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自由軟體的圖書館環境 毛慶禎 2015.7.24 A＋圖書館：圖書館經營管理與啟發研習班 2015 年 8 月 3 日 (星期一)

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自由軟體的圖書館環境 毛慶禎 2015.7.24 A＋圖書館：圖書館經營管理與啟發研習班 2015 年 8 月 3 日 (星期一) 自由軟體的圖書館環境 毛慶禎 2015.7.24 A＋圖書館：圖書館經營管理與啟發研習班 2015 年 8 月 3 日 (星期一) 1、圖書館的存在....................................................................................................................1 2、自由軟體...........................................................................................................................2 2.1 源起..............................................................................................................................3 2.2 定義..............................................................................................................................4 2.3 授權條款.......................................................................................................................4 3、開放原始碼........................................................................................................................8 3.1 源起..............................................................................................................................8 3.2 定義.............................................................................................................................8 3.3 授權條款.......................................................................................................................8 4、著佐權.............................................................................................................................11 5、自由與開放的歧見...........................................................................................................12 4.1 斯托曼的反擊.............................................................................................................12 4.2 關於「自由軟體」和「開源」的常見誤解.................................................................13 6、全面自由的軟體..............................................................................................................16 6.1 GNU/Linux 作業系統..................................................................................................16 6.2 自由軟體目錄............................................................................................................16 7、結論.................................................................................................................................17 延伸閱讀...............................................................................................................................18 自由是圖書館與軟體的基礎，也是共同追求的目標。圖書館就是借出圖書、教育民眾、與保存 推動社區文化的場所，軟體是供民眾使用、研究、散布、與改善的工具，兩者的存在價值都有 賴民眾的參與，無法自行獨立存在。本文闡明自由軟體的真諦，並從圖書館經營管理的角度指 出，圖書館必須採用自由軟體，才符合其本質。 1、圖書館的存在 1994 年，國際圖書館協會聯合會 (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, IFLA) 與聯合國教科文組織 (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, Unesco) 共同發布「公共圖書館宣言」，延續 1949 年與 1972 年的精神，主張 • 公共圖書館是地方的知識門戶，提供個人及社團終生學習、獨立判斷、文化發展的環境。 • 認定公共圖書館是一個教育、文化、及資訊的單位，也是孕育和平及心靈福祉的場所。 • 公共圖書館是地方的資訊中心，備有各種知識及資訊供讀者取用。 • 公共圖書館提供無私的服務，不因年齡、種族、性別、信仰、國籍、語文及社會地位而有差 異。少數民族、身心障礙人士、住院病患、在監人士等，有事實上的困難，無法利用常態性 的服務及資料時，公共圖書館應針對他們的需求，提供特別服務。 • 各種年齡層的人都應該可以找到所需的相關資料，館藏和服務在涵蓋各種媒體及現代科技之 時，應兼顧傳統的資料;尤其要重視品質，不能忽視地方的需求與特性。資料的內容必須反應 當前的潮流及社會變遷，包括人類努力的記錄及想像未來的雄心。 • 館藏及服務不能以屈從任何意識型態、政治或宗教的檢查，當然也要抗拒商業行為的壓力。 簡言之，不以公共圖書館為限，所有的圖書館至少扮演三種角色： 1. 借出圖書 2. 教育民眾 3. 保存與推動社區文化 具體的目標含蓋： 1. 維護資訊權，拒絕檢查制度及禁書的形成。 2. 引介新興的的資訊格式，包括網際網路、社群媒體、電子競技等 3. 推動社區的經濟發展，包括鼓勵創新，以及對遊客、移民與新住民的服務 4. 推動閱讀與學習，特別是針對兒童 5. 成為社區的客廳，在住家與工作場所之外的第三空間，民眾在此互動、社交 2、自由軟體 軟體類型示意圖 / 朝陽科技大學資訊管理系洪朝貴 自由軟體 (Free Software) 或開放原始碼 (Open Source) 都不是專有名詞，任何軟體都可以自稱為自 由軟體或開放原始碼，沒有智慧財產權的問題，不受著作權、專利權或商標權的保護。 實務上，軟體社群的認定標準，以美國自由軟體基金會 (Free Software Foundation, FSF) 或開放原始 碼促進會 (Open Source Initiative, OSI) 的定義為準，除非有能力判讀授權條款的內容，軟體開發者與使 用者多半以被美國自由軟體基金會或開放原始碼促進會審核通過的授權條款，做為標準。 2.1 源起 1983 年，理查·馬修·斯托曼 (Richard Matthew Stallman, 1953 年 3 月 16 日－ ) 發起 GNU 計 畫，1985 年成立自由軟體基金會 (Free Software Foundation, FSF) ，1994 年 3 月，Linux1.0 問世， GNU 計畫納入 Linux，將其作業系統更名為 GNU/Linux 作業系統。 自由軟體基金會是個非營利的全球性機構，在法國、拉丁美洲、歐盟及印度註冊，它的宗旨有二： 1. 推動電腦使用者的自由 2. 捍衛所有自由軟體使用者權益 為了保障電腦使用者的自由，自由軟體基金會推廣發展與使用自由軟體與文件-特別是 GNU 作業系 統-並動員反對威脅電腦使用者自由的活動，如：數位內容限制管理 (Digital Restrictions Management，DRM) 及軟體專利。 自由軟體基金會的工作是： 1. 維護自由軟體哲學的文章 2. 維護自由軟體定義 3. 界定什麼軟體才是自由軟體 4. 贊助 GNU 計畫，自由軟體方式授權的完整作業系統。 5. 贊助與推動重要的自由軟體發展，包括完整的電子郵件與外殼服務，以及郵寄名單。持續發展 GNU 作業系統，讓志工很容易地參與，包括贊助大草原 (Savannah) 網站，做為自由軟體的套件 庫與發展中心。 自由軟體基金會擁有大部份 GNU 作業系統及其他自由軟體的著作權，取得這些資產的目的是，避免 它們成為專屬軟體。每年都有數千個來自個人或公司的自由軟體作業，把著作權轉讓給自由軟體基金會。 依照美國的法律，自由軟體基金會註冊它們，並加上授權條款，以自由軟體方式散布-通常是 GNU 通用 公共授權條款。經由自由軟體授權和遵守實驗室，我們確保自由軟體散布者尊重其義務，把自由傳給所 有使用者，共享、學習及修改原始碼。 自由軟體基金會出版 GNU 通用公共授權條款 (GNU General Public licnese，GNUGPL) ，專門為了推 廣與保存軟體的自由；以及其他重要的授權條款，包括 GNU 較寬鬆公共許可證、GNU Affero 通用公共許 可證與 GNU 自由文件授權條款。 自由軟體基金會為使用自由軟體與反對專屬軟體而戰，對自由軟體威脅包括：數位內容限制管理、 軟體專利與背叛的計算。自由軟體基金會提供重要的資源給社群使用，包括自由軟體基金會/聯合國教科 文組織的自由軟體目錄。您的對自由軟體的最重要支持，來自於在自己的電腦裡使用自由軟體，與在自 己的企業或社群裡，推動使用用自由軟體。 2.2 定義 美國自由軟體基金會對自由軟體的定義，廣為大眾接受。自由軟體係指該軟體的使用者擁有使用、 複製、散佈、研究、改寫、再利用該軟體的自由。更精確地說，自由軟體賦予使用者四種自由: • 不論目的為何，有使用該軟體的自由 (自由之零) 。 • 有研究該軟體如何運作的自由，並且得以改寫該軟體來符合使用者自身的需求 (自由之一) 。取得 該軟體之源碼為達成此目的之前提。 • 有重新散佈該軟體的自由，所以每個人都可以藉由散佈自由軟體來敦親睦鄰 (自由之二) 。 • 有改善再利用該軟體的自由，並且可以發表改寫版供公眾使用，如此一來，整個社群都可以受惠。 如前項，取得該軟體之源碼為達成此目的之前提 (自由之三) 。 軟體的使用者具有上述四種權利，則該軟體得以被稱之為「自由軟體」。也就是說，使用者必須能 夠自由地、以不收費或是收取合理的散佈費用的方式、在任何時間再散佈該軟體的原版或是改寫版在任 何地方給任何人使用。如果使用者不必問任何人或是支付任何的許可費用，就能從事這些行為，表示她/ 他擁有自由軟體所賦予的自由權利。 在前述的定義，自由軟體基金會特別就「free」一字，在英文裡的兩個涵義，具體說明： 「自由軟體」關於「自由」而不是價格，「自由 (Free) 」這個概念並不是指「免費的啤酒」， 而是指「言論自由」，因為 free 這個英文字，具有自由和免費的意思。 2.3 授權條款 自由軟體基金會以下列四種主要的範疇為基準，檢視各種授權條款，判定其屬性： 1. 給予使用者使用軟體的四種自由 2. 符合著佐權的規定 3. 與 GNU 通用公共授權條款相容，指的是第二版及第三版 4. 實務運作沒有困難。 共有 82 種，分為兩類：相容於 GNU 通用公共許可證、不相容於 GNU 通用公共許可證。 • 相容於 GNU 通用公共許可證，43 種 1. GNU General Public licnese (GPL) version 3 [GNU 通用公共許可證] 2. GNU General Public licnese (GPL) version 2 3. GNU Lesser General Public licnese (LGPL) version 3 [GNU 較寬鬆公共許可證] 4. GNU Lesser General Public licnese (LGPL) version 2.1 5. GNU Affero General Public licnese (AGPL) version 3 6. GNU All-Permissive licnese 7. Apache licnese, Version 2.0 8. Artistic licnese 2.0 9. Berkeley Database licnese 10. Boost Software licnese 11. Modified BSD licnese 12. CeCIL Lversion 2 13. The Clear BSD licnese 14. Cryptix General licnese 15. eCos licnese version 2.0 16. Educational Community licnese 2.0 17. Eiffel Forum licnese, version 2 18. EU Data Grid Software licnese 19. Expat licnese 20. FreeBSD licnese 21. Freetype Project licnese 22. licnese of the iMatix Standard Function Library 23. Independent JPEG Group licnese 24. licnese of imlib2 25. Intel Open Source licnese 26. ISC licnese 27. NCSA/University of Illinois Open Source licnese 28. Open LDAP licnese, Version2.7 29. licnese of Perl 5 and below 30.Public Domain 31. licnese of Python 2.0.1, 2.1.1, and newer versions 32. licnese of Ruby 33. SGI Free Software licnese B, version 2.0 34. Standard ML of New Jersey Copyright licnese 35. Unicode, Inc. Licnese Agreement for Data Files and Software 36. licnese of Vim, Version 6.1 or later 37. W3C Software Notice and licnese 38. licnese of Web M 39. WT FPL ， Version 2 40. X11 licnese 41. XFree86 1.1 licnese 42. licnese of ZLib 43. Zope Public licnese, versions 2.0 and 2.1 • 不相容於 GNU 通用公共許可證，39 種 1. Affero General Public licnese version 1 2. Academic Free licnese, all versions through 3.0 3. Apache licnese, Version 1.1 4. Apache licnese, Version 1.0 5. Apple Public Source licnese (APSL) , version 2 6. Bit Torrent Open Source licnese 7. Original BSD licnese 8. Common Development and Distribution licnese (CDDL) , version 1.0 9. Common Public Attribution licnese 1.0 (CPAL) 10. Common Public licnese Version 1.0 11. Condor Public licnese 12. Eclipse Public licnese Version 1.0 13. European Union Public licnese (EUPL) version 1.1 14. IBM Public licnese, Version 1.0 15. Inter base Public licnese, Version 1.0 16. Jabber Open Source licnese, Version 1.0 17. LaTeX Project Public licnese 1.3a 18. LaTeX Project Public licnese 1.2 19. Lucent Public licnese Version 1.02 (Plan 9 licnese) 20. Microsoft Public licnese (Ms-PL) 21. Microsoft Reciprocal licnese (Ms-RL) 22. Mozilla Public licnese (MPL) 23. Netizen Open Source licnese (NOSL) , Version 1.0 24. Netscape Public licnese (NPL) ，versions 1.0 and 1.1 25. Nokia Open Source licnese 26.Old Open LDAP licnese, Version 2.3 27. Open Software licnese, all versions through 3.0 28. OpenSSL licnese 29. Phorum licnese, Version 2.0 30. PHP licnese, Version 3.01 31. licnese of Python 1.6b1 through 2.0 and 2.1 32. Q Public licnese (QPL) , Version 1.0 33. Real Networks Public Source licnese (RPSL) , Version 1.0 34. Sun Industry Standards Source licnese 1.0 35. Sun Public licnese 36. licnese of xinetd 37. Yahoo!Public licnese1.0 38. Zend licnese, Version 2.0 39. Zope Public licnese version 1 自由軟體基金會特別點名下列 28 種授權條款，是不自由的授權條款： 1. Aladdin Free Public licnese 2. Apple Public Source licnese (APSL) , version 1.x 3. Artistic licnese 1.0 4. AT&T Public licnese 5. GPL for Computer Programs of the Public Administration 6. Hacktivismo Enhanced-Source Software licnese Agreement (HESSLA) 7. Jahia Community Source licnese 8. The JSON licnese 9. Old licnese of ksh93 10. licnese of Lha 11. Microsoft Limited Public licnese (Ms-LPL) 12. Microsoft Limited Reciprocal licnese (Ms-LRL) 13. Microsoft Reference licnese 14. Microsoft's Shared SourceCLI, C#, and Jscript licnese 15. Microsoft Windows Embedded CE 6.0 Shared Source licnese 16. NASA Open Source Agreement 17. Open Public licnese 18. licnese of PINE 19.Old Plan 9 licnese 20. Reciprocal Public licnese 21.Scilab licnese 22. Simple Machines licnese 23. Squeak licnese 24.Sun Community Source licnese 25. System C "OpenSource" licnese, Version 3.0 26. UniversityofUtahPublic licnese 27.Sun Solaris Source Code (Foundation Release) licnese，Version 1.1 28.YaST licnese 至於其他未被列名的授權條款，使用者需自行判斷；自由軟體基金會樂於接受委託，審視其他的授 權方式，判斷其內容是否符合自由軟體的標準。
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