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GNU/Linux - Wikipedia, La Enciclopedia Libre 5/9/2019 GNU/Linux - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre GNU/Linux GNU/Linux (también conocido informalmente como Linux, y apocopado como Lignux para diferenciarlo de otros sistemas GNU/Linux - Lignux que usan tal núcleo)1 es un sistema operativo libre tipo Unix POSIX; multiplataforma, multiusuario y multitarea. El sistema es la combinación de varios proyectos, entre los cuales destacan GNU (encabezado por Richard Stallman y la Free Software Foundation) y el núcleo Linux (encabezado por Linus Torvalds). Su desarrollo es uno de los ejemplos más prominentes de software libre: todo su código fuente puede ser utilizado, modificado y redistribuido libremente por cualquiera, bajo los términos de la GPL (Licencia Pública General de GNU) y otra serie de licencias libres.2 A pesar de que «Linux» denomina en la jerga cotidiana al sistema operativo,3 4 este es en realidad solo el kernel (núcleo) del sistema. La idea de hacer un sistema completo se remonta a mediados de la década de 1980 con el proyecto GNU, así como una gran cantidad de los componentes que se usan hoy en día (además del núcleo), que van desde los compiladores de GNU hasta entornos de escritorio.5 Sin embargo, tras la aparición de Imagen alegórica del sistema operativo Linux en la década de 1990 una parte significativa de los medios Desarrollador generales y especializados han utilizado el término «Linux» Richard Stallman, Proyecto GNU, Linus para referirse al todo. Esto ha sido motivo de polémicas que el Torvalds, et al. 1 neologismo apocopándolo Lignux podría solucionar. Cabe https://www.gnu.org/ señalar que existen derivados de Linux que no tienen Información general componentes GNU (por ejemplo Android), así como Modelo de Software libre y código abierto distribuciones de GNU donde Linux está ausente (por ejemplo desarrollo Debian GNU/Hurd). Última (kernel) 5.2.11 (info (https://www.k A GNU/Linux se le encuentra normalmente en forma de versión ernel.org)) compendios conocidos como distribuciones o distros, a las estable 29 de agosto de 2019 (6 días) cuales se les han adicionado selecciones de aplicaciones y Última (kernel) 5.3-rc6 (info (https://www.k programas para descargar e instalar las mismas. El propósito de versión en ernel.org)) una distribución es ofrecer GNU/Linux como un producto final pruebas 25 de agosto de 2019 (10 días) que el usuario pueda instalar, cumpliendo con las necesidades Escrito en C y otros de un grupo de usuarios o bien del público general. Núcleo Núcleo Linux Plataformas DEC Alpha, ARM, AVR32, Algunas de ellas son especialmente conocidas por su uso en admitidas Blackfin, ETRAX CRIS, FR-V, servidores de Internet, supercomputadoras, y sistemas H8/300, Itanium, M32R, m68k, embebidos;6 donde GNU/Linux tiene la cuota más importante Microblaze, MIPS, MN103, PA- del mercado. Según un informe de IDC, GNU/Linux es utilizado RISC, PowerPC, s390, S+core, por el 78% de los principales 500 servidores del mundo.7 Top500.org informa, en su lista de noviembre de 2017, que https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux#Como_sistema_de_programación 1/13 5/9/2019 GNU/Linux - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre todas las 500 supercomputadoras más potentes del mundo SuperH, SPARC, TILE64, utilizan Linux.8 Con menor participación, el sistema Unicore32, x86, Xtensa GNU/Linux también se usa en el segmento de las computadoras Licencia GNU General Public License y de escritorio, portátiles, computadoras de bolsillo, teléfonos otras móviles, videoconsolas y otros dispositivos. Estado En desarrollo actual En español Índice Etimología Creación Componentes Entorno gráfico Como sistema de programación Aplicaciones de usuario Software de código cerrado para GNU/Linux Empresas que patrocinan su uso Cuota de mercado Aplicaciones Supercomputadoras Implantación Administración Pública Fuerzas Armadas Denominación GNU/Linux Distribuciones Principales distribuciones GNU/Linux Debian, para uso general Ubuntu, para uso general Fedora, para estaciones de trabajo y servidores OpenSUSE, para administración de sistemas y servicios Totalmente libres a partir de GNU/Linux Otras distribuciones Véase también Referencias Bibliografía Enlaces externos Etimología Véase también: #Denominación GNU/Linux El acrónimo recursivo GNU, GNU's Not Unix (GNU no es Unix), proviene de las herramientas básicas de sistema operativo creadas por el proyecto GNU, iniciado por Richard Stallman en 1983 y mantenido por la FSF. El nombre Linux viene del núcleo Linux, inicialmente escrito por Linus Torvalds en 1991.9 La contribución de GNU es la razón por la que existe controversia a la hora de utilizar Linux o GNU/Linux para referirse al sistema operativo formado por el sistema GNU y el núcleo Linux en su conjunto.10 11 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux#Como_sistema_de_programación 2/13 5/9/2019 GNU/Linux - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre El sistema operativo Unix fue concebido e implementado en 1969 en los laboratorios Bell de AT&T en los Estados Unidos por Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, y Joe Ossanna.12 Por primera vez en 1971, Unix fue escrito completamente en lenguaje ensamblador, ya que era una práctica común en el momento. Más tarde, en un enfoque innovador clave en 1973, se volvió a escribir en el lenguaje de programación C por Dennis Ritchie (a excepción del núcleo y sistema I/O). La disponibilidad de un lenguaje de alto nivel para implementar Unix hizo su portabilidad a diferentes plataformas de computación más fácil; ayudando a su propagación. Debido a un anterior caso antimonopolio que le prohibía entrar en el negocio de las computadoras, AT&T licenciaba gratuitamente el código fuente del sistema operativo para cualquier persona que lo pidiera.13 Como resultado, Unix creció rápidamente y llegó a ser ampliamente adoptado por las instituciones académicas y empresas. En 1984, AT&T se despojó de Bell Labs; quedando libre de la obligación legal que requería la concesión de dichas licencias.14 Creación El proyecto GNU, iniciado en 1983 por Richard Stallman, tiene el objetivo de crear un "sistema de software compatible con Unix compuesto enteramente de software libre". El trabajo comenzó en el año 1984.15 Más tarde, en 1985, Stallman fundó la Free Software Foundation para financiar el desarrollo de GNU, y escribió la Licencia Pública General de GNU (GNU GPL) en 1989. A principios de la década de 1990, muchos de los programas que se requieren en un sistema operativo (como bibliotecas, compiladores, editores de texto, un shell Unix, y un sistema de ventanas) ya se encontraban en operación. Sin embargo otros elementos como los controladores de dispositivos y los daemons estaban incompletos.16 Linus Torvalds ha declarado que si el núcleo de GNU hubiera estado disponible en el momento (1991), no se habría decidido a escribir su propio núcleo.17 Aunque no es liberado hasta 1992 debido a complicaciones legales, el desarrollo de 386BSD (de los cuales NetBSD, OpenBSD y FreeBSD descienden) es anterior al de Linux. Torvalds también ha declarado que si 386BSD hubiera estado disponible en ese momento, probablemente no habría creado Linux.18 En 1991 Torvalds asistía a la Universidad de Helsinki. Usuario de MINIX y de los programas provenientes de GNU, se mostraba interesado por los sistemas operativos.19 Comenzó a trabajar en su propio núcleo en ese año, frustrado por la concesión de licencias que utilizaba MINIX, que en ese momento se limitaba a uso educativo.20 19 El núcleo Linux maduró hasta superar los otros núcleos en desarrollo.21 Las aplicaciones GNU también remplazaron todos los componentes de MINIX, porque era ventajoso utilizar el código libre del proyecto GNU con el nuevo sistema operativo. El código GNU con licencia bajo la GPL puede ser reutilizado en otros programas de computadora, siempre y cuando también se liberen bajo la misma licencia o una licencia compatible. Torvalds inició un cambio de su licencia original, que prohibía la redistribución comercial, a la GPL.22 Los desarrolladores de ambas partes trabajaron para integrar componentes de GNU con el núcleo Linux, consiguiendo un sistema operativo completamente funcional.20 Componentes Entorno gráfico GNU/Linux puede funcionar tanto en entorno gráfico como en modo consola. La consola es común en distribuciones para servidores, mientras que la interfaz gráfica está orientada al usuario final tanto de hogar como empresarial. Asimismo, también existen los entornos de escritorio, que son un conjunto de programas conformado por ventanas, iconos y muchas aplicaciones que facilitan la utilización de la computadora. Los escritorios más populares en GNU/Linux son: GNOME, KDE Plasma , LXDE, LXQt, Xfce, Unity, MATE y Cinnamon. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux#Como_sistema_de_programación 3/13 5/9/2019 GNU/Linux - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre Escritorio KDE SC 4.10 Escritorio GNOME 3.0 Escritorio XFCE 4.4 Escritorio LXDE 0.5 Escritorio KDE Plasma Escritorio LXQt Escritorio openbox Como sistema de programación La colección de utilidades para la programación de GNU es con diferencia la familia de compiladores más utilizada en este sistema operativo. Tiene capacidad para compilar C, C++, Java, Ada, Pascal, D y Fortran entre otros muchos lenguajes. Además soporta diversas arquitecturas de procesador mediante la compilación cruzada, lo que hace que sea un entorno adecuado para desarrollos heterogéneos. Hay varios entornos de desarrollo integrados disponibles para GNU/Linux incluyendo, Anjuta, KDevelop, Lazarus, Ultimate++, Code::Blocks, NetBeans IDE y Eclipse. También existen editores extensibles como Emacs o Vim. GNU/Linux también dispone de
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