April 7, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E 817 IN TRIBUTE TO DR. BOSHRA rate problems stemming from the U.S. Postal the Clinton Administration’s stated policy. MAKAR ON HIS RETIREMENT AS Service policy that prohibits the users of com- But it does conflict greatly with the views A PROFESSOR AT ST. PETER’S mercial mail receiving agents [CMRA's] from contained in the Contract with America and COLLEGE IN JERSEY CITY, NJ submitting a standard change of address form with the views of those in Congress who ad- vocate budget-cutting at the expense of the to expedite routine mail delivery service. poor and needy—at home and abroad. It is HON. ROBERT MENENDEZ In nearly all cases when an individual one thing to call for a balanced budget OF NEW JERSEY changes residency, the U.S. Postal Service fa- amendment to the Constitution; it is an- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cilitates prompt and accurate mail delivery by other to try to achieve such an amendment encouraging the postal customer to file a mail with the unbalanced policy of targeting poor Thursday, April 6, 1995 forwarding change of address form. Atypically, and working families. Mr. MENENDEZ. Mr. Speaker, I rise today when a CMRA customer relocates, that indi- FALL OF COMMUNISM to pay tribute to Dr. Boshra Makar, as he re- vidual is responsible for informing all potential tires from his position as professor at Saint Working towards common goals was also mailers of any change of address. This policy true in the case of the birth of democratic Peter's College in Jersey City, NJ. Dr. Boshra creates delays and may exacerbate mail fraud movements in Eastern Europe. The Catholic Makar is an exceptional human being who has as testimony has shown that the first line of Church in general and Pope John Paul II in dedicated 48 years to teaching students defense against fraud is accurate information particular were instrumental, through work around the world. He is a pioneer in his field regarding postal addresses. and example, in demonstrating the illegit- of mathematics and his work has been widely Current policy is contradictory to the Postal imacy of the communist regimes. The U.S. recognized. Service's charge to ensure prompt, accurate and the Vatican worked together to support Dr. Boshra Makar was the youngest grad- mail delivery service. This important legislation nonviolent opposition groups such as Po- uate of his class and graduated No. 1 from will benefit all parties in this particular mail de- land’s Solidarity. Soviet President Gorba- Cairo University in 1947. He received a fellow- chev has said the Pope was the most impor- livery chain: the U.S. Postal Service, the tant cause of the fall of communism. It was ship and began to teach at Cairo University CMRA's, and most importantly, the postal cus- remarkably perceptive and visionary of the while he was studying for his masters in math- tomer. College of Cardinals to elect Karol Wojtyla ematics. In 1995 he received his Ph.D. in f of Poland, who had lived and worked under mathematics. communism in his native land. I personally Throughout his 48-year teaching career, Dr. THE EMBASSY’S 11 YEARS OF saw the moral influence of Pope John Paul II Boshra Makar has spent time visiting, and WORKING WITH THE HOLY SEE at the height of political instability in East- teaching in universities around the world in- ern Europe. I attended Catholic Church serv- cluding Egypt, Russia, and Lebanon. In 1962 HON. THOMAS J. MANTON ices with outlawed Solidarity workers at St. he was invited to attend a scientific exchange Brigid’s Church in Gdansk and at the Lenin OF NEW YORK shipyards when a letter of support and en- program at Moscow University. After teaching IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES couragement sent by the Pope inspired peo- in Moscow, he spent several years teaching in Thursday, April 6, 1995 ple throughout the church and country. Lebanon at the American University of Beirut. Pope John Paul kept the Solidarity move- He then migrated to the United States to teach Mr. MANTON. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to ment alive, which led ultimately to the fall at Michigan Technological University. In 1967, share with my colleagues some thoughtful re- of communism in Poland and inspired other Dr. Boshra Makar moved to Jersey City to marks delivered by my friend, the Honorable Eastern bloc countries to move towards de- teach graduate and undergraduate students at Raymond L. Flynn, the United States Ambas- mocracy. Saint Peter's College. sador to the Vatican. Another example of convergence in policy He has not only distinguished himself as a In this excerpt of a recent speech delivered goals was in the arena of human rights and religious freedom. The Holy See, as a full teacher, but as a scholar. Dr. Boshra Makar by the Ambassador he discusses the impor- tant relationship between the Vatican and the member of the Helsinki Process, drafted the has published over 20 research papers in language on religious freedom that set the leading mathematical journals throughout the U.S. Embassy to the Holy See. The Ambas- benchmark against which the failings of to- world. He has published articles in prestigious sador eloquently describes the role morality talitarian regimes could be measured. journals such as the Bulletin des Sciences and a humanitarian spirit should play in the The Embassy worked with the Vatican on Mathematiques in Paris, and for the American United States international policy. I urge my several aspects of the crises in Central Amer- Mathematical Society. Dr. Boshra Makar has colleagues to read Ambassador Flynn's re- ica during the 1980’s. When Panamanian written research papers in the fields of func- marks and consider the special role that be- strongman Gen. Noriega took refuge in the papal nuncio’s residence on Christmas Eve tional analysis, complex variables, algebra, lievers of all faiths can play in ensuring our world becomes a better place. 1990, the Embassy negotiated his departure. and cryptology. The Embassy had the unique opportunity Dr. Boshra Makar's accomplishments have THE EMBASSY’S 11 YEARS OF WORKING WITH to be involved with peacemaking in 1990–92 been acknowledged in numerous reference THE HOLY SEE when it acted as observer and facilitator at works such as Who's Who in the World, While the initiative on humanitarian aid the Rome talks between the two warring fac- Who's Who in America, Who's Who in the delivery is new, it is not out of character tions in Mozambique. The talks concluded East, Who's Who in Education, Who's Who in with the close cooperation between the U.S. successfully with a cease-fire in October 1992. and the Holy See since formal diplomatic re- Technology, and Personnage Contemporanei The Embassy has recently followed the Al- lations were established in 1984. gerian national reconciliation talks which (Academia Italia). He has touched many lives In the eleven years of full diplomatic rela- were held in Rome involving the main Alge- with his dedication and commitment to schol- tions, the U.S. Embassy to the Holy See has rian opposition parties. This process has a arly pursuits. actively pursued U.S. foreign policy goals by real chance to achieve peace in a country Dr. Boshra Makar is truly an outstanding cit- working closely with the Vatican on politi- where thousands have already died in fight- izen, and I am very proud to have him living cal, economic, and social concerns, The U.S. ing. and working in my district. His contributions has worked closely with the Vatican on the HISTORIC CATHOLIC-JEWISH ACCORD will be remembered through his publications, UN population conference in Cairo to produce a workable final document. We pur- Our Embassy has been particularly active which will inspire future mathematicians. Even sued our joint goals of sustainable and equi- in furthering U.S.-Holy See cooperation on a though he is retiring from teaching at Saint table development at the Copenhagen con- number of issues. At the direction of Presi- Peter's College I know he will remain an ac- ference on social development held at the be- dent Clinton, we actively pursued establish- tive citizen, and scholar. Please join me in ginning of March. At the conference, Hillary ing full diplomatic relations between the wishing Dr. Boshra Makar a happy retirement. Rodham Clinton made a strong appeal to the Holy See and Israel; this historic achieve- f world community not to forget the most bla- ment was accomplished in 1993. I met exten- tant victims of poverty in society today, sively with Israeli political and religious of- POSTAL ADDRESSES women and children. The same compas- ficials in the cause of furthering Christian- sionate appeal was delivered to the con- Jewish and Vatican-Israeli understanding. ference on behalf of Pope John Paul II by At the same time, I keep close contact with HON. DON YOUNG Monsignor Diarmuid Martin, the Catholic the Catholic hierarchy that represents Leba- OF ALASKA Church representative at the conference. The nese and Palestinian peoples and others who IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Catholic Church’s view of what needs to be do not yet feel full partners in the Middle Thursday, April 6, 1995 done to alleviate the suffering, pain, and East peace process. Holy See-Israel relations lack of development in the Third World is, was the first topic President Clinton raised Mr. YOUNG of Alaska. Mr. Speaker, today for the most part, not in conflict with what with the Pope at their first meeting in Den- I rise to introduce legislation that will amelio- Mrs. Clinton told the conference nor with ver in August 1993. During their discussion, E 818 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks April 7, 1995 the President highlighted three important business from diplomacy has been a hall- Tittmann. He lived with his wife and two outcomes of Holy See-Israel relations: they mark of American governmental dealings sons in a small apartment within the Vati- would help to further the peace process in with the Vatican ever since. can until Rome’s liberation in June 1944. In the Middle East; show that two great reli- Until 1870, the Pope was also the temporal addition to covering the Pope’s efforts on be- gious faiths can bury centuries of misunder- ruler of the city of Rome and much of half of peace and refugees, Charge´ Tittmann standing and work together; and deal a blow central Italy. Washington maintained con- and his British colleague quietly aided many to anti-Semitism around the world. These sular and diplomatic relations with the escaped Allied soldiers and airmen who achievements are all in U.S., as well as Vati- Papal government and in 1848 sent a charge sought refuge in Rome. can, interest. d’affaires to head a legation. The mission Myron Taylor resigned as Special Envoy in Humanitarian issues have always been was closed at the end of 1867 when Congress, 1950 and President Truman nominated Gen. prominent in my work at the Vatican, since fired by anti-Catholic sentiment, voted Mark Clark, the liberator of Rome, as his they are extremely important both to the gainst funding it. In 1870, the King of Italy successor, but with the title of Ambassador. U.S. and the Holy See. In November 1993, I conquered Rome and the Pope withdrew in- That caused such a strong reaction among traveled to central Africa to visit AIDS hos- side the Vatican walls. some of America’s Protestant denominations pitals in Uganda and relief workers in Sudan, There were no formal diplomatic links be- that the nomination was withdrawn. The and stayed with humanitarian representa- tween the Vatican and Washington until practice of nominating a special presidential tives in Somalia. Over the past many 1939. During that time, any business that representative to deal with the Vatican was months, my travels have taken me to such arose, such as when President Harding en- not resumed until President Nixon appointed wide-ranging places as Haiti to meet with couraged the Pope to establish an American Henry Cabot Lodge, former Senator and Re- Catholic Church and business leaders and Catholic parish in Rome, was handled publican nominee for Vice President, in 1969. Paris to meet with President Jean-Bertrand through the Vatican’s apostolic delegate in President Carter named David Walters envoy Aristide. In April 1994, I was in Sarajevo and, Washington or through the American hier- in 1977 and later named former New York in September 1994, visited Croatia and saw archy. Mayor Robert Wagner, Jr., in 1978. firsthand the devastation of the former POPE LEO XIII AND FDR: UNSPOKEN TIES It was President Reagan’s Special Rep- Yugoslavia. While in Sarajevo, I met with President Franklin D. Roosevelt made the resentative, William Wilson, who worked Muslim, Jewish, and Catholic Church lead- first steps towards reestablishing diplomatic ceaselessly to have the mission to the Holy ers. I put the issue of religious freedom in links when he sent Joseph Kennedy as his See upgraded to Embassy status. Times had Asia on the agenda for a meeting in Rome personal representative to the coronation of changed and there was little opposition when between Secretary of State Warren Chris- Pope Pius XII in 1939. Roosevelt, as much as full diplomatic relations were established be- topher, National Security Advisor Tony any president, knew the invaluable nature of tween the United States and the Holy See in Lake, Cardinal Angelo Sodano, and Arch- strong ties to the Vatican, both diplomati- January 1984. Ambassador Wilson was suc- bishop Jean-Louis Tauran. cally abroad and politically at home, includ- ceeded in 1986 by Ambassador Frank Shake- OPEN DOOR DIPLOMACY ing the Vatican’s important role in efforts to speare, and in 1989 by Ambassador Thomas P. Another aspect of our work at the Vatican avert war and assist refugees and other dis- Melady. While some may be unclear as to the occurs outside the office and involves reach- placed people. President Roosevelt was nature of Vatican-United States relations, it ing out to groups across the religions spec- aware of papal encyclicals such as Rerum is very clear to U.S. Presidents, Republicans Novarum by Pope Leo XIII in 1891, which had trum. During my time in Rome, I have and Democrats alike. such a profound impact on the rights of hosted at the Ambassador’s residence a working men and women in the United NEW HOME FOR VATICAN EMBASSY group of black Baptists, various Jewish States. Former FDR aide and Postmaster On November 9, 1994, the U.S. Embassy to groups, a Catholic-Mormon choir from Salt General James Farley once told me that the Holy See dedicated its new chancery on Lake City, Muslims from Egypt, prominent President Roosevelt was guided by this his- Rome’s historic Aventine Hill. The building, Cardinals, and a great number of Italian and toric encyclical when crafting his ‘‘New built as a private home in the 1950’s, has American church leaders. This Embassy is in Deal’’ social and economic programs during been completely refurbished to house offices a prime position to show the importance to the great depression. appropriate to the Embassy’s important and the U.S. government of all religious and be- President Roosevelt began dealing with the unique mission. It has a commanding view of liefs, and I have actively pursued that role in Holy See through various channels, includ- the Circus Maximus and the ruins of the pal- Rome. The Embassy actively supported the ing an American monsignor on the Pope’s aces of Augustus and Septimius Severus. historic Holocaust remembrance ceremony staff. That October, the President discussed Livy claimed that Remus stood on this spot held at the Vatican in 1994 which brought to- with Archbishop Spellman of New York the when he challenged Romulus for control of gether for the first time the Chief Rabbi of idea of appointing a ‘‘personal representa- the ancient city. Later, the Emperor Decius Rome, Elio Toaff, the Pope, the Italian presi- tive’’ to the Vatican, thus avoiding the need built public baths on the site; in modern dent, and others to commemorate the Shoah for Senate approval, as would be the case times, the Aventine has been a desirable res- within Vatican City. were an ambassador to be named. Roosevelt idential area which includes several of the The Vatican has an impressive if low-key correctly realized that the Senate, influ- earliest Christian churches, as well as the record in dealing with the most important enced by fears that a Vatican Embassy Priory of the Knights of Malta. issues of social and economic justice on the might get improperly involved in mixing world stage. The U.S. Embassy to the Holy church and state, would oppose appointing SUMMARY: BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE See has worked closely with the Vatican on an ambassador. A personal representative I hope this discussion has given you a bet- these issues, since our goals are the same on was able to do the same things, anyway. ter idea of the important work that the U.S. so many issues. I look forward to continuing Roosevelt announced on Christmas eve and the Holy See carry out together. We are cooperation on the important and critical is- 1939, that he was sending Myron Taylor as able to cooperate on a range of issues be- sues that will confront us in the future. In his personal representative to the Vatican to cause our interests so often coincide. Presi- naming Pope John Paul II its 1994 ‘‘Man of forward ‘‘parallel endeavors for peace and dent Clinton has often told me of the high the Year,’’ Time referred to the Pope as the the alleviation of suffering.’’ Myron Taylor regard he has for Pope John Paul’s judgment world’s foremost defender of human rights. was a former president of U.S. Steel and ac- and leadership. But it is also because of It is thus most fitting that the U.S. should tive in refugee affairs. He was not a Catholic, President Clinton’s judgment and leadership be one of the more than 150 countries with an which alleviated fears by some that he might that we will be able to build on our success- ambassador to him and to the central gov- have mixed loyalties. ful partnership with the Vatican to achieve a ernment of the Catholic Church. Since Taylor’s arrival in Rome in February more just world, one in which humanitarian A BRIEF HISTORY OF U.S.-VATICAN RELATIONS 1940, the United States government has been issues get the attention they deserve. As we look to the future, I always find it a privileged interlocutor of the Vatican. In When we act as a nation in a moral and helpful to keep in mind the past, in this case Taylor’s case, he first began a dialogue on ethical way, practicing the policy of compas- the long ties that have bound the U.S. and Jewish and Eastern European refugees, as sion and inclusion, we are also carrying out the Holy See together. The relationship it- well as on Holy See efforts to prevent a gen- sound policy. We do things best when we do self has over two hundred years of history eral war. This reflected President Roo- the right things. While we don’t always behind it. The first contact was in 1788 when sevelt’s perception of the wide-ranging possi- agree with the Vatican on some important a Vatican official contacted Ben Franklin, bilities in the new Vatican-U.S. relationship. issues, we often work together for the same then the nascent repubic’s representative in When Italy entered the war in June 1940, goals on issues of social and economic jus- Paris. The Vatican wanted to know if the Mussolini’s government forced diplomats ac- tice and humanitarian assistance. U.S. had any objections to the appointment credited to the Holy See to leave Italy. When On March 1, the Pope told me how pleased of John Carroll as first bishop of Baltimore. the U.S. and Italy went to war in December he was to be once again visiting the U.S. in Franklin’s reaction was immediate and un- 1941, it meant the U.S. Mission also had to October. It’s the first time anyone can re- equivocal; the new government guaranteed move into cramped quarters within Vatican member that the Pope and a U.S. President freedom of religion and had no interest in City so it could carry on its work. Special have met with each other in three consecu- the internal affairs of the Catholic Church. Envoy Taylor only visited the Vatican brief- tive years, and this unprecedented series of Rome never asked for approval again, and ly during the war years, but the work was meetings attests to the important open dia- the tradition of strictly separating Church carried on by U.S. diplomat Harold logue we have with the Vatican. The Pope’s April 7, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E 819 visit will give the U.S. the chance to develop panels adhered to the proper standard of re- that our rights as a nation to defend industries our relationship even further. It really is a view, and where they did not exceed or abuse and workers from foreign unfair trade practices historic partnership. their authority, no further action will be taken. are not diminished by the new World Trade f But if the Review Commission determines that Organization dispute settlement system. a panel reached an inappropriate result that A BILL TO ESTABLISH A COMMIS- Last year, Congressman HOUGHTON and I amounts to abuse of its mandate, the Com- SION TO REVIEW THE DISPUTE worked together in the Ways and Means Com- mission would transmit that determination to SETTLEMENT REPORTS OF THE mittee and helped secure GATT implementing Congress. Any Member of Congress would WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION legislation that preserved the effectiveness of then be permitted to introduce a privileged our trade laws against dumping, subsidies, resolution and, if such resolution were en- and other unfair trade practices. These laws HON. AMO HOUGHTON acted, the U.S. Trade Representative would are a critical last line of defense for American OF NEW YORK be required to enter into negotiations to workers and companies facing unfair trade re- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES amend the WTO dispute settlement rules. strictions. These laws have been on the books Thursday, April 6, 1995 After three determinations of inappropriate de- in one form or another for over 70 years. cisions by dispute settlement panels, any Mr. HOUGHTON. Mr. Speaker, I am joined But writing good laws in the Congress is not Member could introduce a privileged resolution enough. Under the new World Trade Organi- today by my colleague, Mr. LEVIN, in introduc- and, if such resolution were enacted, the Unit- zation, the United States will no longer have ing legislation which will create a process by ed States would be required to withdraw from which the Congress can act to ensure that the the ability to veto an international dispute set- the WTO. tlement decision against us, even if we think new World Trade Organization dispute settle- This bill is very similar to legislation already ment system is not abused by our trading it was wrongly decided. This creates a tremen- introduced in the other body by Senator DOLE partners to undermine U.S. interests. dous temptation for some of our trading part- to implement an agreement he reached last ners who have been disciplined by our trade Late last year, in consecutive special ses- year with the administration to protect against sions, both Houses of Congress passed legis- laws to use the new dispute settlement proc- just such a threat to U.S. sovereignty by the ess to undermine the effectiveness of those lation implementing the new GATT agreement. WTO. It differs only in that it clarifies that it is That agreement establishes a new inter- laws. Many foreign trade negotiators have said the U.S. Trade Representative who is respon- they will attempt to use the WTO to invalidate national body to oversee trade disputes, the sible for negotiations to amend the WTO rules WTO, and gives it unprecedented authority to section 301 or to force certain changes in the if a joint resolution is approved by Congress. way the Department of Commerce enforces enforce the decisions of its dispute settlement It is a farsighted proposal that permits the panels. the antidumping laws. United States to exercise international leader- We have a concrete example in our current During the period leading up to the vote, ship. Through the careful review of WTO deci- many Americans voiced their concerns that negotiations with Japan in the Framework sions by the Review Commission, we will be talks. The Japanese trade minister has threat- this new international organization would un- able to prevent countries who engage in unfair dermine U.S. sovereignty and might harm ened to bring a WTO case against the United trade practices from abusing the role of the States if we impose section 301 sanctions rather than help U.S. interests in global trade. WTO dispute settlement panels. The United I spent a great deal of time and effort in devel- against Japan for its barriers to United States States will be in a position to oversee the op- autos and auto parts. In effect, the Japanese oping the implementing legislation that en- eration of these panels to ensure that any sures that U.S. industries and their workers want to use the WTOÐwhich is supposed to such abuse does not adversely affect U.S. keep markets openÐto keep the Japanese would continue to have remedies available in trade laws and ultimately, American national U.S. law to protect against foreign unfair trade market closed. commercial interests. Mr. Speaker, we cannot allow this kind of practices like dumping and subsidies. While it Another important feature of this bill is the abuse of the WTO. This bill is designed to cre- was not perfect, I supported the final version provision permitting the participation of U.S. ate a fair and impartial process to review WTO of the bill because I believed that on balance private parties in the consultations and panel decisions, and to provide the Congress with a it served the interests of the United States. proceedings. If a U.S. private party with a di- mechanism to bring about changes in the But this does not mean we can now ignore the rect economic interest in a WTO proceeding WTO if it is misused. legitimate concerns raised last year about the supports the U.S. Government's position, then The bill establishes a WTO Dispute Settle- WTO and its new dispute settlement process. the USTR must permit the party to participate ment Review Commission composed of five We must carefully scrutinize the actions of the in the WTO panel process. The USTR must Federal appellate judges, appointed by the WTO and its dispute settlement mechanism in consult in advance with the party before sub- President in consultation with the Congress. order to ensure that our trade laws are not un- mitting written briefs to a panel, include the The Commission will review every decision dermined through improper WTO decisions. party as an advisory member of the U.S. dele- Under the WTO, as under the old GATT, gation dealing with the dispute, and in certain against the United States by a WTO panel. trade disputes will be submitted to inter- instances, permit the party to appear before Where a panel has applied the proper stand- national panels for review. However, unlike the the panel hearing the case. ard of review, and did not exceed or abuse its old GATT system, no WTO member nation will Private party participation is a key aspect of authority, no further action would be war- have the right to block the adoption of a panel this bill. Because the dispute settlement deci- ranted. But if the Commission determines that report, even if that nation considers the panel sions will be binding, it is imperative that a panel reached an inappropriate result that report to be fundamentally flawed in its analy- American interests be properly represented. amounts to abuse of its mandate, the Com- sis. Thus, no WTO member nation will be able Given the USTR's active schedule in rep- mission would so inform the Congress. Any to ignore the findings of a dispute settlement resenting the United States in a variety of Member of Congress would then have the panel without paying a price: international con- trade matters, the assistance private parties right to introduce a privileged resolution direct- demnation, weakened international respect for can provide will be crucial. ing the U.S. Trade Representative to negotiate the trading rules, and possible internationally We welcome the support of our colleagues amendments to the WTO dispute settlement sanctioned retaliation against its goods. The in cosponsoring this important legislation. rules to fix the situation. enhanced power of the dispute settlement And if the Commission determines that panels requires that this process be used pru- f WTO panels have abused their mandate on dently and administered wisely for the sake of WTO COMMISSION ACT three separate occasions in any 5-year period, the world trading system in general and Amer- Members would have the right to introduce a ican national commercial interests in particu- HON. SANDER M. LEVIN privileged resolution directing that the United lar. OF MICHIGAN States withdraw from the WTO by a date cer- The bill we are introducing establishes the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tain if one last effort to amend it fails. WTO Dispute Settlement Review Commission This basic arrangement was agreed to by composed of five Federal appellate judges, Thursday, April 6, 1995 our U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor appointed by the President in consultation with Mr. LEVIN. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to during last year's GATT debate. I think Am- Congress. The Commission will be empow- join my colleague, the gentleman from New bassador Kantor deserves credit for recogniz- ered to review every decision adverse to the York, in introducing the WTO Dispute Settle- ing the legitimacy of this issue and working United States by a WTO dispute settlement ment Review Commission Act. This is an im- with Members of Congress, both Democrats panel. In cases where the dispute settlement portant piece of legislation designed to ensure and Republicans, to craft a fair solution.