Canadian Publication Mail Contract - 40070050 $3.00 VOLUME 33, ISSUE 11 DECEMBER 2006
■ 2007 Executive Committee ■ Strategies to Successfully Manage Longevity ■ Potwar of Pakistan – A General Study ■ Uncertainty Assessment in 3D Reservoir Modeling
CSPG OFFICE #600, 640 - 8th Avenue SW Calgary,Alberta, Canada T2P 1G7 Tel:403-264-5610 Fax: 403-264-5898 Web: www.cspg.org Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm Business Manager:Tim Howard CONTENTS Email: [email protected] Communications Manager: Jaimè Croft Larsen Email: [email protected] Conventions Manager: Lori Humphrey-Clements Email: [email protected] Corporate Relations Manager: Kim MacLean Email: [email protected] ARTICLES Membership Services: Sarah Barton Email: [email protected] Reception/Administration:Tanya Santry CONGRATULATIONS: CALGARY BUSINESS HALL OF FAME ...... 15 Email: [email protected] 2007 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ...... 23 EDITORS/AUTHORS Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG STRATIGIES TO SUCCESSFULLY MANAGE LONGEVITY ...... 30 office. Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. POTWAR OF PAKISTAN – A GENERAL STUDY ...... 33 (e.g., January 23 for the March issue). UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT IN 3D RESEVOIR MODELING ...... 38 To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should CSPG BOOKSTORE – NEW TITLES! NOW AVAILABLE! ...... 43 be in TIFF format at 300 dpi. For additional information on manuscript preparation, refer to 2007 CSPG CSEG CALL FOR ABSTRACTS ...... 46 the Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPG Bulletin or contact the editor.
COORDINATING EDITOR & OPERATIONS Jaimè Croft Larsen DEPARTMENTS CSPG Tel:403-264-5610, Ext 227 Fax: 403-264-5898 EXECUTIVE COMMENT ...... 5 Email: [email protected] TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS ...... 9 TECHNICAL EDITOR Ben McKenzie CALENDAR OF EVENTS ...... 10 Tarheel Exploration Tel:403-277-4496 ROCK SHOP ...... 13 Email: [email protected] DIVISION TALKS ...... 14 ADVERTISING Kim MacLean Corporate Relations, CSPG JACK PORTER – VIGNETTES OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY ...... 19 Tel:403-264-5610, Ext 229 Email: [email protected]
Advertising inquiries should be directed to Kim MacLean. The deadline to reserve advertising space is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. All advertising artwork should be sent directly to Kim MacLean.
The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July/August.
Advertisements, as well as inserts, mailed with the publication are paid advertisements. No endorsement or sponsorship by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists is implied.
The CSPG Rock Shop is an attractive and affordable way to target the CSPG readership. Spaces are sold at business card sizes (3.5” wide by 2” high). To reserve space or for more information, please contact Kim MacLean at 403-264-5610, ext. 205.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher.
Design & Layout by Sundog Printing. Printed in Canada by Sundog Printing. FRONT COVER Precambrian Shield, northwest Greenland. Melville Monument, a 330 m-high monolith of Archean gneiss in Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available Melville Bay. Photo by Thomas Frisch. at the CSPG office for $3.00. 3 Keeping an Eye on Your Basement?
Reduce Your Geotechnical Risk With Potential Fields and GEDCO’s Gravity/Magnetic Data Brokerage Service
» Extensive High Resolution Airborne Magnetic (HRAM) databases covering much of the WCSB
» Large gravity databases over the Alberta and British Columbia Foothills, Mackenzie Delta, and Colville Hills regions of the NWT
» Low cost, reliable data, adding value to your play at key points in the complete exploration cycle; Gain regional perspectives on fairways or high grade specific prospects for seismic acquision or drilling
» Learn more about how your basement affects your play. Visit www.gedco.com and browse our publications to find Peirce and Griffith, 2004, “Keep an eye on your basement. It is the foundation of the overlying stratigraphy and structure.”
Seek Expert Advice From GEDCO Today ( 403.262.5780 * [email protected] 7 www.gedco.com EXECUTIVE COMMENT
A MESSAGE FROM THE FINANCE DIRECTOR, MARTY HEWITT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE PRESIDENT Jim Reimer Result Energy Given our overall profit of $271,000, it is Tel:539-5207 Fax: 234-7116 [email protected] easy to see the importance of these programs to the fiscal wellbeing of the VICE PRESIDENT Society. Colin Yeo EnCana Tel:645-7724 SERVICES [email protected] Our Services portfolio is led by Shannon Nelson Evers and David Newman. Services PAST PRESIDENT are comprised of Membership and our Jeff Packard ConocoPhillips Canada Awards and Social Programs. Membership Tel:233-3302 Fax: 233-5159 dues contributed $310,000 in profit [email protected] It gives me great pleasure to report that the in 2005-2006. Our Social programs FINANCE DIRECTOR CSPG is in a very strong fiscal position at it's essentially broke even resulting in a small Marty Hewitt yearend of August 31, 2006. This is a direct loss of approximately $1,000. When Nexen Inc. result of the CSPG's diversified programs Awards expenses of $10,000 are taken into Tel:234-6700 Fax: 234-1071 and services, our creative and enthusiastic consideration, overall, Services provided [email protected] volunteer base, and our dedicated and $299,000 in profit in 2005 - 2006. ASSISTANT FINANCE DIRECTOR talented office staff. Obviously, our membership is critical to Peter Harrington the health of the Society. CSPG Rudyard Oil & Gas Our yearend net income was $271,000 on membership has stayed flat for the past few Tel:234-7622 Fax: 237-8837 [email protected] revenues of $1.993 MM against expenses of years and our challenge will be to keep our $1.722 MM.This operating surplus for 2005- membership vibrant and involved with the PROGRAM DIRECTOR 2006 is over 3 times higher than our Society in light of the demographics facing Memory Marshall budgeted surplus of $85,000.This surplus is our industry. Husky Energy Tel:270-1869 the largely the result of better than [email protected] expected performance from our Programs COMMUNICATIONS and Communications portfolios which The Communications portfolio is led by ACTING PROGRAM DIRECTOR offset higher than anticipated deficits in Ashton Embry. Communications oversees Doug Hamilton EnCana Services, Outreach and Operations. the Reservoir, Bulletin, Geological Tel:645-3193 Fax: 645-3590 Calendar, Electronic Communications at [email protected] The Society's Programs and Services www.cspg. org., and Public Affairs. continue to drive our revenue stream and Communications essentially broke even in ASSISTANT PROGRAM DIRECTOR Nadya Sandy fund our important outreach initiatives and 2005-2006; recording a small loss of Imperial Oil Resources technical publications. As we all know, the $3,000. Revenues from the Reservoir were Tel:237-3925 Fax: 237-4234 success our industry is enjoying does come very strong once again in 2005-2006 at [email protected] with higher operating expenses and your $224,000. These revenues offset expenses SERVICE DIRECTOR Executive is working diligently with our for both the Reservoir and the Bulletin. Shannon Nelson Evers office staff to meet these challenges. Our Revenues from royalties from AAPG EnCana Society is fortunate to be backstopped by a Datapages and GeoScienceWorld offset Tel:645-7651 Fax: 645-3352 [email protected] robust investment portfolio that can expenses for electronic communications provide flexibility in the future should it ever and public affairs, overall resulting in the ASSISTANT SERVICE DIRECTOR be required. approximately breakeven position for Dave Newman Communications. McDaniel & Associates Tel:218-1392 Fax: 233-2744 PROGRAMS [email protected] The CSPG's Programs portfolio is led by OUTREACH Memory Marshall, Doug Hamilton, and Outreach is led by David Middleton. This COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR Nadya Sandy. Programs such as our Annual important portfolio consists of the annual Ashton Embry GSC - Calgary Convention, Continuing Education, and Honourary Address, the Student Industry Tel:292-7125 Fax: 292-4961 Technical Luncheons generate the majority Field Trip – which exposes our industry to [email protected] of the CSPG's revenue.The 2006 convention students from every university in Canada, was an overwhelming success, generating the Visiting Lecture Program, University OUTREACH DIRECTOR David Middleton $518,000 in profit, including $54,000 Awards, and University Outreach. Outreach Petro-Canada received from the AAPG for the 2005 ran at a deficit of $103,000 in 2005-2006. Tel:296-4604 Fax: 296-5176 Convention and booked in the current fiscal It should also be noted that expenses for [email protected] year. Other programs, such as Continuing Outreach are partly offset by the CSPG CORPORATE RELATIONS Education and the Technical Luncheon Trust that transferred $64,000 in corporate Jim Reimer contributed profits of $65,000 and $22,000 directed-donations to Outreach during the Result Energy respectively. Overall, our Programs portfolio fiscal year. Tel:539-5207 Fax: 234-7116 generated $633,000 in profit for the CSPG. (Continued on page 9...) [email protected] 5 Have you signed up yet???
4thAAPG Annual WINTER EDUCATION CONFERENCE Houston, TX February 12-16, 2007
Courses will include: x Essentials of Subsurface Mapping x Introduction to Computer Mapping x Practical Mapping of Surfaces, Properties and Volumes for Reservoir Characterization x Rock Properties of Tight Gas Sandstones x Introduction to Coalbed Methane x Risk, Uncertainty and Decision-Making in Unconventional Resource Plays x Seismic Amplitude Interpretation—Lithology and Pore Fluid Estimation x 3D Seismic Attributes for Prospect Identification and Reservoir Characterization* x Seismic Geomorphology & Seismic Stratigraphy x Basic Openhole Log Interpretation x Advancements in Petrophysics and What to do with Them x Introduction to DST’s for Geologists
HOSTED BY THE HILTON HOUSTON WESTCHASE HOTEL 9999 WESTHEIMER ROAD 713-974-1000 FAX: 713-974-6866 S AAPG GROUP RATES! PECIAL
*borrowed with permission from SEG
Tuition for the week is only $1295 for AAPG Members, $1395 for non-members* or $325/day for individual courses
*(price increases to $1395/$1495 after 1/15/07)
REGISTRATION AND INFORMATION: Toll-free (U.S. and Canada) 888-338-3387, or 918-560-2650 Fax: 918-560-2678; e-mail: [email protected] Download a registration form at http://www.aapg.org/education/wec.cfm THE CSPG GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES ITS CORPORATE MEMBERS:
ABU DHABI OIL CO., LTD. (JAPAN)
APACHE CANADA LTD.
BAKER ATLAS
BG CANADA EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, INC.
BP CANADA ENERGY COMPANY
BURLINGTON RESOURCES CANADA LTD.
CANADIAN FOREST OIL LTD.
CANETIC RESOURCES TRUST
CONOCOPHILLIPS CANADA
CORE LABORATORIES CANADA LTD.
DEVON CANADA CORPORATION
DOMINION EXPLORATION CANADA LTD.
DUVERNAY OIL CORP.
ENERPLUS RESOURCES FUND geoLOGIC systems ltd.
GRIZZLY RESOURCES LTD.
HUNT OIL COMPANY OF CANADA, INC.
HUSKY ENERGY INC.
IHS
IMPERIAL OIL RESOURCES LIMITED
LARIO OIL & GAS COMPANY
MJ SYSTEMS
MURPHY OIL COMPANY LTD.
NCE RESOURCES GROUP INC.
NEXEN INC.
NORTHROCK RESOURCES LTD.
PENN WEST PETROLEUM LTD.
PETRO-CANADA OIL AND GAS
PETROCRAFT PRODUCTS LTD.
PRIMEWEST ENERGY TRUST
PROVIDENT ENERGY LTD.
RPS ENERGY
SHELL CANADA LIMITED
SPROULE ASSOCIATES LIMITED
SUNCOR ENERGY INC.
TALISMAN ENERGY INC.
TOTAL E&P CANADA LIMITED
WEATHERFORD CANADA
CORPORATE MEMBERS AS OF
OCTOBER 24, 2006 7 IHS + PETRA®…
shared depthsvisions innovations results
that exceed
all
others. now.
CONTOURING CROSS SECTIONS MAPPING OPTIONS 3D VISUALIZATION DECLINE CURVES Faulted contours New Unassigned Tops Expanded GIS Functions Deviated wellbores Compute EUR, RR, etc. Isopachs Digital and/or Raster Bubble maps Digital logs Hyperbolic or exp. Volumetrics Geocolumn shading Production charts Grid surfaces Rate/Time or Cum P/Z Grid operations Stratigraphic/Structural Log curves Tops, Shows and Perfs User defined Econ. Limit New flexing options Shade between crossover Posted data Land grid overlay User defined Extrap. Time Dipmeter data Highlighted Symbols Map images
How our vision supports yours PETRA: Pioneer of easy, affordable PC solutions for today’s workflows. IHS: The industry’s leading choice of E&P data and delivery systems to populate PETRA projects. The combination: Fast, confident prospect analysis for you.
Download a trial version at www.ihs.com/energy/petra, or call us at 888-738-7265 for more information. And stay tuned for more on our vision of streamlined data flows for prospect studies. TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS PROUD SPONSORS DECEMBER LUNCHEON
The Great Asian Tsunami and the Bay of Bengal. Over the course of the Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences its aftermath following hours and days, news began at Waterloo. arriving of huge seismically generated SPEAKER tsunami waves that had pounded coastlines Dr. Morgan has promoted the public awareness Alan V. Morgan from Thailand to Sri Lanka, India, the of science for over 30 years, through over 750 University of Waterloo. Maldives, and even Africa.The death toll rose outside lectures, three national tours, and into the thousands, then tens and even addresses in Sri Lanka, the United States, and 10:30-11:30 am hundreds of thousands; whole resorts had Europe. CSPG Annual Holiday Social been lost, villages had disappeared, and Alan has received numerous teaching and Exhibition Hall Foyer people’s lives were changed forever. This service awards throughout his career, notably: illustrated talk explores the general origins 1.The Distinguished Teaching Award from the 11:30 am of the tsunami; summarises, by the use of University of Waterloo in 1991, Thursday, December 7, 2006 satellite images,“before and after” scenes of 2.The Bancroft Medal from the Royal Society of the devastation; and comments on some of Canada in 1994, TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE the larger implications of tsunamis. 3.The Robert H. Moss Award for Excellence in CALGARY, ALBERTA College Teaching from the National BIOGRAPHY Association of Geology Teachers in 1995, Please note: Alan V. Morgan was born in Wales and 4.The E.R.W. Neale Medal of the Geological The cut-off date for ticket sales is educated at the University of Leicester, the Association of Canada for outstanding efforts 1:00 pm, Monday, December 4th. University of Calgary, and received his Ph.D. to communicate and explain the geosciences Ticket price is $31.00 + GST. from the University of Birmingham, England. to the public in 1998, Following a post-doctoral year at the University 5.The J.Willis Ambrose Medal of the Geological TSUNAMI! of Western Ontario he became an Assistant Association of Canada for sustained On December 26, 2004 most of the western professor, cross-appointed between the geological service to the community, and world awoke to the fact that a massive force Department of Environment Resources Studies 6.The Waterloo Award (by the City of Waterloo) 9 earthquake had rocked the area from and the Department of Earth Sciences, at the for communication of Science to the citizens northern Sumatra to the Andaman Islands in University of Waterloo. He is currently a of the Region.
(...Continued from page 5)
OPERATIONS assets.This 'Accumulated Surplus' provides a The Society's operations consist of office useful “rainy day” fund and reduces the expenses, staffing, finance and banking, Society's exposure to prolonged negative amortization, and administration. Revenues, revenues in one or two key areas or mostly from investments and corporate unforeseen emergency expenses. relations were offset by salaries and office costs resulting in a deficit of $594,000. The The CSPG'S staff, Executive, and volunteers CSPG moved offices at the end of the 2005- have done a fantastic job in 2005-2006! I 2006 fiscal year. Given that Calgary is home would like to personally thank CSPG to some of the highest office space costs in Business Manager, Tim Howard, and the world, your Executive and the CSPG's Assistant Finance Director, Peter Business Manager,Tim Howard, negotiated a Harrington, for their support and hard work fantastic agreement in our new office space in helping me steward the Society's finances. at 600 - 640 8 Ave S.W., where we are now Challenges remain in ensuring our annual co-located with the CSEG. Managing convention, sponsorships, corporate operating expenses will be an annual memberships, and Bulletin and Reservoir challenge for future CSPG Executive revenues continue to flourish while Committees. operating expenses are kept in check during this vibrant time in our industry. I know that INVESTMENTS our staff and future Executives will be up to The CSPG's long-term investment portfolio the challenge. consists of 70% income investments and 30% equity investments. At our fiscal year Thank you for providing me with this end, our portfolio had a market value of opportunity to serve the CSPG. $992,000 against a book value of $911,000. Our long term investment portfolio now comprises approximately half of the CSPG's
9 PROUD SPONSORS JANUARY LUNCHEON
Structurally-controlled temperature and pressure higher than the High-temperature hydrothermal pulses may carbonate diagenesis: ambient temperature and pressure of the leave a record of thermal transients in hydrothermal dolomite and host formation. The latter commonly is altered kerogens and bitumen in the leached limestone reservoirs limestone. Proof of a hydrothermal origin dolomite. Basement highs, underlying for HTD reservoir facies requires sandstone (and/or carbonate?) aquifers SPEAKER integration of burial-thermal history plots, (probably overpressured), and overlying and Graham R Davies fluid-inclusion temperature data, and internal shale seals and aquitards also may GDGC Ltd. constraints on timing of emplacement. constrain or influence HTD emplacement.
11:30 am Hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies are Carbonate (particularly calcite) solubility is Thursday, January 18, 2007 part of a spectrum of hydrothermal mineral affected by variations in composition, deposits that include sedimentary-exhalative temperature, partial pressure of CO2, pH, **CSPG Annual General Meeting** (SEDEX) lead-zinc ore bodies and HTD- salinity, and other parameters of circulating hosted Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) sulfide fluids. Leached limestones, often with a high TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE deposits. All three hydrothermal deposits micropore component, typically are CALGARY, ALBERTA show a strong structural control by developed stratigraphically above and/or extensional and/or strike-slip (wrench) lateral to zones of hydrothermal dolomite Please note: faults, with fluid flow typically focused at (although the latter association may be The cut-off date for ticket sales is transtensional and dilational structural sites obscure). Leaching may show a close control 1:00 pm, Monday, January 15th. and in the hanging wall or down-thrown by original facies and/or structural conduits. Ticket price is $31.00 + GST block. Structural sags interpreted most Saddle dolomite crystals often are dispersed commonly as transtensional pull-aparts within the leached limestone. Implications Structurally controlled hydrothermal above negative flower structures on wrench are that cooler, Mg-depleted fluids have dolomite (HTD) reservoir facies and faults are favored drilling sites for HTD leached the limestones, but mechanisms associated productive leached limestones exploration. remain debatable. Leached limestones with are major hydrocarbon producers in North HTD associations in the WCSB occur in the America and are receiving increased Saddle dolomite in both replacive and void- Slave Point, Jean Marie, and Wabamun exploration attention globally. They include filling modes is characteristic but not formations. multiple trends in the Ordovician Trenton- necessarily diagnostic of HTD facies. For Black River and equivalents (locally, Silurian many reservoirs, matrix-replacive dolomite Although post-evaporite brines are and Devonian) of the Michigan,Appalachian, and saddle dolomite appear to have formed considered to be a major source for Mg- and other basins of eastern Canada and the near-contemporaneously and from the same enriched fluids contributing to United States, and in the Devonian and fluid and temperature conditions. Original dolomitization in many basins, particularly Mississippian of the Western Canada host facies exerts a major influence on the for the Devonian of the WCSB, there are Sedimentary Basin. They also occur in the lateral extent of dolomitization, resultant some basins where there are no preserved Devonian of Australia, in Jurassic horsts textures, pore types, and pore volume. evaporites or where the age of evaporite along rifted North and South Atlantic Dilational breccias, zebra fabrics, shear formation is incompatible with timing of margins, and in the Jurassic-Cretaceous of microfractures, and other rock fabrics dolomitization. Further, with the increasing the Arabian Gulf region and elsewhere. record short-term shear stress and pore- recognition that major dolomite trends (for fluid-pressure transients, particularly example, the Ordovician Lima-Indiana trend Hydrothermal dolomitization is defined as proximal to active faults. Internal dolomite of the northeastern US) are hydrothermal in dolomitization occurring under burial sediments within faults and fractures, origin, huge volumes of fluid (or large conditions, commonly at shallow depths, by variably cross-bedded and scoured, add to volumes of recirculating fluids) must be fluids (typically very saline) with the record of episodic fluid-flow dynamics. (Continued on page 12...)
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
DATE: May 23-25, 2007 EVENT: Yellowknife 2007, GAC-MAC Annual Meeting LOCATION: Yellowknife, NWT INFORMATION: www.nwtgeoscience.ca/ yellowknife2007
10 SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES Real World Experience Where Exceptional > unconventional gas plays Work with Veritas and experience the Data and Images advantages of reliable, petrophysically- > heavy oil meaningful solutions, from seismic all the Originate > tight gas way through reservoir characterization. > shale gas Meaningful Solutions Rely on Veritas experience to maximize > fit-to-purpose approaches > coal bed methane your exploration success. We deliver to meet specific challenges > pore pressure prediction leading seismic imaging technologies, > AVO, LMR, Fracture Analysis, > lithology, fluid and Spectral Decomposition, porosity models immense cluster capacity and a Converted- and Shear-wave Relevant Expertise analysis and registration, and talented team of experts. When quality > dedicated research teams focused much more and service are top priorities, Veritas is on solving clients’ exploration and > physically meaningful attributes development problems the right choice. > analysis to derive multi-attribute relationships Experience Veritas. > calibration with well logs and geologic data
Calgary: 403.205.6000 www.veritasdgc.co (...Continued from page 10) shallower-water limestones in high-energy After seven years with the GSC, Graham co- involved to account for the volume of shelf and shelf-margin settings are preferred founded and became principal owner (and dolomite and source of Mg. Although these hosts for more porous and permeable HTD named the company!) of AGAT (Applied mass-balance problems are the same for and leached limestone reservoirs.“A holistic Geoscience and Technology) Consultants, later large volumes of dolomite regardless of approach involving field relationships, Laboratories, in Calgary, for a time with offices type, the connection between sags, structural geology, seismic interpretation, in Denver. Since 1983, he has operated through basement-rooted wrench faults, and thermal stratigraphy, geochemistry, fluid inclusion GDGC Ltd. Graham has published about 75 anomalies for hydrothermal dolomite (and analysis, petrography, hydrology, rock papers on the geology of Australia and Canada, other hydrothermal mineral deposits) mechanics, and more” (L. Smith, NYSM, pers. and has authored or co-authored more than suggests a possible linkage to other “non- comm., 2006) is necessary. Regional and 650 consulting reports for the petroleum seawater derived” sources of Mg. Further, high-resolution aeromag (and gravity) industry in Canada and internationally. He has there are questions still to be resolved mapping, structural mapping (with residuals), received many awards and recognition for both concerning the pressure dynamics of fluid and 2D – or preferably – 3D seismic imaging published papers and oral presentations from flow up faults. Published data for San Andres with seismic anomaly mapping, are the AAPG, the CSPG, and the GSA. In 2002, wrench faults in California indicate incremental steps in defining targets. Graham received the R.J. Douglas Medal of the extremely high but episodic fluid flow rates, Horizontal drilling, ideally directed oblique CSPG for 'outstanding and continuing' with implications for advective heat (and to linear (wrench) fault trends, may help to contributions to Canadian sedimentary and solute) transfer and non-equilibrium reduce risk of reservoir variability. petroleum geology, mainly for his work on Arctic diagenetic conditions. Paleozoic carbonates and evaporites, and on the BIOGRAPHY Triassic of western Canada. He is co-editor of a As exploration for structurally-controlled Graham Davies received his B.Sc. honours and special issue of the AAPG Bulletin (November, HTD and leached limestones continues Ph.D degrees from the University of Western 2006) on hydrothermally-altered carbonate and/or as this type of diagenetic control on Australia in Perth,W.A. His doctoral thesis was reservoirs, and is principal author of a major carbonate reservoir development is more on modern carbonates of Shark Bay, W.A., review paper on hydrothermal dolomite widely recognized, it is clear this is a high- published in AAPG Memoir 13. After a reservoirs in that volume. Graham's research in risk play.This is inherent in the variability of postdoctoral fellowship with James Lee Wilson this field is supported by a grant from the Quest reservoir characteristics in a fault-driven at Rice University in Houston, he joined the Foundation. fluid-flow system. Original coarser-textured, Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in Calgary.
PROUD SPONSORS JANUARY LUNCHEON
Tectonic and climatic forcing Orbital forcing of climate change causes any effects on eustatic sea level, have of high-frequency sequence latitudinal shifting of climate belts, with generated a high-frequency sequence stratigraphy: processes and consequent effects on sedimentary stratigraphy. Such cyclicity may provide many products in fluvial environments, including changes in markers for high-precision mapping, but in environments temperatures, atmospheric and oceanic nonmarine settings the superimposition of circulation, biological productivity, and other autogenic channel migration and avulsion SPEAKER factors. In nonmarine settings, climatic processes may be on a time scale unrelated Andrew D. Miall fluctuations in rainfall lead to changes in to orbital forcing and may result in a highly Department of Geology vegetation and sediment yield, with effects fragmentary record of climatic cyclicity. University of Toronto on fluvial sedimentation patterns, including channel style, and overbank facies. BIOGRAPHY 11:30 am Andrew Miall obtained his B.Sc. at the Thursday, January 25, 2007 Orbital forcing has been called a University of London (UK) in 1965, and his sedimentary pacemaker, and offers potential Ph.D. at the University of Ottawa in 1969. He TELUS CONVENTION CENTRE for the development of a high-precision time was employed by J. C. Sproule and Associates CALGARY, ALBERTA scale. However, the building of an orbital and by Shell Canada until 1972, at which time time scale from the ancient rock record he joined the Arctic Islands section of the Please note: requires assumptions about the constancy Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, where he The cut-off date for ticket sales is of orbital periods and the completeness of worked on regional basin studies. In 1979 he 1:00 pm, Monday, January 22, 2007. the stratigraphic record which it may not be moved to the University of Toronto, and is Ticket price is $31.00 + GST. possible to satisfy. founding incumbent of the Gordon Stollery Chair in Basin Analysis and Petroleum Geology. Stratigraphic studies are yielding increasing In the rock record, cycles driven by orbital Andrew was elected a Fellow of the Royal evidence for sequence controls operating forcing have long been recognized, going Society of Canada and a Distinguished Fellow of over time scales of 103-104 years. High- back to the definition of Mid-Continent the Geological Association of Canada in 1995. frequency tectonism (in tectonically active cyclothems in the 1930s. More recently, In 2004 he was a recipient of the American basins) and high-frequency glacioeustasy mapping in many basins, such as the Association of Petroleum Geologists Grover E. generate sequences by the forcing of Cretaceous of the Western Interior, has Murray Distinguished Educator Award. changes in accommodation. indicated that changes in climate, without
12 ROCK SHOP
Heavy Oil Specialists • SAGD/Horizontal • Coring Programs Wellsite Geological Supervision since 1980 Strip Log Log Manager Conventional Wells C. Alex Francoeur, P.Geol. Horizontal Log Log Viewer • Horizontal/Directional President Mud Log Log Analysis • Gas Detection Tel/Fax: (403) 281-6694 Cell: (403) 861-6753 200, 900 —6th Ave SW, Calgary, Alberta T2P 3K2 Coal Bed Methane Email: [email protected] [email protected] 1-800-447-1534 (403) 237-9189 DIVISION TALKS PROUD SPONSORS STRUCTURAL DIVISION
True stratigraphic thickness • True thickness for sequence stratigraphic tops given a variety of drilling scenarios, (TST); an important element in interpretation thereby reducing the engineering risk and the exploration for Foothills oil • Balanced cross-section construction contributing to a successful gas well. and gas reserves • Reserve calculations RDA is the dipmeter interpretation package from SPEAKER In this talk we will look at RDA and see how it ResDip Systems, Houston,Texas.www.resdip.com Andrew C. Newson has used three-dimension trigonometry and Moose Oils Ltd interactive windows to correct a suite of logs. BIOGRAPHY In this software package the programmer has Andrew Newson has nearly 35 years of experience 12:00 Noon used a novel technique to interpolate between in the geological and geophysical evaluations of Thursday, December 14, 2006 dip points.This is done by rotating the poles to overthrust belts. He is a Professional Geological the dips along the great circle containing the Consultant registered in the province of Alberta and Petro-Canada adjacent poles to dip. By using the eigenvector is currently living in Calgary. Andrew graduated in West Tower, room 17E (17th floor) analysis to average the data an accurate TST 1972 with a B.Sc. (Hon) in geology from London 150 6th Ave SW calculation can be then made in zones of highly University, England. Since then he has worked as a Calgary, Alberta variable dip density. structural geologist specializing in the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon prospects in One of the great unknowns for the Foothills To illustrate the functionality of this technique, overthrust belts around the world.Andrew has been explorationist is the true stratigraphic we will look at two examples from Foothills. recipient of numerous awards. Among them was thickness of a bed. Finding a formation that is The first one from the BC Foothills will the Canadian Association of Petroleum Geologists's unaffected by faults, steep dips, or deviated illustrate this technique by converting a log Link Award in 2000 for his talk “Foothills, The bore holes is difficult. This thickness has an suite from MD to TST in a Triassic fold. The Future for Exploration”.In addition to his consulting, impact on many aspects of the exploration and second example from Alberta will use these Andrew has contributed to the industry in development of hydrocarbons in the Foothills: calculations to correct the MWD gamma to numerous professional associations such as the • Velocity models for seismic depth conversion TST.This allowed the operator to GeoSteer a CSPG, CSEG, CIM, SEG,AAPG, and PESGB. He is a • Well prognoses horizontal well so that it stayed in a thin regular speaker at conferences both domestically • MWD well monitoring undulating reservoir horizon.At the same time and internationally and has undertaken numerous • Structural interpretation of objective the prognosis tool enabled the geologist and roles as technical editor and chairperson for the horizons drilling engineer to predict intra-formation CSPG structural geology group.
14 PROUD SPONSORS STRUCTURAL DIVISION
View along strike to the north from Desolation Pass. Devonian and Mississippian carbonates within the Misty and Rundle thrust sheets have been offset across several major tear/transverse faults. Photo by Don Buscarello.
2006 Workshop/Fieldtrip various features between Porcupine Creek abundant and productive. The format and and Highwood Pass. A total of 38 venue worked very well, and the weather The Structural Division of the CSPG geoscientists attended, representing both cleared for a spectacular hike to hosted a two-day workshop/field trip on federal and provincial geological surveys, Desolation Pass (see photo). Thanks, in September 26 and 27, 2006 in Kananaskis the two main Alberta universities and many particular, to Anadarko Canada for Country. The central topic was “lateral companies of the Calgary oil patch. providing a bus, to Petro-Canada for structural changes in thrust belts.” The first providing the projector and roadside safety day of this event was devoted to Both conference room and outcrop equipment, and to Elizabeth Atkinson for presentations (in the comfort of a presentations were made by a large handling the bulk of the logistics. conference room in Kananaskis village) and number of the attendees, and the the second to road stops and hikes to associated discussions (arguments) were
CONGRATULATIONS: CALGARY HALL OF FAME
There are many outstanding members of the nominees for the Calgary Business Hall of Canadians and are featured in a permanent petroleum industry that are well known Fame by Junior Achievement of Southern exhibit located in the Bankers Hall East among their peers for their contributions to Alberta.The Calgary Business Hall of Fame, Tower Lobby. our profession and to society in general. in support of Junior Achievement of Although many don’t always get the public Southern Alberta, honours men and women For more information, please contact the recognition that they deserve, two giants of for their outstanding contributions to Junior Achievement office at 237-5252 or the energy industry recently were business, entrepreneurship, and www.jasouthalberta.org. recognized for their efforts. philanthropy.
James Carl (J.C.) Anderson and Clayton H. Members of the Business Hall of Fame serve (Clay) Riddell were announced as 2006 as inspiring examples for all young 15 PROUD SPONSORS PALAEONTOLOGY DIVISION
Silent movie monsters: "The Lost World" was eventually produced The presentation will be held in conjunction Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's by Watterson R. Rothacker and First National with a Christmas Social, please bring a snack "The Lost World" on the Pictures, utilizing the stop-motion techniques to be shared.All ages are welcome. silver screen of special effects legend Willis O'Brien. BIOGRAPHY SPEAKER The total production required three years of Cory Gross began his post-secondary education Cory Gross animation with 50 models, eight weeks of studying geology, and has recently finished a principal filming, 2,000 extras, and $1,000,000 degree in Museum and Heritage Studies. Cory 7:30-9:00 PM to produce. Based on the paintings of pioneer also operates the internet's most extensive Friday, December 15, 2006 paleo-artist Charles Knight, the dinosaur website devoted to "The Lost World," which models remain the most accurate ever seen celebrates its 10th anniversary in 2007. Mount Royal College in film based on what science knew at the Room B108 time. Receiving much critical acclaim, INFORMATION 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW "The Lost World" also became the world's This event is jointly presented by the Alberta Calgary, Alberta first in-flight movie. Palaeontological Society, Mount Royal College, and the CSPG Palaeontology Division. For Since its release in 1925, the first screen This talk will trace the history and information or to present a talk in the future adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's controversy surrounding the production and please contact CSPG Paleo Division Chair Philip "The Lost World" has gone down in history include heretofore unpublished research Benham at 403-691-3343 or programs@ as the seminal dinosaur action movie. from the archives of the Academy of Motion albertapaleo.org. Visit the APS website for Picture Arts and Sciences. confirmation of event times and upcoming Originally planned by filmmaker William Selig, speakers: http://www. albertapaleo.org/
PROUD SPONSORS EMERGING PETROLEUM RESOURCES DIVISION
Hydrogeological settings for groundwater has also been shown to within the context of these data and the shallow coalbed methane participate in real-time addition of migrated hydrogeological setting. exploration areas in gas or in active generation of gas near southeastern British Columbia anticlinal structures. BIOGRAPHY and the west-central Plains of Shane is a professionally registered geologist in Alberta – a comparison The Elk Valley coalfield and the Ardley coals Alberta with a well rounded background in (in part) of the Alberta Plains are among earth sciences applied in compiling, assessing, SPEAKER coalbed methane exploration areas in analyzing, synthesizing, and reporting Shane Harrison western Canada which appear to show information for hydrogeological assessments. SH Consulting Services similar trends. The basins, although each in a His experience is varied and includes CBM / unique physical and hydrogeological setting, shallow gas resource evaluation / development 12:00 Noon share some characteristics – particularly in in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Wednesday, December 13, 2006 formation water chemistry and the isotopic His work has included 3-D flow modeling; compositions of gases, which appear to be, in isotopic studies of groundwater and dissolved ConocoPhillips Auditorium part, controlled by microbial activity (i.e., gases; hydrodynamics and inorganic/organic (3rd Floor - west side of building) methanogenesis).Among the more important geochemistry of groundwaters used in prospect 401-9th Avenue SW of these characteristics are: characterization, evaluation, exploration, Calgary, Alberta • anomalous concentrations of HCO3 producibilty, and water management studies. (bicarbonate or DIC) enriched in 13C, Work areas have included central Alberta Numerous studies show that carbon and • CH4 depleted in 13C, and (Ardley and Mannville), southwestern hydrogen isotope data, methane gas, and • formation and, in many instances, local- and Saskatchewan, and southeastern British formation water chemistry derived from basin-scale hydrodynamics. Columbia (Mist Mountain). organic-rich facies can be reliable indicators of in-situ generation of methane and carbon Permeability, water chemistry (including INFORMATION dioxide through methanogenesis. The stable isotope compositions), and the carbon EPRD noon-hour talks are free and do not methanogenic process and its effect on water geochemistry of gases will be compared and require registration. Non-CSPG members are chemistry has been illustrated and described contrasted in each area. The data show that also welcome to attend. Please bring your in the San Juan Basin, Powder River, and relatively active groundwater flow can be lunch. If you would like to join our email Michigan basins of the United States. A recognized based on one or more of distribution list, suggest a topic, or volunteer to particularly widely known example of formation pressures, groundwater chemistry, present a talk, please send a message to microbial gas charging in coal basins is in the and oxygen and hydrogen (2H and 3H) [email protected]. Division talks are Powder River Basin, in which relatively isotopes. Exploration and production / sponsored by IHS (http://www.ihs.com) immature coals predominate and development scenarios will be examined 16 PROUD SPONSORS BASIN ANALYSIS DIVISION
The other ways to apply ichnology is increased (i.e., sequence-stratigraphic significant parts of the McMurray Formation in sequence stratigraphy resolution is higher). In offshore settings, are regressive, a notable conflict with ichnological patterns have to be carefully accepted estuary paradigms applied to the SPEAKER considered in the context of the overall McMurray Formation. Murray Gingras sedimentology of the deposit. Department of Earth and Atmospheric BIOGRAPHY Sciences, University of Alberta This work focuses on characterizing the Murray Gingras received his diploma in character of transgressive and regressive mechanical engineering technology from the 12:00 Noon ichnological patterns. In proximal locals, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Tuesday, January 30, 2007 transgressive deposits are typically 1987, his B.Sc. from the University of Alberta in dominated by high-diversity assemblages of 1995, and his Ph.D. from the University of EnCana Amphitheatre trace fossils that range in size from 1mm to Alberta in 1999. Gingras has worked as a 2nd Floor, 50mm in diameter. These assemblages designer and project manager in the East end of the Calgary Tower Complex comprise many common marine trace-fossil manufacturing industry (oil-gas separators, 1st Street and 9th Avenue SE forms and, because sedimentation rates are meter packages, etc.) and in oil and gas Calgary, Alberta lower, bioturbate textures can be highly exploration as a geologist. Murray has taught reworked. Regressive deposits contain low- courses in Geology at the Northern Alberta Trace fossils have proven to be very useful in diversity to monospecific trace-fossil Institute of Technology, the University of New sequence-stratigraphic analysis. Discussion assemblages that range in size from 1mm to Brunswick, and the University of Alberta. His of sequence stratigraphic analysis has 10mm diameter (there are exceptions to research focuses on applying sedimentology and centered around the use of substrate- the upper size range). Moreover, by ichnology to sedimentary rock successions, as a controlled ichnofacies to identifying strata- comparing trace-fossil diversity and size paleoecological tool, a reservoir-development bounding discontinuities. However, as trends above and below suspected tool, and in process-driven sedimentology. demonstrated earlier by workers, such as discontinuities, relatively small shifts in the George Pemberton and James MacEachern, sedimentary system can be discerned. INFORMATION ichnofossil assemblages can be used to Thereby a surface can be inferred to BASS Division talks are free. Please bring assess the salinity of an ancient sedimentary encapsulate a landward or seaward shift of your lunch. For further information about environment, the rate of sedimentation facies. the division, joining our mailing list, a list therein, and overall oxygenation at the time of upcoming talks, or if you wish to present of sediment colonization. Taken as a whole, This work is supported with examples from a talk or lead a field trip, please contact trace fossils provide the requisite Cretaceous strata of the Western Canada either Steve Donaldson at 403-645-5534, information to identify discontinuities as Sedimentary Basin; most notably the email: [email protected] or Mark having a transgressive or a regressive nature. McMurray Formation in the area of Caplan at 403-691-3843, email: In marginal-marine settings, trace-fossil Syncrude, Suncor,Aurora, and Albion mines. Mark.Caplan@ shell.com or visit our web page assemblages reflect highly variable Outcrops along the Athabasca River contain at www.cspg.org/ events/divisions/basin-analysis- depositional conditions and their usefulness abundant ichnological evidence that suggests sequence-strat.cfm.
3TAY ON 4ARGET '%/ .!6)'!4%
'EO NAVIGATION IS AN EXCITING NEW AND INNOVATIVE SERVICE THAT SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH HORIZONTAL DRILLING AND INCREASES PRODUCTION REVENUE 9OUR RESERVOIR MODEL IS USED TO STEER THE DRILLING DIRECTLY TOWARDS THE SWEET SPOT WHILE YOU MONITOR AND DIRECT THE PATH OF DRILLING IN 2EAL 4IME 7HILE $RILLING FROM THE CONVENIENCE OF YOUR OFlCE OR ANY OTHER LOCATION #ALL FOR MORE INFORMATION
5NITED /IL 'AS #ONSULTING ,TD TH !VENUE 37 #ALGARY !LBERTA #ANADA 40 2 WWWUOGCCOM
17 Sponsored by: JACK PORTER- VIGNETTES OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
J.B. TYRRELL’S INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERIOR OF CANADA’S PRECAMBRIAN SHIELD
Continued from the November issue...
Prior to Tyrrell's task of transporting his two canoes, including equipment and provisions across the three-and-one-half-mile Elizabeth Portage, he had prevailed upon a band of Chipewyan natives to assist in the maneuver. Accordingly, he requested that they await for his party's arrival at the base of the lowermost fall, which he had named Elizabeth Falls. Later, as Tyrrell's party approached the falls and the nearby starting point of Elizabeth Portage, he sent Ithingo, one of his two Chipewyan paddlers, overland to inform the waiting natives of the approach of Tyrrell's party. Subsequently, the transfer of his cargo to the opposite end of Elizabeth Portage, near the discharge of the waters of Black Lake into the western segment of the Fond du Lac (Stone/Black) River, was expedited by the evening of the starting day, believed to be August 2, 1892. Awaiting Tyrrell, at the portage's terminus, by prearrangement, were the two men he had sent from Fond du Lac post by canoe to Fort Chipewyan to convey the rock specimens he and Dowling had accumulated, pending their ongoing transport to Ottawa.
No exposures of bedrock were observed by mapping the lake's northwest side of its lies along the trace of the Fond du Lac either Tyrrell or Dowling along the portage's southwest bay. He noted, to quote: "It's (Stone/Black) River where it flows out of Black path. Although the name, Elizabeth Portage, north-west shore runs for several miles along Lake. Here, 10-foot exposures of massive- denotes a single, continuous portage, it, in the foot of a sandstone (Athabasca bedded, coarse-grained sandstone, grading to a actuality, consists of at least two lengthy Formation) escarpment 230 feet in height, fine conglomerate, occur on the south side of portages, as traversed by Tyrrell's party. which extends away toward the south-west, the river; while igneous intrusions, consisting beyond the end of the lake, and north-east to of large rounded mounds of reddish granite- During the first week of August, Tyrrell's within a short distance of Stone River." gneiss, some 50 feet in height, are present on combined parties left the easterly end of Proceeding two miles northeast, through the the opposite side. No outcrops of Athabasca Elizabeth Portage and entered the mile-wide channel fronting the mouth of the western sandstone were evident on the north side of narrows which constricts Black Lake from its segment of Fond du Lac (Stone/Black) River, Black Lake. Prominent cliffs, composed of large, southwest aligned bay. Tyrrell had Tyrrell arrived at Black Lake's solitary large nongranitic, dark green extrusive rocks, were instructed Dowling to map both the east side island. Known as Fir Island, it is 12 square present along the lake's northwest coastline, of the bay as well as the south and southeast miles in areal extent, having a somewhat which Tyrrell identified as norite; whereas its side of Black Lake, while he would survey the triangular-shaped outline. By circumscribing northeast extension revealed masses of red northwest and northeast boundaries of the it, Tyrrell noted that its wedge-shaped, granite. lake. The routes of their respective southwest tip revealed cliffs of white, flat- investigations would result in both parties lying Athabasca sandstone rising to heights of Prior to Tyrrell's investigation of the geology being rejoined on the southeast side of Black 15 feet above the level of the lake. of the eastern segment of the Fond du Lac Lake, where the lake receives the discharge of Furthermore, cliffs of similar strata, bordering (Stone/Black) River, he decided that his party the eastern segment of the Fond du Lac the island's northwest shore, attain heights of would confine its survey to bedrock exposed (Stone/Black) River. 40 feet (Ibid.: 1896,Tyrrell, J. Burr,; Athabasca along the river's course, whereas he directed and Churchill River ---- pp. 51, 53). Dowling to restrict his party's mapping to the Previously, after arriving at Black Lake by way lower reaches of tributaries, including lakes of Cree River,Wapata, and Giles Lakes, during According to Tyrrell, the boundary between linked to the river. the latter part of July, Tyrrell commenced the Athabasca sandstone and Archean rocks (Continued on page 20...) 19 (...Continued from page 19) with the Athabasca Formation. Its expression separating the underlying Archean (Laurentian) On August 7th, 1892, the combined parties of in the subsurface would seem to remain "Granitoid gneisses, Massive Granitic Rocks," Tyrrell and Dowling commenced their without interruption along the river's course including "norites and gabbros" or Lower ascension of the river from its outpouring into for 80 miles to within a distance of 11 miles Proterozoic (Huronian) "White quartzites, fine Black Lake. On the evening of August 18th, downstream from Hatchet Lake, at the red calcareous sandstones and thinly foliated Tyrrell's party arrived at the river's intake from mouth of the Waterfound River. Here, its green schists" from the overlying early Middle where it conjoins with a bay, located on the erosional edge veers south to skirt the Proterozoic (Paleohelikian) Athabasca northwest side of Wollaston Lake. It was at midwestern edge of Wollaston Lake, the formation (Tyrrell's Cambrian).The latter, they this prearranged meeting site that Dowling's Formation’s most easterly expression. describe as: "Red sandstones and mottled party arrived on the following day. sandy shales, in more or less horizontal On August 8th, the second day of their river position." No doubt, the relatively The ascent, by canoes, of the eastern segment travel, the parties of Tyrrell and Dowling were undisturbed, unmetamorphosed, horizontally of the Fond du Lac (Stone/Black) River by the met by a band of Chipewyan natives two bedded Athabasca sandstone, notwithstanding parties of Tyrrell and Dowling was, literally, a miles above Perch River, a southwest-flowing its absence of fossils, resulted in Tyrrell most toilsome task.The 120-mile length of this tributary of the eastern segment of the Fond including it in the Paleozoic era. eastern section of the river contains 29 du Lac (Stone/Black) River, located six miles stretches of rapids ranging for distances up to upstream from Porcupine River.These natives By ascending the Fond du Lac (Stone/Black) one mile. Associated with some of the rapids occupied four or five canoes and had left River from its outpouring into the southeast are chutes and falls, the latter having heights up Wollaston Lake three days previously. They side of Black Lake,Tyrrell and Dowling, along to 12 feet. Nine portages, ranging from 120 were originally from the Reindeer Lake area with their parties, had replicated David yards to 1,017 yards, flank the river's route.To and intended to rendezvous at Black Lake Thompson's discovery route, which the execute those rapids, confined to the with local natives. Together they planned to latter, in 1796, had surveyed from Reindeer shallower sections of the river, required either travel north from Black Lake, crossing the Lake to the eastern end of Lake Athabasca. tracking or poling of the canoes. Tyrrell Height of Land, in order to hunt for caribou, On August 12th, 1892, the two geologists reports that: " Most of the rapids had been where at this season were foraging on the identified the hazardous site of Thompson's ascended by walking in the water and hauling southern edge of the Barren Lands. Tyrrell's near-fatal drowning experience, which the canoes, and in order to get a foothold on combined party camped alongside their new misfortune occurred 63 miles above Black the smooth stones and to stem the swift Chipewyan friends and queried them in lake at a point midway between the current, the men were often naked up to their order to obtain the nature and condition of forementioned lake and Hatchet Lake, which waist, and consequently suffered very severely the river they were ascending, as well as its Tyrrell named Thompson Falls. from the black flies" (Ibid.: 1896,Tyrrell, J. Burr; portages.The natives also informed them of a Athabasca Lake and Churchill River --- p. 80). canoe route northward from Reindeer Lake, On July 9th, 1796, Thompson, in his twelfth by way of the Cochrane (Ice) River, to access year of service with the Hudson's Bay The Archean red granites and associated Kasba (White Partridge) Lake and Kazan Company, while in the company of his two gneisses exposed on the northeast side of River. Tyrrell was later to draw on the Chipewyan canoemen, Kozdaw and Paddy, Black Lake extend southeastward to the Chipewyans' information when, in 1894, he arrived at a fall on the Fond du Lac confluence of the south-flowing Porcupine explored this route to the Barren Lands, He (Stone/Black) River whose approach and base River, located 10 miles upstream from the was assisted by Robert Munro-Ferguson, an were the scene of extended rapids. discharge of the eastern segment of Fond du aide-de-camp of the then Governor General, Thompson, after portaging 600 feet to a site Lac (Stone/Black) River into Black Lake. the Earl of Aberdeen. Joseph Tyrrell's party above the fall, decided to have his two Here, also, are exposures of reddish and grey endured a number of hardships, similar to canoemen track the canoe from the shore biotite gneisses. Two miles above Porcupine those suffered in 1893, when, with his while he steered with one paddle, in order to River, a rapid occurs, at whose foot the flat- brother, James W. Tyrrell, were first guide the craft through the heavy upper lying Athabasca Formation reappears. This introduced to the Barren Lands. Joseph rapids. After tracking 240 feet, the two outcrop consists of a three-foot ledge of Tyrrell and Robert Munro-Ferguson arrived natives’ path was obstructed by a Birch tree horizontally bedded, red, coarse-grained on Hudson Bay's west coast on October 1st, located at the water's edge. As a sandstone grading to a fine conglomerate. 1894. Previously, they had abandoned the consequence, they were hesitant in deciding Additional outcrops of the Athabasca Kazan River from its lower reaches near its how to get around this obstacle. David Formation, occurring along parts of the river, discharge into Baker Lake and ultimately into Thompson, in his canoe, which contained his vary from a few feet in thickness; expressed Chesterfield Inlet. Not wanting to repeat the survey instruments and other equipment, was as ledges of flat-lying sandstone within the previous year's difficulties, they portaged swept by the river's swift current into stream bed or fringing the shore of rapid below Yathkyed Lake east to Ferguson River, midstream. Amid the din of the fall, he was sites to cliffs and walls of sandstone flanking which took them to the coast of Hudson Bay, successful in instantly signaling the two the river and reaching heights up to 15 feet, a distance of some 260 miles to the north of natives to let go of their tracking line. On Their lithologies are characteristically similar, Churchill. Following two months of rest, they their complying, he immediately propelled consisting of white to red, medium- to continued southwest to Split Lake, a part of himself to the bow of the canoe, following coarse-grained sandstone, whose basal the Nelson River system; which took them to which he removed from his pocket a small sections, where exposed, reveal fine Norway House, reaching Selkirk, Manitoba on knife which he used to sever the tracking line conglomerates. Some of their sand matrices January 7th, 1895 (Ibid.: Zaslow, Morris; tied to the bow. Fortunately, he returned the contain smooth, well rounded quartzite Reading The Rocks ---- p.163). knife to his pocket. pebbles – suggestive of a basal conglomerate, whose derivation may be related to Lower No mention is made, by either Tyrrell or David Thompson's account of his continuing Proterozoic Huronian quartzites. Following Dowling, of having observed in the field, an predicament is here narrated as follows:“... by diligent searches by both Tyrrell and Dowling, exposure, based on their mappable rock units, this time I was on the head of the fall, all I they failed to discover any fossils associated which exhibited the major unconformity could do was to place the canoe to go down 20 bow foremost, in an instant the canoe was precipitated down the fall (twelve feet), and buried under the waves, I was struck out of the canoe, and when I arose among the waves, the canoe came on me and buried (me) beneath it, to raise myself I struck my feet against the rough bottom and came up close to the canoe which I grasped, and being now on shoal water, I was able to conduct the canoe to the shore. My two companions ran down the beach to my assistance; nothing remained in the canoe but an axe, a small tent of grey cotton, and my gun, also a pewter basin,When the canoe was hauled on shore I had to lay down on the rocks, wounded, bruised, and exhausted by my exertions.The Indians went down along the shore, and in half an hour’s time returned with my box, lined with cork, containing my Sextant and a few instruments and papers of the survey Maps &c. and our three paddles. We had no time to lose, my all was my shirt and a thin linen vest, my companions were in the same condition, we divided the small tent into three pieces to wrap round ourselves, as a defence against the flies in the day, and something to keep us from the cold at night, for the nights are always cold. On rising from my rocky bed, I perceived much blood at my left foot, on looking at it, I found the flesh of my foot, from the heel to near the toes torn away, this was done when I struck my feet against the rough bottom to rise above the waves of the fall of water.A bit of my share of the tent bound the wound, and thus barefooted I had to walk over the carrying places with their rude stones and tanks.The Indians went to the woods and procured Gum of the Pines to repair the canoe, when they returned, the question was how to make a fire, we had neither steel, nor flint, I pointed to the gun from which we took the flint. I then produced my pocket knife with it's steel blade, if I had drawn a ghost out of my pocket it would not more have surprised them, they whispered to each other, how avaricious a white man must be, who rushing on death takes care of his little knife, this was often related to other Indians who all made the same remark. I said to them if I had not saved my little knife how could we make a fire, you fools go to the Birch Tree and get some touchwood, which they soon brought, a fire was made, we repaired our canoe, and carried all above the Fall and the rapid, they carried the canoe, my share was the gun, axe, and pewter basin; and Sextant Box. Late in the evening we made a fire and warmed ourselves." (1962, David Thompson's Narrative 1784 - 1812; ed. Richard Glover, The Champlain Society,Toronto; ptd. Robert MacLehose and Company, Ltd., University Press Glasgow, p. I18).
To be continued... 21 Focusing on Gas?
Gas RPM PERFORMANCE PRODUCTS
Now there is a better method for identifying gas and measuring gas saturation in cased holes. Baker Atlas is proud to introduce the GasViewSM service, a high-resolution measurement and analysis service that produces an exceptionally clear picture of reservoir gas.
Using Baker Atlas’ RPMSM pulsed neutron system, the GasView service can be used to measure reservoir gas in virtually any well. Applications range from identifying by-passed pay in wells nearing abandonment to openhole log replacement for new wells.
Contact your Baker Atlas representative today to learn how the GasView service can help you produce more gas with greater efficiency.
For more information, visit our website www.bakerhughes.com visit our website more information, For Hughes Incorporated. © 2006 Baker The BEST Choice CANADIAN SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS 2007 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
The Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists takes great pleasure in announcing the Executive Committee for 2007. The new Executive will take office following the Annual General Meeting at the Telus Convention Centre on January 18, 2007.
PRESIDENT – COLIN YEO, P.Geol.
BIRTH: Dundas, Ontario (1951) EDUCATION: Hons. B.Sc. Geology and Geography, McMaster University (1974) EXPERIENCE: 1974-1999, Geologist, Petrophysicist and Team Leader exploration,exploitation and production business units, Amoco Canada Petroleum Co. Ltd.; 1999-2000, Evaluation Geologist,Acquisitions and Divestitures, Petrorep Resources Ltd.; 2000-present,Technical Advisor,Area Manager Shallow Gas Business Unit, Evaluation Geologist Acquisition and Divestitures, EnCana Corporation. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG,APEGGA, CSEG, CWLS,AAPG CSPG ACTIVITIES: Media and Public Affairs (1977-1980),Art Event (1985-1987), History and Archive Committee (1988-1992), Annual Convention Core Conference Chairman (1995), Executive Committee Services Director (1999-2000), Volunteer Management Committee (2001-present) PUBLICATIONS: Co-authored papers on exploration activity in the WCSB; conducted many field trips within the Calgary - Banff corridor; several presentations to high school students in Alberta AWARDS: Service and Volunteer Awards (1992, 2002, 2004)
VICE-PRESIDENT – LISA GRIFFITH
BIRTH: Bellefonte, Pennsylvania (1955). Moved to Canada in 1966. Dual citizenship. EDUCATION: B.A., Rice University (Houston) (1977); M.Sc. Geology, U. of Calgary (1981) EXPERIENCE: 1980-1985, Geologist, Esso Resources Canada; 1985-1992, Geologist, Lead Development Geologist, Regional Clastics Specialist,Amerada Hess Canada; 1992-1993, Consulting Geologist,W.R. May and Assoc.; 1993-2002, Sr. Geologist, Staff Geologist, Senior Clastics Specialist, PanCanadian/Encana; 2003-2004, Chief Geologist, GEDCO; 2004-present, President, Griffith Geoconsulting Inc. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG,AAPG, SEPM,APEGGA CSPG ACTIVITIES: Thesis Committee (1980's, 1990's), Student-Industry Field Trip (Clastic Core Exercises, 1990's),Asst & Finance Director (2002-2004),Visiting Lecturer (2003, 2004), Guest co-Editor CSPG Bulletin (2002),Technical Session Co-Chair (2000, 2005), Convention Awards Committee (2005) PUBLICATIONS: Numerous conference abstracts discussing Cretaceous clastic formations for oral presentations, posters (CSPG,AAPG), and core displays (CSPG). (Primary author 1980, 1986, 1995, 2002, 2003; co-author 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004.) CIM Preprint Paper No.88 39-50 (1988) (Cardium Fm); Cardium chapter co-author, Geology of the Calgary Area, CSPG Publication (1987). AWARDS: CSPG-CWLS Best Oral Presentation (1995), CSPG Link Award (1996), SEPM Best Oral Presentation (1997, co-author), CSPG-CSEG Best Integrated Core Presentation (2003)
FINANCE DIRECTOR – PETER HARRINGTON
BIRTH: Pembroke, Ontario (1961) EDUCATION: B.Sc. Geology, Carleton University (1984); MBA, University of Calgary (1991) EXPERIENCE: 1984-1986, Staff Geologist, Sorrel Resources Ltd.; 1986-1993, Exploration/Exploitation Geologist, Unocal Canada Limited; 1993-2006, President, Rudyard Oil & Gas Ltd; 2006-present, Senior Geologist, Northrock Resources Ltd. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG,AAPG, SEPM, CSEG,APEGGA CSPG ACTIVITIES: Continuing Education Committee (1985-1987); 1986 CSPG Annual Convention Committee - Liaison (1986);Advertising Committee (1987-1992, Chairman 1988-1992); Publication Sales Committee (1987-1997, Chairman 1993-1997); Exploration Update '89 Convention Committee - Logistics (1987-1989); 1990 CSPG Convention Committee - Field Trips (1989-1990); Membership Directory Committee (1990-1992); 1992 AAPG-CSPG Annual Convention Committee - Field Trips (1991-1992); Open Golf Tournament Committee (1990-1991);Canadian Potential Gas Committee (1993-1994); Publication Committee and Publication Review Board (1993-1997); 1996 CSPG Annual Convention Committee - Exhibits (1994-1996); 1997 CSPG-SEPM Joint Convention Committee - Exhibits (1995-1997); GeoCanada 2000 Convention Committee - Finance (1998-2000); Stanley Slipper Gold Medal Award Committee (1999-2006) PUBLICATIONS: Various oral and poster presentations at CSPG conventions focusing on exploration activity and successes in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin AWARDS: CSPG Service Awards (1989, 1997, 2000); CSPG Tracks Awards (1991, 1996); People's Choice Award for an Oral Presentation, GeoCanada 2000 Convention (Continued on page 26...) 23 momentum At 40, the University of Calgary is hitting its stride — nearly 30,000 students, 110,000 alumni, 16 faculties, 53 departments and more than 30 research institutes and centres. Campus Calgary Digital Library, ISEEE (the Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy), Urban Campus and our Faculty of Veterinary Medicine secure our position as a leader in North America’s research community.
The Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Calgary has instituted a Bachelor of Science with a concentration in Petroleum Geology program and Master of Science in Reservoir Characterization program and anticipates hiring several faculty members over the next three years in order to deliver these new programs. At this time, the department invites applications for five full-time tenure-track positions. The positions: We are currently inviting applications for the following positions: Tenure-Track Instructor or Senior Instructor, Geology or Geophysics (2 positions) Assistant Professor, Petroleum Geology Associate Professor, Reservoir Geophysicist Associate or Full Professor, Petroleum Geologist The Faculty of Science at the University of Calgary has instituted a Bachelor of Science program in Natural Sciences with a concentration in Energy. The Department of Geology and Geophysics invites applications for a research Hydrologist or Hydrogeologist to deliver courses for this program. The position: We are currently inviting applications for the following position: Assistant Professor, Hydrologist or Hydrogeologist Further information about the Department is available at www.geo.ucalgary.ca. All qualified candidates are encouraged to apply; however, Canadians and permanent residents will be given priority. The University of Calgary respects, appreciates and encourages diversity. To see these University of Calgary academic positions, please visit www.ucalgary.ca/hr/career.
MOMENTUM SINCE 2001: RESEARCH FUNDING +$110M TO $282M – NOW RANKED 7TH IN CANADA; SCHOLARSHIPS AND BURSARIES +$19.2M ASSISTANT FINANCE DIRECTOR – JAMES DONNELLY
BIRTH: Pembroke, Ontario (1955) EDUCATION: B.Sc. University of Toronto (1979); B.Sc. Geology, University of Calgary (1982) EXPERIENCE: 1982-1987, Anschutz Resources, Geologist; 1987-1999, Poco Petroleums Ltd., Sr. Geologist; 1999-2006, Burlington Resources Canada Ltd., Geoscience Advisor; Present, ConocoPhillips Canada Ltd. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG CSPG ACTIVITIES: Session chair, 1999 CSPG / Petroleum Society joint convention.
PROGRAM DIRECTOR – NADYA SLEMKO SANDY
BIRTH: Edmonton,Alberta (1975) EDUCATION: B.Sc. Honours, Geology, University of Alberta (1997); M.Sc., Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta (2000) EXPERIENCE: 2000-present, Geologist, Imperial Oil Resources PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG,APEGGA CSPG ACTIVITIES: 2002 - present CSPG University Outreach Committee (Chair 2004 - present) AWARDS: Volunteer Award (2005)
ASSISTANT PROGRAM DIRECTOR – RANDY RICE
BIRTH: Moncton, New Brunswick (1952) EDUCATION: B.Sc. Geology, Mount Allison University (1974); M.Sc. Geology (Glacial Sedimentology), University of Alberta (1979); Ph.D. Geology (Fluvial Sedimentology), McMaster University (1987) EXPERIENCE: 1978-1979, stratigraphy and grade control, Mildred Lake Mine, Syncrude Canada Ltd.; 1979-1981, operations and technical group,Amoco Canada Petroleum Company Ltd.; 1986-1989, project geologist, Precambrian sedi- mentology, Ontario Geological Survey; 1989-1993, Post-Doctoral Fellow/Adjunct Professor, Carleton University, Ottawa; 1993,Assistant Professor,American University of Beirut, Lebanon; 1994-1995, regional geo- logic mapping, Capital Resources Ltd./St. Francis Xavier University; 1996-2000, Carlin-type gold exploration, Campbell Resources Ltd.; 2001-2003, Project Lead, MVT Pb-Zn,Alberta Geological Survey; 2003,Team Lead,Regional Geological Study,Alberta Energy and Utilities Board; 2005-2006, Oil Sands Section, Geology and Reserves Group,Alberta Energy and Utilities Board; 2006-current, Firebag In-Situ Group, Suncor Energy Inc. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG, CHOA,APEGGA PUBLICATIONS: 50,000 scale map sheets, Nova Scotia; MVT Pb-Zn,Alberta; Precambrian sedimentology, Ontario; fluvial sedi- mentology,Arctic Islands
SERVICE DIRECTOR – DAVID NEWMAN
BIRTH: Bay Roberts, Newfoundland (1971) EDUCATION: B.Sc. Earth Sciences (Geology), Memorial University of Newfoundland (1998) EXPERIENCE: 1998, Geophysical Technician, Earth Signal Processing Ltd.; 1998-2000, Junior Geologist, Sproule Associates Ltd.; 2001,Wellsite Geologist, McLeay Geological Consultants Ltd.; 2001-2003, Exploration Analyst, Canadian Discovery Ltd.; 2003-present, Geologist, McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG,AAPG,APEGGA, CWLS
CSPG ACTIVITIES: 2002 Diamond Jubilee Convention – Registration Sub-Committee; 2001 Rock the Foundation Convention – Registration Chair; 1999 Digging Deeper Convention – Registration and Logistics Chair AWARDS: CSPG Service Award (1999, 2001, 2002). 26 IMPROVEIMPROVE YOURYOUR STRATEGYSTRATEGY FORFOR PINPOINTINGPINPOINTING NEWNEW TARGETSTARGETS
Boyd PetroSearch gives you a decisive exploration advantage.
As leaders in geophysical interpretation for over 25 years, Boyd PetroSearch helps you make decisions with far greater accuracy and confidence than ever before.
Find out how we can improve your ability to drill on target by revealing complex interrelated geological features and reservoir patterns with unprecedented resolution and detail.
Waveform Classification result of a Cretaceous Channel.
Please call: Boyd PetroSearch John Boyd 403.543.5373 Larry Herd 403.543.5362 or visit www.boydpetro.com Boyd Exploration Consultants Ltd. Supporting the development of natural energy resources diverse experience
RPS Energy is an international consultancy providing support and advice on the development of natural resources, the management of the environment and the health & safety of people.
www.rpsgroup.com ASSISTANT SERVICE DIRECTOR – JAN VEZINA
BIRTH: Chapleau, Ontario (1968) EDUCATION: B.Sc. Honours, Geology, Queen's University (1992); M.Sc., Geology, University of Alberta (1996). EXPERIENCE: 1997-1998, Geologist, Upton Resources Inc.; 1999, Contract Geologist, Coastal Oil and Gas Canada, Inc.; 1999, Contract Geologist, Graham Davies Geological Consultants; 1999-2000, Contract Geologist,Apache Canada Limited; 2000-2006, Geologist, NAL Resources. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG CSPG ACTIVITIES: 1999 CSPG & Petroleum Society Joint Convention Field Trip Committee Co-Chair. PUBLICATION: Quaternary sea-level highstands from Th/U dating of aragonitic corals, Journal of Sedimentary Research
COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR – ASHTON EMBRY
BIRTH: Washington, DC (1946) EDUCATION: B.Sc. (Hon), U. of Manitoba (1968); M.Sc., U. of Calgary (1970); Ph.D., U. of Calgary (1976) EXPERIENCE: 1970-1972, Exploration Geologist, Mobil Canada; 1976-1977, Exploration Geologist, BP Canada; 1977-present, Stratigrapher, Geological Survey of Canada PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG,AAPG, ISSC CSPG ACTIVITIES: CSPG Volunteer since 1973 - currently Communications Director; Chair, Publications Committee; Chair, Stratigraphic Nomenclature Committee; Member, Honorary Membership Committee;Technical Program Coordinator, 2005 AAPG/SEPM Convention;Vice-Chair, International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification (ISSC) PUBLICATIONS: Arctic geology, sequence stratigraphy, vitamin D, and MS AWARDS: CSPG Link Award, 2004, SEPM Best Oral Presentation, 2004 AAPG Convention 2005 Alberta Centennial Medal, 2006 CPSG Harry Hunter Award
OUTREACH DIRECTOR– GREG LYNCH
BIRTH: Deep River, Ontario (1960) EDUCATION: B.Sc. Geology, University of Ottawa (1983); M.Sc. Geology,Washington State University (1985); Ph.D. Geology, University of Alberta (1989). EXPERIENCE: 1989-1998, Research Scientist, Geological Survey of Canada,Vancouver & Quebec City; 1998-present, Exploration Geologist, Shell Canada Limited, Calgary. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG,APEGGA CSPG ACTIVITIES: Student Industry Field Trip (SIFT) co-leader, 1999-2005; Associate Editor, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 2001-2003, 2005-2007. PUBLICATIONS: Papers on Cordilleran and Appalachian geology; conference presentations on oil and gas geology. AWARDS: CSPG Volunteer Appreciation Award; GSC Service Award
PAST PRESIDENT – JIM REIMER
BIRTH: Kitchener, Ontario (1955) EDUCATION: Hons. B.Sc. Geology, University of Waterloo (1978); M.Sc. Geology, University of Waterloo (1980); Canadian Securities Course (1997) EXPERIENCE: 1980-1994, Home Oil Company Ltd.; 1995-1996, Stampeder Exploration Ltd.; 1997-2001, Encal Energy Ltd.; 1999-2001, 2002-2003, Race Rocks Resources Ltd.; 2004-present,Result Energy Inc. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS: CSPG,APEGGA CSPG ACTIVITIES: Chairman, Hydrogeology Division (1995-1996); General Co-chairman GeoTriad ’98, CSPG-CSEG-CWLS Joint Annual Convention (1998); HTD Technical Session Co-chair, 2002 Annual Convention PUBLICATIONS: Numerous oral papers and short course notes concerning the occurrence and origin of Hydrothermal Dolostones (HTD) and related facies AWARDS: CSPG Undergraduate Award (1977); Best Convention Paper (1991); CSPG Link Award (1994); CSPG Tracks Award (1996); CSPG President’s Award (1998) 29 STRATEGIES TO SUCCESSFULLY MANAGE LONGEVITY SUBMITTED BY BMO NESBITT BURNS INC.
LONGEVITY RISK IS THE RISK OF OUTLIVING YOUR MONEY. Who would have thought that certain hard- living rock stars would still be alive today? Now in their 60s, they're likely to be with us for many years to come. Could they be contemplating longevity risk? Probably not, but for the rest of us longevity risk is a real concern.
Theoretically, conventional investment planning provides accumulated wealth to last a lifetime – for men, 78 years and for women, 82 years.1 In reality, only four per cent of people actually die in the last year of their expected life span.2 For a 65-year-old couple living today, there is a one-in-four chance that one of them will reach 97 years of age, and a one-in-two chance that one will reach the age of 92.This unexpected increase in life expectancy puts enormous pressure on retirement funds. Since most people wait until age 50 to get serious Source: Canadian Life Expectancy Table, 2001, Statistics Canada about saving for retirement, they leave themselves only 15 years to accumulate enough assets to fund a minimum of 20 years dividends – income that is taxed more CONSIDER ALL FINANCIAL NEEDS in retirement. favourably than interest income. It's important to recognize that an 3. Purchasing permanent life insurance, the investment in an annuity is permanent. The financial implications of living longer than proceeds of which can be converted to a life Therefore, people usually do not invest all of expected beyond the core income-earning annuity that will provide income for life for their assets in annuities. Rather, they tend to years are significant. a surviving spouse. allocate a portion of their portfolio to a fixed-income-type solution (annuity) to cover In 1920, five per cent of Canada's population INCOME FOR LIFE their day-to-day expenses. Hence, when was over age 65; by the year 2020, that figure Including annuities in an investment portfolio considering this option, one should consider will be closer to 20 percent.3 The Baby Boom is probably one of the most effective methods the gamut of financial needs. For example, generation will continue to represent a to provide guaranteed income. An annuity is consider the impact on an estate plan if the powerful social and economic segment of essentially a promise of income for life or for money invested in an annuity is not available Canadian society, whose impact on traditional a specified period of time. Think of it as the to heirs.The question becomes “is the lack of notions of retirement preparation will be opposite of a mortgage. Instead of borrowing flexibility worth the peace of mind that significant – not only for themselves, but also a lump sum initially and then paying the loan comes with having guaranteed income?” For for the marketplace expected to sustain them. back over a number of years, an annuity many, the answer is “yes.” A financial advisor A recent survey indicated that Canadian provides guaranteed income payments in can help determine a strategy to meet unique Boomers intend to lead active lives in exchange for an “up front” lump sum deposit. requirements. retirement vis-à-vis their contemporary A life annuity will provide income for as long counterparts, which means their spending is as the annuitant lives. CHOOSE TAX-EFFICIENT INVESTMENTS TO unlikely to decline dramatically in the post- MAXIMIZE INCOME POTENTIAL employment years. As a corollary of living Like many investment vehicles, there is no An investor who seeks tax efficiency will longer and spending more in retirement, shortage of annuity options. They can be discover there are many income-oriented Boomers face the very real possibility of offered on a single or joint life, indexed for alternatives. Specifically, certain common outliving their assets. inflation, and purchased with registered or shares pay out quarterly dividends at a modest non-registered money. Generally, the older the rate. Preferred shares, income trusts and The “new retirement” will require investment annuitant, the higher the income payment that closed-end income funds also offer relatively plans that go beyond life expectancy. Some of person will receive. The yields for annuitants attractive yields. In addition, convertible the strategies to insure income for life include: who live beyond their life expectancy tend to debentures and equity-linked notes offer be higher than those of GICs, T-bills, etc., investors a combination of income and the 1.Allocating a portion of one's portfolio to because the money invested in annuities is potential for capital appreciation. Distributions annuities. Life annuities are a very effective pooled. Some annuity investors will not live are paid monthly or quarterly and may consist choice because they guarantee the annuitant beyond their life expectancy, so the funds that of dividends, capital gains or “return of capital.” income for the rest of his or her life. would have been required to provide them Distributions that are designated as a return of 2. Choosing tax-efficient investments to with income are instead allocated to surviving capital are taxable only upon disposition of the maximize income potential. For example, investors. asset and are subject to the same tax certain common shares pay out regular treatment as capital gains. 30 1 While equities and equity-related securities World Health Organization 2005 2 HUGH REID’S are generally considered riskier than bonds Morningstar: How can immediate annuities help manage longevity risk? and GICs, they can be used selectively to WINTER / SPRING 3 Clarica:About Long-term Care Source: Canadian Life enhance cash flow and tax efficiency. By Expectancy Table 2001, Statistics Canada diversifying an income portfolio with both COURSES debt and selected equities, it is possible for an Submitted by: Jack Rawlyck,Vice President & HYDRODYNAMICS investor to enhance after-tax returns while Portfolio Manager, BMO Nesbitt Burns SEMINAR reducing risk. (Oil & Gas Finding Aspects) Jack Rawlyck is an Investment Advisor with BMO CREATE SURVIVOR INCOME Nesbitt Burns Inc., He may be reached at:1600, 425 Dec. 4-7, 2006 / May 7-11, 2007 Longevity risk is even greater for a couple. - 1st SW, Calgary, AB T2P 3L8, (403) 261-9515 There is a 50 percent chance that one ([email protected]). Opinions are those of the PRACTICAL DST CHART person in a couple, age 65, will live to age author and may not reflect those of BMO Nesbitt INTERPRETATION 92. Survivor benefits may decline if one Burns.The information and opinions contained herein (Thorough Basic Course) person dies, putting greater pressure on have been compiled from sources believed reliable but Jan. 29-Feb. 2 & Apr. 16-20, 2007 the remaining assets to maintain the no representation or warranty, express or implied, is survivor's lifestyle. In addition, the risk of made as to their accuracy or completeness. BMO needing long-term care increases as we Nesbitt Burns Inc. is an indirect wholly-owned 16 WAYS TO IDENTIFY age, which may result in a period of subsidiary of Bank of Montreal. Member CIPF. BYPASSED PAY FROM substantial additional expenses. Life DST DATA insurance creates liquidity. Assuming the The comments included in the publication are not (More advanced, for those person to be insured qualifies for the intended to be a definitive analysis of tax law: The ìco mfortable” with DST charts) insurance, the cost to create an instant comments contained herein are general in nature and estate for the survivor is justified. The professional advice regarding an individual's particular Apr. 26-27, 2007 death benefit proceeds flow tax-free to the tax position should be attained in respect of any surviving spouse, exempt from probate. person's specific circumstances. In-house courses available. For course outline visit: All insurance products are offered through “BMO”is a registered trademark of Bank of Montreal, www.hughwreid.com BMO Nesbitt Burns Financial Services Inc. used under licence. “Nesbitt Burns” is a registered by licensed life insurance agents and, in trademark of BMO Nesbitt Burns Corporation 262-1261 Quebec, by financial security advisors. Limited, used under licence.
31
POTWAR OF PAKISTAN – A GENERAL STUDY BY WASIN PARACHA
between latitude 32° and 35°N and longitude 72° and 75°E (Figure 2). Hydrocarbon exploration in the Himalayan foreland (Salt Range/Potwar Plateau) of North Pakistan has provided new surface/subsurface data and information on the tectonic evolution of the overthrust belt. The Potwar is composed of gently dipping, imbricate wrench faults, which become steeper in the Kohat area (Paracha et. al, 2000). The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates is characterized by continent- continent collision, obduction, and thrusting in the northern area, and is considered to be of the prototype Alpine-Himalayan orogeny (Farah et al., 1984).
The area falls into the fairly common Geotectonic classification (Riva, 1983). However, the area is still largely a frontier prospect for hydrocarbon exploration as it has not seen much exploration and drilling activity. Commercial production of oil and gas has been mainly confined to carbonate reservoirs of Eocene and Paleocene age and sandstone reservoirs of Miocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Cambrian ages (Figure 3).
Paleocene-Eocene carbonate rocks (mostly limestone) are considered to be the primary stratigraphic objectives, both in regards to Figure 1. General tectonic areas of Pakistan showing structural lineaments with study area (gray colored). source rock potential and in providing thick (Edited by Dr.Wasim Paracha 2006). Map not to scale. porous rocks that could serve as reservoirs. These rocks contain the most significant Geological and geophysical data from the the most recent five-year plan drilling results horizons in the gas fields of the Lower Indus offshore and onshore sedimentary basins of have shown little improvement due to political Basin and Potwar oil fields. Eocene rocks are Pakistan indicates that favorable conditions for and cultural issues in the country. also primary objectives in the Makran and the generation and accumulation of Chagai areas, as well as in the offshore areas hydrocarbons exist very widely. Oil The northern area contains two major of Makran and Sind. discoveries are increasing tremendously year- plateaus that play a role in the formation of by-year in the northern part of Pakistan as are the sedimentary basins, namely the Potwar The Jurassic rocks are mostly limestone in gas discoveries in the south.Two hydrocarbon- and Kohat Plateaus (Figure 2). Oil and gas the Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges and are enriched basins of Pakistan are the Indus and seeps, which help guide exploration, occur sandier in the platform area of the Indian Baluchistan, joined by the Axial Suture Belt and over a wide geological age range and Shield and Potwar regions. The few wells in the Ornach Fault Zone (Figure 1). Most of the hydrocarbon shows have been reported in the Indus Basin that have penetrated the exploration work that has been done and is numerous formations in the drilled wells. Jurassic show good reservoir characteristics. still ongoing has been in the Indus Basin, while Jurassic rocks have proved to be oil-bearing the Baluchistan Basin - even with its better The Kohat-Potwar plateau on the southern in the Potwar area. hydrocarbon and mineral exploration part of the Himalayan and Karakorum potential - has not been studied in depth. Both orogenic belt is a result of compressional The Cretaceous rocks, which are mostly basins have a number of features characteristic tectonics resulting from ongoing collision of sandstones, have been shown to have great for the generation and accumulation of oil and the Indian and Eurasian plates. The Kohat- potential as reservoir rocks. With their gas, e.g., presence of source sediments, porous Potwar plateau is bounded on the north by anticlinal and faulted nature, it is reasonable formations that provide suitable reservoir for the Kalachitta Hills (Figure 1).The Salt Range to expect more traps in the Potwar and hydrocarbons, and cap rocks. Moreover, many and Trans-Indus ranges mark the boundary to Lower Indus areas. structural and stratigraphic traps also exist in the south, while the western boundary is both basins. Although exploratory wells that limited by the Kurram-Parachinar ranges.The Cambrian rocks have not been penetrated in have been drilled in both basins, the Indus Kohat and Potwar are separated by the Indus any well in the Lower Indus Basin, but have Basin has been more profitable compared to River.To the east is the Potwar area and to proved to be good reservoir rock in the the Baluchistan Basin. Since 1947, 40 wells have the west is the Kohat area. Geographically, Potwar and Punjab Plain areas. There, the been drilled in the Baluchistan Basin; however, the Potwar plateau is situated approximately (Continued on page 34...) 33 (...Continued from page 33) Cambrian sandstones are penetrated by a number of wells, with commercial production coming out of wells in the Adhi area.
The main Miocene target in the Potwar region is the fluvial Murree Sandstone. The Murree is not a particularly good reservoir, although oil has been found in one or two wells as a result of secondary migration from Eocene rocks. This migration was facilitated by the large fractures present in the Murree Sandstone. In the Lower Indus Basin, the Gaj Formation is the main Miocene zone of interest. The Gaj is predominately of marine origin. Although it is a sandstone unit with good porosity and permeability, results to date have been disappointing. However, exploration is continuing.
The Permo-Carboniferous marine limestone rocks are potentially good reservoir and source rocks. Although the hydrocarbon prospects in this age are low, several wells have reached this depth in the Lower and Upper Indus Basins. In those areas, they are more argillaceous but still have not been successful. Figure 2. Potwar area with geological structural potential oil and/or gas fields. Map/fields are not to scale. Edited by Dr.Wasim Paracha 2006. The Potwar lies in the northern part of Pakistan between 1,300ft-1,700ft above sea Khairi-Murat thrust (Figure 2). The Khairi- All the small oilfields in the Potwar Plateau lie level. It is bounded by the Kala Chitta and Murat thrust soles out in the main south of the Islamabad area. Within the Margala hills to the north, Salt Range to the decollement and is overlain by a plane- Potwar region, folding is least intense and south, Indus River to the west, and Jhelum roofed duplex horst over the hanging wall of monoclinal to the southwest. Northward, the River to the east.The pay zones are mostly in the former structure. Both the Khairi-Murat folding becomes stronger and the structure fractured limestone of Eocene and older age. thrust and the duplex are deformed by out- becomes more complex, as in the Kala Chitta In some wells, migrated oil has been found in of-sequence thrusting.The duplex geometry hills.The folds and structures become tighter the Lower Miocene sand of the Murree and out-of-sequence thrusting is responsible and more complex east of the Jhelum re- Formation. for the absence of the Siwalik strata and entrant and Pir Punjal areas. complex deformation north of the Khairi- REGIONAL GEOLOGY: Murat thrust. The Potwar Plateau is divided by the Soan The Kohat-Potwar plateau forms the River or Soan Syncline. North of the Soan northernmost element of the Indus basin and The Tertiary basin that developed between Syncline, lie oilfields like Dhulian, Khaur, Tut, is bounded in the north by the Kalachitta fold the colliding Indian and Asian plates began as and Meyal, while the southern area has the belt through a system of faults.The Salt Range a Foredeep, and then evolved to become a Karsal, Joya Mair, Balkassar, and Adhi (Figure composite orocline forms the southern limit restricted evaporite basin, an early terrestrial 2). In this oilfield region, the principal and the Kurram thrust fault marks its foreland basin, an open marine basin, and formations are the Murree and Siwaliks. western limit. The Pezu wrench fault finally a fully developed terrestrial foreland These formations are fluvial deposits having separates the Kohat depression from the basin that was deformed in the Pliocene great thickness.The reservoir rocks of these Sulaiman fold belt. Pleistocene (Pivnik and Wells, 1996). oilfields are the Murree sandstone, Chorgali Formation, Sakesar Limestone, Lockhart The axis of the Indus Basin trends east-west The surficial structural geology is dominated Formation, Datta Formation, and Khewra within the Kohat-Potwar depression and by east-west trending anticlines having both Sandstone. roughly follows the Soan River Drainage (M. limbs overturned and with steep down A. Khan, Riaz Ahmed, Hilal A. Raza, and Arif plunge ends. The anticlines are separated by In the gas-prone Lower Indus Basin, the Kemal, 1986). The Northern Potwar broad synclinal valleys in which Neogene bedrock is covered by alluvium. Towards the deformed zone (Figure 2) shows a buried fluvial foreland basin deposits crop out platform area, the rocks become sandy and thrust front with a triangle zone and ramp- (Sercombe, 1998). shaly with simple structural features while and-flat structures. The triangle zone is rocks in Kirthar and Sulaiman provinces are characterized by a core wedge of an GENERAL PETROLEUM EXPLORATION more complex. irregular geometry, bounded between a PROSPECTS DISTRIBUTION floor thrust in the Eocambrian evaporite and Broadly, there are two major divisions in the Further divisions of Indus Basin have been a roof thrust in the Rawalpindi Group strata. Indus Basin: made as follows: The core wedge is bounded by the Soan 1) Oil region (Potwar Plateau) back thrust and the exposed “S”-shaped 2) Gas region (Lower Indus Basin) 1) KIRTHAR TROUGH region - contains 34 Sari Singh, Hundi, and Kothar gas fields of the Habib Rahi Sandstone as reservoir Over much of the Potwar area, the with the Ranikot Limestone of Paleocene rock and is still in production, while freshwater post-Eocene Nimadric Sands, age as reservoir rock. Sari and Hundi are Khandkhot has Early Eocene Sui Main particularly in the Kamlial and Murree, producing while Kothar is shut-in. Limestone as its reservoir. contain high pressure, water-bearing sediments, which create drilling difficulties. 2) MARI-BUGTI HIGH region - contains 4) JACOBABAD HIGH region - contains Their pronounced lenticularity and lateral Sui, Zin, Uch, Pirkoh, and Kotrum gas fields. Khairpur gas field with Sui Main Limestone lithological variations make it difficult to All have the Lower Eocene Laki Formation as reservoir rock and is shut-in. identify or correlate these sands, even over as reservoir rock (also known as the short distances between wells within the Sulaiman Limestone). Pirkoh field lies in 5) KIRTHAR FOREDEEP/FOOTHILLS same structures. the Sulaiman Foredeep area. Only the Sui - contains Mazarani gas field with Sui Main field is in production. Limestone as reservoir rock. HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL: 6) BADIN region - contains Khaskheli The Indus basin, including the Kohat-Potwar 3) MARI-KHANDKHOT HIGH region - oilfield in the Cretaceous Goru Sandstone depression, belongs to the category of extra- contains Mari and Khandkhot gas fields. and still in production. continental downward basin, which account Mari field has Upper-Middle Eocene rocks for 48% of the world's known petroleum (Riva, 1983).
The Kohat-Potwar depression has several features that make it a favorable site for hydrocarbon accumulations. Located on a continental margin, the depression is filled with thick deposits of sedimentary rocks, including potential source, reservoir, and cap rock (Figure 3). It contains a thick overburden (about 3,000m of fluvial sediments, which provides the needed burial depth and optimum geothermal gradient. Hydrocarbon seeps found in this area also demonstrate the area's potential (Khan, 1986).
Only structural traps have been identified to date. However, the pinch-out and truncation of several formations, as well as known unconformities suggest that there may be stratigraphic traps in the region. Simple and translated fault-propagation folds form important structural traps in the fold and thrust belts.The most important traps in the fault propagation folds are in the crests of major anticlines. Fault traps may be present along back limb thrusts, between imbricates on the fore limbs, and in upturned beds in the footwall. Secondary traps may also be present within major thrust sheet, particularly at the leading edge of the thrust sheet and above footwall ramps (Shankar Mitra, 1990).
SOURCE ROCK: The uppermost formation of Paleocene age in the Kohat-Potwar depression is the Patala Formation. This formation is of extreme importance as the Patala shale is considered to be the main source rock for oil and gas produced in the basin.The Northern part of Potwar has been proven to be the main producing region for oil and gas in the area.
REFERENCES Farah, A., Lawrence, R. D., and DeJong, K. A., 1984: An overview of the tectonics of Pakistan. In: Haq, B. U. and Milliman, J. D. (Eds.) Marine Geology and Oceanography of Arabian Sea and Figure 3. Stratigraphic column of Potwar and Kohat area. (Continued on page 37...) 35 CSPG/CSEG 24th ANNUAL SQUASH TOURNAMENT This year’s tournament will be played at the WORLD HEALTH EDGEMONT CLUB, 7222 Edgemont Blvd. N.W., Calgary, on February 8 - 10, 2007. The emphasis is always on having fun, but there is keen competition for the serious players. In past years, we have had beginners through to provincially ranked players in both the men’s and women’s divisions. We expect the same this year, so there is sure to be a level of play suited to you. Please register now while you are thinking of it! PLEASE NOTE: THIS YEAR THERE WILL BE A MAXIMUM OF 125 PLAYERS, SO GET YOUR ENTRY IN EARLY TO AVOID DISAPPOINTMENT! EVENTS: Men’s & Women’s A, B, C, D, and Novice. Open only to members of the C.S.P.G. (or an affi liated society) and their spouse or equivalent. ENTRY FEE: Members: $50.00 includes GST, Non-members: $75.00 includes GST ($50.00 Students sponsored by Encana) • Fee includes two guaranteed matches (Saturday teams tourney), shirt, refreshments and food during the tournament, Saturday night dinner (Please specify Meat (M) or Veggie (V)), and draw prizes. Saturday’s dinner will be held at the Edgemont Club. • Pre-tournament drop-in squash at Bow Valley Racquet Club (2nd Street and 5th Avenue S.W.) on Wednesday, January 24th and 31st from 6pm to 9pm, sponsored by Tucker Wireline Services. • Pre-tournament registration social will be at Bow Valley Racquet Club on Tuesday, February 6th at 5:00pm. Pick up your tournament kit and fi rst draw time, and enjoy a free pint of Ale with munchies, sponsored by Tucker Wireline Services. • All door prize draws Saturday evening - must be present to win. • Extra Dinner Ticket: $35.00 for non-playing guests only. (Will be limited to 15 due to venue space; fi rst-come, fi rst-served.)
ENTRY DEADLINE: January 19, 2007. EARLY BIRD DRAW PRIZE for entries received prior to January 5, 2007. (No refunds after January 19,2007) FOR FURTHER DETAILS CONTACT: Colin Thiessen 650-0086; Jessie Mitton 850-3578; Alan Rutherford 861-2643; Chris May 645-5193; Randy Smith 263-0449; Jolene Wood 243-0820; Ryan Barnett 781-1712; Travis Brookson 261-9290; Kris Jewett 645-3827; Warren Dublonko 232-1715; Mark Dzikowski 645-2851.
REGISTRATION FORM: NAME: ______❑ M ❑ F Email: ______❑ CSPG ❑ CSEG ❑ Other: ______Company Affi liation: ______Phone: Day: ______Evening: ______Shirt size: ❑ S ❑ M ❑ L ❑ XL ❑ XXL Level/Frequency of Play: ______(A-E) Banquet Dinner (As described above): ❑ M ❑ V MEMBER FEE: $50.00______NON-MEMBER FEE: $75.00______PLAYING SPOUSE NAME: ______Phone: ______(Day) ______(Evening) Shirt Size: ❑ S ❑ M ❑ L ❑ XL ❑ XXL Level/Frequency of Play (A-E): ______Banquet Dinner (As described above): ❑ M ❑ V SPOUSE FEE: $50.00______WILL YOU ATTEND THE DINNER: ❑ YES ❑ NO ADDITIONAL DINNER TICKET: ❑ YES ❑ NO FEE: $35.00______(for non-playing guest Max 15 spots available; fi rst-come, fi rst-served) TOTAL FEES REMITTED: $______
NOTE: Games commence Thursday, February 8, 2007. All participants must be available to play after 4:30pm Thursday, Friday afternoon, and all day Saturday.
ADDRESS REGISTRATION TO: Hycal Energy Research Laboratories Ltd. 1338A 36 Ave. NE Calgary, AB T2E 6T6
Please make cheques payable to the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Attn: Squash Tournament (no cash) No refunds after January 19, 2007. (...Continued from page 35) Riva, J. P. Jr., 1983: World petroleum resources Coastal Pakistan. Von Nostrand Reinhold Co., and reserves. Boulder, Colorado,Westview Press, Western Canada New York, pp. 161-176. 355p. Geological Edge Set
Jadoon, I., A., Kemal, A., Frisch,W., and Jaswal,T., Sercombe, W. J., Pivnik, D. A., Wilson, W. P., 2006 Version 1997:Thrust geometries and kinematics in the Albertin, L. M., Beck, R. A., Stratton, M. A., 1998: Now available for import into ACCUMAP, Himalayan Foreland (North Potwar Deformed Wrench faulting in the northern Pakistan GEOSCOUT and other applications Zone), North Pakistan. Geologische Rundshau, foreland. AAPG Bulletin, Vol. 82, No. 11, pp. 1) Mississippian Subcrops and Devonian Germany. Vol. 86, No. 1; Springer Berlin / 2003-2030. Reef Edges - AB, NE BC, NT and SK Heidelberg., New York, pp. 120-131. 2) Triassic Halfway, Doig, Charlie Lake BIOGRAPHY - Peace River Arch, Alberta, NE BC Khan, M. A., Ahmed, R., Raza, H. A., and Kemal, Wasim Paracha (Ph.D. from Sweden, 1998) is A., 1986: Geology of petroleum in Kohat-Potwar an Exploration Geophysicist with over ten years 3) Rock Creek Subcrop Edge - Alberta depression, Pakistan. AAPG Bulletin, Vol. 70, pp. of professional experience in CBM, basin 4) Glauconitic Channel Trends - AB & SK 396-414. analysis, prospect generation, and structural 5) Colony/Sparky/Lloydminster Reservoir studies in Central Alberta (Swan Hills, Judy Trends - East-central Alberta Mitra, S., 1990: Fault-propagation folds, Creek with Trident Exploration), WCSB, 6) Bluesky-Dunlevy Reservoir Trends Geometry, Kinematics Evolution, and Canadian Arctic, North Sea, and the Himalayas. - NE BC Hydrocarbon Traps. AAPG Bulletin, Vol. 74, pp. 7) Viking Fm. - Alberta 921-945. In addition to working as an explorationist and 8) CBM - Horseshoe Canyon, Mannville teaching at SAIT,Wasim is an expert in seismic All edges are formatted as map Paracha, W., Kemal, A., Abbasi, F., 2000: Kohat sequence stratigraphy with 3D/2D modeling, features for use in Accumap and Duplex in Northern Potwar Deformed Zone, depth imaging studies,AVO, reservoir evaluation, ESRI Shape fi les for other programs. Pakistan. Geol. Surv. Of Pakistan, Geologica,Vol. and well log analysis and has published 25 5, pp. 99-107. articles and reports. He can be reached at For more information contact: [email protected] or 403-273-4395. Mike Sherwin Pivnik, D.A. and Wells, N.A. 1996:The transition 403-263-0594 from Tethys to the Himalaya as recorded in northwest Pakistan. Geological Society of email: [email protected] America Bulletin,Vol. 108, pp. 1295-1313. www.sherwingeological.com
The best just got better . . . NeuraScanner II
Portable scanner for logs and other E&P documents
- Up to 10"/second for quick operation
- Brilliant images for library, printing, digitizing or evaluation New Model! - Open standard for any software - Integration with NeuraLog for automated digitizing and NeuraSection for rapid + geologic evaluation +
- High speed log copies with the NeuraLaser
TM TM
Neuralog, Inc.
www.neuralog.com www.neuralog.com 800-364-8728 1-281-240-2525 For information800-364-8728 or upgrade1-281-240-2525 order, call 1-281-240-2525 (Int’l) or 1-800-364-8728 (US and Canada)
37 UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT IN 3D RESERVOIR MODELING BY EMMANUEL GRINGARTEN, EARTH DECISION SCIENCES
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Uncertainty is not an inherent feature of our reservoirs; it is due to our lack of knowledge and understanding about the (A) reservoir. Uncertainty can be modeled, but there is no objective measure of uncertainty. The uncertainty will be as large as the modeler decides to make it. Therefore, one must be open-minded… very open-minded. This introduces us to a new modeling paradigm: it is necessary to think in terms of what we don't know, rather than in terms of (B) (C) what we know. This paradigm shift associated with the right tools provides for better decisions, faster.
MANAGING UNCERTAINTY We believe that in order to appropriately manage uncertainty linked to various aspects of reservoir management, we need a method and a tool that satisfies the following requirements:
1) To be able to evaluate the complete range Figure 1. Summary of multiple realizations of a 3D reservoir model: (A) History plot, (B) Histograph, (C) CDF. of uncertainties. It is then necessary to be able to capture them, i.e., to quantify and store different structural scenarios and/or 3D Uncertainty Analysis them as interconnected members of a single geological models. Last, all of it must be A typical 3D uncertainty analysis workflow entity. They are highly dependent on one integrated in a consistent framework to is as follows: (i) evaluate the uncertainties – another (e.g., water saturation can be a automatically quantify their cumulative taking each step of the workflow along with function of height above contact – itself impact. all the parameters involved, one must dependent on the position of the reservoir 2) One must be able to identify the relevant quantify how much is unknown about each structure and the contacts, and the porosity elements of uncertainty and filter out one of them; (ii) integrate the uncertainties and permeability models). Furthermore, those that don't matter. – through the construction of a complete there exists a hierarchy in the way they fit 3) Finally, once key uncertainty elements reservoir model; (iii) analyze the impact of together to form a 3D reservoir model have been identified, it is necessary to constructing multiple models on the giving rise to the concept of “nesting” which rapidly know what actions are required metrics used to make a decision; and (iv) we will come back to later. to reduce their uncertainty to an iterate to reduce the uncertainties until the acceptable level. For a reservoir modeling risks are minimized sufficiently to allow Model Uncertainty point of view, that would mean: (i) refining decision making. Typically, model uncertainty is seen as the interpretation, (ii) refining the model, multiple realizations of a geostatistic-based or (iii) gathering more data because 3D Modeling Workflow process. Stochastic simulations will interpretation and modeling uncertainty A 3D reservoir model consists of the reproduce input parameters “on average,” cannot be refined any further with following elements: (1) a structural model and that is done by construction! Variability existing information. consisting of horizons and faults, (2) fluid in responses from geostatistical simulation is contacts – gas-oil (GOC) and oil-water simply due to what is known as ergodicity – UNCERTAINTY AND 3D RESERVOIR (OWC), (3) a sedimentological model stochastic fluctuations around the input MODELING (optional), (4) a porosity model, (5) a parameters. Understanding 3D uncertainties permeability model, (6) a net-to-gross With today's software, constructing a 3D (NTG) model (which may or may not be The uncertainty related to model geological model of the reservoir is related to the sedimentology), (7) a water parameters is one that is very rarely dealt relatively simple. Once a model is saturation model (highly dependent on with in practice, yet it may be one of constructed, it should be easy and automatic everything listed above), (8) a PVT model paramount influence on the global to construct multiple versions (either by describing formation volume factors and uncertainty. What is essential is to model simply changing a parameter and / or solution gas ratios, etc. and, (9) a reservoir “what we do not know”, i.e., what are the performing stochastic simulation, etc.) We simulation model. exact values of the modeling parameters. will postulate that constructing multiple 3D models is the only way to assess the Each of these elements has its own way of Multiple Realizations cumulative impact of data, interpretation, being quantitatively described, and The only way to assess the cumulative and modeling uncertainties on reservoir uncertainty measures may also be different impact of all uncertainties is to construct management decisions. for each. However,it is important to think of (Continued on page 40...) 38
(...Continued from page 38) multiple realizations through a combination of scenario-based and stochastic simulations. As mentioned above, once a model is constructed, i.e., a workflow is put in place that fits all the pieces together, changing a piece or part of a piece should be automatic and require no extra effort from the modeler. With today's computer architecture and processing power, this is quickly becoming a non-issue. It is relatively fast to generate a static model, even if it contains millions of cells, to generate a hundred can be done over lunch, and a thousand over night!
Summarizing Multiple Realizations For volumetric computations, different types of volumes that can be computed are: the gross rock volume (GRV), the net rock volume (NRV), the net porous volume (NPV), the different fluid volumes (OIP and Figure 2a. Independent Simulations GIP), and the connected volumes using various connectivity criteria.These volumes All that is described above and illustrated in IDENTIFYING KEY UNCERTAINTIES should be reported not only for the whole Figure 3 give us our first decision-support One must be able to quickly identify the key model but also for any regions defined on tool.This tool: uncertainties, i.e., not necessarily the ones the model, i.e., concessions or lease that have the largest spread, but the ones boundaries, fault-blocks, reservoirs, zones, (a) yields a list of realistic outcomes that whose uncertainty have the biggest impact facies, and the intersections of the lot. can be used as input distributions for on the reservoir management decision at When a model includes reserves Monte-Carlo-based economics analysis, hand.The metrics defined above are the link estimations and fluid flow simulation, one between the estimates and the decision. should also consider looking at produced (b) clearly summarizes the uncertainty in From them, the impact of each element is volumes, recovery factors, water-cuts, and reserve estimates and shows if a sufficient deduced. GORs – per well, per platform, per field. number of models have been generated, These are the “metrics” of the model and As a simple illustrating example, let's allowing its classification. Figure 1 illustrates consider the equation for Oil in Place at the kind of display one should look at: it (c) allows us to understand the spread in reservoir conditions (no gas): includes three important panels: (a) the first outcomes and the values of important one displays for each model realization, a percentiles. Equation 1 summary volume – this is referred to as a OIP = GRV * NTG * ø * (1 - Sw) History Plot; (b) the second one shows the As the result of an economic risk analysis global histogram of that same information may require that the global spread of the The major elements here are the gross rock along with the appropriate summary assessed uncertainty be reduced, it is volume (GRV), consisting of a structural statistics, and (c) the third panel shows the necessary to identify which factors would piece: horizons and faults – properly cumulative distribution (CDF). benefit from more rigorous attention. connected together – and fluid contacts; the
Figure 2b. Hierarchical nesting in reservoir modeling. 40 Decision Making in the Face of Uncertainty Now that we have generated hundreds or even thousands of models, how do we make a decision?
There are three major aspects to decision- making in 3D uncertainty modeling.The first one is to rank the alternative reservoir models and perform more in-depth analysis of extreme and “average” models. The second is to be able to optimize the decision (such as the positioning of a development well) given all the possible representations of the reservoir.The last is to use the resulting distributions as input to a more complete chain of Monte Carlo simulations which captures elements beyond earth sciences (facilities, transports, oil price, etc).
RANKING Generating many models is one thing, but analyzing each one of them is another and is Figure 3: Nested simulations history plots illustrating that, in this particular example, structural uncertainty near impossible. It is therefore necessary to has a larger impact on OIP estimates than porosity or water saturation (no NTG specified). be able to select representative models for a more in-depth analysis and understanding of net-to-gross (NTG); the net porosity (ø), major element and so on. Nested the possible dynamic responses of the and the water saturation (Sw). simulations are illustrated in Figure 2b. For reservoirs. However, the rank of a particular example, for each reservoir structure, one model is, of course, dependent on the criteria Identifying which of these elements is more can consider, say 5 NTG; for each NTG: or metric chosen to perform the ranking. important than the others will help focus 5 porosities; and for each porosity: 5 water This means that a model is representative to resources on relevant issues, stay at the saturations. The total number of complete serve as a basis of a given decision only if the right level of technical detail, and in turn 3D models for each sample structure in this ranking criterion is representative of the save time and money. particular example is 125 (5 * 5 * 5). The decision that needs to be made.The CDF of total number of realizations becomes very Figure 1 represents the ranking of all models Nested Simulations large, but it very quickly shows also which given the displayed criteria, e.g., the In terms of 3D modeling GRV, NTG, ø, and element has the largest impact. This is very highlighted realization (# 95) is a P90 with Sw have a natural “nesting”, or hierarchical important at an early investigation stage respect to the original Oil in Place. ordering: the GRV represents the envelope when the 3D model does not need and of the reservoir, only part of it defined by should not be unnecessarily fine, and it is CONCLUSIONS the NTG represents an acceptable type of therefore possible to generate quickly a • Modeling uncertainty is a complex issue rock; ø is the void space in which if there is large number of realizations as shown in that can not be solved using simplistic no water (Sw), there is hydrocarbon. The Figure 3. scripts of algorithms that use a subset of same order is followed when creating a 3D the data available. Instead, tools that can reservoir model and a hierarchical Tornado Charts integrate all data and test their effect (or dependency is therefore created. Tornado charts are great to visually lack of effect) on the model must be used. summarize information and more precisely • Uncertainty is the concern of an There are two types of approaches when identify the impact of various plotted integrated asset team.Their integrated 3D running multiple realizations, which we will parameters. They are excellent decision- model is the repository of all their refer to as Independent simulations and support tools for that reason. knowledge, but also their lack of it, i.e., the Nested simulations. uncertainties. It also shows the If we consider the equation for Oil in Place imbrications and interdependencies of all Independent simulations correspond to (see Equation 1), and multiple modeling stages. A software tool must drawing one outcome of each element, “Independent” realizations, it is possible to exist that enables this to happen, for reporting the volumes (or any summary simply de-couple the influence of each example JACTA has been able to metrics), and starting again at the very top element on the total variability of the seamlessly capture and integrate of the hierarchy and taking a new reservoir system by considering the P50 value of structural, reservoir, and flow uncertainty. structure as to represent the GRV, then a each element and by modifying one at the • Uncertainty evaluation, capture, and new NTG realization, then a new ø time to see the positive or negative impact integration must be done throughout the realization, and finally a new Sw realization. of the P10 and P90 values. The previous life of the reservoir. The tool must be In a more complete reservoir model, the example would yield the tornado chart of flexible enough to allow scalability and fit- hierarchy is illustrated in Figure 2a. Figure 4, where it is confirmed that for-purpose analysis. There must be a Performing Nested simulations implies structural uncertainty has the largest consistency between quick Monte-Carlo- drawing multiple sub-elements for each impact on OIP. (Continued on page 42...) 41 (...Continued from page 41) based volumetric estimates – which do not need to have millions of cells – and 3D geological models. • Input parameters have a high degree of uncertainty because they are inferred from sparse, unreliable, biased interpreted data. It is fundamental to be able to capture and use all of it. • Geological modeling software must be tightly integrated with dynamic flow simulators to allow a more reliable ranking of the multiple realization of the reservoir. It is also an ideal way to investigate and optimize alternative field development strategies • Geological modeling software need to be tightly integrated with economic evaluation tools to directly measure the impact of various uncertainties associated with the different elements of the subsurface model. • Uncertainty is a constitutive part of the Shared Earth Model; every element has an uncertainty associated to it. Figure 4.Tornado Chart resulting from the example in Figure 3 (no NTG specified).
BOOK STORE ORDER FORM Name ______CSPG Member # ______Address ______City ______Prov/Postal Code/State/Zip ______Country ______Phone (during business hours) ______All prices listed in Canadian Funds GST# 118836295
Pub. Code Qty Title Price Total
Publication Total Method Payment: Add Shipping (see below) ■ Cheque - Canadian Funds only ■ Visa (13 or 16 numbers) ■ Mastercard (16 numbers) Canadian Residents Add 6% GST Card number: ______TOTAL Expiry Date: ______SHIPPING If ordering more than one book, use greatest as base shipping Signature: ______price and add $3 for each additional book
Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery to Canada and the U.S. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (www.cspg.org) 600, 640 - 8th Avenue SW, Calgary,Alberta Canada T2P 1G7 • Phone: (403) 264-5610 • Fax (403) 264-5898 • Email: [email protected]
42 CSPG BOOKSTORE – NEW TITLES! NOW AVAILABLE!
Field societal and individual measures that can be CSPG MEMBERS - $15.49 Geology taken to reduce the damage and loss of life List Price - $20.65 Illustrated from earthquakes and tsunamis. Shipping in Canada - $7.50 Field Geology John Clague, Chris Yorath, Richard Franklin, and Shipping to the U.S. - $10.00 Illustrated is a Bob Turner, Soft Cover, 2006, 200 pages, ISBN reliable, in-depth 0969760175, Code Con 27 The World According to Rock field reference for Great for Kids! professional CSPG MEMBERS - $22.46 A series of geologists, serious List Price - $29.95 water-colour amateur geologists, Shipping in Canada - $7.50 illustrations and other envir- Shipping to the U.S. - $10.00 with free verse onmental scientists. text tells the This entirely new Climate Change and Landscape reader about second edition in the Canadian Rocky many common represents the first detailed, comprehensive Mountains rock types. book on field geology in 20 years. Richly Climate change The text de- illustrated with 688 high-quality photographs is a prominent scribes Earth and 300 interpretative sketches, this 704-page issue today. Its processes that form and reform different book is printed on glossy paper to show physical effects rocks. The reader will explore how useful important structural and textural features. together with rocks have been in our everyday life – Contents include marine geological surveys, political initia- providing building and art materials, giving us plutonic rocks, volcanic rocks, continental tives to amelio- seasoning for the table, fuelling energy plants, deposits, marine deposits, deformed rocks rate human- offering beautiful scenery, locating survey (joints, faults, folds, cleavage) weathering induced climate change will affect the social points, and proving playgrounds. In this book processes and soils, ground water, mineral and economic lives of us all.This book explains you will write on, dive off, throw, skip, kick, and deposits, and the public land survey system. the science on which climate interpretations collect rocks. A photographic index provides Terry S. Maley, Soft Cover, 2005, 704 pages, are based. It describes the global and local rock definitions. Code Con 26 sources of paleoclimate information, how Jerry Wermund, illustrated by Tony Sansevero, climate changes are dated, and how this 2004, Hard Cover, 48 pages, colour illustrations, CSPG MEMBERS - $28.88 information is used to reconstruct the Ice Age ISBN 0972625518, Code Con 23 List Price - $38.50 climate history of the Canadian Rockies over Shipping in Canada - $7.50 the last 30,000 years. CSPG MEMBERS - $15.49 Shipping to the U.S. - $10.00 Nat Rutter, Murray Coppold and Dean Rokosh, List Price - $20.65 2006, The Burgess Shale Geoscience Foundation, Shipping in Canada - $7.50 At Risk: Earthquakes and Soft Cover, 137 pages, colour illustrations, Shipping to the U.S. - $10.00 Tsunamis on the West Coast ISBN 0-9780132-1-2, Code Con 25 This book is the 2007 CSPG Geological Calendar story of the power- CSPG MEMBERS - $13.46 Calendar highlights ful earth forces at List Price - $17.95 include: work in the west- Shipping in Canada - $7.50 • reminders of CSPG ern and off-shore Shipping to the U.S. - $10.00 events including areas of British Technical Lunch- Columbia, Earthscapes: Landforms eons, social events Washington, and Sculpted by Water,Wind and Ice and the annual convention Oregon,with special Great for Kids! • listings of various Geoscience Community emphasis on earth- A series of photo- events throughout Canada and the U.S. quakes and tsunamis and how they threaten graphs accompa- • 12 gorgeous, full-page photos – all taken by the people who live there. It offers timely and nied by poems let CSPG members! important information for these people and the reader explore Code Cal 2007 for anyone interested in the interplay varied land forms between the forces of nature and cities. It in the United CSPG MEMBERS - $7.50 provides information on why there are States, Alaska, List Price - $10.00 earthquakes and why they are common on Arizona, Colorado, Florida, New York, Texas, Shipping in Canada - $3.00 the west coast of North America.It describes Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The reader explores Shipping to the U.S. - $5.00 the giant earthquakes that will likely occur off land forms from Algeria, Mali, Mauritania and the coast and the tsunamis that they may Spain.The texts give the reader a description of The CSPG also carries select titles from the trigger. It also describes the destructive the land forms and explains how they are made AAPG, SEPM,AGI, GAC, and GSC. earthquakes that could take place on faults by natural processes, compared to human close to Vancouver, Victoria, Seattle, and imprints on the Earth's surface. For information on these and all our other Portland. It provides information on the many Jerry Wermund, 2003, Hard Cover, 48 pages, publications, please visit www.cspg.org or effects of earthquakes, including ground colour illustrations, ISBN 097262550X, come by the new office at shaking, landslides, and liquefaction, and Code Con 24 600, 640 – 8th Avenue SW! 43
46 #OMPLETE PLAY BY PLAY ANALYSIS
'ET THE INSIGHTS YOU NEED TO ASSESS RISK *USTIFY EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS $ETERMINE THE VALUE OF UNDEVELOPED LAND !ND BETTER MANAGE YOUR ASSETS AND GROWTH
PETRO#5"% INSTANTLY DELIVERS THE DATA YOU NEED FOR s 2APID ANALYSES #OMPLETE GEOSTATISTICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES IN A FRACTION OF THE TIME OF TRADITIONAL MANPOWER HEAVY ANALYSIS METHODS
s 2EALISTIC AND UNBIASED INSIGHTS 'ET AN INDEPENDENT !NOTHER POWERFUL SUITE PERSPECTIVE ON THE PAST PERFORMANCE AND FUTURE POTENTIAL OF OIL OF TOOLS FROM AND GAS PLAYS IN THE 7ESTERN #ANADIAN 3EDIMENTARY "ASIN
s -ANAGING ASSETS AND GROWTH !CCESS THE HYDROCARBON PLAY SUMMARIES FINANCIAL INDICATORS BREAKEVEN PRICES AND PRICE SENSITIVITY TOOLS YOU NEED TO MAKE WISE DECISIONS ABOUT CAPITAL EXPENDITURES JOINT VENTURES AND ASSET OPTIMIZATION
6ALUE ADDED DATA s 2EGULATORY COMPLIANCE 0LUG INTO THE PROBABILISTIC DATA YOU NEED &OR VALUE ADDED DECISIONS TO MEET .) OR 3%# REQUIREMENTS
WWWGEOLOGICCOM &OR MORE INFORMATION VISIT WWWPETROCUBECOM Maximum reservoir performance
Want to make the most of your valuable oil and gas reserves?
Roxar’s integrated technology solutions and services help companies of all sizes realize the full economic potential of their oil and gas resources.
• Innovative modeling and simulation software • Downhole monitoring and control systems • Reservoir production multiphase metering • Reservoir and production consultancy Roxar’s leading-edge technology solutions from reservoir interpretation through to production & process meet the changing needs of users in managing the entire reservoir lifecycle.
www.roxar.com
INTERPRETATION MODELING SIMULATION WELL & COMPLETION PRODUCTION & PROCESS