WITH COALINTERBED Dark grey: silty 63.6 70.6 (OW SANDSTONE Medium grained, medium bedded 70.6 73.1 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: fme glained 73.1 92.2 SPINE SII.TST0NE WITH SANDSTONE IN'ER- Sandstone: fine grained 92.2 96.5 BEDS SU.TSTONE WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Shale: Carbonaceous: contains one coal band 96.5 100.8 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fme grained: gradational to partings 100.8 107.3 INGS SEXSTONE WITH SANDSTONE INTER-Sandstone: fine grained 107.3 111.3 BEDS sII.TsTONE Orange weathering 111.3 111.9 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fine grained; thin bedded 111.9 122.4 INOS SETSTONE Dark grey: recessive 122.4 128.2 IWERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandslone: fme grained 128.2 133.6

SlI2NE.~.~~ MIJDSTONE WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Mudstone: silty: dark -KEY: .. friable: shale: carbonaceous 133.6 151.6 SANDSTONE Fine and medium rained well laminated and cross- 151.6 168.8 laminated: cmssbedgkd; thi6 and medium bedded

SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Sandstone: fme grained 168.8 179.1 BEDS MlJDSTONE Dark grey; friable 179.1 189.6 sn,mToNE 189.6 190.4 SANDSTONE Coarse to medium grained 190.4 191.6 COAL WlTH SHALE PARTING 191.6 192.2 SANDSTONE Medium and fine grained 192.2 202.0 SETSTONE Dark grey 202.0 207.0 SII.TSTONE Dark grey 207.0 212.4 SII.TST0NE WlTH COAL BANDS Siltstone: in oart carbonaceous 212.4 215.1 IhTERBEDDEDCOAL AND SHALE Shale: carbonaceous 215.1 216.2 EWERBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Shale: carbonaceous 216.2 218.3 STONE COAL 218.3 225.4 MIJDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: silty: friable; dark grey 225.4 23 1.4 BEDS SII.TST0NE Orange weathering; laminated 231.4 232.0 MIJDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: silty: dark grey; friable 232.0 237.5

BE.DS~~~ ~ SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PAm- Sandstone: fine rained to very fine grained; fmingup- 237.5 248.0 IN'GS ward: thin M AINL Y COVEREDMAINLY Probably siltstone 248.0 249.5 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Shale: carbonaceous 249.5 250.6 STONE COAL 250.6 252.0 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND MUD- Shale: fissile; carbonaceous 252.0 253.3 STONE INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: very fine grained 253.3 254.6 STONE COAL 254.6 255.6 SLTSTONE In pari blocky, laminated; in part dark grey, friable 255.6 260.6

129 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SHALE Carbonaceous 260.6 261.3 COAL 261.3 263.4 INTERBEDDEDCOAL ANDSHALE Shale: carbonaceous 263.4 265.0 COAL WlTH SHALE PARTING 265.0 267.1 COVERED Siltstone? 267.1 267.8 SANDSTONEWITHSILTSTONEPART- Sandstone: fine grained; parallel and crosslaminated, in 267.8 272.1 INGS part flaw INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: very fine grained, crosslaminated 272.1 275.6 STONE PARTLY COVERED Showings of rubhly siltstone 275.6 278.5 INTERBEDDEDSANDSTONE AND Sandstone: very fine grained; siltstone: ruhbly; in part 278.5 285.2 SILSTONE calcareous and orange weatheMg SILTSTONE Friable; dark grey; in part donaceom 285.2 287.4 MUDSTONE Dark grey to black: friable:part in silty; in part concretion- 287.4 294.6 ary and orange weathenng COAL 294.6 297.3 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Mudstone: fissile; shale: carbonaceous 297.3 304.1 SHALE COAL 304.1 307.1 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD- Fining-upward unit 307.1 315.6 STONE COAL 315.6 317.3 SILTSTONE Wl7Tl SANDSTONE INTER- Sandstone: very fine grained, siltstone: grey brown weath- 317.3 321.8 BEDS enng SANDSTONE Fine grained; thin bedded; small crosslaminations; platy to 321.8 324.8 flaay INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: very fine gained 324.8 328.3 STONE COAL. 328.3 329.8 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND COAL Siltstone: carbonaceous 329.8 332.3 SILTSTONE Dark grey; friable; in part blocky 332.3 334.3 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone:'fine and very fine grained thin bedded 334.3 337.3 INGS INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: very fine grained 337.3 346.1 STONE SILTSTONE WlTH SANDSTONE INTER- Siltstone: dark grey to brown; friable; sandstone: very fine 346.1 349.6 BEDS grained COAL 349.6 351.9 SHALE WITH COAL INTERBED (ONE) Shale: carbonaceous 351.9 352.9 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: very fine grained; thin bedded 352.9 355.4 STONE SILTSTONEWITHSANDSTONEINTER- Siltstone: rey brown; weathers brown; sandstone: very 355.4 367.6 BEDS fine pine9 INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE AND Siltstone: dark grey; friable; shale: carbonaceous 367.6 369.1 SHALE COAL 369.1 371.4 snTsToNE Greyish brown 371.4 373.2 COAL 373.2 374.5 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: very fine gained 374.5 377.5 STONE SILTSTONE Dark grey; friable 377.5 379.8 COAL 379.8 380.2 SILTSTONE Grey brown; friable 380.2 381.9 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fine LO very fine grained, thin bedded; lami- 381.9 384.4 INGS nated INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE, MUD- Shale: carbonaceous; siltstone: grey brown: mudstone: 384.4 388.6 STONESHALE AND sllty INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Thin-bedded unit; sandstone: very fine grained; cross- 388.6 392.1 STONE laminated, siltstone: grey brown MUDSTONE Silty; dark grey; some orange-weathering strata 392.1 396.8 COAL 396.8 398.1 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous 398.1 398.7 SANDSTONEVery fine grained; thin bedded, crosslaminated 398.1 399.4 SILTSTONE In part hlocky, in part friable; latter is grey brown 399.4 402.4 SANDSTONE Fine and medium grained thin bedded; crosslaminated 402.4 405.7 platy

COAL~ ~~~~ 405.7 406.4 INTERBEDDEDSANDSTONE AND SILT- Coarsening-upward unit; siltstone: dark grey; sandstone: 406.4 407.7 STONE very fine grained; grey brown SILTSTONE Dark grey; shaly 407.7 409.1

130 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

COAL 410.6 409.1 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous 410.6 411.1 COAL WlTH SHALE INTERBEDS 411.1 413.9 SILTSTONE Carbonaceous 414.1 413.9 COAL 414.6 414.1 SHALE Carbonaceous 415.1 414.6 COAL WITH SHALE PARTING 416.4 415.1 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: fine grained: carbonaceous; contains plant417.9 frag- 416.4 SI'ONE ments and casts INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fme to medium grained: siltstone: friable;426.2 dark 417.9 SIDNE grey IhTEFSEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained; dark grey 426.2 427.4 s1nNE MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Mudstone: dark grey; silty; locally orange weathering439.9 427.4 BEDS SHALE WITH MUDSTONE INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bright 441.4 439.9 AND COAL BANDS COAL WlTH SHALE PARTMGS Coal: hard; bright 443.9 441.4 SHALE Carbonaceous 444.4 443.9 SILTSTONE Thin bedded 445.7 444.4 INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE, SHALE Shale: carbonaceous 447.9 445.7 AND COAL COAL 447.9 448.9 MUDSTONE Silty; dark grey: in part carbonacoues; in part concretion- 448.9 453.7 -.,2N COAL 455.1 453.7 SANDSTONE Fine to medium grained, thin lo medium bedded:468.1 parallel 455.1 and crosslaminated

131 - Mist Mountain Formation- Mount Michael Lower Sheet Section 12

Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval - (m) (m) INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDMUD- Non-carb; beds 10-20 cm thick; siltstone: laminated; 0.0 S’IDNE weathers vellowlbrown: mudstone: concretionary INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Shale: cahnaceous; coal: bright 4.5 SHALE WITH COAL BANDS COAL Siderite bands in upper 2 m 9.0 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bright; restricted to upper40cm 15.6 SHALE WITH COAL BANDS of unit COAL Siderite bands throughout 18.0 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Shale: carbonaceous 23.8 SHALE COAL 25.7 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Shale: carbonaceous 26.4 SHALE COAL 28.5 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND Siderite bands, shale: carbonaceous 31.0 SHALE COAL Total thickness unknown 34.0 COVERED 35.5 COAL 40.0 COVERED 44.0 P.4RTLY COVERED Exposures of sillstone and fine-grained sandstone 49.0 COVERED 51.5 MUDSTONE Thin bedded: rubbly; in part concretionary 74.6 COVERED 79.1 S LTSTONE Dark grey; carbonaceous 88.1 COVERED 89.1

COAL 103.1 MAINLY COVERED Exposures of very fine gained sandstone and siltstone 105.3 COAL 112.3 COVERED 121.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Bedding thickness 5 to 25 cm; sandstone: fine grained; 134.6 STONE crosslaminated SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONEINTER. Thin bedded unit; siltstone: laminated 149.1 BEDS MIUDSTONE WlTH SHALE ANDSILT- Mudstone: in pan orange weathering and concretionary; 156.6 STONE INTERBEDS (RARE) shale: carbonaceous ZFZZTONE WlTH MUDSTONE INTER. Thinly bedded 174.6 ”” SHALE WlTH COAL INTERBED(ONE) Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bed 30 cm thick 175.6 .. INTERBEDD SILTSTONE AND SAND- Coarsening-upward unit; thinly bedded:, sandstone: fme 176.6 S’mNE grained S.ANDSTONE WITHSILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fine to medium grained; thin to medium bed- 179.1 ..1Pir.S .” ded:, ripple marks, crosslaminated INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE, MUD- Bed thickness 10 cm to I m; siltstone: laminated; shale: 182.5 S’IDNE AND SHALE carbonaceous; contains vitrain partings INERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous; coal: in bands up to 15 cm thick 195.5 MUDSTONE WTH COAL BANDS In part carbonaceous 198.0 SANDSTONE WlTH SILTSTONE PART- Fining-upward unit 200.8 INGS INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD. Siltstone: orange weathering; crosslaminated; blwky 201.9 STONE COAL 206.4

133 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SILTSTONE Fissile; dark grey 210.7 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE& SILT- Thin to medium bedded; sandstone: very fine grained 213.4 STONE W. MUDSTONE YTGS SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- finin upward uNt sandstone: medium to fme grained; 217.1 INGS crossknmated; sdtitone: near top of unlt SANDSTONE Very fine grained, thin bedded, burrowed; crosslaminated 221.8 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Siltstone: beds up to 5 cm thick 223.5 BEDS SANDSTONE Medium grained plant debris in lowest 30 cm; cross- 228.5 bedded and crossiaminated SILTSTONE Dark grey; thin bedded, blwky 230.1 COVERED fine-grained sandstone near in place; float of siltstone, 232.5 mudstone; carbonaceous shale float near top COAL 248.5 INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND Shale: c~bonaceou~ 249.5 SHALE COAL 245.1 INTERBEDDED SHALE AND COAL Shale: carbonaceous; coal: in beds up to 30 cm thick 252.5 COAL 254.7 MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONEINTER- Mudstone: in pan silty: rubbly, siltstone: thin to medium 257.1 BEDS bedding.thichess SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE PART- Thin to medium bedded, siltstone: crosslaminated; blocky 263.9 INGS INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD-Thin-bedded unit; siltstone: dark grey; mudstone: in part 272.9 STONE concretionary COVERED Float of blocky, orange-weathering siltstone 283.4 MUDSTONE Thin bedded 288.2 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- fining-upward unit; bed thickness thins upward sand- 290.4 BEDS AND PARTINGS stone: fine to vely fine gramed, crosslanunated INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE& SHALE Mudstone: dark grey to black; carbonaceous; shale: carbo- 295.1 WITH COAL STRINGERS naceous; coal: resmcted to shale; bright COAL 298.6 SILTSTONE Wl'lFl MUDSTONE PART- Thin to thick-bedded unit; greyish brown 300.9 INGS AND INTERBEDS MUDSTONE Rubbly 306.9 SANDSTONE WiTH SILTSTONE PART- Sandstone: medium to dark grey; fine to medium grained; 310.7 WGS WAL) medium Wed; laminated and crosslaminated COAL Bright; well banded 326.2 SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE PART- Thin to medium bedded, siltstone: darkgrey brown; 331.7 INGS blocky; in pan crosslaminated INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE, SHALE Mudstone and shale: carbonaceous; coal: beds up to 15 cm 335.4 AND COAL thick MUDSTONE Orange weathering; concretionary 338.9 COVERED 339.9 MUDSTONE WITH COALSTRINGERS Mudstone: locally black and carbonaceous; coal: bright 341.9 COAL 345.1 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD-Thinly bedded unit 345.8 STONE SHALE WITH COALPARTWGS Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bright 348.5 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND MUD-Thin to medium-bedded unit 349.5 STONE COAL 361.0 SANDSTONE Medium to come ained medium to thick bedded, me- 362.5 377.5 dium grey; cross&ed; ptant casts; resistant INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Thin-bedded unit; fining upward; sandstone: fine grained 377.5 i5Y.(l STONE MUDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Carbonaceous in part 379.0 iJ5.0 BEDS SHA LE WITH COAL PARTINGSCOAL WITH SHALE Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bright 385.0 'W.0 COAL Contains IO to 20 cm thick siderite band 386.0 .':e.?

134 Lithology Description Base of Interval - (m) SII.TSTONE WITH MUDSTONE PART- Thin-bedded unit; siltstone: dark grey 387.3 WOS PARTLY COVERED Exposures of blocky siltstone 388.6 INTERBEDDED SHALE,MUDSTONE Shale: carbonaceous; coal: bright 393.1 AND COAL SII-TSTONE Laminated; blocky; thick bedded 394.0 INTERBEDDEDCOAL AND SHALE Coal: in parl shaly; shale: carbonaceous 396.6 INTERBEDDED SUTSTONE AND MUD- Thin to medium bedded laminated 391.6 smm. SANDSTONE Fine grained; crosslaminated 404.1 40'1 .o PARTLY COVERED Ex sures of interbedded siltstone and mudstone; thin bed- 404.9 413 dxcarbonaceous in upper 1 m SANDSTONE WlTH SUTSTONE PART- Fining-upward unit; sandstone: medium-fme grained; me- 412.4 .111.'1 INGS (MINOR) diumthick bedded crosslaminated near base M.4INLY COVERED Outcrop of dark grey siltstone and concretionary mudstone 414.7 417.5 SANDSTONE WlTH SKTSTONE PART- Sandstone: fme to mediumrained; trough crossbedded at 417.5 418.8 INGS (MINOR) base; crosslaminated throuctout INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained; cr&slaminated 418.8 4l!i.? "l.._smm INTERBEDDEDSANDSTONE, SILT- Thin to medium-bedded unit; sandstone: very fine grained, 419.3 4%2.\ S1Y)NE AND MUDSTONE medium bedded, crosslaminated INTERBEDDED MUDSTONE AND COAL Mudstone: carbonaceous 422.2 422.7 SANDSTONE Medium and wane grained; medium to thickbedded; 422.7 430.2 medium gray; cmss bedded and crosslaminated

135 - Mist Mountain Formation- Noname Ridge Section 13

Lithology Description Lithology Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m).. C0.4L Baseunit of corresponds with to of Monissey Formation; 0.0 1.8 coal is in pa* mineral-matter ricR INTERBEDDED SHALEAND COAL T&;ldy,,e&% unit; shale: camonaceous; coal: in beds up 1.8 3.3 INTERBEDDED snTsToNE AND Shale: ca16onaceous 3.3 4.7 SHALE COVERED Possible local float of fme-grained sandstone; recessive? 4.7 7.7 INTERBEDDED SETSTONE AND Siltstone: dark grey; friable; shale: fissile 7.7 9.4 SHALE COAL 9.4 10.8 PARTLY COVERED Exposures of friable, grey and brownsiltstone 10.8 15.3 C0,ALWITHSHALE PARTINGS 15.3 16.8 INTERBEDDED SHALEAND COAL Coal: beds up to 30 cm thick 16.8 18.4 SETSTONE Dark grey; friable 18.4 19.5 COVERED Recessive 19.5 22.6 "NLY COVERED Small exposures of thin-bedded fine- ained sandstone; 22.6 25.5 probably an mtcrbedded sandstoAe\Ellts%e COVERED Recessive: sandstone float (probably not hl) 25.5 38.0 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONEAND SAND. Sandstone: very fine grained; confined to top of unit 38.0 4.5.3 STONE SANDSTONE Vely fine to fine grained: crosslaminated; orange weather- 45.3 48.1 ing; semiresistant SlLTSTONE Dark mev: friable 48.1 50.3 PARTLY COVERED Carbo~&eousunit; includes 0.5 m coal bed 50.3 51.3 PARTLY COVERED Exposures of friable, dark grey siltstone; interbeds of fine- 51.3 61.8 gwned sandstone occur near top SAlVDSTONE Medium and coarse grained; medium bedded:, thinnerbed- 61.8 94.3 ded near top; mssbedded: very resistant COVERED Semirecessive 94.3 97.3 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONEINTER- Sandstone: medium grained near base. becomes finer 97.3 105.8 BEiDS NEARTOP grainedbeddedthin and new top; crosslahated INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Thin bedded fining-upward unit; sandstone: fine to very 105.8 107.8 STONE fine grained;'siltstone: dark grey INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- IO to 20 cm thick beds; sandstone: very fine grained 107.8 110.3 STONE COVERED Coal float roughly below5.5 m unittop of 110.3 119.3 COAL minimum Thickness a 119.3 126.8 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONEAND SILT- Sandstone: very fine grained; siltstone: friable 126.8 136.2 'STONE lNTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Thin IO medium-bedded unit; sandstone: veryfine grained 136.2 146.7

STONE~~ SILTSTONE Dark grey; friable; recessive 146.7 154.4 COAL Hard and blocky 154.4 162.4 INTERBEDDED CARBONACEOUS Carbonaceous ,162.4 164.2 SHALE AND SILTSTONE COAL Hard and blocky:minor partings near base 164.2 169.8 SILTSTONE Recessive 169.8 172.8 SANDSTONE Fine grained: thin bedded: semiresistant 172.8 178.3 MAINLY COVERED Darkgrey siltstone predominantly; fine-gained sandstone 178.3 202.8 float m one wne COAL 202.8 204.1 SHALE WITHCOALPARTINGS Shale: carbonaceous 204.1 205.4 COAL One siderite band 205.4 208.8 SHALE WITH COAL INTERBEDS Shale: carbonaceous 208.8 210.1 PAI7V.Y COVERED Siltstone exposures 210.1 219.6 COAL 219.6 220.1 SILTSTONE 220.1 220.8 COAL 220.8 221.0 MAINLY COVERED Siltstone float, locally carbonaceous: recessive 221.0 229.0 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INT!3R- Semiresistant; sandstone: fine grained; thin bedded: silt- 229.0 240.3 BEDS stone: orange weathering; cross & convoluted laminitions COVERED Probably continuation of underlying unit 240.3 241.7 SILTSTONE Friable; greyhmwn 241.7 244.4 SILTSTONE Thin bedded; in part blocky; semirecessive 244.4 2.51.9

137 Lithology Description Lithology Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

COVERED Carbonaceous spoil; up to 0.5 m coil 251.9 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-'Bed lhickness up to 15 cm;evidence of faulting; sandstone: 253.4 STONE very fme to fine grained; INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE ANDSAND- Thin-Wed unit; sandstone: fine grained 267.0 STONE SANDSTONE Fine grained; thin bedded; cmsslaminated 289.0 INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONEAND Recessiveunit; siltstone: grey-brown; friable; shale: carbo- 292.0 SHALE M~~OUS;fissile COAL 296.5 INTERBEDDEDSHALE AND SILT- Shale: dark grey; Carbonaceous 297.8 STONE SANDSTONE WlTH SUTSTONEPART- Coarsenin upward unit; sandstone: very fineto fine 299.3 WGS gratned; stI%tone: occurs near base SILTSTONE Semirecessive 301.5 MAINLY COVERED Float and pothole exposures of grey-brown siltstone; local 310.2 carbonaceous shale SANDSTONE Fine grained, thin bedded; evidence of faulting 328.7 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained; thin bedded 335.4 -.qmm-. .- SILTSTONE Recessive; friable; grey brown; locally orange weathering, 356.1 calcareous and nodular SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER-Fining-upward unit; sandstone: fine tovery fine grained 362.8 BEDS AND PARTlNGS INTERBEDDEDSILTSTONE AND Siltstone: darkgrey; shale: carbonaceous; black 367.3 SHALE COAL WITH SETSTONE PARTING Siltstone 20 cm paxtingin lowest 0.5 m 368.3 (ONE) SHALE Carbonaceous 370.1 COAL 371.4

INTERBEDDED SHALE (BASE) AND ' Shale: carbonaceous; siltstone: greybrown; friable 375.4 SILTSTONE SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE PART- Semiresi$ant unit; sandstone: fine grained; thin bedded; 378.6 JNGS crosslammated SILTSTONE Grey brown; friable; recessive 391.6 SANDSTONE Fine grained 393.1 PARTLY COVERED Float and pothole exposures of friable, dark grey siltstone 394.1 SANDSTONE Finjng-u ward unit; semiresistant; fine to very fine 406.2 gramed; t%in bedded SUTSTONE Gradationally overlies previous unit 409.5 COAL 410.0 SILTSTONE Semirecessive unit 411.2 SILTSTONE WITH SANDSTONE INTER- Thickly bedded unjt; siltstone: dark grey; .friable; sand- 428.8 BEDS stone: veryfine griuned SANDSTONE 438.4 Fining-upwardlo very me gratned, .pi! wellbedding crosslammated thicbess thins upward; fine SILTSTONE Recessive unit; dark grey; friable 445.4 SANDSTONE Fine grained; thin bedded 446.9 SILTSTONE Recessive unit; dark grey; friable; locally blocky 441.4 COAL 10 cm thick parting 15 cm below top 451.0 SHALE Carbonaceous; recessive unit 452.5 SANDSTONE WITH SUTSTONEPART- Sandstone: finegrained; thin bedded 454.0 WGS SILTSTONE Dark grey; fissile; recessive 458.3 SANDSTONE Fine grained, thin to mediumbedded; well crosslaminated 466.3 INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT-Sandstone: fine grained 468.9 STONE SILTSTONE Dark grey 473.4 COAL 474.5 SHALE Carbonaceous 474.7 COAL Hard; bright 475.0 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) (m)

SANDSTONE Fine grained, thin bedded, well laminated and cmss- 476.0 laminated SUlSTONEWlTH SANDSTONE PART Siltstone: friable; grey brown; sandstone: finegrained 479.3 INGS SANDSTONE Resismt fmin upwardunit; medium to fine grained, 482.3 cr0Ssbed;led anfcrosslaminated: plant casts MA:INLY COVERED Siltstone float 492.8 COAL WlTH SHALE PARTINGS Shale: carbonaceous; concentrated in lowest 1.5 m 494.3 INTERBEDDEDsmsrnm AND Shale: carbonaceous 498.7 SHALE SANDSTONE Fining upward medium grainep at base fine at top; cross- 501.7 bedded, mncludng trough: mdum to thbbedded INTERBEDDED SANDSTONE AND SILT- Sandstone: fme grained: lhin bedded, crosslaminated smNE 507.7 CO/\L 517.7 518.3 SUIWONE WITH SANDSTONE lN'IER- Recessive unit siltstone: dark !gey carbonaceous at base 518.3 527.1 BEDS and top: sandsione: very fine gram& smrnsmm Very resisfant medium rained lar scde crossbeds at 527.1 550.1 base; thin to niedium &de& bad Wek

139 Mist Mountain Formation- Horseshoe Ridge Section 14

Litlhology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval - (m) (m) SHALE Carbonaceous 0.0 3.0 COAL 3.0 4.5 SHALE carbonacmus very 4.5 9.0 C0,4L 9.0 10.4 SHALE Carbonaceous 10.4 12.2 C0.4L Contains siderite 12.2 13.4 COVERED Siltstone float 13.4 14.4 SIL'ISTONE 14.4 18.4 SHALE Carbonaceous 18.4 20.4 INTERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND SAND- Sandstone: fine grained, beds 25 to 50 cm thick; cross- 20.4 25.7 STO NE laminated,STONEsiltstone 5 to 15 cm beds INTERBEDDEDMUDSTONE, SILT- ' Thin-beddedunit: sandstme: very fme grained 25.7 27.7 STONE AND SANDSTONE EWERBEDDED SILTSTONE AND 5lo25cmthickbeds 27.7 32.9 SHALE SHALE Carbonaceoushalf in lower 32.9 41.9 SANDSTONE WITH SUTSlONE PART- Sandstone: very fme grained; cmslaminated 41.9 43.5 INCiS INTERBEDDED SHALEAND SILT- 43.5 48.5 STONE SHALE WITH MUDSTONE PARTINGS Shale: carbonaceous; mudstone: silty 48.5 56.8 SANDSTONEINcis WITH MUDSTONE PART- Sandstone: very fine grained 56.8 57.5 C0.4L 51.5 57.1 NERBEDDED SUTSTONE AND SAND- 5 to50 cm thick beds, coarsenin upward unit; sandstone: 57.7 65.9 STONE verycrosslaminat&- fine grained: Fine grained; thin bedded. laminated and crosslaminated, 65.9 73.8 dark grey: weathers browNsh grey

SHALE Part carbonaceous 73.8 78.0 C0.4L 78.0 79.0 SHALE 79.0 85.0 C0.4L 85.0 86.0 SHALE 86.0 88.8 SAliDSTONE Mediumrained, medium grey; thinly laminated; bed 88.8 96.3 thickness $ to IO cm; abundant wood casls PARTLY COVERED Exposures of very fine grained sandstone and siltstone 96.3 106.3 MAINLY COVERED Exposures of carbonaceous shale and siltstone 106.3 109.8 C0.4L Shaly 109.8 112.8 SETSTONE CkUboOni?CeOUS 112.8 117.6 CO.AL WlTH SHALE PARTlNGSAND 117.6 123.0 INTERBEDS Carbonaceous 123.0 128.4 128.4 131.9 131.9 133.3 SH.4LE Carbonaceous 133.3 134.1 SANDSTONE Very fine grained; thinly laminated, thin bedded; cross- 134.1 142.4 l~~led;orange weathenng COAL 142.4 143.1 SANDSTONE Fine grained; medium grey; thinWed 143.1 147.9 SANDSTONE WITH SILTSTONE INTER- Fine grained, thinly laminated, medium bedded 147.9 156.1 BEDS MAINLY COVERED Siltstoneexposures 156.1 159.1 C0.4L 159.1 165.1 SHALE Carbonaceous 165.1 168.0 MAINLY COVERED Exposures of sillstone andshale 168.0 177.3 SAIUDSTONE Fine grained: medium grey; thinly bedded 177.3 189.3 COVERED 189.3 221.8 SHALE Carbonaceous 221.8 222.8 C0,AL WITH SHALE PARTINGS Shale: carbonaceous 222.8 227.4 SR4LE Carbonaceous 227.4 229.8

141 Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval (m) mEDDEDSILTSTONE AND MUD- 1 to 20 cm thick beds; shale: carbonaceous 247.8229.8 STONEWITHSHALE SANDSTONF, Medium to coax grained, fines upward to fme grained,257.8 247.8 laminated: planar aossbedded; tree casts COVERED 292.8 257.8 SILTSTONE WITH MUDSTONE INTER- 295.7 292.8 BED (ONE) INTERBEDDED295.8 SHALEcarbonaceuus AND COAL Shale: ' 298.3 COAL 302.0 298.3 INTBRBEDDED MUDSTONE AND SILT- carbo~ceo~~in upper 2 m; 5 to IO cm thick beds 302.0 311.0 STONE

142 Mist Mountain Formation- Teepee Mountain Section 15

Lithology Description Base of Top of Interval Interval - (m) (m) COAL 0.0 2.0 SANDSTONE Moose Mountain Member 2.0 8.5 SHALE Carbonaceous 8.5 9.5 COAL 9.5 10.7 WI'ERBEDDED MUDSTONEAND Carbonaceous 13.7 10.7 SHALE sn.TsToNE 16.7 13.7 S HAL E Carbonaceous SHALE 16.7 21.7 COAL WlTH SHALE PARTING 21.7 25.9 INTERBEDDED SHALEAND MUD. 30.9 25.9 STONE

I43 - Mist Mountain Formation- Crown Mountain Section 16

Lithology Description Base of Tap of Interval Interval (m) - (m) COVERED 0.0 .7.0 SANDSTONE thin Fine grained; bedded 7.0 10.3 COAL WITH SHALE INTERBEDS Shale: olrbonacwus 10.3 11.6 MUDSTONE Friable; dark grey 11.6 12.8 MUDSTONE Grey brown weatherina;thin bedded 18.6 12.8 SILTSTONE ark grey; carbonaceo

~~145 APPENDIX 2 DRILL-CORE LOGS -ELK VALLEY COALFIELD Explanation of Drill Core Descriptions~~

Based on the method of the Research Planning InsfitufeInc. (Ruby el aL, 1981) LITHOLOGICA~CODES 700 Series (conglomerates) 742 - Shale pebble conglomerate 745 - Lithic pebble conglomerate 500 Series (sandstones) 5x1 - Crossbedded sandstone

5x2 ~ Flat-bedded sandstone 5x3 - Flaser-bedded sandstone 5x4 -Massivesandstone 5x5 -Churned sandstone 5x7 -Rootedsandstone Where X-4, rock is a lithic arenite X=5, rock is a quartz arenite 300 Series (intermixed shales and sandstonesor ISAS) 3x1 - Wavy-bedded sandstone with interbedded shale 3x2 - LentlcuI.ar-bedded sandstone with interbedded shale 3x3 -Shale wlth lentdar-bedded sandstone streaks 3x4 -Massive ISAS 3x5 -Churned ISAS 3x6 - Complete1 bioturhated ISAS 3x7 -Rooted1st 3x8 - Intensel burrowed ISAS Where X=ll)rock is black .. X=2, rock is dark grey X=3, rock is light greygreen X=4, rock is reen X=9, rock is grown 100 Series (shales) 1x2 -Laminated shale 1x3 - Coal-streaked shale 1x4-Massive shale 1x5 -Churned shale 1x6 - Completely bioturbated shale 1x8 - Intensel burrowed shale Where X=lrock is block X=2, rock is dark grey X=3, rock is light grey-green X=9, rock is brown 020 Series (coal) 021 -Common banded coal 022 - Coal interbeddedwith bone 024 -Massive dull coal 027 - Coal interbedded with shale 028 -Coal streaked with shale OOO -Missing or unlogable core Suffix Modifiers COLSPRCoal spar COLBND Coal handing CO3CMT Calcite cement SLP Slumped SLP DST DistortedDST or convolutedbedding MF T Microfaulting MFT MX T Mixeddeformation MXT FLT bedded Flat RIP Rip led BUR Sl~&tlvburrowed LRG kale LaGe RTD Rooted RTD

~~148 Hole A MBE-101~~

~~- ~~~~ ~~~ Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

(Intervals converted to methickness) Interval suffix Interval Lithot pe suffx TO Base Li::P Modifiers To Base coaye Modifiers (In? (m) d? (m) 219.93 219.58 219.93 COLBND RTD 289.84 124 C03CMT 219.58 219.11 RIP 287.68 321 RIPSLPC03CMT 219.11 218.78 COLSPR 287.40 124 C03CMT 218.24 218.78 RIP RTD 286.99 321 RIPC03CMT 218.24 216.99 RIP RTD 285.93 124 216.99 216.17 COLBNO COLSPR 285.65 OM 216.17 212.18 RTD 285.49 321 RIPSLPC03CMT 212.18 211.81 COLSPR CO3CMT 285.09 OM 210.87 211.81 COLBNDFLTRIPBUR 283.84 oco 210.01 210.87 COLSPR RTD 284.74 wo 208.29 210.01 COLSPR 282.36 321 RIP 2u1.12 208.29 281.27 114 COLSPR 206.59 207.12 RIP 280.99 321 SLPCO3CMT 206.08 206.59 RIPBURRTD 280.29 124 C03CMT 205.99 206.08 280.15 322 RIP BUR DST CO3CMT 205.59 205.72 RIP 279.99 114 COLSPR 205.72 204.72 COLSPR 279.84 321 RIPCO3CMT 201.72 204.37 COLSPR 279.51 I24 CO3CMT 201.37 203.95 279.46 322 DST CO3CMT 203.95 203.82 278.47 I24 203.82 202.37 COLSPR 278.35 323 DSTCO3CMT 2W.13 202.37 274.44 wo 2W.13 197.83 RIPDSTSLP 273.70 112 COLBND 197.83 195.90 COLFPR MFT 268.04 wo 195.90 195.22 COLSPR 267.83 113 COLBND 191.54 195.22 COLSPR 266.88 323 FLT DST 190.79 191.54 RIP BUR DST 266.43 321 FLTDSTCO3CMT 190.60 190.79 266.24 323 FLT BUR 190.60 189.87 265.93 321 RIP 189.87 188.97 264.54 323 FLT 188.97 187.50 264.44 322 FLT 187.50 185.99 264.07 323 FLT 185.59 185.73 263.65 122 183.43 185.73 RIPBUR 262.83 112 COLSPR COLBND 182.26 183.43 RLP 261.67 OM 182.26 181.78 COLSPR 259.62 I22 181.78 181.43 258.85 323 181.43 180.34 COLSPR COLBND 258.12 114 180.34 180.23 258.06 on 179.97 180.23 257.36 112 COLSPR COLBND 177.55 179.97 SLP 257.10 122 COLSPR m.55 115.37 256.89 112 COLBND 173.89 175.37 RTD 256.31 122 FLT 173.89 173.51 COLBND 256.19 127 MFT 173.51 173.23 RTD 255.82 323 C03CMT 173.02 173.23 DST RTD 253.68 122 COLSPR 173.02 17220 COLBND 253.43 197 DST C03CMT 172.20 172.w RIPOSTCOLSPR 253.05 122 COLSPR 171.86 172.00 COLSPR 251.54 323 FLTBUR CO3CMT 171.86 171.66 RIP 249.72 122 COLSPR 171.66 171.27 COLBND 249.67 021 171.27 171.21 COLBNO RIPDSTC03 248.92 127 DST C03CMT 171.21 164.19 COLBND RIPDST MFT 248.21 323 RTD DST CO3CMT 164.19 163.25 COLBND COLSPR 246.80 127 COLSPR 155.86 163.25 246.40 323 DST C03CMT 155.86 155.65 COLBND 245.73 321 RIPDSTCOLSPR 155.65 155.51 COLBND 245.50 RIP 155.51 154.59 245.27 RlPCO3CMT 154.59 154.23 245.04 323:23 RIP 154.23 149.71 243.40 122 149.71 149.08 RTD 242.01 114 COLSPR 149.08 148.49 241.01 122 C03CMT 148.26 148.49 DST 240.62 124 148.26 147.89 RIP 240.10 114 COLSPR 147.37 147.89 DST 239.55 124 147.10 147.37 239.40 124 COLSPR 147.10 147.03 DST 231.35 OM 146.92 147.03 RIP 230.74 122 COLSPR 146.92 146.35 230.59 027 146.35 145.42 DST MFT 230.14 114 COLBND 145.42 144.88 RIP DST 228.93 I22 RTD 144.88 144.16 228.14 554 144.16 143.97 227.86 323 COLSPR 143.97 143.48 RTD 227.62 321 RIP 143.48 143.05 226.84 323 SLP 143.05 142.76 RIP 226.30 321 COLSPR RIP 142.25 142.76 COLSPR 225.80 553 RIP RTD 141.45 142.25 DST 225.31 323 DST 141.45 141.05 RIP DST 225.27 114 COLBND 141.05 140.68 225.08 027 140.68 140.33 RIP DST 224.57 114 COLBND 140.33 139.79 224.24 325 COLBND 139.79 139.64 DST COLSPR 223.74 553 RIP 139.64 139.54 223.41 323 COLBND 139.54 139.44 COlSPR RTD 223.25 553 139.44 139.25 223.04 323 139.21 139.25 222.76 557 COLBND 139.21 139.14 222.07 321 RIP 139.14 138.82 RIP 221.88 323 COLBND 138.52 138.82 COLSPR 221.17 321 RIP RTD 137.77 138.52 COLBND 220.74 322 FLT 136.72 137.77 DST 220.49 322 RTD COLBND 136.55 136.72 219.93 321 RIP m COLSPR 136.24 136.55 149 Interval Lithot e suffix Interval Lithot pe sumx To Base cod? Modifiers To Base co2e Modifiers d! - (m) (m! (m) 77.53 76.97 77.53 124 76.97 76.59 323 76.59 76.21 324 76.21 75.89 323 75.89 75.42 321 DST SLP COLSPRCOLBND 75.42 74.04 542 DST COLBND RIP 74.04 73.14 541 COLBNO 73.14 322 FLT 72.98 ?E 544 COLBND 72.05 71.93 124 DST 71.93 71.82 544 COLBND 71.82 71.51 543 ET 71.51 71.39 544 COLBND 71.39 71.25 542 71.25 70.44 71.25 122 70.44 70.35 70.44 322 COLSPR69.51 70.35 122 69.51 69.38 69.51 197 COLBND67.37 69.38 123 COLBND 67.37 67.33 325 C03CMT COLSPR67.18 67.33 I24 COLSPR67.11 67.18 321 RE'RTDCO3CMT 67.11 66.71 123 66.71 66.47 197 RIPBUR DST65.98 66.47 123 .RIP 65.98 65.85 323 ET COLBND 65.85 64.71 123 64.71 64.67 64.71 322 RIP DST 64.67 63.87 123. 63.87 63.38 122 63.38 63.06 322 RIPCO3CMT 63.06 62.22 124 62.22 61.82 I22 BUR RIPCO3CMT 61.82 61.57 325 61.57 61.21 122 DST BUR DST 61.21 61.06 197 RIPCO3CMT 61.06 60.41 124 COLSPR m.41 60.33 m.41 194 60.33 59.67 325 59.67 59.52 59.67 197 59.52 58.56 I23 58.56 57.90 58.56 122 COLSPR 57.90 57.70 57.90 321 RIP W3CMT 57.70 57.62 323 57.62 57.20 124 COLSPR 57.20 56.59 57.20 I24 56.59 56.17 322 RIPDSTCO3CMT 56.17 55.72 323 COLSPR 55.72 55.38 321 RIPCO3CMT 55.38 55.24 323 DST 55.26 54.91 55.26 123 54.91 54.75 325 54.75 53.65 54.75 124 53.65 53.38 53.65 322 53.38 52.12 53.38 323 COLSPR 52.12 51.92 321 51.92 51.82 323 51.82 51.73 195 51.73 50.85 323 COLBND 50.85 50.64 321 C03CMT 50.64 50.02 323 BUR COLSPR 50.02 49.94 321 RIP BUR RTD 49.94 49.83 I22 RIP 49.83 49.55 321 DSTMFI RIP 49.55 49.38 323 FLT ETDST CO3CMT 49.38 49.27 321 RIP ETDST 49.27 48.98 323 DST 48.98 48.76 48.98 322 RIP COLBND 48.76 48.33 321 RIP 48.33 47.86 323 DST SLP 47.86 47.23 322 DSTFET RIP RTD 47.23 46.n 122 RIP RTD MFI' CO3CMT 46.77 45.64 124 CALVEINS 4564 45.53 124 RIP 45.53 44.95 323 DST RlD COLSPR 44.95 44.60 122 COLBND 44.m 44.19 124 COLSPR 44.19 43.66 553 COLSPRGLBND 41.98 wo 43'66 41.43 43'6641.98 113 41.43 41.15 . ' 124 COLSPR BUR RlD COLSPR 41.15 39.93 39.93 38.98 E 38.98 . 38.48 114 COLBND RIPCO3CMT 38.48 35.86 wo 35.86 34.97 122 RIP34.57 34.97 323 34.57 34.22 34.57 124 COLSPR34.19 34.22 '114 COLBND 34.19 33.40 34.19 wo RIP33.16 33.40 112 COLSPR 33.16 32.88 33.16 325 32.88 32.27 322 RIP DST 32.27 31.66 ooo 31.66 31.39 114 COLSPR 31.39 31.04 323 DST 31.04 30.77 wo 30.77 30.37 122 RIPCO3CMT 30.37 29.96 323 DST 29.96 29.56 wo CO3CMT

~~150 Hole B EP-102 - Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

(Intervals converted to methickness) Interval Lithotpe suffx Interval Lithot pe SUNiX Modifiers TO Base cod Modifiers To Base cod (mP (m) (my (m) 215.66 214.85 215.66 172 RIPCOLSPRDST RIP 214.85 214.72 323 DST 214.72 214.46 322 RIP RTD BUR RIP BUR MIT 214.46 213.39 122 RTD COLSPR DST 213.39 213.23 wo RIP BUR 213.21 212.54 122 RTD COLSPR COLBND DST 212.54 197.72 wo DSTCOLSPR 197.72 1%.92 122 DSTBURCOLSPR 1%.69 021 BUR 196.69 1%.46 124 DST RIP 1%.46 195.59 122 195.59 195.31 195.59 324 RIP 195.06 195.31 327 DST 194.16 195.06 322 DST 193.99 194.16 122 193.99 193.94 193.99 321 COLSPR 193.38 193.94 122 COLSPR 193.05 193.38 322 193.05 192.91 '321 192.91 392.48 322 RTD MRTRlPCOLSPR RlTCOLSPRCOLBND 192.40 192.48 I22 192.40 191.73 322 RTD COLSPR COLSPR DSTRTD 191.17 191.73 I 22 191.17 191.12 191.17 321 RTD RIP 191.12 190.97 191.12 122 BUR COLSPR 190.86 190.97 321 RlPCOLSPR 190.86 190.18 190.86 In RIPCO3CMT 189.89 190.18 194 C03CMT 189.64 189.89 IU COLSPR RTD C03CMT 189.64 189.05 112 C03CMT 189.05 187.71 122 COLSPR CO3CMT 187.55 187.71 322 DST RTD COLSPR COLFPRCO3CMT 187.48 187.55 122 COLSPR COLSPR CO3CMT 187.39 187.48 322 COLSPR DST RTD COLSPR CO3CMT 187.22 187.39 114 C03CMT 186.70 187.22 324 RTD COLSPR CO3CMT 186.19 186.70 LIZ COLBND C03CMT 184.85 186.19 324 COLSPR C03CMT 182.75 184.85 114 RTD COLSPR RTD C03CMT180.32 182.75 I24 RTD CO3CMT RIPC03CMT 179.88 180.32 324 CO3CMT C03CMT 179.63 179.88 372 RIP LRG CO3CMT BUR C03CMT 179.49 179.63 I22 CO3CMT CO3CMT 179.25 179.49 323 FET C03CMT CO3CMT 178.46 179.25 I 22 BUR CO3CMT 178.46 178.02 178.46 323 RIPC03CMT 178.02 177.03 178.02 321 FCTBURCO3CMT 177.03 176.88 392 RIPBURmCO3CMT 176.88 ' 176.33 323 FLT CO3CMT 176.33 176.10 322 RIP CO3CMT 176.10 176.04 112 CO3CMT 176.04 175.57 322 BUR RIP C03CMT 175.57 175.33 I22 mT C03CMT 175.33 175.13 322 RTD BUR C03CMT 175.13 174.90 322 KTC03CMT 174.90 173.85 322 RIPCO3CMT 173.85 173.40 322 FLT CO3CMT 173.40 172.89 544 C03CMT 172.89 172.73 322 FLT C03CMT 172.73 172.67 322 RIPCO3CMT 172.67 172.00 544 CO3CMT 172.03 , 171.35 541 CO3CMT 171.35 170.64 542 COLSPR RTD DSTC03 170.64 169.76 541 LRG COLSPR C03CMT 169.76 169.57 542 COLBND C03CMT 169.57 169.20 541 COLSPR C03CMT 169.20 167.44 542 C03CMT 167.44 166.89 167.44 122 COLSPR C03CMT 166.89 166.71 166.89 194 COLSPR RTD C03CMT 166.71 165.90 I72 C03CMT 165.90 165.64 I72 COLSPR C03CMT 165.64 165.10 I72 COLSPR CO3CMT 165.10 165.01 192 165.01 164.54 165.01 122 164.54 164.42 192 164.42 164.07 I22 164.07 163.97 112 COLSPR 163.97 161.42 I24 161.42 161.20 114 161.u) 161.02 122 161.02 160.20 541 IM.20 169.91 124 159.91 159.46 I 22 159.46 158.33 114 COLSPR 15833 15821 542 DSTCOLSPR 157.95 323 158'21157.95 157.72 112 COLSPR 157.72 157.26 322 COLSPR RIP 157.26 157.17 I22 157.17 157.12 321 COLSPR RIP RIP 157.12 155.45 112 BUR 155.45 155.07 122 RIP 155.07 152.97 112 BURCOLSPR 152.97 152.77 021 151 Interval suffix Interval Lithot pe suffix To Base Li::!r Modlfiers To Base COlL Modifiers d? (m) d? (m) 150.73 112 COLBND 101.16 ICC.30 124 150.55 134 RTD COLSPR CO3CMT 1W.30 99.67 324 150.37 124 CO3CMT 99.67 99.14 323 149.99 132 COLSPRCO3CMT 99.34 97.84 322 149.87 124 CO3CMT 97.84 97.12 322 149.79 1 32 COLSPR C03CMT 97.12 94.18 I22 148.53 1 22 C03CMT 94.18 93.96 324 148.31 323 RIPC03CMT 93.96 93.54 334 148.03 324 C03CMT 93.54 93.35 124 147.83 323 C03NT542 93.35 92.64 L47.55 322 CO3CMT 92.64 92.44 122 147.44 323 CO3CMT 92.44 91.83 .544 147.30 122 CO3CMT 91.83 91.65 542 RIP , 147.10 324 CO3CMT 91.65 91.07 323 DST 146.15 322 CO3CMT 91.07 91.02 541 145.77 321 CO3CMT 91.02 90.79 323 145.66 122 C03CMT 90.79 90.76 324 MfTLRG 145.12 322 RIPCO3CMT 90.76 90.69 122 144.97 122 C03CMT 90.69 90.44 323 RTD 144.90 I 27 COLSPR C03CMT 90.44 90.10 1 22 DST 144.84 322 RIPCO3CMT 90.10 89.93 322 RIP 144.66 323 CO3CMT 89.93 89.72 541 144.53 322 CO3CMT 89.72 89.45 I22 144.47 In CO3CMT 89.45 88.56 122 144.22 322 DST CO3CMT322 88.56 88.26 144.17 122 RTD C03CMT 88.26 88.10 323 143.97 321 C03CMT 88.10 87.86 541 143.72 122 C03CMT 87.86 87.78 544 RlD 143.50 323 DST BUR CO3CMT 87.78 87.39 541 143.09 124 CO3CMT 87.39 85.55 544 143.01 322 RIPCO3CMT 85.55 84.72 543 €30 FCT COLBND 142.73 323 RIPCO3CMT 84.72 84.40 542 141.59 321 RIPCO3CMT 84.40 82.29 544 141.45 124 C03CMT 82.29 81.65 541 COLBND COLSPR 141.34 321 RIPC03CMT544 81.65 81.55 MFT DST RTE COLSPR 141.14 321 BUR DST CO3CMT 81.55 SO.% 542 COLSPR 140.82 I22 C03CMT 80.96 74.40 544 140.48 323 RIPCO3CMT 74.40 74.14 541 COLBND 140.08 122 RIPCO3CMT 74.14 73.83 545 COLBND 139.75 124 CO3CMT 73.83 73.58 1 22 139.56 321 RIPCO3CMT 73.58 73.52 323 RIP 139.32 122 CO3CMT 73.52 73.46 122 139.28 322 RIPCO3CMT322 73.46 73.36 RIP 138.72 324 C03CMT 73.36 73.19 323 FLT 138.25 I24 C03CMT 73.19 72.44 122 138.18 322 CO3CMT 72.44 72.25 322 RIP 138.06 122 CO3CMT 72.25 12.16 323 137.79 323 DSTCO3CMT 72.16 7205 322 RIP 137.02 322 RIP LRG CO3CMT 72.05 71.85 323 136.88 '323 FLT CO3CMT 71.85 71.73 542 136.29 322 RIPBURCO3CMT 71.73 71.21 323 RIPLRG 136.14 321 RIPCOKMT 71.21 70.31 543 COLBND 135.94 323 RTD CO3CMT 70.31 69.76 323 135.30 324 CO3CMT 69.76 69.65 322 RIP 135.19 322 RIPCO3CMT 69.65 69.37 122 134.83 323 FLT C03CMT 69.37 68.98 322 RIP 134.41 322 RIPCO3CMT 68.98 68.01 541 COLSPR RTD DST 134.13 122 CO3CMT 68.01 67.79 122 133.78 323 RIP RTDCO3CMT 322 67.79 67.74 FLT DST 133.65 322 DST CO3CMT 67.74 67.66 323 FLT 133.56 324 CO3CMT 67.66 67.54 543 RTD COLSPR 132.79 321 RPDSTCO3CMT 67.54 67.38 323 ET 132.64 122 CO3CMT 67.38 67.29 322 RIP 132.55 323 RIPCO3CMT 67.29 67.17 323 FLT 132.40 122 CO3cMT 67.17 66.92 122 132.28 323 RIPCO3CMT323 66.92 66.74 FLT 131.30 122 RTD COLSPR 66.74 66.62 322 RIP 131.24 324 66.62 66.37 I22 131.18 122 323 66.37 66.31 FLT 131.12 323 SLP324 66.31 65.46 130.61 122 65.46 65.40 322 130.45 324 65.40 64.42 324 130.26 124 64.42 64.33 322 130.02 323 324 64.33 64.12 129.02 I 22 64.12 63.96 321 DST FLT 128.75 112 63.96 63.84 323 FLT 128.36 122 63.84 63.73 321 128.16 112 63.73 63.43 543 COLSPR 117.88 wo 63.43 62.86 324 FLT 117.22 112 COLBND 6286 57.79 542 FLTCOLBNO 116.83 323 DST 57.79 57.61 542 COLBND FLT 116.68 122 542 57.61 56.63 FLT 116.62 324 56.63 55.17 324 DSTRTD 116.16 122 COLBND 55.17 54.64 541 115.69 322 54.64 54.36 544 COLBND RTD 115.30 112 COLBND 54.36 54.26 542 115.23 323 54.26 53.21 544 COLBNO RTD 114.85 112 53.21 52.97 322 RIP 114.64 192 5297 52.77 122 113.37 112 COLSPRCOLBND322 5277 52.41 112.10 wo 542 52.41 52.10 111.88 112 COLBND COLSPR 52.10 51.83 322 110.34 122 COLBND 51.83 51.65 323 110.21 192 RTD 51.65 51.34 321 169.37 122 COLSPR COLBND 51.34 50.87 543 169.24 112 COLBND COLSPR 50.87 50.46 543 FLT 108.53 124 COLSPR 50.46 50.21 542 108.07 134 50.21 50.07 542 lW.67 112 COISPR COLBND543 50.07 49.79 RIP 102.57 wo 544 49.79 49.11 101.76 112 COLSPRCOLBND 49.11 48.% 544 101.33 124 48.96 48.88 544 101.16 324 48.88 48.45 542

~~152 Interval Lithot pe Surnx To Base Cody, Modifiers (m? (m)~~

544 14.27 14.15 BUR 542 14.1s 14.07 BUR 544 14.07 13.98 RTD RIP 544 13.98 13.71 BUR 544 13.71 13.66 544 COLBND 13.66 13.56 122 13.46 FLT 544 13S613.4613.42 122 13.42 13.37 542 13.37 ' 13.31 122 13.21 13.31 542 12.93 13.21 542 12.88 12.93 543 12.88 12.81 544 RTD COLSPR COLBND 12.81 12.76 322 RIP 12.76 12.52 124 12.52 12.44 322 RIP 12.44 12.31 323 SlP 12.31 12.16 124 12.05 12.16 RIP 541 11.93 124 11.93 11.80 NPBUR 323 RIP 11.80 11.59 124 11.59 11.34 322 11.34 11.16 ,124 11.16 10.93 RIPBURRTD 323 RIPF3DCOLSPR 10.93 10.84 322 FLT10.65 10.84 RIP 323 10.47 10.65 122 10.39 10.47 323 KTDST IUD COLSPR 10.39 10.30 324 10.26 10.30 122 10.26 10.03 323 10.03 9.81 DST I22 9.81 9.44 322 FLT 9.44 9.37 I22 9.37 9.29 322 9.29 9.23 122 9.23 9.w 323 FLT 9.w 8.76 OSTCO3MT 541 8.76 8.64 I22 8.a 8.27 DST 323 8.27 8.13 I 22 7.40 8.13 322 RIP 7.40 7.w RIP 323 FLT R1D 7.M . 6.04 COLSPR 324 6.01 5.01 112 CDLSPR 5.01 3.22 COLBNDCOLSPR wo 3.22 2.26 RIP DST 112 2.26 2.08 122 2.08 2.02 FLT RTD 192 2.02 1.56 COLSPR I 22 1.56 1.36 wo 1.36 1.17 112 1.17 ' 0.96 RIP I22 O.% 0.72 DST 323 FLT RTD DST 0.72 . 0.40 RTD RIP DST 541 0.40 0.w I22 321 RIP I22 Hole C EP-105 Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield

~~(htervals converted io inre thichess) Interval suffm Interval Lithot pe Sufi% TOO Base Modifiers To Base Cd Modifiers LiP3F (m) (m!~~

~~RTD RIP BUR RIPRTD FLT RTD COLBNU~~

~~RlD DSI CO3m RTD COLBNU FLT CO3CMT RTDCO3CMT RTD BUR CO3CMT COLBNO~~

~~DSTBUR DST COL SPR VST RTD RIP RIP~~

~~OSTBUR CO3CMT DST C03CMT~~

~~RIP DST COLSPRC03 UST RPDSTC03CMT C03W RTD COLSPR C03M C03W MXT RIP BUR CO3cMT RPDSTC03CMT CO3CMT DST CO3W C03CMT RIP CO3m~~

RlD RTD DST RTD DST DST COLSPR COL BND COLBND RTD DJCRTD SLPCO3CMT RTD RTD RIP BUR C03CMT RTD CO3CMT COLSPR COLSPR CO3CMT CO3m DSTCO3CMT RIPCO3CMT FLT+RIPCO3CMT FLT COL BND BUR 'FTMXT CO3CMT BUR RIP RIP RIP COLSPR RTD RIP COLBND RIP BUR COL SPR COLBND

RIP 155 321 RIP 541 COLSPR in 145 322 BUR 543 FLTCOLBNO I22 745 322 RIP 544 COLSPR 323 544 I22 541 COLBND 323 RIP 544 COLSPR 322 RIP 124 1n 323 BUR 322 RIP 122 324 124 322 C03CMT I22 321 RIPC03CMT 323 RIP BUR C03cMT 322 In 324 321 321 322 324 323 321 RIPCO3CMT 322 544 co3cMT 321 321 SLP 322 323 FLT 323 122 322 321 323 544 CO3CMT 322 323 lZ2 322 FLT CO3CMT 322 RIPCO3CMT 323 122 322 FLT CO3CMT 322 RIPCO3CMT 321 ET 323 321 COLBND 321 324 323 322 321 324 324 322 322 C03CMT 323 124 324 544 SLPDST 322 541 RIPCO3CMT 324 124 323 FLT 321 RIPCO3CMT 124 ET 321 RIPBURC03CMT 544 324 CO3CMT 544 COLSPR 124 324 544 C03CMT 544 124 324 321 RIPCO3CMT 544 COLSPR 124 322 In 541 322 RIPC03CMT 745 COLSPR 124 544 322 RIP BURCO3cMT 542 In BUR 543 COLBND 123 544 COLSPR 114 COLSPRCOLBND 745 wo 544 COLSPR 114 COLBND COLSPR 745 122 COLBNO 544 114 542 COLSPR 124 745 wo 544 COLSPR 322 BUR RIP 542 124 BUR RTD 544 COLSPR 021 745 114 COLSPR 544 124 745 114 COLSPR 544 COLSPR 124 BUR CO3CMT 542 322 BUR CO3CMT 541 323 RIP 542 321 RIPBUR C03CMT 541 114 543 FLT 021 542 114 COLSPR 543 FLTCOLBND 122 542 mom 323 RIP BURC03CMT 745 322 BUR RIPCO3CMT 542 In 542 322 RIPBUR C03CMT 541 122 544 321 RIP 745 543 FLT -544 I22 745 114 543 114 COLBNDCOLSPR 745 124 541 COLSPR 324 BUR 745 322 541 745

~~156 .Hole D EV-151 Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

~~RTD COLSPR DST COLBND COLBND COLBND COLSPR DST COLSPR COLBND MXTRTD BUR FLT RIP~~

RTD RIP RTD COLSPR BUR KTD CO3ChlT RIP RIP COLSPRFLT FLT BUR COLSPR RTD COLSPR RIP MFT CO3CM FLT DST COLSPK COLSPR COLSPR SLP RTD COLSPR COLSPR COLBND COLSPR RTD RIP FLT BUR CO3CMT RIPCO3OdT LRG CO3CMT COLSPR COLSPR LRO WDCOLSPR COLSPR COLSPR COLSPR RIP BUR CO3OdT COLSPR RTD BUR

~~BUR BUK LRG COLSPR~~

~~C03CMT RIP~~

~~RIP SLP RTD DST COLSPR BUR CO3CMT COLSPR RIPCO3cMT SLP LRG COLBND FLT~~

~~RIP BUR BUR RIP COLSPR RTD COLSPR DST RIP BUR DST RIP DST RIP RIP COLSPR RIP. BUR BUR~~

~~COLBND RTD~~

~~157 interval suffi Interval Lithot pe suffix ' , To Base' LiFP Modifiers To COA Modltiers dP (m) . E~~

COLSPR COLBND 118.63 ' 544 118.33 544 COLSPRCOLBLNO RTD 117.31 321 COLSPR RTD 117.14 544 COLSPR RTD COLSPR 116.80 541 LRG 116.49 543 FLT RTU 116.23 541 LRG BUR 114.48 541 SLP 113.69 544 SLP 113.M 544 COLSPR RTD mu) 321 MFI RIP 111.75 544 COLSPR COLBND RIP 111.M 124 DST' DST BUR RIP 110.89 544 COLSPR COLBND 110.56 321 RTD 110.41 544 COLSPR RTD CO3cMT n0.n 544 COLSPR RTD 109.97 541 RTD CO3CMT 109.03 541 WLBND DST 108.66 541 LRG LRG 108.21 541 COlSPR LRG 105.90 541 MuDQ1Ips 105.27 541 RIP FLT WLBND 102.79 323 DST IM.14 544 COLBND COLSPR 103.37 541 COLSPR COLBND PLT 102.29 541 COLBND I m.92 541 COLBND COLSPR RTD 100.13 544 COLSPR COLSPR 99.48 324 COLSPR 99.02 324 DST RIP 98.23 322 RIP RIP 97.89 122 97.72 124 97.10 321 RIP 96.67 322 RIP RIP 96.48 324 DST COLSPR 95.91 321 DSTCOLSPR RIP 95.16 3% 94.77 321 RIP RIP 94.54 544 COLBND COLSPR RlPBUR 93.98 I 22 'RIP 93.10 322 RIP BUR RIP DST 9287 124 SOME SANDY LENSES 91.92 123 RIP 91.40 124 COLSPR 91.07 323 BUR RIP 90.52 321 BUR RIP 90.17 122 COLBND RIP 89.83 122 89.15 194 DST RTD RTD COLSPR 88.96 3% RTD BUR 88.62 321 RlPBUR RlPBUR 87.65 122 BUR COLSPR 84.84 027 84.74 122 BUR RIP 83.96 323 RIP DST 8353 122 COLBND 83.33 323 RIP 8284 122 COLSPR COLBND 81.39 192 DST 81.34 122 RTD 80.72 124 RTD RTD 78.13 322 RlPCO3CMT RIP 77.42 324 BUR CO3CMT 76.16 322 BUR DST CO3CMT RTD 75.12 122 74.92 322 RIP. 74.76 323 RIP 73.86 322 73.64 321 COLBND 73.48 323 72.15 321 72.07 122 RIP 71.90 322 RIPCO3CMT RIP 71.84 I22 71.76 321 RlPCO3CMi . 71.68 124 DST 71.56 321 FLT RTD COLSPR 71.16 124 RIP 70.% 321 RlPCO3CMT 70.46 124 COLSPR 70.36 321 %TRIP RTD 70.02 I22 69.61 323 RIP DST RIP 69.1 1 322 RIPBUR C03CMT 68.97 324 RIP 68.56 321 PLT RIP CO3CMT ' RTD 68.34 323 RIPCO3CMT RIP COLBND BUR 67.98 I22 RIP 67.20 122 RTD 6693 124 DST BUR 66.59 122 COLSPR 66.38 124 DST RIP 66.15 In RIP BUR 64.80 124 DSTCOLSPR RTD PLT BUR 63.79 I 22 RIP 63.W 122 BUR C03CMT FLT 61.82 323 RlPBURCO3CMT COLSPRCOLBND 60.91 323 SLP DST COLSPR 60.78 I22 DST COLSPRCOLBND 60.50 wo 158 Interval Lithot pe Suflix To Base codk Modifiers ern? (m)

112 RTDCULBND 27.16 122 wo 323 26.99 RIP 113 COLBND 26.91 122 021 26.66 114 COLSPR 114 COLBND 25.93 wo 123 COUPR MFI’RTD112 25.51 COLSPR 323 DST 25.09 323 DST 323 PLT 24.69 124 123 RTD 24.47 324 122 COLBND RTD 24.25 323 DST 321 RIP122 24.13 321 RIP321 24.05 RIP 122 324 23.69 DST 323 RIP323 23.28 RIP 322 RlPBUR021 22.78 wo 114 22.37 I 22 DST122 22.21 DST 141 RTD 21.83 122 DST 124 DST 21.62 323 BUR 322 RIP 20.99 324 194 RTD 20.19 122 124 COLSPR 19.23 112 COLSPRCOLBND 122 19.08 192 322 SLP OST 18.55 027 I 22 544 17.61 COLSPR 124 124 17.36 I24 14.82 122 BUR m 14.72 122 114 wo COLSPR RTD 14.40 024 124 Hole E EV-150

~~Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

(Intervals converted to true thickness) Interval sumx Interval Lithot e sumx fro Base ”?E Modifiers To Base Cod? Modifiers (my (m) (my (m) 112 206.80 COLSPR 394 204.88 112 204.42 RTDCOLSPRCOLBND 397 203.88 COLSPR 112 203.58 COLBND COLSPR 125 201.92 COLSPR SLP 112 201.01 SLP 113 199.84 COLBND 192 199.04 COLSPR 541 197.62 COLBND COLSPR DST 192 196.90 RIPCOLSPR 323 1%.W COLBND DST 541 194.19 COLSPROSTRTD I22 194.10 543 193.71 323 192.49 FLT RIP RTD COLSPR 541 191.86 COLSPR BUR RIP 323 191.53 BURCOUXE 541 191.36 I22 COLSPR FLT 190.27 FLT COLSPR BURR% 322 RIPCOLSPR 190.02 RIP DST I 22 COLSPR 189.68 FCTBUR 322 RlPCOLSPR 188.93 COLSPR RTD 122 RTDCOLSPR 188.09 COLSPR DST 112 RTD COLBND COLSPR 187.07 COLSPR FLTRTD 122 RTD COLSPR 185.10 BUR 542 COLSPR 184.34 RIP COLSPR RTD 542 COLSPR 183.37 COLSPR 323 BUR RTD RIP 182.87 DSTBURCOLSPR 194 182.73 COLSPR DST 323 RTO BUR RIP DST 182.22 DSTCOLSPR 324 181.46 COLSPR RIP DST 323 RTD DST BUR MFI‘ 180.59 MFI’ DST 322 DST 180.25 DST KCD COLSPR 542 COLSPR UST 179.80 BURRIPCOLSPR 543 RIP DST 179.34 COLSPR 542 FLTDSTCOLSPR 178.46 542 COLSPR RIP 177.78 542 FLT m.08 541 176.65 541 DST 175.85 544 175.45 323 RIP FLT 174.40 322 FCT COLSPR 173.36 323 FLT 172.64 322 FLT 170.85 323 RlPBUR 170.71 112 169.66 321 RIPBURCOLSPR 167.31 323 RIPCOLSPR BUR 166.12 I22 COLSPR 165.61 I12 COLSPRCOLBND 160.65 OM 159.78 112 COLSPRCOLBND 158.68 323 DSTRTD 157.58 324 154.13 322 152.48 321 150.97 323 150.76 DST RTD COLSPR C03 395 150.48 323 150.33 DSTRTDCO3CMT 112 I” MXT SLP 122 149.38 SLPRTD DSTCOLSPR 322 148.80 RTD RIP 323 147.59 RTDRIPBURCOLSPR 312 146.82 DST COLSPR RTO BUR I22 145.65 COLSPRRTDDST 324 144.85 UST RTD COLSPR 12-2 142.86 RTD DSTRIPCOLSPR 323 140.13 RTD DST COLSPR 322 139.40 COLSPR 124 137.44 541 135.57 COLSPR COLBNDRTD 324 133.91 In 132.14 324 COLSPR 131.72 323 COLSPR DSTRIP 128.73 394 127.92 321 127.22 323 126.60 321 126.43 323 124.35 192 124.28 324 123.98 RIP 542 122.81 RTD COLSPR 541 122.76 324 121.81 541 DST COLSPR RTD 121.67 DST RIP, 544 BUR COLSPR 121.51 542 120.29 RIPCOLBND 541 BUR 119.28 COLSPR 542 RIP 118.80 COLSPRCOLBND 118.27 DST FLT 161 Interval Lithot pe sumx Lithot Interval pe Suffx To Bas cocre Modifiers To Base COJ Modifiers (m7 (m) (4 (m)

118.14 1 95 COLSPR 117.47 112 116.73 325 116.52 1 I2 116.07 323 113.62 I14 113.06 122 111.93 112 111.40 122 DST RTD 110.43 325 KCD COLSPR 107.17 My) 106.83 325 RTD COLSPR 105.91 My) 103.94 324 DSTCOLSPR 103.34 My) 100.74 322 DST krD COLSPR 99.82 324 96.92 122 93.83 112 RTD COlSPR 93.47 My) 9290 112 9203 122 91.56 323 91.43 122 90.37 323 BUR RTD COLSPR DST 88.72 I12 COLSPR 85.16 122 COLSPR 85.02 313 DSTRTDCOLSPR 79.55 324 79.07 313 78.87 324 COLSPR 78.53 313 BURDSTCOLSPR RIP 78.42 My) 77.40 112 DST RTD COLSPR 77.00 313 75.46 311 74.36 313 DSTBURRTD 72.88 1 22 71.73 313 71.60 I22 69.94 My) 68.81

~~162 Hole F BM81-1~~

~~Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

~~(Intervals converted to true thickness) Interval suffix Interval Lithot pe suffi TOD Base Li::2F Modifiers To Base COL Modrtiers d7 (m)~~

4%.91 322 BUR DST 456.58 456.10 323 ' CO3CMI 496.40 324 BURCOLBNDCO3CMT 456.58 456.06 124 495.45 322 BUR 456.06 455.88 124 494.92 324 455.88 455.74 122 494.30 323 BUR C03CMT 441.46 455.74 124 493.87 322 BUR DST C03CMT 454.32 454.46 322 493.32 124 454.32 454.07 323 493.24 321 RIPBUR C03CMT 454.07 453.32 114 492.54 323 BUR C03CMT 453.32 452.35 124 491.83 322 RIP DST CO3CMT 452.35 451.24 wo' 491.52 114 451.24 451.12 114 COLBND COLSPR 491.28 122 RTD BUR C03CMT 451.12 450.97 323 491.01 323 BUR 450.97 450.78 322 DST CO3CMT 490.87 122 450.78 ' 450.31 323 DST 490.65 322 RIPC03CMT 450.31 449.96 322 DST CO3CMT 490.52 323 RIP DST CO3CMT 449.96 448.65 323 BUR DSTCOLBNDC03 489.96 322 RIPC03CMT 448.65 448.11 122 489.27 124 CU3CMT 448.11 447.62 323 BUR 488.55 323 BUR C03CMT 446.72 447.62 322 BUR DST 488.45 322 RIPCO3CMT 446.72 446.13 122 488.26 323 RIPC03CMT 446.13 446.04 114 COLBND 488.03 322 RIPC03CMT 446.01 443.88 wo 487.86 324 BUR CO3CMT 443.88 443.71 114 COLSPR COLBND 487.77 322 RIPCO3CMT 443.11 443.53 122 487.17 323 RIPCO3CMT 443.53 443.24 322 FLT 486.% 122 442.80 443.24 122 486.78 124 442.68 442.80 114 COLBND 485.83 wo 442.68 442.34 122 DST CO3CMT 484.63 114 442.34 441.46 122 C03CMT 484.57 324. BUR 441.46 440.78 114 484.29 124 COLSPR 440.78 440.49 122 483.79 114 COLSPR 440.49 440.10 114 483.40 124 COlSPR BUR 438.05 440.10 114 COLBND 483.18 324 CO3CMT 438.05 437.97 021 482.92 124 437.39 431.91 122 482.78 324 BURC03CMT 437.39 437.02 I24 COLSPR C03CMT 482.22 394 BUR RTD CO3CMT 437.02 436.46 134 C03CMT 481.97 323 CO3CMT 436.29 436.46 334 RTD 481.55 I22 CO3CMT 436.29 435.41 124 481.14 114 435.47 434.94 323 RIPBUR CO3CMT 480.93 114 COLSPR 434.94 434.81 I22 CO3CMT 480.70 024 434.81 434.37 124 C03CMT 480.43 114 433.68 434.37 I22 480.38 114 COLSPR 433.68 433.41 323 RIPC03CMT 480.28 124 CO3CMT 433.41 433.00 122 C03CMT 480.09 124 RTD C03CMT 433.M 431.58 I I2 478.62 124 431.58 430.58 114 COLSPR 478.30 . 324 430.58 430.14 02 I 477.51 122 C03CMT 430.14 430.01 027 476.90 027 430.01 429.10 021 476.84 114 COLSPR 429.10 429.45 114 COLBND 476.71 I24 COLSPR CO3CMT 429.45 428.87 112 416.18 323 BUR C03CMT 428.87 428.42 114 COLBND 475.81 323 DST C03CMT 428.42 427.89 I14 COLBND 415.67 324 C03CMT 427.89 427.65 124 DST 475.46 124 C03CMT 427.65 427.23 114 COLBND 415.25 BUR C03CMT 427.23 426.05 113 COLBND 474.86 E CO3CMT 425.99 426.05 021 413.49 323 BUR C03CMT 425.59 422.33 WO 473.36 I22 CO3CMT 422.33 421.86 113 RTD COLSPR CO3CMT 472.88 323 RIPC03CMT 421.86 420.14 wo 472.68 124 C03CMT 420.14 419.55 114 COLBND COLSPR 471.72 124 BUR C03CMT 419.55 419.16 113 471.51 323 BUR CO3CMT 419.16 418.99 324 BUR 471.25 322 BUR CO3CMT 418.99 418.53 322 BUR Mm 471.05 124 CO3CMT 418.53 ' 418.31 122 BUR 470.59 322 RTD CO3CMT 418.31 417.91 '114 470.73 124 RIPC03CMT 411.91 416.89 324 470.48 322 BURCO3CMT 416.89 414.61 My) 470.38 324 CO3CMT 414.64 414.03 114 470.24 322 BUR CO3CMT 413.88 414.03 I14 469.27 322 RIPBURCV3CMT 413.88 412.65 I22 468.62 323 RIPBURCO3CMT 411.96 124 468.21 324 BUR CO3CMT 411.96412'65 411.64 122 468.m 322 BUR 411.64 411.39 322 BUh 467.74 324 CO3CMT 411.39 411.26 122 467.27 124 CO3CMT 411.26 411.17 322 467.01 324 411.17 410.68 122 465.83 122 410.61 410.68 322 FLT 466.20 322 RlPcQ3CMT 410.04 410.61 I22 BUR C03CMT 465.12 122 C03CMT 410.01 409.91 323 FLT 465.16 114 C03CMT 409.91 4M.82 122 464.71 322 RIPCO3CMT 408.82 408.65 114 464.63 323 RIPC03CMT 408.65 408.33 114 COLBND COLSPR 464.14 122 408.33 407.17 114 463.55 wo 407.17 4ffi.91 321 RlPRTD 460.55 114 COLSPR COLBND 406.50 406.91 324 RTD 458.61 112 RID OST 406.50 406.12 194 RTD 458.44 114 COLSPR COLBND 4M.12 405.05 113 458.W 021 405.05 . 403.33 114 COLBND COLSPR 457.95 114 COLSPR COLBND 403.20 403.33 322 BUR 457.36 114 403.01 324 COLSPR 457.12 I22 403'204M.04 402:26 322 BUR RTD 402.26 402.08 402.26 I23 163 Interval Lithot pe su$ix Interval Lithot pe suffx To Base CJe Modifiers To Base codk Modifiers ,m! (m!

333.49 RTD 333.03 COLBND COLSPR COLBND 332.M COLBND COLSPR 330.46 COLBND COLSPR 328.75 COLBND COLSPR 327.11 326.67 325.72 324.60 RTD DST 324.42 324.18 COLBND COLSPR 324.10 COLSPR 323.78 RTD 323.66' COLSPR 323.34 323.22 322.94 322.87 322.75 322.44 322.28 322.14 322.07 321.48 320.75 319.95 CO3MT 319.73 C03MT 319.51 COLSPR COLBND C03M 319.21 C03M 318.53 C03M 317.85 RTD BUR C03CMT 317.61 317.20 316.69 RTD BUR C03CMT 316.21 315.32 315.25 314.86 314.72 314.50 313.M 312.28 312.01 311.27 BUR 310.28 RlPBUR 309.88 309.36 COLSPR 309.16 308.98 COLBND 308.42 307.43 306.97 306.29 RIP 306.10 305.80 3M.M 301.40 COLBND 303.87 303.33 303.26 RTD DST 303.20 COLBNDCOLSPR BUR MXT 303.01 302.69 DST 302.43 COLBND QTZEALVEINS 302.06 BUR 30.01 COLBND BUR RTD 298.86 COLSPR 298.63 COLBND RTD 298.27 COLSPR COLBND RTD DST 298.14 COLSPR 297.43 RTD COLSPRCOLBND 295.99 294.94 COLSPR 294.80 RTD 294.63 293.15 289.57 289.49 289.n 288.54 RIP DST 288.43 287.88 287.n BUR 286.86 286.74 286.53 286.37 RIP 286.23 286.M 284.81 284.15 CO3CMT 283.83 BUR DST CO3CMT 283.67 CO3CMT 283.50 283.21 RIPDSTCO3CMT 283.08 KTD COLSPR 282.91 COLBND COLSPR 282.43 RTD FLT RIP 281.99 COLBND COLSPR 281.85 281.59 281.43

~~164 Inlerval suffix Intervai Litho1 pe suffix To Base Li::P Modifiers To Base codye Modifiers (4 (m) (m? (m)~~

COLSPR 222.57 RIPCO3CMT 222.20 CO3CMT 221.40 BUR CO3CMT RIP 220.11 DST cO3CMT 218.60 C03CMT 217.57 COLBND C03CMT 216.72 COLBNO 216.53 COLBNO COLSPR RIP 210.75 210.19 COLBND COLSPR 210.04 BUR RIPCD3CMT 209.72 COLBND COLSPR 209.42 209.06 COLBND COLSPR 203.76 202.93 201.87 COLBND COLSPR COLSPR BUR 201.54 200.64 COLSPR COLBND 200.55 COLBND 200.36 200.26 COLSPR 199.23 198.29 197.78 191.50 BUR 197.30 197.22 RTD BURCD3CMT 1%.57 BUR BUR 196.51 BUR RTD 033~~~ 1%.22 196.07 BUR RI?) COLSPR C03 192.95 , RTD BUR C03CMT 19251 COLBND 192.16 COLBND COLSPR BUR 191.81 coLspn RTD RIPBURCO3CMT 191.62 1m.58 COLSPR BUR MFC CO3NT 189.31 COLSPRCDLBND 188.98 COLSPR 188.46 188.42 RTD RIP 188.27 RIPBUR C03CMT 187.95 187.67 187.15 186.94 186.47 185.69 185.61 185.44 185.20 184.01 RlPCO3CMT 183.87 BUR 183.77 183.49 RTD RIP CDLBND 183.28 C03CMT SLP 183.12 KTCO3CMT RTD COLBND MFT 182.73 BUR SLP 182.49 COLBND 181.98 181.68 RIP 181.40 181.01 180.70 119.80 RTD BUR M3CMT 179.64 RIPCO3CMT 178.34 RTD CD3CMT 177.80 BUR co3CMT 177.68 177.58 cO3CMT 176.88 RTD RIPBURCD3CMT 176.53 RIP comr 176.13 RIPco3cMT 175.56 RIPCD3CMT 175.18 RTD RIPCO3CMT 174.66 170.22 RIPCD3cMT 169.44 RTD RIPco3CMT 169.20 COLBND CO3CMT 168.31 RTD RIP cOmr 167.91 RTDCOLBND RIPBUR C03CMT 167.65 RID RIPCO3CMT 167.26 RID RIPCOLSPRC03CMT 167.15 COLBND BUR 167.03 RTD COLBNDC03CMT 165.88 BUR CD3CMT 166.19 RIPco3CMT 165.75 BUR CO3CMT 165.55 RIPCO3CMT 165.27 164.78 COLSPR BURCO3CMT 163.72 160.87 158.47 CO3CMT 158.01 157.95 CO3CMT 157.83 DSTCO3CMT 157.72 RIPC03CMT 157.60 BUR CO3CMT 157.32 CO3CMT 156.55 BUR BUR C03CMT 155.93 165 sunix Interval Lithot e suffix Modifiers To Base co2 Modifiers (4 (m)

BUR BUR BUR BUR DST RTD COLSPR BUR DST RTD BUR RIP BUR RIP SLP DST COLBND BUR RlPBUR DST BUR RTD CO3CMT BUR BUR COLBNDCOLSPR RTD COLBND COLSPR BUR COLBND RTD COLBND COlSPR RTD COLSPR COLBND COLSPR BUR RTD RTD BUR COLBND RTD COLSPRRTD RTD RTD COLSPR RTD BUR RTD RTD RTD COLSPR

~~.RIP FCT DST RIP RTO COLBND RTD OST RlP COLBND DSTCOLSPR COLBND MWSLP RTD MW~~

~~RTD RTD~~

~~RIP RIP BUR RTD C03CMT RIP BUR BUR CO3CMT BUR PJPBUR RIP RIP RTD RIP BUR DST WLBND RTD COLSPR~~

~~RTD CO3CMT COLSPR C03CMT C03CMT COLSPR RTD C03CMT RD COLSPR RTD C03CMT RTD COLBND COLSPR RTD C03CMT COLBND WLBND~~

~~BUR COLBND COLSPR RTD RTD 166' Interval SuKiLithot Interval pe SUKi Modifiers To Base COL Modifiers (4 (m)~~

79.01 RTD 78.54 CO3CMTRTD 77.97 RTD 76.81 COLSPR 76.37 RTD 75.88 75.75 75.21 RTDCOlSPR 74.82 RTD 74.43 73.92 73.73 RTD 73.58 73.04 NPCO3CMT 7298 m 7255 7218 KID 71.72 MXT CO3CMT 71.29 COLSPR COLSPR 71.20 BUR CO3CMT 71.14 CO3CMT 70.86 CO3CMT 70.27 CO3CMT 69.61 CO3CMT 69.54 COLSPR RTD DST 68.98 RTD 68.11 RTD C03CMT 67.72 C03CMT 67.49 RTD 67.21 COLBND RTD DST 67.10 DST 66.97 66.89 DST 66.37 64.72 64.54 COLSPR COLBND RTD BUR C03CMT 64.29 C03CMT 64.21 COLSPR CO3CMT 63.04 CO3CMT 62.20 RIPBUR CO3CMT 60.30 RIPC03chlT 57.73 57.10 RIPCO3CMT 56.19 RIP BUR CO3CMT 55.30 RE 55.22 55.04 RE 54.91 54.40 DST BUR 53.94 RTDBUR 52.97 52.21 COLBND 52.06 51.92 BUR 51.75 51.46 50.55 50.44 BUR 50.19 BUR 49.09 48.69 48.57 48.37 48.15 47.95 47.w DSTBUR 45.99 DST BUR 45.69 BUR DST COLBND 45.46 DST BUR 45.35 BUR RTD 45.22 BUR 45.14 DST BUR 45.04

~~I67 Hole G BMS1-2 (Above Thrust)~~

~~Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

(hlervals converted lo fnrethickness) Interval suffix Lithotpe suffix IrO Base "%" Modifiers eo& Modifiers (In? im) 452.39 452.33 452.39 324 MFI' 452.33 452.26 452.33 322 MFI' DST SLPRIPBURMFT 452.26 452.10 122 RIP 451.97 452.10 om 451.97 451.62 451.97 122 451.62 451.26 392 RTDRIPBURDST 451.26 451.02 122 451.02 450.89 3n C03CMT 449.79 450.89 In CO3CMT C03CMT 449.69 449.79 125 CO3CMT C03CMT 449.69 448.72 122 CO3CMT MXT C03CMT 448.72 448.24 322 BUR DST MFI' RTD C03MT 447.89 448.24 124 C03CMT RTD BUR OST RP 447.55 447.89 324 DST LRG MFI CO3CMT RTD DST CO3CMT 447.55 447.34 323 CO3CMT RIPCO3cMT 447.27 447.41 324 C03CMT CO3CMT 447.27 447.14 122 C03CMT FLT CO3CMT 447.14 446.97 324 MFTCO3CMT FITCO3CMT 446.97 446.63 I22 CO3CMT MXTRTDCO3CMT 445.82 446.63 322 MXTBURRlDRF CO3CMT 445.70 445.82 124 DSTCO3CMT DST C03CMT 444.87 445.70 324 DST KID BUR CO3CMT CO3CMT 444.87 444.37 122 CO3CMT C03CMT 444.37 443.68 124 DSTBUR C03CMT CO3CMT 443.60 443.68 om C03CMT DST BUR RTD C03CMT 443.60 443.40 192 RTD MFT CO3CMT RIPBURRTDCO3CMT 442.90 443.40 In BUR MFT C03CMT RTD COLSPR C03CMT 442.90 442.86 om C03CMT FLTMFIg$XX; 442.86 442.80 124 C03CMT 442.80 442.40 325 C03CMT MFT DST CO3cMT442.20 442.40 323 RIPcO3CMT CO3CMT 442.11 442.20 124 MFT C03CMT COLSPR C03CMT 442.11 441.52 124 C03CMT C03CMT 441.52 441.32 323 DST CO3CMT CO3CMT 441.32 439.13 I22 CO3CMT C03CMT 438.92 439.13 112 COLSPR CO3CMT CO3CMT 438.92 437.63 om C03CMT 431.63 437.21 324 COLSPR MFT CO3CMT CO3CMT 437.21 437.16 324 LRG MFI CO3CMT COLSPRRTORIPCO3 437.16 437.08 324 C03CMT C03CMT 437.08 436.68 321 COLBNDOSTMFrC03 RIP RfD COLSPR cO3 436.68 436.38 322 RSP MFI' CO3CMT CO3CMT 436.38 436.33 021 DST MXT RTO FLT 436.20 436.33 124 C03CMT 436.08 436.20 021 FIT C03CMT 435.97 436.08 124 CO3CMT 435.97 435.85 021 BUR C03CMT 435.85 435.37 322 MFTCOLSPR BUR CO3CMT 435.37 434.95 124 COLBND CO3CMT 441.95 434.49 322 SLP CO3CMT 441.49 433.42 ow CO3CMT 433.42 433.27 114 COLSPR CO3CMT 433.13 433.27 321 RIPCOLSPR CO3CMT 433.13 433.01 114 COLBND COLSPR 433.01 432.97 021 432.97 432.51 112 COLSPR COLBND COLBND COLSPR 432.51 431.64 324 DSTCOLSPR 431.64 431.25 322 MFTCOLSPRSLP 431.25 430.47 003 LRG hFl' BUR 430.47 430.08 322 COLBND COLSPRFLT MFI' DST 430.08 428.12 om 428.12 427.76 321 RTD DST FLT 427.76 427.54 427.76 324 427.54 427.01 427.54 114 COLBNDCOISPR 421.01 424.98 421.01 322 RIPCOLSPR 424.98 424.74 325 COLSPR 424.74 423.92 424.74 112 423.92 423.65 423.92 323 423.65 422.84 325 422.84 422.30 422.84 322 RTD DSTCOLSPR 422.30 421.94 325 421.94 418.10 421.94 om 418.10 418.04 112 COLSPR 418.01 417.35 112 COLSPR COLBND 417.35 416.88 112 COLSPR DST LRG MFT 416.88 416.44 027 RIP DST LRG MFT 416.44 415.20 WO LRG MFIMXT 414.96 415.20 112 COLSPR MFT 414.% 414.88 DSTMFTLRG 114 414.88 414.73 323 RIP : MFT 414.73 414.61 I32 MXT MXTR7D 414.61 414.38 I12 COLSPR VPMXT 414.38 414.10 322 RIP 414.10 413.92 414.10 122 COLSPR FLT 413.45 413.92 ow DST 413.38 413.45 021 FLG MXT RTD 413.38 412.84 112 COLBND COLSPR 412.84 412.M I22 FITLROMFTRTD 412.M 411.81 124 411.81 411.61 om MFI'LRG 411.61 411.45 323 FLT MFT 411.45 410.80 324 410.80 410.69 324 MXT DST MFT 410.47 410.69 322 FLT I69 Interval suffu To Base LiPP Modifers in!! (m)

410.24 RIP 410.18 COLBND 409.88 RIP COLSPR 409.06 COLBND COLSPR 408.27 KT 408.23 MFl 408.17 COLSPR 401.90 COLSPR DST BUR 406.45 4G5.42 DST BUR 405.06 RmBUR 401.93 RIP BUR RTD BUR 3% FLTCOLSPR KID COLSPR COLBND 401.21 BURRTD 4m.45 COLSPRCOLBND BUR 403.23 COLSPRCOLBND BUR 402.39 COLSPRCOLBND BUR 401.58 COLSPR BUR RIPCO3CMT 400.76 KlD COLSPR COLSPR C03CMT MA1 COLBND COLSPR RIPCO3CMT 400.02 RTD DST C03CMT 399.79 RTD DST COLSPR BUR RIPC03CMT 399.33 COLSPRCOLBND RIPCO3CMT 398.86 C03CMT 398.71 CO3CMT 398.19 COLBND COLSPR CO3CMT 397.58 DST COLSPR RTD 397.42 COLSPR 397.30 COLSPR RIP 397.19 RIP RIP 3%.55 RTD 3%.45 RTD COLSPR 396.38 DST 355.30 394.85 RIP RIP 394.80 RIP 394.72 COLBNDCOLSPR 394.53 FLT 394.18 393.97 RIP 393.65 FLT 393.45 DST 393.42 392.80 392.55 391.54 COLBND BUR 391.35 RIP 391.20 391.00 RIP 390.87 RIP 390.56 RIP 390.02 COLBND 389.92 389.04 388.97 388.34 BUR 388.28 388.18 COLSPR COLBND 387.86 RIPCOLSPR 387.11 COLSPR I%T 387.03 RIPCOLSPR 386.03 385.65 COLBND COLSPR 385.62 385.37 COLSPR 384.91 384.41 COLBND COLSPR 384.31 384.19 COLSPRCOLBND 383.97 383.83 383.63 COLSPR 383.58 COLSPR 383.49 383.39 383.34 RlPBUR 383.04 RIP 382.77 RIP 382.48 382.43 RIP 382.21 ,382.09 381.73 381.31 381.23 381.12 381.05 COLBND 380.73 COLSPR 380.29 379.79 COLSPR 376.50 376.04 COLSPR 375.60 COLSPR 375.33 375.03 374.29 DSTCOISPR BUR 372.83 KlDRlPCOLSPR 3n.56 BUR RIP 3n.05 371.95 RIP 371.83

~~170 SUtEX Interval Lithot pe suffix LiP3Y Modifiers To Base coli Modifiers (4 (m)~~

543 544 COLBNO 321 COLBND COLSPRRTD RIP 541 COLBND COLSPR 541 COLBNO 541 COLSPR 122 COLBND 541 COLBNOCOLSPR 541 COLSPR COLBND BUR RIP 321 FLT RIP 544 COLBND COLSPR 323 122 192 RTDCOLBND RlPBUR 122 RIP 542 COLSPR RlPBUR 114 RlPBUR Mm RIP 124 BUR FLT COLSPR 194 FLT BUR 324 332 BUR 324 OST BUR 194 RTD 323 BUR RIP 322 RTDRlPBUR 124 322 RlPBUR 324 114 027 122 COLSPR 194 COLSPR 112 RIP 027 RlPDSTBURCOLSPR 112 RTD COLSPR COLSPR I24 DSTCOLSPR RlPBUR DSTCOLSPR 114 323 RTO COLSPR RIP DST 1 14 323 COLBNO RTD RIP 321 RTO BUR RIP 1 22 BUR RIP 334 COLSPR FLT 324 DST RIP 334 DST COLSPR RTD COLSPR 124 RTD COLSPR COLBNO 323 RTD COLSPR DST 124 323 541 335 541 334 COLSPR I22 MXTCOLSPR 334 COLSPR DST 323 322 124 324 124 027 114 027 122 125 322 DST RTD BUR 323 COLSPR 124 I 22 COLSPR BURRTD 112 RTD COLBND I16 COLBNO COLSPR 114 RlD Mm 114 COLBND 194 COLSPR 112 BUR COLBND COLSPR 122 COLSPR FLT 134 RIP 122 122 Bmwn PAKHES COLSPR 112 115 112 115 112 MXT 027 I14 027 RTDCOLBND 122 124 194 COLSPRCOLBND I22 323 BUR RIP COLBND FLT 321 RIP COLBND BUR COLBNO 323 COLSPR COLSPR 541 COLSPR COLBND 321 FLT COLBND COLSPR 322 DSTRTD COLSPR 323 MFT 122 MFT OST COLBND COLSPR 322 RIPMFTDSTRTD RTD COLBNO COLSPR 112 DST 171 Interval Lithot pe suffix Interval Lithot pe suffix To Base Cd Modifiers To BaSe Cd Modifiers d (m) (m) (m!

MFT DST 192 DST MFI' BUR 114 RIPCOLSPR MITMXT 124 RTD MXTCOLSPR BUR 112 194 114 COLBNDCOLSPR 134 RTD I22 194 MXT I14 COLSPR COLBND MIT RTD BUR DSC 114 124 DSTBUR RTDCOLSPR 194 COLSPR RTD . 122 DST RTD BUR RIP 114 DST 124 Rm RTDCOLSPR I14 COLSPRCOLBND I I4 RTDCOLSPR oa, MITFLT 114 COLSPR 323 DSTSLPBUR COLSPR 122 BUR FLTCOLSPR BUR FLT 313 FCT BUR RTD COLSPR I14 COLSPR 027 BURCOLBND I14 122 BUR 322 DST BUR Rm 112 DSTBUR 324 112 BUR BURFLT 313 BUR DST DST RIP BUR lCT 114 027 FLT DST 124 323 BUR DST BUR lCT 114 021 COLSPR WLBND 324

~~172 Hole G BM81-2 (Below Thrust) Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

(Intervals converted to true thickness) Interval Lithot pe suffix Interval Lithot pe suffix !To Base Cd Modifiers Tu Base CUL Modifiers (m7 (m) (m7 (m) COLSPR RTD COLBND COLSPR COLSPR RTD BUR C03 COLSPR COLBND COLSPRCOLBND COLSPRCOLBND COLSPR COLSPR COLSPRCOLBND COLSPR COLSPR COLSPR COLSPR COLBND cown COLSPR COLBND COISPR COLSPR COLSPR COLBND COLBND cospn OST COLSPR COLBND RTD CO3CMT C03CMT COLSPR RTD COLBND RTD COLBND RTD C03CMT COLSPR COLBND RTD C03CMT RTD DST COLSPR RTD COLSPR C03CMT FLT RIP BUR ITT BUR RlPCO3CMT BUR RTD DST RIPRTD RIP DST DST BUR RIP BUR RIP

~~BUR FLT BUR RIP~~

~~RTD ITT BUR RIP BURRTDRIPFLT BUR BUR DST BUR DST FLTBUR BUR DST BUR RTD COLSPR COLSPR RTD COUPRBUR BUR RTD BUR COISPR DST BUR COLSPR Rm MFT RTD BUR DST BUR DST RlD BUR~~

~~COLSPR COLBND~~

~~FLT BUR DST MFT FLT BUR RTD COLBND COLSPR MFT COLSPR COLBNO BUR~~

~~COLBND COLSPR BUR RTD CDLSPRCOLBND~~

~~COLBNDCOLSPR~~

~~173 Hole H SR-7~~

~~Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

(lntewals converted to true thickness) Interval SUNi Top BUS ""P Modfiem 189.93 189.51 124 189.51 189.15 324 CO3CMT 189.15 188.25 321 RIP DST C03cMT COLSPR 188.25 187.93 321 RlPCO3CMT 181.93 181.82 124 COLSPR 1m.m 187.63 321 RlPCO3CMT COLSPR 187.63 1m.w 322 FLT COLSPR 181.40 187.15 324 CO3CMT 181.15 186.66 321 RlPCO3CMT COLBND 186.66 186.44 021 186.44 186.16 114 COLSPR 186.16 184.44 123 CO3CMT 184.44 184.21 184.44 124 DST CO3CMT 1&121 184.10 322 DSTCO3CMT 184.10 184.W 124 CO3CMT COLBNDCOLSPR IS4.W 183.38 122 DSTCO3CMT 183.38 182.85 123 CO3CMT CO3CMT 182.85 181.82 021 RlPCO3CMT 181.82 181.77 114 CO3CMT 181.n 181.58 124 CO3m 18158 181.35 322 SLP CO3CMT 181.35 179.69 321 RlPBUR CO3CMT 179.69 179.60 324 RTD CO3CMT 179.60 179.30 114 RTD 179.30 179.13 021 CO3(3rlT 179.13 178.85 I24 COLSPR DST CO3CMT178.77 178.85 MI RTD CO3CMT 178.n 178.40 113 DST BUR CO3CMT 178.40 178.26 M1 RTD CO3CMT 178.26 176.79 124 COLSPR CO3CMT 176.79 176.24 114 COLSPR CO3m 176.24 176.09 027 RlPCO3CMT 176.09 176.01 114 COLSPR CO3CMT 176.01 172.36 wo CO3CMT 172.36 170.61 124 OST RTD COISPR CO3CMT 170.61 170.39 194 RTD DST COWDST 170.39 110.16 122 RTDCO3CMT 170.16 169.69 124 RTD COLSPR 169.69 169.23 124 COLSPR SLP 169.21 163.68 I94 DSTCO3CMT COLSPR 168.68 168.34 114 COLSPR 168.34 168.18 168.34 124 COLSPR 168.18 167.82 194 DST CO3cMTRIP 167.82 167.71 wo RTD 167.71 167.69 194 DST C03CMT RTD 167.69 167.41 123 COLSPR 167.41 167.27 124 COLSPR CO3CMT 167.n 166.53 114 COLSPR COLSPR 166.53 166.M 124 166.02 165.55 124 COLSPR 165.55 164.72 124 CO3CMT RTD 164.72 164.49 193 RTD CO3CMT 164.49 164.41 124 C03CMT BUR CO3CMT 164.22 164.41 321 C03CMTRIPFLT CO3CMT 164.22 164.13 322 FLT CO3CMT COLSPR 163.99 164.13 321 RlPCO3CMT CO3CMT 163.99 163.85 323 RlPCO3CMT 163.85 163.77 322 RlPCO3cMT COLSPR 163.77 162.49 324 DST CO3cMT BUR 162.49 162.29 124 COLSPR 162.29 161.90 324 CO3CMT 161.90 161.56 161.90 124 DST CO3CMT COlsPR 16156 161.42 324 DSTC03CMT 161.42 161.02 161.42 124 CO3CMT BUR RIP 161.02 1M.93 194 RIP IM.93 160.82 wo 1M.82 1M.68 194 160.63 160.17 160.63 124 IM.17 lM.W 124 DST C03CMT COLSPR 16O.m 159.72 544 C03CMT 159.72 159.58 541 CO3CMT 159.58 159.32 544 C03CMT COLSPR 159.32 158.42 541 C03W 158.42 158.22 544 CO3CMT RlPCO3CMT 158.22 158.02 541 C03CMT RlPCO3CMT 157.54 158.02 544 CO3CMT CO3CMT 157.54 157.46 543 C03CMT 157.46 15728 544 CO3CMT DST CO3CMT153.47 157.28 541 CO3CMT RTD CO3CMT151.61 153.47 541 CO3CMTCOLSPR CO3CMT 151.61 151.32 541 COlsPR CO3CMT 151.32 150.09 541 LRG 150.09 149.68 543 149.68 149.29 149.68 542 COLSPR 149.29 148.52 541 COLSPR 148.52 148.03 544 COLSPR COLSPR 1e.m 147.95 124 147.95 147.79 147.95 122 RIP 147.79 147.57 147.79 124 147.57 147.34 147.57 322 RIP COLSPR 147.34 147.17 124 147.17 146.85 122 146.85 146.47 146.85 542 DSTBUR 143.54 146.47 544 175 suffi Interval Lithot e suffi Modifiers To Base cod2 Modrfiers .. (m) 14354 108.58d’ 107.99 541 RIPBUR 143.37 107.84 107.99 543 142.93 107.84 107.66 544 142.51 107.66 107.42 541 142.11 107.42 107.13 541 RIP 141.92 COLSPR 107.13 106.23 542 141.65 COLSPRCO3W 106.63 106.27 544 141.12 106.n 1M.77 541 RIP 140.89 IM.~ 105.44 542 140.47 BUR m C03CMT 105.44 105.23 541 140.22 BUR 105.23 105.09 544 COLSPR 139.83 BUR 105.09 101.61 114 COLSPR 139.66 DST lW.01 lW.61 114 COLSPR 138.86 RlPBUR 103.62 1W.01 123 RTD 138.78 FLT 103.36 103.62 197 138.56 RIP 103.36 102.38 1 93 138.36 FLT lllL.38 101.75 123 138.15 101.75 101.52 324 RTD 138.09 FLT 101.52 101.30 322 RIP RTD 138.M 101.30 101.07 114 COLSPR 137.12 RIP 101.07 100.32 123 137.06 RIP 1M.32 IM.07 323 136.85 RIP 100.07 99.75 322 RIPCO3CMT 136.47 99.75 99.44 324 BUR CO3CMT 136.03 BUR 99.44 99.20 321 RIPCO3CMT 135.95 99.20 98.97 124 CO3CMT 135.53 98.49 98.97 322 RIP BUR CO3CMT 135.44 BUR97.52 98.49 322 RIP BUR CO3CMT 134.68 RIP 97.52 97.2s 324 CO3CMT 133.24 97.28 97.20 124 132.98 96.83 97.20 324 BUR C03CMT 132.80 96.62 96.83 124 CO3CMT 132.54 96.29 96.62 324 BUR C03CMT 132.28 COLSPR95.14 95.29 322 RIP BUR CO3CMT 132.05 BUR95.88 96.14 324 CO3CMT 131.65 BURCOLSPR 95.88 95.79 322 RIPBURCO3CMT 130.69 95.79 95.36 324 CO3CMT 130.46 95.36 95.16 322 RIPCO3CMT 130.08 95.16 94.56 I23 129.88 94.56 93.62 324 BUR CO3CMT 129.06 MXT 93.62 93.17 322 IUPCO3CMT 128.69 BURCOLSPR 93.17 92.78 323 RIP 128.45 9278 92.06 126 RTD 128.31 9206 89.47 om m.84 BUR 89.47 89.33 114 COLSPR 126.89 RIP DST89.18 89.33 322 126.65 BUR88.87 89.18 323 IUPBUR C03CMT 126.54 88.70 88.87 122 126.42 88.70 88.58 323 BUR C03CMT 126.27 88.58 88.40 027 126.13 88.40 88.28 021 125.70 87.83 88.28 114 COLSPR 125.32 87.83 87.55 122 RIP 125.23 87.55 87.44 I22 FLT 125.15 MXT 87.44 87.29 124 124.91 87.29 86.92 I22 RIP 124.42 RIP 86.92 86.60 114 COLSPR 124.22 RIP 86.60 85.72 114 COLSPR 124.12 85.72 83.62 om 123.55 83.62 8279 114 COLSPR 123.75 82.79 8252 193 RTD 323.56 81.63 82.52 021 123.03 81.24 81.63 1 14 COLSPR 122.80 DST 81.24 81.18 021 122.63 RIP DST 81.18 80.42 124 RTD 122.50 FLT 80.42 mu) 027 122.39 80.30 79.62 124 RTD 122.12 78.64 79.62 122 122.01 78.64 77.18 124 121.56 77.18 77.00 I22 121.45 77.00 76.63 I22 121.23 COLSPR 76.16 113 1m.B RTD 766376.16 75.38 124 mD 1m.61 COLSPR 73.75 I22 120.26 75.3873.75 73.34 194 mD 119.82 73.34 73.m 123 119.34 COLSPR 73.20 72.95 124 118.69 7295 72.69 324 118.01 COLSPR 7269 72.61 122 117.66 7261 72.47 323 RIP 117.42 7247 71.32 124 117.30 71.32 70.89 123 117.16 70.89 70.37 324 RIP C03CMTRTD 117.07 70.37 70.15 124 RTD CO3CMT 116.88 70.15 69.86 324 C03CMT 116.68 FLT 69.86 69.72 194 RTO C03CMT 116.39 BUR 69.72 69.66 ooi) 114.37 BUR 69.52 I24 CO3CMT 114.26 BUR 69’6669.52 69.M 124 C03CMT 113.75 69.00 68.71 328 CO3CMT 113.58 68.71 67.97 124 113.37 67.97 67.71 124 113.28 67.71 67.18 114 COLSPR 112.63 COLSPR 67.18 67.01 194 RTD 112.25 67.01 66.50 I23 RTD 112.16 BUR 6.50 66.39 114 COLSPR 111.92 MFl’ DST 66.39 65.82 123 111.51 RIP DST 65.82 65.48 122 110.73 COLSPR 65.48 65.20 123 110.05 RIPDST 65.20 65.03 123 DST C03CMT RTD 109.65 DST 65.03 64.75 323 MXT C03WRIP 109.40 RIP 64.75 60.82 om 108.72 60.82 60.45 322 mD DST CO3CMT

~~176 Interval suffi To Be "%3Y Modlfiers (In? (m)~~

60.45 123 29.68 122 CO3CMT 60.36 322 RTD DST CO3CMT 29.23 I22 CO3CMT 59.50 124 29.06 122 CO3CMT 59.28 124 CO3m 28.83 124 58.13 I14 COLSPR 28.63 021 57.61 124 CO3CMT 28.52 114 COLSPR 56.75 324 RTD DST CO3CMT 27.78 I22 DST 56.23 126 RlTJ 27.28 124 56.01 124 RTDCO3CMT323 27.08 DST 55.03 324 RTD CO3CMT 26.85 122 BUR 54.64 322 CO3cMT 26.80 wo 53.72 324 RTD CO3m 26.37 122 52.97 322 RTD DST CO3cMT114 25.89 5280 124 RTD BUR CO3cMT 25.72 113 52.57 324 co3cMT021 25.66 52.37 124 CO3m 25.58 124 C03CMT 51.42 324 w3m 25.52 027 51.23 124 CO3cMT 24.72 124 COLSPR 50.51 324 DST RTD CO3CMT 24.61 323 BUR 49.48 322 BUR CO3CMT 23.98 1 22 49.34 324 BUR CO3W 23.49 124 48.96 322 RTD CO3CMT 19.51 om 48.44 324 DST 18.79 324 BUR DST CO3cMT 48.06 324 CO3m323 18.24 BUR DST CO3CMT 47.72 322 RIPBURCU3CMT322 17.26 DSTBUR CO3CMT 47.37 124 CO3m 16.% I 22 CO3cMT 47.23 324 BUR CO3C" 16.3 323 BUR DST CO3CMT 46.77 124 co3m 16.W 122 RTD DST CO3CMT 46.60 322 BURDSTCO3CMT 15.55 323 BUR CO3CMT 46.40 321 RIP DST CO3CMT 15.35 124 CO3CMT 46.25 324 RTD DST CO3m 14.76 323 KTRlPBURCO3CMT 45.01 124 CO3CMT 14.38 322 BUR DST CO3CMT 44.87 322 DSTCO3CMT324 13.73 BUR DST C03CMTRIP 44.61 324 DSTCO3CMT323 13.44 FLTRIPBURM3CMT 44.24 124 RTD DST CO3CMT 13.12 122 CO3CMT 42.87 324 CO3CMT 12.54 122 42.70 322 RIPCO3CMT 11.79 124 42.61 122 11.17 122 MXT CO3CMT 42.28 114 COLSPR122 9.11 4222 021 8.74 124 DST 41.39 027 8.09 324 DSTBURCO3CMT 41.31 114 7.92 124 40.79 114 COLSPR 7.62 323 RIP RTD 40.68 114 COLSPR 7.39 I24 40.57 113 6.83 322 RIP RTD 39.68 om 6.15 122 DST 39.26 wo 5.77 124 35.25 114 COLSPR114 5.18 COLSPR 34.81 027 4s9 021 34.67 114 DST 450 114 COLSPR 34.10 122 CQ3CMT 3.91 I24 33.69 124 3.68 194 RTD CO3CMT 32.97 322 RIP DST CO3CMT 2.94 124 DST 32.45 122 CO3CMT324 2.70 DST CO3CMT 32.19 122 CO3CMT 31.61 124 DST 30.80 323 BUR DST

~~177 Hole I SR-12 Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

(Intervals converted io inre ihickness) Interval suffix Interval Liihot e suffix To BW Modifieiers To Bas cod2 Modifiers (m! (m) (m? (m) ,I 134.61 DST 134.24 134.01 133.45 131.35 BUR RIP 131.01 COLSPR RIP 130.87 130.68 130.18 RTD COLSPR 129.98 COLSPR 129.90 DSTRTD 129.68 COLSPR 129.60 129.52 COLSPR 129.41 129.16 COLSPR 129.05 127.90 127.80 127.30 RTD 127.22 RTD 126.97 126.67 125.99 125.80 COLSPR 125.45 MFTBUR 125.24 MXTRTD 124.11 124.00 RTD E.68 123.57 123.31 122.86 122.66 122.24 121.92 COLSPR 121.76 118.94 DST RTD 118.40 COLSPR 117.94 DST 117.37 COlSPR C03CMT 117.29 RTD COLSPR 117.07 RTD RTD 116.96 RIPBUR 116.80 COLSPR 115.66 DST 115.60 SLPCO3CMT 115.10 m 115.01 COLSPR DST 114.94 DST 114.51 DST 114.06 RTD 112.45 COLSPR 112.36 COLSPR RTD MFT RTD 110.97 DST 110.80 RTD CO3CMT I1043 109.67 109.45 COLSPR COLBND 109.24 COLBND 109.07 COLSPR 108.46 RTD COLSPR 108.25 BUR CO3CMT RTD 107.96 107.63 107.41 COLSPR 107.16 BUR 107.67 BUR 106.47 RIP DST 106.07 RIP RTD 105.82 RIP 105.54 RIP 105.M RIP 103.42 103.27 DST COLSPR 102.89 COLSPR 102.79 DST 102.46 DST BUR 102.21 RTD 101.40 COLSPR MXT 101.20 BUR 100.97 BUR RTD 100.59 BUR 100.04 BUR 99.78 99.64 RTD 99.49 99.33 RTD 98.92 COLSPR 98.76 98.49 COLSPR COLSPR 98.14 97.99 COLBND 97.37 I79 Interval sumx Interval Lithot pe sumx To Base Modifiers To Base CJ Modifiers (m! (m) hn? lm)

COLBND 46.04 BUR 45.83 COLSPR 45.66 45.43 45.20 RIP 45.15 45.03 4457 RID 4430 SLP 4.20 SLP DSTC03CMT COLSPR 43.78 43.63 RlPBUR 43.51 43.16 RID 42.22 RTD 42.05 COLSPR RIPCALVEINS 41.85 41.19 41.07 40.65 COLBND 40.53 COLSPR COLBND 40.41 RIP RTD 40.12 COLBND 39.64 COLBND 39.54 39.40 COLBND 39.06 38.67 RID CO3CMT 38.34 38.27 38.20 COLSPR 37.48 37.24 37.00 COLSPR 36.60 36.45 COLSPR 36.32 RlPBUR 31.22 30.85 COLSPR 30.75 RTDC03CMT 30.23 C03CMT 28.97 COLSPR CO3CMT 28.84 26.59 COLSPR COLSPR 25.81 COLSPR 25.21 MXT 25.06 24.98 DST 24.59 24.49 23.38 23.22 23.03 DST 22.75 COLSPR 21.43 COLSPR 21.08 COLSPR 20.20 19.83 BUR DST 19.75 19.54 COLSPR 19.39 18.99 18.92 RTD COLSPR 18.19 18.00 COLSPR 17.70 COLSPR 16.39 COLSPR 15.94 15.88 BUR RTD 15.27 RTD RIP 14.12 13.77 RID 13.42 RIP DST 13.30 RIPBUR DST 13.05 RIP 12.73 BUR 12.66 RID BUR 12.56 RTD 12.44 5.70 MPTRlD 5.62 5.53 5.33 DST RIP SLP 5.26 497 COLSPR 4.67 BUR 4.37 SLPBUR 4.18 4.03 RID BUR COLSPR 3.71 RTDC03CMT 3.47 3.07 m 2.60 1.39 COLSPR 1.09 0.12 BUR 0.00 CO3CMT

~~180 Hole J SR-2~~

~~Drill Core Log Elk Valley Coalfield~~

(Intervals convened to true thickness) Interval suffix Interval Lithot pe To Base Li2:P Modifiers To Base CJe d (m) (4 (m) 93.31 92.90 92.90 9201 DST 92.01 91.81 DST 91.81 91.66 DST COLBND 91.66 91.32 91.32 91.05 COLBND 91.05 90.53 RIP RIP 90.53 90.16 RTD 90.16 89.28 RIPRTD COLSPR 89.28 88.91 88.91 88.53 DSTRTDBUR COLSPR 88.53 88.15 DSTRTDBUR COLBND 88.15 87.48 87.48 87.10 RTD C03CMT RTD COLSPR 87.10 86.23 86.23 86.10 COLSPR C03CMT 86.10 86.01 COLBND 86.01 85.76 85.76 85.19 85.19 85.10 RTD CO3CMT 85.10 84.81 DSTBURRTD82.17 84.81 BUR81.45 82.17 RIPBUR MXTBUR 81.45 81.n BUR80.70 81.23 MXT BUR 80.70 80.38 DST BUR 80.38 80.29 CO3CMT DST RTD79.90 80.29 DST CO3CMT 79.90 19.49 DST79.06 79.49 FCT MFT MXTRTDCO3CMT 79.06 78.94 MXT 78.94 78.78 DST 78.78 78.63 RIP 78.63 78.48 RTD 78.48 78.22 78.22 77.55 COLSPR 77.55 77.47 77.47 77.10 77.10 76.79 77.10 RTD COLSPR COLBND76.49 16.79 RIP 76.49 76.41 76.41 76.M BUR RIP75.27 76.W 75.27 74.68 74.68 74.24 COLSPR 74.24 74.19 RTD RIP RTD 74.19 74.05 RTD 74.05 70.30 RIP RTD 70.30 69.46 COLSPR 69.46 69.33 COLSPR RIP RTD 69.33 68.73 68.73 68.42 RTD RIP RTD 68.42 67.85 DST RTD BUR 67.85 67.46 BUR RTD67.21 67.46 67.21 67.W 67.21 RlPRTD66.95 67.W 66.95 66.38 COLSPR CO3CMT 66.38 66.15 RTD DST 66.15 66.01 OST C03CMT 66.01 65.56 CO3CMT FCT RIP 65.56 65.51 RIPRTDCO3CMT 65.51 65.43 65.51 C03CMT RIPBUR 65.43 65.36 CO3CMT 65.36 65.26 RIPRTDC03CMT 65.26 64.48 C03CMT RIP RTD 64.48 64.35 RTD RIPCO3CMT 64.35 64.02 RTD RTD 6402 63.87 63.87 63.72 RTD COLSPR 63.72 63.67 RTD CO3CMT 63.67 63.49 63.49 63.W COLSPR 63.00 6239 RIPCOXMTDSTRTD 62.39 61.70 C03CMT 61.70 61.24 DSTCOLSPR COLSPR 61.24 m.86 COLSPR 6086 60.60 DST COLSPR 6o.m m.42 COISPR 60.42 59.80 60.42 DSTCOLSPR BUR 59.80 59.61 DST 59.61 59.49 DSTCOLSPR CO3CMT 59.49 59.33 59.33 59.21 RIPCO3CMT COLBND 59.21 58.97 C03CMT COLSPR 58.97 58.84 DSTCOLSPR C03CMT 58.84 58.55 58.84 COLSPR RTD58.32 58.55 COLSPR 58.32 57.56 OST COLSPR 57.56 57.29 57.29 56.95 56.95 56.87 COLSPR 56.87 56.74 RIPC03CMT Rm56.47 56.74 181 Interval suflix To Base Li?!:P Modldem d! Im)

RTD COISPRC03CMT RTD COLBND RIP RTD RTD COLSPR RTD DST BUR BUR BUR RIP RTD CO3CMT RTD RTD COLSPR RIP DST COLSPR RTDCOLSPR BUR RTD SW DST RTD COLSPRCOLBND DST COLSPR DST RTD COLSPR RTD DST RTD COLSPR COLSPR DST SLP COLSPR DST RTD RIP COLBND RIP RIP RTD COLBND RID DST DST BUR RIP KT RTD RIP RTD NPBUR BUR RIP RTD RTD RTD SIP RTD RTD RTD SW

~~182 APPENDIX 3 DIGITAL DEPOSIT MODEL OF WEARY RIDGE by J.D. Hunter and D.A. Grieve~~

JNTRODUCTION GRIDDEDSURFACE TECHNIQUE Weary Ridge is on the east side of the Elk River in the In a gridded-surface digital model each parameter of northern part of the Elk Valley coalfield, 35 to 40 kilometres interest in the deposit is described by a single digital sur- north of Elkford. Strataon Weary Ridge are on the east limb face. In this study, the digital surfaces take the form of a of the Alexander Creek syncline andinclude the upper part network of regularly spaced points, grid nodes, covering the nf theFernie Formation, the entire Morrissey and Mist deposit. A grid cell is the area around a grid node which is Mountain formations, and the lower part of the Elk Forma- assumed to be represented by the value at the node. Gridded tion. Major coal seams of the Mist Mountain Formation are surfaces used in this study have square grid cells which are included in the deposit model described here. centred on the grid node and oriented parallel to the lines of grid nodes. All digital surfaces for the deposit are of equal The model of Weary Ridge has been constructed without size and configuration, so that the corresponding grid nodes regard to coal property boundaries. In actual fact, coal rights for each surface have the same lateral coordinates. on Weary Ridge are covered by parts of two properties, the IElk River property in the northand the Fording River The value of the parameter of interest is determined and property in the south. The boundary between them is in the recorded at each grid node. Grid-node values may be .vicinityof U.T.M. gridline 5 580 000 metres north. At exactly equal to the value of the parameter at that exact present (April 1991) the principal owner of the Fording geographic location, or may be some average value which IRiver property, Fording Coal Limited, also holds a 50 per better describes the whole grid cell,depending upon the (cent interest in the coal rights in the Elk River property, so type of parameter. Each digital surface defines the valueof a Ithat at this time it is valid to consider Weary Ridge as one single parameter over the whole model area. (entity. Analysis of digital deposit models may be based on a The seams on Weary Ridge have been modelled in two single gridded surface or on multiple-surface calculations. ;groups. The first group includes all the major seams from An example of a single-surface calculation would be the Ithe base of the formation up to and including IS-seam, total volume of coal in a single seam. The calculation would ,while the second group includes the major seams between be accomplished by adding the values from each grid node 13 and 18 in the upper halfof the formation only. The of the seam thickness grid and multiplying this total by the reason for calculating resource values on the latter group area of the associated grid cell. An example of a multiple- !separately is that the measured stratigraphic section of the surface calculation would be the calculation of overburden :Mist Mountain Formation on Weary Ridge (Figure 7) sug- or intraburden associated with coalseams. This type of ;gests that this portion of the stratigraphy may be anoma- calculation would be accomplished by subtracting the eleva- ilously rich in coal. If this is the case throughout the grid tions associated with’the gridnodes of the lower positional- ;area, there may be relatively high total tonnages and low grid surface from the elevations of the corresponding grid ,waste-to-coalratios associated with this part of the nodes of the upper positional-grid surface.These over- :stratigraphy. burden or intraburden thicknesses would then be multiplied by the associated grid-cell area to arrive at the volume of The computer modelling techniques applied to the Weary material between the two surfaces. :Ridge coal deposit are outlinedbriefly below. More detailed (descriptions of most of the techniques are found in Kilby and McClymont (1985) andGrieve and Kilby (1990). Much MODELFORMAT AND ANALYSIS (of the following was extracted verbatim fromthe latter The digital model in this study is simply a collection of :source. griddedsurfaces with identical formats.Each surface is stored in a singlefile with a descriptivename such as “2BASE’ (elevations for the baseof 2-seam). Model analy- COMPUTER MODELING TECHNIQUE sis is accomplished with a series of programs which access Deposit modeling of Weary Ridge was performed using the required gridded-surface files and perform simple arith- thegridded-surface techniqueon a microcomputer.It metic functions to complete the required calculation. The required the compilation of existing geological data describ- outputfrom these analysis programsmay be a numeric ing the deposit, as well as new data contained in this value, for example, tonnage of coal in a seam, or a new grid, bulletin. This information was used to describe positional for example, interseam thicknesses, or both. The grids may and thicknessparameters of thecoal seams of interest also be displayed in the form of a line printer map, plotter within the deposit, and generate resource-quantity data and contour map or perspective net diagram, which allows for rock-to-coal ratios. hardcopy representation of the surface values.

~~183 Figure A3-I. Contour map of the grid area, based on the topographic elevation grid. Contours in metres~~

DEPOSIT MODEL tained in anexploration assessment report. Mostoutcrop orientationdata were obtained from geological maps OBJECTIVES included in assessmentreports, using the computer program The purpose of this of the Elk Valley coalfield COD (Coal OutcropDigitizer). Seam position and thickness portion data were obtained from geological maps, trench data and study was to construct a digital deposit model of major coal seams on Weary Ridge south of U.T.M. grid line 5 584 000 interpretation of borehole geophysical logs. Information metres north, utilizing all available data to assist in the coal was collected for14 coal seams. Using the Elco Mining Ltd. resourceevaluation. Outcrop and subsurface data were nomenclature system (Figure7) these seams are, in ascend- available, which provided the ability to model seam thick- ing order, numbers 2, 3,4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 nessesand distributions, and apply distance-to-data and 18. resource qualifications. A total of 113 outcrop data points were incorporated in the model, together with 34 boreholes and 35 trenches. GRIDSPECIFICATIONS The grid area was selected to best cover the domain of GRIDCONSTRUCTION interest within the smallest possible area. This domain is Due to its large size, the topographic grid was generated bounded by U.T.M. gridlines 5 577 000 metres north and using a semi-automated datacollection technique. Adigitiz- 5 584 000 metres north. Grid origin (0,O point) is at U.T.M. ing tablet and an IBM XT computer wereused to record the 648 000 metres east, 5 577 000 metres north. A 56-row by raw elevation data from the topographic map. Lines joining 36-columngrid with a node spacing of 100 metres was thecolumns of gridnodes were drawn on the map.A used. The grid contains only 1471 cells as its outline was digitizing program called TOPOLINE was used to digitize trimmed to omit unnecessary areas (Figure A3-1). The grid the contour intersections with each of these lines. Another is oriented parallel to the U.T.M. grid. Grid north is there- program, LINE-RED, was used to reduce the raw line data fore l"44' east of true north. into a series of elevations which correspondto the locations of the grid nodes along each line by straight line interpola- DATA tion techniques. The resultant series of elevations along the The geologic and stratigraphic data used for the model 36column lines was then placed in theCALDATA were collected from a variety of existing sources, including (copyrighted software) grid format. The resultant contour this project. Topographic data were taken from a 1:lOOOO- mapof the model area is shown on Figure A3-I. Figure scale mapwith 20-foot (6.10 m) contour intervals, con- A3-2 contains a three-dimensional perspective, net diagram

~~I84 Note: gridsquares are 100x100 metres. No verticalexagserafion.~~

~~____~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Figure A3-2. Perspective net view of Weary Ridge from the southeast, based on the topographic elevation grid.~~

~~Figure A3-3. Stratum contours on the top of IO-seam on Weary Ridge, based on the IO-seam position grid. Contours in metres.~~

185 Figure A3-4. Total coal thickness over Weary Ridge, based on summation of all seam thickness grids ofthe same topographic surface, as viewedfrom the Finally, a series of grids containing the distance to the southeast. nearest data point from each grid node for each seam was Positions of the coal seamswithin the deposit were calcu- constructed. These grids were used to categorize tonnage lated relative to the position of 10-seam. This was necessary values into assurance-of-existence categories. because veryfew of the boreholes penetrated theentire stratigraphic sequence. All the other seams were then posi- ASSUMPTIONSAND ANALYSIS tioned by addingor subtracting thicknessesto this grid. The following assumptionswere made with respect to the Ten-seam was positioned by contouring borehole picks deposit, to facilitate the model construction: for three seams, 2, 10 and 15. This was necessary because IO-seam itself was not intersected by boreholes in all parts 0 All seams modelled are continuous over the entiregrid of the model grid. The trends of the contours for the three area, unless absent from geophysical logs in specific seamswere then combined, and approximate interseam areas. thicknessesmaintained, as the10-seam contours were All seams are subparallel to IO-seam. expanded, by hand, to fillthe model area, and then digitized. 0 Thereare no major structural complications in the The IO-seam grid was then smoothed by using the ZGRID subsurface. subroutine of PLOT88 (copyrighted software). This tech- 0 All tonnage calculations are strictlyon an in situ basis. nique is a combination of Laplacian and spline interpolation 0 The coal has constant specific gravity of 1.45. (Young and Van Woen, 1989). The resulting stratum con- 0 Minimum seam thickness considered is 0.6 metre. tour of the top of 10-seam is shown on Figure A3-3. Analysis of the model concentrated on the definition of The inter:seam thickness and seam-thickness grids were thecoal resource and to its potential exploitation. Key created by using the inverse-distance-squared method, with calculations in this analysis are: a largesearch radius which filled theentire model with values. Given the relative lack of subsurface data, theeffect 0 the total coal resource: of this was that most grid nodes at large distances from data resource by assurance-of-existence category; points received an average value of all the data. the waste-to-coal ratio distributions. Once theseam-position grids were constructed, theywere The resource was modelled on the basis of two scenarios. each trimmedby removing those grid nodeswhich represent The first encompassed the entire deposit, that is all of the the seam’s position above the present topographic surface. seams in the model. The second was based on only seams These seam “templates” were also used to trim the seam- 13, 14, 15 and 18 from the topof the Mist Mountain thickness grids. Formation. 186 Figure A3-5. Contouredrock-to-coal ratios over the Weary Ridge model area, based on all seams in the model. Cross-hatched areas represent areas with ratios less than 10.875 (equivalent to a ratio of 7.5 bank cubic metres per tonne) and less than 7.25 (equivalent to a ratio of 5.0 bank cubic metres per tonne).

~~LEGEND~~

~~Rock-lo-soot ratio < 7.25 mRock-lo-soot ralio < 10.875~~

~~METRES~~

~~Figure A3-6. Contoured rock-to-coal ratios over the Weary Ridge model area, based on seams 13, 14, 15 and 18. See Figure A3-5 for significance of cross-hatching.~~

I87 The individual seam-thickness gridswere plotted to illus- TABLE A3-2 trate the various thickness distributions. The total volume of TONNAGES OF COAL IN THE WEARY RIDGE MODEL IN AREAS OF LESS THAN 7.5 AND 5.0 BANK CUBIC METRES coal in each seam was calculated by multiplying the appro- PER TONNE ROCK-TO-COAL RATIOS priate thickness grid by IO000 (100 m by I00 m grid cell) and by 1.45 grams per cubic centimetre (assumed specific Whole Sequence gravity of the coal). Placement of these resources into the bcm of mck tonnes of coal various assurance categories was achieved by reference to tonne of coal (X106) thedistance-to-data grids. The resourcecategories were x5.0 232.0 delineated as follows: measured - less than 450 metres; <7.5 706.0 indicated - 450to 900 metres; inferred - 900 to2400 Seams 13-18 metres; andpossible - greater than 2400 metres. These bcm of rocE tonnes of coal distancesare recommended by Hughes et a/. (1989)for tonne of coal (X103 western Canadian coalin areas of moderate structural defor- <5.0 29.3 mation. The last category, possible resources, was added by t7~5 77.5 us. Total rock-to-coal ratio was obtained by calculating the Figure A3-4 illustrates the total coal thickness (sum of all totalvolume (thickness fromthe base of2-seam up to seams) over thegrid area. Figure A3-5 shows thetotal rock- topography), andsubtracting the sum of the 14seam- to-coal ratio map for the entire model, while Figure A3-6 thickness grids from this value. Arbitrary cut-off rock-to- covers the upper four seamsonly. Quantities of coal in areas coal ratios of 10.875 and 7.25 were used; these represent where ratios are less than721 and 5.01 are summarized in ratios of 5.0 and 7.5 bank cubic metres of rock per tonne of Table A3-2. Over the whole deposit, 700 million tonnes of coal, using the specific gravity of coal of 1.45. Although not coal (all categories), or 78 per cent of the total deposit, are carried out, it isalso possible to generaterock-to-coal ratios predicted to lie in areas where the rock-to-coal ratio is less within each resource category. than 7.5 bank cubic metres per tonne. A total of 232 million tonnes is located in areas where the ratio is less than 5.0: I. RESULTS Essentially the entire grid encompasses the less than 7.5: I ratioarea (Figure A3-5), while the 5.01-and-less ratios Table A3-1 contains the breakdown of the coal resources occur mainly in two areas, one in the north and the other in intothe categories of measured, indicated, inferred and the south part of the grid. possible for each seam.Total coal in all categories is greater The low-ratio occurrences the upper four than 900 million tonnes. The quantity in the measured of seams considered as a separate group (FigureA3-6) occur category is approximately 250 million tonnes. Roughly 25 as relatively thin, north-trending strips. This suggests that the apparent percent of the total resources and 33 percent of the concentration of coal in the upper part of the formation measured category are containedin seams 13 to 18. Seams 8 (Figure 7) is not sufficient or widespread enough to produce and 10 arethe most abundant individual seams, each large potential pit sites, given the thickness of strata above accounting for roughly IO per cent of the total coal in the IS-seam and relative to deposit. the dip of the beds topography. The presence of coalseams above 18-seam, which were not included in the model, may extend the zone of low-ratio TABLE A3-1 CALCULATED COAL RESOURCE VALUES FOR coal in the upper seams to the west. Clearly, however, the THE WEARY RIDGE MODEL. entire Mist Mountain Formation section is predicted to be amenable to open-pit mining over most Wearyof Ridge, so Seam Measured Indicated Inferred Possible Total this is a not a serious limitation. (IO6 tomes) (I06 tonnes) (106 tonnes) (106 tonnes) (106 tonns) 2 21.3 2 .14.4 22.8 20.5 78.9 REFERENCES

3 8.6 5.8~~ I0.4 8.9.~. 13.7~~~ 4 18.5 13.5 21.0 18.9 71.8 Grieve, D.A. and Kilby, W.E. (1990):Geology and Coal 6 18.3 11.5 19.6 18.3 67.8 Resources of theDominion Coal Block, Southeastern 7 10.1 6.9 13.3 12.2 42.6 British Columbia; B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and 8 25.3 16.3 30.2 29.1 100.9 Petroleum Resources, Paper 1989-4. 9 16.9 10.6 18.4 20.1 66.0 10 25.8 17.0 31.2 36.0 110.1 Hughes, J.D., Klatzel-Mudry, L. and Nikols, D.J. (1989): A II 9.0 9.7 14.448.5 15.4 Standardized Coal ResourceReserve Reporting System 12 13.1 12.923.2 21.9 71.1 for Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-21, 16.3 15.4 22.8 15.3 22.8 1315.4 16.3 69.9 17 pages. 14 17.912.6 14.0 0 44.5 Kilby, W.E. andMcClymont, B. (1985): An Example of IS 65.4 29.6 0 17.0 77 n GeologicalModelling and Data Manipulation with a Microcomputer:Bullmoose Coal Mine, Northeastern British Columbia; CanadianInstitute of Miningand Metallurgy, Bulletin, Volume 78, pages 37-46. 251.1 176.9 263.6 217.9 909.5 217.9 263.6Totals 176.9 251.1 Young,T.L. and Van Woert,M.L. (1989): PLOT88 Soft- (Categories are as defined by Huges el a/. (1989) for areas ofmader- wareLibrary Reference Manual, Third Edition, Plot- ate structural deformation.) works lnc., Ramano, California.

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