Other Languages in the US

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Languages in the US immigrant an Americanism coined by Jeremy Belknap in 1792 (The history of New Hampshire) OED s.v. immigrant language & ancestry Census 2000 (millions); total population 281 (2007: 303) ANCESTRY HOME LANGUAGE 215.4 42.8 28.1 30.5 2.0 24.9 1.6 24.5 1.4 20.2 1.2 18.4 1.0 (x 2) 15.6 0.9 9.0 0.7 (x 2) 8.3 0.6 7.9 Arabic, Chinese, English, French, African American, American, German, Italian, Korean, Polish, American Indian, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Tagalog, German, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Vietnamese Polish 1 Hispanic Americans Community Survey 2006: 42.5 million Hispanic Americans (14.4 % of the population) 21.5m from Mexico (Chicanos) 3.5m from Puerto Rico 1.2m Cuba + 3.8m Puerto Ricans on Puerto Rico Hispanic Americans or Latinos new immigrants or original settlers? fastest growing minority group: 1950 ~4m, 1996 27m Spanish explorations in the Southwest from 1540 Florida: Spain 1513-,Britain 1763-,Spain 1783-,USA 1821- Texas: Spain 1690-,Mexico 1821-,Texas 1836-,USA 1845- Santa Fe, New Mexico founded 1605 Jamestown, Virginia founded 1607 2 Chicano English - simplification of consonant clusters: desk = des’ - devoicing of final voiced consonants: spies = spice - [v] word-finally [f] live (adj) = life, elsewhere [b] variety = bariety, fever = feber -[tʃ] = [ʃ] choose = shoes; initial [dʒ] = [j] just [jas] -[θ] = [t] and [ð] = [d] this thing = dis ting - stress on final element in compounds: police department, text book - rising intonation for stress, in statements Spanish and/or English Census 2000: 28.1m speak Spanish at home 51.1% speak English very well (20.7% speak English well) Mexican Americans: most bilingual English .. Chicano English .. Spanglish .. Tex-Mex .. Spanish urban in California, rural in Texas Puerto Rico: education in Spanish + English as L2 US citizens since 1917 Cubans: second generation native English early 60’s well-educated political refugees 3 German 42.8m Americans of German ancestry 7.1m born in Germany 1.2m speak German at home (2000 census) German influence on English placenames: Berlin, Germantown, Bismarck, Frederick loanwords: cookbook, delicatessen, ecology, kindergarten, nix, no way, will do, let it be middle-class, well educated by 1860, 28 daily newspapers in 15 cities language use: monolingual English or bilingual Eng/Ger Pennsylvania German (Pennsylvania Dutch) ca 255,800 speakers in USA (Census 2000) bilingual religious communities (Amish, Mennonites..) 4 Italians 15.7m people of Italian ancestry (600,000 born in Italy) 1m speak Italian (69% speak English very well; 20% well) early immigrants poor illiterate peasants from the South Little Italies influence on English loanwords: pizza, pasta, espresso, parmesan, broccoli, godfather, doing the dirty work, the family, hatchet man Native Americans 2-2.4m native Americans 563 federally recognized tribal governments 145 languages reported in Census 2000; 400,000 speakers most languages endangered Navajo (178,000), Dakota (24,500), Cherokee (16,400) 45 languages with less than 100 speakers, 66 with 100-1000 speakers only seven languages with more than 10,000 speakers possible over-reporting 5.

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UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Composing a Chican@ Rhetorical Tradition: Pleito Rhetorics and the Decolonial Uses of Technologies for Self-Determination Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52c322dm Author Serna, Elias Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Composing a Chican@ Rhetorical Tradition: Pleito Rhetorics and the Decolonial Uses of Technologies for Self-Determination A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Elias Serna June 2017 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Vorris L. Nunley, Chairperson Dr. Keith Harris Dr. Dylan E. Rodriguez Dr. James Tobias Copyright by Elias Serna 2017 The Dissertation of Elias Serna is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chair Dr. Vorris Nunley for the mentorship, inspiration and guidance navigating the seas of rhetoric and getting through this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Tiffany Ann Lopez for her work getting me started on the path to doctoral studies. An excellent group of professors instructed and inspired me along the way including Dylan Rodriguez, James Tobias, Keith Harris, Jennifer Doyle, Susan Zieger, Devra Weber, Juan Felipe Herrera and many others. The English department advisors were loving and indispensable, especially Tina Feldman, Linda Nellany and Perla Fabelo. Rhetoric, English and Ethnic Studies scholars from off campus including Damian Baca, Jaime Armin Mejia, Rudy Acuña, Juan Gomez- Quiñonez, Irene Vasquez, Martha Gonzales, Anna Sandoval, George Lipsitz, Cristina Devereaux Ramirez, Laura Perez, Reynaldo Macias, Aja Martinez, Iriz Ruiz, Cruz Medina and many others inspired me through their scholarship, friendship and consejo.
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